Diffusing PTSD: Engaging Military Architecture

DIFFUSING

PTSD

ENGAGING MILITARY ARCHITECTURE ARNULFO BERNAL RODRIGUEZ

DIFFUSING PTSD: ENGAGING MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of The New School of Architecture & Design

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture

by Arnulfo Bernal Rodriguez June 2015 San Diego, CA

COPYRIGHT PAGE

2015 Arnulfo Bernal Rodriguez ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

THESIS ABSTRACT

The world is diverse and includes many cultures. One that is of special interest due to the events that have occurred in the United States over the last decade and a half is that of the military, specifically the Marine Corps. The Marines have always prided themselves on their warrior like culture, a machine built for combat and war. Due to this culture that the Marines have cultivated, they are less prone to show weakness. As a result of this aura the Marines that have served over seas in battle are not seeking the attention they desperately need when it comes to matters of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Unfortunately, many Combat vets resort to other escapes, in 2012 it is reported that more combat veterans on active duty committed suicide than lives lost in actual combat. Architecture has the power to create and produce spaces that evoke emotion and feelings. Regrettably, the architecture of the military has not taken advantage of the power it possesses, as a result Veterans inhabit spaces and buildings that are counter productive to their health. Through this thesis we begin to explore how to undo the past and take advantage of architecture’s ability to create invigorating spaces that are productive for our veterans.

DIFFUSING PTSD: ENGAGING MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of The New School of Architecture & Design

By Arnulfo Bernal Rodriguez

Undergraduate Chair:

Date

Studio Instructor:

Date

Peer Reviewer / Reader

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Para mi familia y mis padres adorados.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Foremost, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my advisor Raul Diaz for the continuous support, motivation, enthusiasm, and insurmountable wealth of knowledge during my undergraduate thesis. His support served as a catalyst for inspiration, weather it was research, design advice or practical knowledge he influenced the development of this thesis and my architectural journey. I would also like to thank the thesis committee: James Enos, Robin Brisbois, Vuslat Demircay for putting together a remarkable thesis program. A wholehearted thank you goes out to professor John Ellis at Cosumnes River College. He was the first figure that I encountered in my architectural education, and exposed me to the beauty, which is that of architecture. None of this would be possible with out the dedication of the undergraduate chair at the New School of Architecture and Design, Len Zegarski. Last but not least, an immense amount of praise goes to my fellow colleagues that have come and gone over the last seven years, we have endured many sleepless nights, and endless amount of dialogue, we have learned with and from each other, and together we have achieved our dream, thank you.

INTRODUCTION Problem Statement Critical Position Thesis Statement RESEARCH STUDIES Rational for Study Scope of Study Summary of Study RESEARCH METHODS Case Studies Programming Contextual Analysis Concept Development DESIGN PROTOTYPES Process Feedback/Evaluation Statement of Learning CONCLUSION Process Feedback/Evaluation Statement of Learning

01 02 03 04 05

CONTENTS

01 INTRODUCTION

Introduction Problem Statement

The Marines Corps is essentially a war fighting machine and when the country goes to war the nation calls on it’s greatest warriors. With two wars being fought simultaneously over the last decade, it is inevitable that a combatant go to war and comeback unscathed by the effects of battle. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur after someone goes through a traumatic event such as combat, an assault, or a disaster.

Most people have some stress reactions after a trauma. If the reactions don’t go away over time or disrupts life, they may have PTSD (ptsd.va.gov).

Many veterans upon returning find themselves experiencing symptoms, which they can’t control, this includes; reliving the event (also called re- experiencing). This memory of the trauma can come back at any time, veterans may have nightmares or feel like they are going through the experience again. Veterans may avoid situations that remind them of the event, they may try to avoid places or people that bring back memories.

Veterans may also experience negative changes that remind them of the event. The way they think about themselves and others may also change because of the trauma. They may have trouble expressing their emotions, think no one can be trusted, or feel guilt or shame. In some cases

01 01.1

veterans may feel keyed up (also called hyper arousal) they may be jittery and on the look out for danger. They might suddenly become angry or irritable (ptsd.va.gov).

Many veterans fail to get the treatment they need for fear of being perceived as weak, as is the case with Pvt. Dexter Pitts as he recounts his experience with seeking help for PTSD in the film Alive Day, “in the world I come from in the army, in infantry-land you know, they don’t believe in PTSD, they believe that they’re weak minded people. ‘there is nothing wrong with you know, as they say, pardon my language, but ‘get the sand out your c---, pick up and drive on. There’s nothing wrong with you.’” One of seven of 1.64 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are affected by PTSD, that is 235,000 people and it is estimated that roughly 50% never sought help (Figure 02).

When veterans return from war, some have a hard time adjusting to life in a non combat zone, many continue to serve in the Marine Corps and others will eventually be reintroduced to civilian life. In either case they are confronted with living and receiving treatment in buildings that make healing or recovering from PTSD difficult.

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Introduction Problem Statement

50 25

% NEVER SOUGHT HELP

% OF VETERANS WHO SOUGHT HELP WERE INADEQUATELY TREATED

17 OF

01 01.1

IRAQ/AFGHAN VETERANS HAVE PTSD

235,000

PEOPLE

Figure 02

06

Introduction Critical Position

The Marine Corps is considered to be one of the world’s elite fighting forces. It is rich in tradition and culture; Marines take great pride in the warrior culture that it has embedded in every Marine since it was established in 1775. As stated by Capt. Sparks in the documentary The Battle for Marjah “I’m part of a machine that always wins there is no worst enemy than the United States marine, were masters of controlled chaos and violence.” Marines are trained to be fierce and to remain flexible; a term often heard through out the ranks of the Corps is “Semper Gumby” a play of words of the Marine Corps motto “Semper Fi” (always faithful). Semper is Latin for always, and Gumby referring to the character’s flexible ability.

