Water For Survival - a case of negligence in Ahmedabad by Arnav Prakash

WATER FOR SURVIVAL a case of negligence in Ahmedabad

CONTENTS

Introduction Watersheds Impacts Proposition Concepts Issues Stratergy Scenario Touchdown Under The Roof Toolkit Re-Source

05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 22 26 46 63

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

INTRODUCTION The surface run-off water from the building rooftops and roads contribute to different levels of urban impact. This alters the quality of water due to contamination of pollutants with the run-off water. These contain harmful bacteria, viruses and cause vector-borne diseases if not treated with care. The run-off water which comes in contact with the groundwater, pollutes it and from there it enters the food chain affecting living beings. The extraction of groundwater is a common practice in water scarce areas where civic infrastructure is absent. This practice of mining water has considerably affected the ground water-table and has led to illegal practices of water theft. The private-tankersv provide water on-demand services and charge high amount of money. The cost of water which is otherwise neglected due to the low rates and lack of monitoring for water consumption. Rapid growth of population within the city has given thriving opportunities for construction activiites which significantly alter the drainage patterns and natural topography. The increasing impervious cover has resulted in decrease of water percolation which increases the intensity of stormwater flows. This also causes water-logging and flooding due to faulty disposal of waste materials. The unhindered and unfiltered water causes ecological damage.

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

A collective effort towards utilizing the water efficiently will help in reducing the water-stress in urban scenarios where water is often taken for granted.

SABARMATI catchment area

length

21674 sq m

371 km

Sabarmati basin extends over two states: Rajasthan and Gujarat. The river Sabarmati originates from the norther side of Aravailli hills in Rajashthan.

MAHI catchment area

length

34842 sq m

583 km

AHMEDABAD Mahi basin extends over three states: Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The river Mahi originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas in Madhya Pradesh.

NARMADA

Lakes

catchment area

length

98796 sq m

1312 km

Canals

Groundwater 6

Narmada basin extends over four states: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. The river Narmada originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh.

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

WATERSHEDS

Rivers

IMPACTS

Ecological damage Damage to Property Contamination of Water Increased Urban Flooding

Stormwater runoff is rainfall or surface water that runs off the land and is released on to the surfaces or waterbodies. Problems related to stormwater runoff are most evident in areas where urbanization has occurred. As mentioned above, the change in the water cycle has a dramatic effect on our water resources. This impact is based on both the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff that reaches our rivers and lakes. 8

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

STORMWATER

Water logging in low-lying Areas

PROPOSITION

Reduce water wastage Balancing micro-climate Reducing run-off volume Controlling peak rate of runoff

The stormwater management is an important aspect to deal with in order to prevent flooding and water-logging. The quality of water and its rate of flow during peak time needs to be controlled. The potential of water as a resource can then be channelized once the rate of flow is under control. The reuse of water can help in effectively utilising the resource and also contribute towards mainataing the natural flow pattern of water. 10

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

STORMWATER

Increasing percolation and recharge

CONCEPT

Strategically lay network Mitigation of Stormwater Multi-utility factor of insert Maintain the hydrology cycle Decentralize the curation zone Non-structural elements as tools Utilization of stormwater as a reource

The stormwater runoff in the initial monsoon phase carries hazardous toxins in it due to contamination from multiple sources. These include wastes from households, chemicals from commercial setups and other impurities which directly come in contact with the water usually at the rooftops or roads. These get deposited in the watersheds which affect the larger network and also act as a blockade to the civic infrastructure installed for handing stormwater. The netowrk of decentralized systems would keep a check on such impacts and help in improvising the ecological condition of the area. 12

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

STORMWATER

Reducing maintainence and operational cost

A W A R E N E S S

ISSUES

R E V E N U E F L O O D I N G

T A M

I N

A T

O N

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

S C A R C I T Y

E R

M A T E R I A L I Z

C O N S U M P

O V

U R B A N

CONTEXT

F F O R D A B I L I T Y

STRATEGY

RE-silience The stormwater management strategy anchors on reducing the chances of floods in low-lying areas. This would also focus on preventive measures for water-logging and contamination to prevent health hazards even at peak runoff scenarios. The network to curb the hazard would esentially blend with the people and urban fabric.

RE-utilization

RE-vival

The natural water system comprising of different water bodies and water sources which fulfil the needs at varied scales can be benefitted by channelizing the water from mutiple sources. These act as a feeding system and help in revitatlization of water sources which lack water due to significant infrastructural changes. 16

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

U R B A N

CONTEXT

Water as a resource is scarce and needs to be utilized upto its maximum potential. The reutilization of water for potable and non-potable uses will reuce the water crisis in water stress zones. These eleminiate the cost of acquisition of water through other leagal or illegal sources.