01 01.2

It is because of this culture that the Marines have always adapted and overcome to whatever situation they have been given. If home for the night has become a hole in the desert ground then Marines will dig the best hole you have ever seen. This mindset causes veterans to accept the terrible conditions of military architecture, such as living quarters and facilities designated to help them heal. Many times these living conditions and facilities add extra stress. In order to undo the past It is critical that architecture designed for combat veterans with PTSD be designed in a manner that creates a stress reducing environment that allows for the healing to happen.

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Introduction Critical Position

01 01.2

VETERAN EXPERIENCE

+ Figure 03

08

Introduction Thesis Statement

01 01.3

STRESS REDUCTION CONTROL, SOCIAL SUPPORT, POSITIVE DISTRACTION, NATURE

+ MILITARY ARCHITECTURE Figure 04

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

STRESS REDUCTION

RECREATED DESIGN

09

Introduction Thesis Statement

The Marine Corps culture including its architecture plays a large role in the problem. Military buildings and facilities designed for or intended for military use are not adequately designed and do not address the matter of PTSD and psychological issues related to combat. This thesis proposal intends to investigate military architecture to fully understand why it is not suitable. The proposed contribution to military architecture is to develop rehabilitation facility in which the architectural language using principles of evidence based design (EBD) creates a stress-reducing environment that facilitates the healing process for Marines and veterans returning from combat with injuries and PTSD (Figure 04).

EBD is key to the proposed solution. The focus

01 01.3

will be on stress reduction, these principles include: Social Support (friends, family, patients, caregivers), Control (privacy, options, escapes, space arrangement), positive distractions (art, entertainment, music, physical activities), and nature (light, vegetation, water, ventilation, sound).

The objective of the proposal is to be critical of the architecture designed for combat veterans with PTSD; it must be designed in a manner that allows the healing process to occur. It can no longer be a building that houses medical equipment and staff. The intent is not to create the encasing for the machine that heals, but rather creating the machine itself.

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02 RESEARCH STUDIES

Research Studies Rational for Study

On September 11, 2001 the world watched and stared at their television screens in complete disbelief at what was unfolding right before their eyes. The terrorist attack on the world trade center in New York became the catalyst for the United States of America to declare the global war on terror.

The global war on terror saw thousands of troops ship off to the Middle East in support of the war on Iraq and Afghanistan. President Bush ordered the start of a war against Iraq on Wednesday night (March 20, 2003) American forces poised on the country’s southern border and at sea began strikes to disarm the country (Sanger, 2003). While the war was being waged against Iraq another war was also being fought simultaneously in Afghanistan. The United States and NATO formally ended their war in Afghanistan on Sunday (December 28, 2014) with a ceremony at their military headquarters in Kabul as the insurgency they fought for 13 years remains as ferocious and deadly as at any time since the 2001 invasion that unseated the Taliban regime following the Sept. 11 attacks (Nypost.com). Combined both wars lasted over a decade, with the

02 02.1

Afghanistan war being the last to end.

An estimated 6,840 Americans lost their lives in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars (Figure 06). Those fortunate to have come back home alive, would argue that they are not so fortunate as many of them return with amputated arms, legs, facial deformities, combat wounds, and many other wounds that are physical remnants of the sacrifice these brave men and woman made in combat. However, its the invisible wounds that cannot be accounted for. Nearly 270,000 brain injuries have been reported by the Defense Department since 2001, most of them were likely sustained in Iraq or Afghanistan. It’s estimated that 1 in 5 veterans of those conflicts have PTSD, a number that reached 300,000 several years ago and is probably much higher now (Ruiz, 2013). Many veterans never sought help therefore numbers vary, nonetheless the numbers of veterans with psychological issues rises each year, and it is important to educate them and get them the help they need (Figure 06).

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Research Studies Rational for Study

02 02.1

CASUALTIES BY YEAR 902

944

1021 921

531

468

559 461

470 314

12

49

‘01

‘02

130

‘03

‘04

‘05

‘06

‘07

‘08

‘09

‘10

AGE 3,039

25-29

1,666

358 53

‘13

‘14

4,486

AFGHANISTAN

2,354

SEX

412

40-49 40-49

IRAQ

1,666

18-19

‘12

THEATER

20-24 30-39

‘11

58

M F

6,676 2,354

Figure 06 14

Research Studies Scope of Study

02 02.2

PTSD THROUGHOUT HISTORY Revolution war: During the war soldiers exhibiting symptoms were said to have had Nostalgia.

1700S

2003

Civil War: Union combat veterans were hospitalized due to a despondent, depressed state resulting from severe homesickness intensified by the stresses of military life known as Hysteria, Melancholy, and Insanity.

1860S 2004

Vietnam: Soldiers from Vietnam were treated for Gross Stress Reaction, symptoms became worse when they returned home and were disdained for their service.

Vietnam vets with PTSD were diagnosed as having Vietnam Combat Reaction, a severe form of PTSD.

World War I: Shell Shock was caused by life in the muddy trenches resulting in desperation and emotional turmoil. Many soldiers suffering from shell shock were executed for cowardice instead of treated for an emotional condition.

2005

1914 2006

2007

World War II: Over a million men who suffered from Battle Fatigue during the war were pulled away from duty for treatment and rest. The attitudes toward it were still not favorable, and those suffering from the condition were considered weak.

1940s 2008

2009

1970s 2010

2011

2000s 2011

Iraq and Afghanistan: PTSD, Post Tramatic Stress Disorder is understood better now than it used to be, not only by mental health personnel who treat the disorder, but by the public. Veterans need to be supported through the physical and emotional damage combat causes.

Figure 07 15

Research Studies Scope of Study

PTSD is not anything new; various observations of symptoms have been documented as early as the Greek period. Accounts recorded by the Greek historian Herodotus describe a Spartan commander who excused soldiers who, though of proven bravery, were “out of heart and unwilling to encounter the danger.”

Herodotus also mentions a soldier, called “The Trembler,” who hanged himself (Slack).

In more recent times, The HBO film Wartorn 1861-2010, a documentary that chronicles the experiences of veteran with PTSD throughout American history, tells the story of Angelo Crapsey who served as a Union Soldier in the Civil War. During the three years he served his letters home show the transition from a healthy optimistic eighteen-year-old young man to his demise as a disillusioned and mentally unstable veteran at the age of twenty-one, when he committed suicide. His father, John Crapsey Wrote “if ever a man’s mental disorder was caused by the hardships endured in the service of his country, this is the case with my son.” After the Civil War ended it is estimated that more than half of the patients in mental institutions were

02 02.2

veterans. Early on veterans with PTSD were mistreated and perceived as weak, during the first World War more than 300 British soldiers, many suffering from “shell shock,” are executed for cowardice and during World War II U.S. Army Lt. Gen. George S. Patton, while visiting wounded soldiers in a hospital in Sicily, asks one to describe his injuries. “It’s my nerves,” the soldier replies.

Patton slaps him across the face and calls him a coward (Slack). Veterans coming home from Vietnam were not treated any better due to the unpopular view of the war; many were spit on and harassed. It was not until 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association recognized PTSD as a disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (Figure 07).

PTSD is classified as a trauma and stress related disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Though there are different definitions of PTSD there are four core features that are constant, as mentioned previously they include experiencing or witnessing a stressful 16

Research Studies Scope of Study

02 02.2

PTSD BRAIN Normal Hippocampus

PTSD Hippocampus Amygdala

Hippocampus

BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT

AUTONOMIC COMPONENT

CHANGES IN HORMONES

Amygdala

HORMONES Freezing

Running

Increased Heart Rate

Cortisol

Figure 08 17

Research Studies Scope of Study

event; re-experiencing symptoms of the event to include nightmares and flashback; avoiding situations, places, and people that are reminders of the traumatic event; and hyper arousal symptoms, such as irritability, concentration problems, and sleep disturbances (Sareen, 460). PTSD is not only caused by combat, it can be a result of physical injury, natural disasters, rape, and any event in which the person felt their life was in danger or they felt a sense of helplessness. PTSD has a huge effect not only on the patient but it impacts society.

PTSD is strongly associated with suicidal behavior, and along with self-inflicted harm individuals with PTSD also have issues with parenting, have several mental and physical health co-morbidities and interpersonal problems.

Why or how trauma causes changes in the brain is not fully understood by researchers, however what is known is how these changes affect the individual. There are two parts of the brain that are affected in an individual with PTSD, the amygdala and the hippocampus. The hippocampus is very

02 02.2

important as it enables people to regulate emotions so that they may be applied adequately to the situation they are in.

Research shows that the hippocampus is typically smaller in the brain of an individual with PTSD versus a normal brain. However it is the amygdala area of the brain that is critical in detecting cues of the thread initially. Once this cue has been detected, another part of the amygdala releases a cascade of responses that includes three major components. One is the behavioral component, which may be associated with freezing, running away, and or with fleeing.

It could include an autonomic component that’s the second component, which would involve changes, for example, in heart rate and in blood pressure to prepare the organism to act. And the third component is changes in hormones, and the key here is cortisol, which is a stress hormone (Free the Mind). Though very complex having an understanding of how the brain of an individual with PTSD affects them physically, can inform how to address veterans and create architecture that suits their needs (Figure 08).

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Research Studies Scope of Study

For many veterans coming back from combat, their previous deployment more than likely wasn’t their last. Upon returning they may express symptoms of PTSD, if and when they seek help they are being sent to Veteran Affairs (VA) hospitals and clinics, also they will continue to train and live in buildings that are not suitable for PTSD. The architecture in the Marines Corps has been designed to serve militaristic needs, such as combat, housing, training, admin, medical, etc. However, the problem with that is the architecture takes a back seat to the needs of the veterans.

The Base Exterior Architecture Plan (BEAP) for Marine Air Corps Station states that the building design on Miramar shall seek to achieve and enhance the visual theme of the station: simple, bold, durable and powerful. It shall also be in harmony with its natural and built environment. A new structure shall not attempt to dominate its neighborhood. Restrained and Functional is preferred to flamboyant and trendy ( BEAP513). The issue lies within the execution of the objective, simple, bold, durable, and powerful has translated into architecture that typically is mundane and ordinary, buildings

02 02.2

constructed of CMU and painted tan in color with red roofs, these buildings fall short of creating an environment that promotes stress reduction (Image 01). The lack of materiality, natural sunlight, and natural elements has a negative impact, which is not suitable and is counterproductive.

A prime example is the barracks or “brigs�, a military term for prison Marines use when referring to the living quarters.

Many veterans are forced to live with other veterans with in the same space, in what are known as squad bays (Image 02), this lack of privacy can add to the tension that is already created by PTSD. If they are fortunate they might be assigned a room to share with another fellow veteran, however the bedrooms are small confined spaces that create an environment that is dark and depressing (Image 03). This type of environment can contribute to veterans with PTSD committing suicide. Another, problem are the facilities that veterans are sent to seek treatment for PTSD. Many of these facilities, are huge institutions that fail to create an environment that promotes healing, essentially they are big buildings that house medical equipment and staff.