U R B A N

The rapid growth of urbanization has led to severe urban issues. The water bodies adjacent to settlements are often encroached or their catchment area is decreasing over time. Waste disposal and growth of plant species decrease the level of dissolved oxygen in water. These type of water cannot be used for consumption due to odour, froathing and impurities. The need for water conservation arises due to the lack of sources of water. The cost of reutilization of water aand its conservation would be economical for every individual household. 18

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

CONTEXT

SCENARIO

LET’S BEGIN THE JOURNEY, TO “RE”-SOURCE WATER

AUG

SEP

OCT

144.3 14

67.2 19

4.6 4

22.4 2

1.76 1

48.4 11

212 20

38.8 13

7.8 4

0.35 1

36.1 11

133.6 18

119.9 23

1.6 3

106.7 9

397.7 14

11.1 14

26.7 12

2.02 3

164.2 18

39.7 4

57.2 14

DEC

JUL

14.1 6

0.3 5

NOV

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

rainfall mm

2018

400 200

2.2 1

TOUCHDOWN

2017

400 200

0.07 1

18.4 5

bottom event

2016

400 200

peak event

2015

400

3.8 2

0.23 1

8.6 5

0.32 1

200

1.3 1

0.9 1

mm days 22

200

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

2014

400

CAPTURE - IT

Plot Area: A x B Ground Coverage: C x D Concrete Surface: E x F Roof Area: G x H Total Pervious Surface: [ Plot Area - Ground Coverage Concrete Surface ]

Total rainfall on roof = [ Roof Area x Total Rainfall ] 24

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Total Rainfall = r (mm)

Individual dwelling

Ground coverage 100%

Ground coverage 75%

Pol House

under which roof?

Ground coverage 100%

Ground coverage 75%

Row house

Ground coverage 100%

Ground coverage 75%

H4 26

Ground coverage 75%

Ground coverage 65%

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Apartment

number-theory

Peak rainfall-2015

1 litre = 0.001 m3

400

1 litre water = 1 kilogram 1 mm = 0.001 m

200

1 sq. ft. = 0.09 sq. m. 1 foot = 0.3 m

Lowest rainfall = 0 mm Average rainfall = 46.26 mm Peak rainfall = 397.7 mm Total rainfall = 544.34 mm

= 20 L 28

Peak rainfall taken for all calculations

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

1 bucket = 20 litres

YOUR WATER BANK EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

24 1 49

MONTHS

EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 228.2 = 960 L

FEB

0.0002 x 228.2 = 40 L

MAR

0.0086 x 228.2 = 1960 L

1.5 73.5

APR

0.00032 x 228.2 = 70 L

2.5

1.7

MAY

0 .00 x 228.2 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 228.2 = 22980 L

862

575

JUL

0.39 x 228.2 = 88900 L

3324

2235

AUG

0.01 x 228.2 = 2380 L

59.5

SEP

0.026 x 228.2 = 5920 L

223

148

OCT

0 .00 x 228.2 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 228.2 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 228.2 = 0 L

19 m 11 m

20 m 12 m

ground coverage = 100%

Total Plot Area = 12 m x 20 m = 240 sq. m Total Roof Area = 11 m x 19 m = 209 sq. m Ground Coverage = 209 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 8% of Total Plot area = 19.2 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 209 + 19.2 ) = 228.2 sq. m

H1 a

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 228.2 sq m = 123228 L

Individual Dwelling: Bungalow

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 90590 kg 30

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 228.2 sq. m = 10490 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 228.2 sq. m = 90590 L

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 196.6 = 740 L

EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

18.5 1 42

FEB

0.0002 x 196.6 = 39 L

MAR

0.0086 x 196.6 = 1690 L

1.5 63

APR

0.00032 x 196.6 = 60 L

1.5

MAY

0 .00 x 196.6 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 196.6 = 20830 L

781

520

JUL

0.39 x 196.6 = 76670 L

2875

1916

AUG

0.01 x 196.6 = 1960 L

73.5

SEP

0.026 x 196.6 = 5100 L

191

127

OCT

0 .00 x 196.6 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 196.6 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 196.6 = 0 L

19 m

20 m 12 m

ground coverage = 75%

Total Plot Area = 12 m x 20 m = 240 sq. m Total Roof Area = 09 m x 19 m = 171 sq. m Ground Coverage = 171 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 15% of Total Plot area = 25.6 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 171 + 25.6 ) = 196.6 sq. m Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 196.6 sq. m = 9043.6 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 196.6 sq. m = 78050 L