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Research Studies Scope of Study

Image 01

02 02.2

20

Research Studies Scope of Study

Image 02

02 02.2

21

Research Studies Scope of Study

02 02.2

As a result of the military architecture not being productive and becoming detrimental to the healing process of veterans with PTSD, it is beneficial to design an inpatient rehabilitation center that creates a stressreducing environment. The design should include components of stress reduction, which include control, social support, positive distractions, and nature.

The rehabilitation center is intended as a retreat where veterans can come to get help with out fear of being judged, it’s a social environment that promotes well being and through the architecture can assist the veteran in the journey to become a functioning member of society.

Image 03

22

Research Studies Scope of Study

Having control is essential to the healing process.

Veterans suffering from PTSD do not have control of their outbreaks and at any given moment the least significant of situations can trigger an episode.

The Key is to give the veteran piece of mind, to put them back in the driver seat where they can control what their surroundings and environment is like. A great deal of research has indicated that people who feel they have some control over their circumstances deal better with stress and have better health than persons who have lost sense of control (Evans and Cohen, 1987) options that can begin to manipulate the control in the veteran’s favor can be done by offering spaces that allow for veterans to escape from the stress of daily tasks.

Adaptability is another component that should be addressed allowing for the veteran to customize his quarters, workstation, and recreational spaces.

The ability to achieve these things gives the veteran the opportunity to create as much privacy as needed. The objective is to allow for the veteran to do this with little to no help thus creating a sense of worth and non-dependency. Control can be done through thoughtful spatial relationships and arrangements.

Upon returning from war or reintroducing to the civilian world veterans find themselves feeling isolated and disconnected from the world they

02 02.2

knew before their traumatic experience changed their lives forever. Fighting PTSD is a battle that requires moral and physical support. Therefore social support is crucial to consider when designing architecture that will create a healing environment through the architecture. Recognizing that not only vets will use the spaces will help address the needs of other users such as caregivers, employees, family, and friends. Research has shown across wide variety of situations that person who receive higher social support generally experience less stress and have better health than those who are more socially isolated (Shumaker and Czajkowski, 1994). Therefore the architecture must accommodate and allow for this social support to be a part of the environment that is created. Architectural solutions that will encourage a greater sense of community are the spaces that can be used for family visitation, recreation activities for veterans and caregivers, overall spaces that encourage interaction.

As human beings we naturally have a strong connection to the natural environment. Evidence has suggested that through nature’s elements we can be taken to a state of mind that temporarily alleviates us from the burdens and stress of daily lives.

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Research Studies Scope of Study

In the case of a combat veteran having this connection with nature can bring a sense of peace and serenity, thus forgetting all the things that cause stress. In Architecture nature can be manipulated to help, for example light is important to any design. Lack of light can create somber and depressing settings, which is the complete opposite of what we need in a healing environment.

Therefore light will be very important to the design in order to help create an uplifting environment.

When person experiencing stress or anxiety, looking at particular kinds of nature scenes rather quickly produces mood improvement and elicit beneficial physiological changes such as lower blood pressure and reduced heart rate (Ulrich, 1991). Other elements of nature that will help ensure not only a healthy atmosphere but also a healthy space is the use of wind, natural ventilation can help air out space and remove born disease that can cause veterans to become ill adding to the stress. Lastly many of the veterans that suffer from PTSD have been exposed to loud noises, if special attention is not designated to how sound behaves in the design, these sounds can again trigger the reliving of traumatic experiences making it more difficult for the veteran to heal, natural elements of vegetation will be used to address issues of acoustics.

02 02.2

Due to the nature of PTSD and how it consumes veteran’s life it is crucial to keep their mind constantly occupied with distractions. These distractions have to be positive in nature. Allowing veterans to mentally keep busy will lessen the chance of relapse or a breakdown; it provides a way to stay positive. Many veterans need to stay busy to keep their minds of the trauma and reduce stress. The goal, at minimum is to provide elements that distract the veteran from any medical concerns, allow for their stay at the rehab center to be inspiring and relaxing all while creating and restoring a sense of self worth within the veteran.

Elements that can be implemented to accomplish these goals include technology, physical fitness spaces, and extracurricular activities such as music, art, and poetry. These elements will not only allow the veteran to keep busy but it will help them regain control, and build the camaraderie with other vets that will strengthen the social support within the environment.

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Research Studies Summary of Scope

02 02.3

NATURE

POSITIVE DISTRACTIONS

STRESS REDUCING ENVIRONMENT

CONTROL

SOCIAL SUPPORT Figure 09

25

Research Studies Summary of Scope

The psychological issues that stem from war taint the mind. How does architecture attempt to erase a moment in time that is embedded in a veteran?

Architecture is all about moments in time and enhancing the experience for the user and creating memories. With stress reduction in architecture combat veterans will create new moments and memories from which they can draw upon to replace some of the least desired experiences they have had. This healing environment will create a safe haven for combat veterans thus diminishing suicide rates and reversing the cycle of meaning less architecture within the military.

The next chapter will focus on methods of research that will inform and develop a design that creates a stress reducing environment. These methods

02 02.3

include case studies, program analysis, contextual analysis, and concept development. Analyzing precedents that were successful in achieving the desired outcome is beneficial as we can learn from what has been previously done. Second, the analysis of the program will help determined what needs to occur and in what manner so that the design can accommodate and cater to the veterans. Determining where and why the inpatient rehab center is located will be derived through analyzing the user and the context.

Subsequently, concepts for the development of the design will pay tribute to the veterans and the Marine Corps. Using the concepts , data, and research related to stress reduction the design of the inpatient rehab center will be established.

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03 RESEARCH METHODS

Research Methods Case Studies

The wellness center is a great example of positive architecture that creates a healing atmosphere.

The building focuses on de-institutionalizing healthcare facilities. It achieves this by focusing on the human scale. By designing in a fashion that breaks the building into small units and then compiling them it allows the focus on the scale of the individual (Figure 10). This creates a larger “inviting building� as a whole. Another implementation that is noteworthy is that the design eliminates the lobby and the main entrance leads to a social gathering spot where visitors and patients can meet one another, help and support each other through out the healing process. This is very important because the idea of an institutional building stigmatizes the patients which is counter productive to the morale.

The circulation of the building is clear and effective; it leaves no room for confusion and lets the user be in control of the situation. Another element that focuses on control is the various opportunities for escapes. A patient has easy access to the center courtyard and terraces on the upper levels. This building effectively creates an environment that is friendly and homey, its an invigorating building that people want to be in.

03 03.1

Architect- Nord Architects Location - Copenhagen, Denmark Year - 2009-2011 Client - Copenhagen Municipality Size - 26,900 sqft Budget - 6,609,662.19 USD

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

Figure 10

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

HUMAN SCALE

Figure 11

SECTION AA 31

Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

PLAN LAYOUT

A

GROUND LEVEL

A

FIRST FLOOR

Figure 12

32

Research Methods Case Studies

A warm receptive space that is grand on ambition, but designed on a small scale. This center is located on a green knoll on the grounds of the Gartnavel hospital, it is a respite from the typical institutional hospital architecture. The design concept relies on an interlocking ring of form, this allows for the manifestation of interconnecting L shaped figures in plan, minimizing the need for corridors and hallways allowing for rooms to flow creating a social environment while maintaining homey scale with nooks for private spaces ( Figure 14). The key to creating a stress reducing environment here is in the manner in which site was included into the design. The small building is nestled into the site and the center courtyard includes elements of nature, the inner core of the building is treated with glass to create a clear and visual to the courtyard, this along with the open floor plan lets the building feel larger and much more spacious, there for it does not feel or create uncomfortable situations (Figure 13).

03 03.1

Architect- Oma Rem Koolhaas Location - Glasgow, Scotland Year - 2011 Client - Maggie Keswick Jencks Cancer Caring Center Size - 5,700 sqft

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

Figure 13

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

STRESS REDUCTION COMPONENTS

SPACE/FORM ARRANGEMENT

ESCAPES

CIRCULATION

Figure 14

35

Research Methods Case Studies

SITE

GLASS FACADE

03 03.1

COUNSELING

Figure 15

36

Research Methods Case Studies

Healing needs to happen at the human scale, residential spaces that are smaller have more of a connection with the user. This is important when creating a healing environment. It is important to understand why connections are stronger in smaller environments, and how we can create that connection in a larger space. The optical glass house is successful in creating an invigorating environment within a more chaotic environment.

The residence is located along a busy and loud intersection, (Figure 17) but from the interior one would never know of what is going outside. The facade creates an acoustically protected tranquil oasis behind a glass curtain of custom fabricated glass blocks. The facade filters in natural light while concealing a therapeutic green garden, which all spaces in program face. The facade gives the effect of a waterfall refracting views and light while complimenting the water basin, which serves as a skylight on the lower ground (Figure 16). Nature is important to the healing process and this case study is a great example of how to bring nature into the urban context properly.

03 03.1

Architect- Hiroshi Nakamura & Nap co.

Location - Hiroshima, Japan Year - 2012 Floor area- 2,600 sqft Total floor area - 3,900 sqft

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

Figure 16

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

CONTEXT/NATURE

SECTION AA

Figure 17

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Research Methods Case Studies

03 03.1

GROUND LEVEL

FIRST FLOOR

A

A

SECOND FLOOR Figure 18

40

Research Methods Programming

The program is focused on the key components of stress reduction control, social support, positive distraction, and nature. In order to create a building that is stress free we must draw from previous examples of the buildings that do this well and build up on them. As it relates to control, many of the buildings and case studies that were examined give the user control through circulation and allowing the user to dictate what he/she can do, allowing for adaptability of space, or allowing for the user to remove themselves from any unwanted situations. To promote social support the buildings main entrance will focus on a social gathering/ cafĂŠ where patients and visitors can converse and enjoy the company of others, the removal of a lobby eliminates the stigmatization of the veterans. Other programmatic components that relate to social interaction are creating spaces that allow for the practice of music, dance, group therapy and counseling sessions. There will also be opportunities for positive distractions such as a kitchen for partaking in cooking classes, courtyard where veterans can get away to reflect on their thoughts, the gym will also serve as a way to keep the patients physically fit and keep them occupied, other spaces include opportunities for practicing poetry, writing, and reading.

03 03.2

Also taking advantage of the site nature will serve as a huge part of the design, the cantilevering deck will be a landscaped therapeutic garden that will allow for the users to get in touch with themselves spiritually and developing a stronger mindset. Dealing with PTSD it is important to have spaces that deal directly with treatment.

There will be plenty of counseling rooms, both large and small for group settings or more intimate counseling sessions. Other forms of treatment such as in-vivo exposure therapy require that the user interact or relive their trauma, because some veterans can’t or refuse to relive their experience, a virtual reality therapy room will help assist and provide the treatment. In addition, Implementing a virtual counselor allows vets to speak to a sophisticated virtual counselor with a high level of artificial intelligence, this is proven to get more out of vets as they are more likely to open up to a computer screen that won’t judge them. Also a small pharmacy will be included to store any prescribed medication the patients may require.

The objective is to create a safe and productive place where veterans feel comfortable and receive the attention they require.