H1 b

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 196.6 sq m = 106164 L

Individual Dwelling: Bungalow

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 78050 kg 32

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

MONTHS

YOUR WATER BANK

YOUR WATER BANK EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

14.5

9..5 0.5 22

MONTHS

EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 101.1 = 384 L

FEB

0.0002 x 101.1 = 20 L

MAR

0.0086 x 101.1 = 869.46 L

0.75 32.5

APR

0.00032 x 101.1 = 32.3 L

0.7

MAY

0 .00 x 101.1 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 101.1 = 10716.6 L

402

268

JUL

0.39 x 101.1 = 39429 L

1478.5

986

AUG

0.01 x 101.1 = 10110 L

379

253

SEP

0.026 x 101.1 = 2628.6 L

98.5

OCT

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

21 m 4.5 m

22 m 5m

ground coverage = 100%

Total Plot Area = 5 m x 22 m = 110 sq. m Total Roof Area = 4.5 m x 21 m = 94.5 sq. m Ground Coverage = 94.5 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 6% of Total Plot area = 6.6 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 94.5 + 6.6 ) = 101.1 sq. m

H2 a

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 101.1 sq m = 54594 L

Pol House

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 40137 kg 34

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 101.1 sq. m = 4549.5 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 101.1 sq. m = 40136.7 L

YOUR WATER BANK EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

12.5

8 0.5 19

MONTHS

EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 81.9 = 336 L

FEB

0.0002 x 81.9 = 17 L

MAR

0.0086 x 81.9 = 761 L

0.65 28.5

APR

0.00032 x 81.9 = 28 L

0.7

MAY

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 81.9 = 9381 L

352

234.5

JUL

0.39 x 81.9 = 34515 L

1294

863

AUG

0.01 x 81.9 = 8850 L

331

221

SEP

0.026 x 81.9 = 2301 L

57.5

OCT

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 81.9 = 0 L

19.5 m 4.2 m

22 m 5m

ground coverage = 75%

Total Plot Area = 5 m x 22 m = 110 sq. m Total Roof Area = 4.2 m x 19.5 m = 94.5 sq. m Ground Coverage = 81.9 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 6% of Total Plot area = 6.6 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 81.9 + 6.6 ) = 88.5 sq. m

H2 b

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 101.1 sq m = 47790 L

Pol House

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 35135 kg 36

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 88.5 sq. m = 3982.5 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 88.5 sq. m = 35134.5 L

YOUR WATER BANK EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

8 0.4 18

MONTHS

EFFICIENCY

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 85.28 = 324 L

FEB

0.0002 x 85.28 = 17 L

MAR

0.0086 x 85.28 = 733 L

0.6 27.5

APR

0.00032 x 85.28 = 27 L

0.6

MAY

0 .00 x 85.28 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 85.28 = 9039 L

339

226

JUL

0.39 x 85.28 = 33259 L

1247

831.5

AUG

0.01 x 85.28 = 8528 L

320

213

SEP

0.026 x 85.28 = 2217 L

OCT

0 .00 x 85.28 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 85.28 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 85.28 = 0 L

12 m 6.5 m 13 m 7m

ground coverage = 100%

Total Plot Area = 7 m x 13 m = 91 sq. m Total Roof Area = 6.5 m x 12 m = 78 sq. m Ground Coverage = 78 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 8% of Total Plot area = 7.28 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 81.9 + 6.6 ) = 85.28 sq. m

H3 a

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 101.1 sq m = 46051 L

Row House

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 33857 kg 38

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 88.5 sq. m = 3837.6 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 88.5 sq. m = 33856 L

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 77.42 = 294 L

FEB

0.0002 x 77.42 = 155 L

MAR

0.0086 x 77.42 = 665.5 L

APR

0.00032 x 77.42 = 24.5 L

EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

0.5 25

0.3

11.2 m

0.6

MAY

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 77.42 = 8206.5 L

307

205

JUL

0.39 x 77.42 = 30193.8 L

1132

755

AUG

0.01 x 77.42 = 7742 L

290

193.5

SEP

0.026 x 77.42 = 2013 L

75.5

OCT

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

6.1 m 13 m 7m

ground coverage = 75%

Total Plot Area = 7 m x 13 m = 91 sq. m Total Roof Area = 6.1 m x 11.2 m = 68.32 sq. m Ground Coverage = 68.32 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 10% of Total Plot area = 9.1 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 68.32 + 9.1 ) = 77.42 sq. m Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 77.42 sq. m = 3484 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 77.42 sq. m = 30735.8 L

H3 b

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 77.42 sq m = 41806.8 L

Row House

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 30736 kg 40

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

MONTHS

YOUR WATER BANK

COLLECTION

JAN

0.0038 x 77.42 = 294 L

FEB

0.0002 x 77.42 = 155 L

MAR

0.0086 x 77.42 = 665.5 L

APR

0.00032 x 77.42 = 24.5 L

EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

0.5 25

0.3

11.2 m

0.6

MAY

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 77.42 = 8206.5 L

307

205

JUL

0.39 x 77.42 = 30193.8 L

1132

755

AUG

0.01 x 77.42 = 7742 L

290

193.5

SEP

0.026 x 77.42 = 2013 L

75.5

OCT

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 77.42 = 0 L

6.1 m 13 m 7m

ground coverage = 75%

H3 b

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 77.42 sq m = 41806.8 L

Row House

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 30736 kg 42

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

MONTHS

YOUR WATER BANK

YOUR WATER BANK EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY

75%

50%

JAN

0.0038 x 476.8 = 1811 L

FEB

0.0002 x 476.8 = 95 L

3.5

MAR

0.0086 x 476.8 = 4100.5 L

154

102.5

APR

0.00032 x 476.8 = 152.5 L

5.5

MAY

0 .00 x 476.8 = 0 L

JUN

0.106 x 476.8 =50541 L

1895

1263

JUL

0.39 x 476.8 = 185952 L

6973

4548

AUG

0.01 x 476.8 = 47680 L

1788

1192

SEP

0.026 x 476.8 = 12396 L

465

310

OCT

0 .00 x 476.8 = 0 L

NOV

0 .00 x 476.8 = 0 L

DEC

0 .00 x 476.8 = 0 L

16 m

23.5 m

28 m

20 m

ground coverage = 65%

Total Plot Area = 20 m x 28 m = 560 sq. m Total Roof Area = 16 m x 23.5 m = 376 sq. m Ground Coverage = 416 sq. m Conrete Surface Area= 18% of Total Plot area = 100.8 sq. m Total Impermeable Area = ( 376 + 100.8 ) = 476.8 sq. m Minimum Collection: 0 L Average Collection: 0.046 m x 476.8 sq. m = 21456 L Maximum Collection: 0.397 m x 476.8 sq. m = 189289 L

H4 b

Total Annual Collection: 0.54m x 476.8 sq m = 257472 L

Apartment

Peak Load on Storage Unit= 189290 kg 44

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

MONTHS

COLLECTION

T O O L K I T a quest towards utilising stormwater

WHEELIE

ASSEMBLY

0.3 m

TOOLS

0.6 m

Clamp x 2

Support Clamp x 2

20 mm

15mm m 0.5

7.5 mm

30 mm

0.6 m 0.6 m

Threaded Iron Shaft x 1

Recycled Rubber Sheet x 1

20mm m 0.5

Nut x 4 - Bolt x 6

Recycled Rubber Sheet x 1 48

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

20 mm

ASSEMBLY

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

WHEELIE

SPINNER

ASSEMBLY

0.1 m

0.3 m

TOOLS

0.3 m

Recycled Rubber Discs x 12

Clamp Set x 1

15mm

1.5m

7.5 mm

Pipe x 1

0.7 m

Threaded Iron Shaft x 2

20mm m 0.5

Nut x 2 - Bolt x 4

Recycled Rubber Sheet x 1 52

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

20 mm

FRONT-YARD

TOOLS

Thin Bamboo

ASSEMBLY

Coconut Fibre Rope

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

Climber Plants (Pothos)

The WHEELIE can be mounted easily at the terrace near the spout. The velocity of rain-water would be reduced through the collision of water with the re-cycled rubber sheet. The slow-moving water can then be retained or detained according to the proximity of a local water body. Alternatively, the device can also be used as a bird feeder during dry seasons.

Wall Mount Parapet Mount 56

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

WHEELIE

The SPINNER slows the rapid velocity of rainwater from the terrace and reduces it to gentle trickles of water. These can be utilized to channelize the stormwater to storage units. The storage units can be located at the terraces, balconies and housing typologies which have the provision of underground tanks can utilize them for harvesting rainwater. The storage units can also be used as storage and seating space.

Wall Mount Parapet Mount 58

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

SPINNER

The FRONT-YARD helps in making green spaces at different levels of a building. The dense growth of pothos turns the large volume of rainfall into a mild mist which creates a soothing environment. This also helps in reducing the temperature of the building and transpiration helps in maintaining the micro-climate. Places with dense urban fabric can utilize this toolkit to reduce the negative impact of stormwater.

Wall Mount Independent Structure 60

WATER FOR SURVIVAL

FRONT-YARD

Re -”Source” WATER

Arnav Prakash