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Research Methods Programming

PROGRAM COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY

EDUCATION

BECOMING AWARE OF THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS LEARNING SKILLS TO CHALLENGE THOUGHTS/FEELINGS (COGNITIVE RESTRUCTING) UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN BELIEFS THAT OCCUR AFTER TRAUMA

PROLONGED EXPOSURE THERAPY EDUCATION BREATH RETAINING REAL WORLD PRACTICE (IN-VIVO EXPOSURE) TALKING THROUGHTRAUMA (IMAGINAL EXPOSURE)

CIRCULATION LOUNGE (ESCAPES) CLASSROOMS ENTRY SPACE CAFE MUSIC, DANCE COUNSELING (GROUP) VOLUNTEER OFFICES COURTYARD KITCHEN DORMITORY GYM REFLECTION SPACE ART, POETRY, WRITING THERAPEUTIC GARDEN RELFECTION PARK YOGA LECTURE HALL COUNSELING (SMALL) VIRTUAL REALITY/ MEDIA PHARMACY RESTROOMS STORAGE

MECHANICAL PARKING

03 03.2

[CONTROL] [SOCIAL SUPPORT] [POSITIVE DISTRACTION] [NATURE] [TREATMENT] [SERVICES]

Figure 19 42

Research Methods Programming

03 03.2

RELATIONSHIPS RESTROOMS

PRIVATE

YOGA

COUNSELING (SMALL) MECHANICAL

DORMITORY

REFLECTION SPACE

[I]

EXTERIOR

VOLUNTEER OFFICES STORAGE

CLASSROOMS ART, POETRY, WRITING

VIRTUAL COUNSELOR KITCHEN

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Figure 20

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43

Research Methods Programming

03 03.2

ADJACENCIES

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VOLUNTEER OFFICES

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REFLECTION SPACE

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Figure 21

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44

Research Methods Contextual Analysis

In choosing a site it was important to select a location that would be easily accessible both to active duty and inactive duty veterans, reasoning being is that PTSD symptoms many times are delayed and are not evident until four or five years after the initial trauma. In that period of time Veterans may no longer be living on base and accessing the help they need is of great importance. The Selected site is in Ocean Side, California right along side the border of the Camp Pendleton.

The location is ideal because it faces the root of the problem, which is the institutionalized military architecture, the idea is that we can create and design successful architecture along side the military buildings creating juxtaposition between the problem and solution. Also viewing the site in plan and in elevation we are able to see the transition from bad military architecture (the problem) the reacting architecture (the haven) and eventually the connection to the civilian world, which would be

03 03.3

the ultimate goal of allowing veterans to become functioning member of society (Figure 23).

Other Considerations for the Site were its proximity to the Naval Hospital on Camp Pendleton, the beach, pier, marina, and the connection the ocean (Figure 22). These elements are all essential to creating a stress reducing environment because they a reflections of the components mentioned earlier social environment, positive distraction, control, and nature. Patients would be able to enjoy various activities that would promote physical wellbeing by enjoying beach interacting and socializing with each other as well as society.

The connection to the water is important for healing and there is a certain element of the ocean that soothes and calms. The end result is for this site along with the architecture to become a safe haven where veterans can get the help they need and be in a positive environment.

45

Research Methods Contextual Analysis

0’

Figure 22

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03 03.3

2000’

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Research Methods Contextual Analysis

03 03.3

Image 05

47

Research Methods Contextual Analysis

CAUSE

Figure 23

HAVEN

03 03.3

REINTRODUCTION

48

Research Methods Concept Development

03 03.4

The stronghold concept is derived from analyzing the composition of institutionalized buildings within the military and intended for military occupancy, such as VA clinics and Hospitals. The idea is that these big box type buildings be decomposed and broken down to focus on a much smaller scale that has a stronger connection with the user.

The arrangement and break up is laid out in a camp like condition and would feature a rough strong outer shell referencing a defensive posture while the interior would be soft where a much more relaxing environment would be needed to deal with veterans with PTSD (Figure 24).

49

Research Methods Concept Development

03 03.4

STRONG HOLD FORTIFICATION

BREAKING

DISPERSING

CAMP ARRANGEMENT

Figure 24 50

Research Methods Concept Development

03 03.4

Paying tribute to the structure and organization of the Marine Corps, the first to fight concept takes a closer look at the composition of a platoon, composed of four ranks than broken down into the individual and given a hierarchy highlighting the first rank as a reference to the term “first to fight� which was a slogan used by many Marines. The concept than takes on a wave like gesture, which celebrates the battle of Belleau Wood in which the Marines where given the nickname Devil Dogs, a moniker still used commonly amongst Marines. This nickname was given to Marines by the German opposition for their fearless and relentless attack, German accounts from the battle have the Marines coming in waves never giving up, almost as if they were dogs from hell. This concept allows for an interesting grid composition that could be injected with program or used as a facade skin system (Figure 25).

51

Research Methods Concept Development

03 03.4

FIRST TO FIGHT RANKS

INDIVIDUAL

HIERARCHY

WAVES

Figure 25

52

Research Methods Concept Development

03 03.4

The Marine Corps was essentially established to fight from air, land, and sea. Paying tribute to the culture the concept takes these three elements to create one, where the air is representative of a transcendental identity, this references the idea of a higher power or feeling, the longing to feel better, naturally this element would be placed on the highest level reaching to the sky. The second element is ground, in the Marine Corps most of the fighting is done on the ground level and as a whole, therefore it would make sense that this be where the focus is centered on social support and social settings. The sea element is a connection to the water that surrounds the site as well as nature. Lastly, encompassing the whole concept is a unifying object that ties the three layers together, almost like a spear, which is a play on many referring to the Marines as the tip of the spear(Figure 26).

53

Research Methods Concept Development

03 03.4

AIR, LAND ,AND SEA GROUND

NATURE

SKY

UNIFICATION

Figure 26 54

04 DESIGN PROCESS

Design Prototypes Process

After taking all the data and information that was collected from the research a decision was made on moving forward with a concept for the overall design. Though the “First to Fight” concept was rich in paying tribute to the Marine Corps, the “Air, Land, and Sea” concept proved to be much stronger in regards to how program could be applied to begin to create a form for the design of the building. Also because the site was on the marina the connection to the water was rich and the sea portion of the concept and the ocean were a natural fit. Using this concept form began to be split into three separate portions, or layers each representative of one of the components: Air, Land, and Sea. The Air layer would be place at the highest point and program wise would be where veterans could have a connection to a higher state of being (Figure 27). The land layer would be and the ground level and be composed of social and treatment spaces for visitors to the center. Lastly due to the fact that the site was narrow it the sea layer would have to be cantilevered over the water, which worked in favor of the overall design (Figure 28).

04 04.1

AIR

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Figure 27 57

Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

THREE LAYERS

Figure 28

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Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

THREE LAYERS SEPARATION

Figure 29

59

Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

Continuing the form development the layered form had strengths and weaknesses. Upon further study of the form the consensus was that the strong concept of Air, Land, and Seas was no longer visible.

This was because the form was now reading as one solid massing and not three layers. In order to correct this, it was essential to take a step back and regain the essence of three separate entities. a series of study models was created and what resulted was a new form that still had three components but now were separated vertically (Figure 29), what this did was not only make it clear there are three layers but it began to create a separation that would allow for an efficient way of creating the transition from public to private as it was deemed according through program. The more public social level would be on the ground level and the private reserved spaces would be on the top level.

60

Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

After regaining the layered aesthetic and creating separation another issue was presented. The separation of the top layer created a floating mass, which would have to be addressed; to fix this issue the top portion of the form was split into two, offset and stacked. This allowed the threelayer concept, and avoided the floating issue (Figure 30) while also keeping the center of the form open. This was another key decision that was made early on as it would allow for the creation of a center courtyard, which could be used as an escape by the veterans. Also, the circulation would be kept simple and effective as a result of the form.

The ground level was also split into a series of smaller spaces, what this did was break up the idea of having one whole building in which the user would be confined to, the user would now have to exit a portion of the building to reach another, eliminating the sensation of being confined to one large space thus letting the user feel as if they have control.

61

Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

OFFSETTING LAYERS

Figure 30

62

Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

Once the form of the building was established the program was implemented. The building on the ground level would be entered on the southwest end once inside the building the ground level would focus on creating a social setting. Classrooms would help educate the users on PTSD and they could get help from the volunteer workers and counselors when needed. In order to move on to the other spaces such as gym or auditorium the user would have to exit into the courtyard at which point they would walk along the corridor that would take them to either space or lead them to a park facing Camp Pendleton (Figure 31). If they decided to go to the other levels, circulation would be in the courtyard, a set of stairs would lead them to the dormitory (Figure 32) or counseling area (Figure 33), or the user could simply choose to venture out on to the cantilevering platform which would serve as a garden where veterans could connect with nature.

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Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

PRELIMINARY PLANS

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Figure 31 64

Design Prototypes Process

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PRELIMINARY PLANS

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Design Prototypes Process

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THIRD LEVEL PLAN 0’

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Figure 33

66

Design Prototypes Process

Figure 34

04 04.1

67

Design Prototypes Process

Figure 35

04 04.1

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Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

Having designated the cantilever as a garden it was important to design it in a manner so that all veterans could get the most use of it. A series of models were created to design the space. The main concern was that the cantilever created a garden that was out in the open. Being in an open space could create a negative effect on veterans, as many dislike open space because it makes them feel exposed and vulnerable.

To correct this issue, the design needed to allow for options, giving the veteran the choice. The design focused on having open space in the center allowing for public space, however if a veteran felt uncomfortable he would have the option to retreat into a smaller more private portion of the garden. The privacy was created by allowing for separation to happen via planters. They would include plants, trees, and water pools.

The design of the planters was derived from the “First to Fight “ concept.

Planters would have different heights; this would create privacy through change in elevation (Figure 36). As a result the garden was a wellbalanced public and private space that veterans could enjoy with out fear of feeling uncomfortable, giving the veteran control of the situation.

69

Design Prototypes Process

04 04.1

GARDEN DEVELOPMENT

Figure 36

70

Design Prototypes Feedback/Evaluation

At this point in the design process one of the issues that was persistent was the situation of the living quarters, the layout was very regimented. The issue was that the argument was against military architecture and with in the design was a very militaristic element of design. After many attempts to create a layout that was not regimented and ordered, the realization was made that there was nothing wrong with having an element of design that was a representation of the military. The rebuttal to the criticism was that though the design of the dorms was regimented , the thesis was focused on creating an environment that would create a stress reducing atmosphere and because the other spaces would be more inviting and invigorating , realistically the veterans would spend more time in those spaces rather than the dorms. Also having certain elements that are representative of the military such as having order in a layout can be productive to healing PTSD , as part of the healing

04 04.2

process is facing fears and overcoming them.

Being placed in a space that is reminiscent of those elements can help the veteran adjust to and overcome the fear, the more they are exposed to it the more they can become desensitized to it.

Another issue that was presented was the treatment of the corridor, the corridor needed to be a space that broke the buffer between interior and exterior. To eliminate that separation of interior and exterior the corridor was perforated with openings that would allow for light to filter in and give the feel of an exterior space but still be indoor. However the criticism was that the design of the treatment was arbitrary and felt somewhat disorganized. To fix this issue the treatment of the perforations relied on the earlier concept “First to Fight� this gave it a stronger connection to the veterans and addressed the issue of creating openings along the corridor to allow light in.

71

Design Prototypes Statement of Learning

At this stage in the design process there had been several trial and error moments. Learning to make decisions and execute them was starting to become more feasible. At times much attention was paid to details that were not relevant and this hindered the development of the design. Also selecting the right way of expressing the idea was important, many times choosing between a model or drawing was difficult and had the right decision been made it would have produced stronger dialogue. At this stage in the design the one thing that was occurring was there seemed to be a bit of contradiction between the arguments against military architecture being to ordered and regimented and design to against it. In order to counter the order, designing in a somewhat chaotic manner would have to be done. The issue with this was that having chaotic aspects in the project was detrimental to the cause, the user with PTSD. The answer would have to be found with in

04 04.3

both chaos and order, finding the happy medium, the perfect balance that would argue against the military ordered and regimented architecture, yet still respect the user. Going into the next stage of the design decisions were made and having to compromise was needed in order to push forward, which was fine so long as it was rational.

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05 CONCLUSION

Conclusion Final Design

After nearly nine months the culmination of this study into creating a better architecture for veterans had arrived. The final design of the inpatient rehab center serves veterans with PTSD and their relatives, as well as anybody experiencing any issue related to stress caused by trauma.

The center welcomes anyone seeking help and they can determine whatever type of support or help they may need. The center provides many opportunities for relaxation and escaping the troubles that plague victims of PTSD. It provides varies types of counseling, from one on one sessions, group therapy, virtual reality therapy, or virtual counseling, the guest will receive some form of treatment. Other amenities include classrooms for educating guests about PTSD and trauma, a gym so that guest can be not only mentally but also physically fit. The auditorium will allow for larger events, such as guest speakers, or performances by the veterans, or even displaying art used as a form of healing, produced by the

05 05.1

veteran residents of the center. A small pharmacy will house all medication and serve as a cafĂŠ where guest can have a coffee while enjoying the company of others and receive their medication.

Other key elements of the center are the nature components that take advantage of the site, guest can escape to the garden and relax while taking in the view of the ocean, or they can sit and enjoy conversation with other guest in the birch platoon park.

The second level houses most of the treatment amenities related to treatment of PTSD (Figure 38). These include counseling spaces, as well as spaces for art and music and lounges both interior and exterior to allow for escapes. On the third level (Figure 39) we find the living quarters here we have dorms, a kitchen and dining spaces and an exterior terrace that overlooks the ocean, overall the rehab center is a positive place that creates a positive atmosphere and invigorating environment that allows for the healing process to begin.

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Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

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Figure 37

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1. entry 2. admin 3. classroom 4. counseling office 5. lounge 6. pharmacy/Cafe 7. restroom 8. corridor 9. auditorium 10. gym 11. birch Platoon 12. gardens

76

Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

SECOND LEVEL

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13. lounge 14. terrace 15. virtual counseling 16. virtual therapy 17. restrooms 18. large counseling 19. medium counseling 20. meeting space 21. music space 22. small counseling 23. art space

Figure 38

77

Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

THIRD LEVEL 27

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24. lounge 25. dormitory 26. lounge 27. kitchen 28. dining 29. exterior terrace 30. reflection space

Figure 39

78

Conclusion Final Design

As you approach the center via Harbor Drive, the first thing that is noticeable is that the building gives its back to the visitors. This is a design element that was derived from the site, as the more invigorating views were of the ocean and the focus was on taking advantage of this. This gesture correlates with the concept “Strong Hold� as the building is creating a defensive like stance; the materiality of the exterior is stone which represents a strong shell that will protect the guests and the interior elements of the building will be treated with glazing and wood, which are softer materials, this creates a sense of being protected. Parking is located on the south end of the building, there are limited spots,

05 05.1

although there is a larger parking lot for veterans and their guests across the street on the east end.

The main entrance is demarcated by a cove like condition and is covered, visitors could make their entrance into the building here or continue straight into the center courtyard where they have the option to continue on to the north end to Birch Platoon park or venture out into the cantilevering garden.

These choices allow for the center to become not only place for getting treatment but also a place to visit on weekends for the public and veterans who have been a part of the program in the past.

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Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

APPROACH

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Figure 40

80

Conclusion Final Design

When the guest does decide to enter the building the first thing they will notice is that there is a lack of an information center or lobby with a waiting area. This was done intentionally as studies show that lobbies and waiting areas especially in medical facilities have proven to add to the stress of its users. The removal of the lobby avoids stigmatization of the guest, as lobbies usually have a negative connotation and connection to hospitals and clinics. The key here is to emphasize that this is not a place you are forced to go, it’s a place you want to be in. What replaces the lobby is a space that promotes social interaction, as the guest walk in they are greeted by volunteers and counselors who will help them get the proper

05 05.1

assistance they may need. There is a lounge seating area where veterans and guest can socialize and communicate their feelings with each other. Here we also find classrooms, counselor and volunteer offices, and the pharmacy cafĂŠ.

The wood flooring and dropped ceiling create a much more intimate homey setting as opposed to an institution. Most importantly the treatment of the walls, glazing the walls allows for a natural light to infiltrate the space and gives the users a view into the center courtyard and the cantilevering garden. Guest can continue onto the corridor or use the elevator or staircase to reach the second level where the counseling centers is located.

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Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

SOCIAL ENTRY

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Figure 41

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Conclusion Final Design

A key element in the design of the rehab center was to create opportunities for escapes. Escapes give the user options and control; they also serve as positive distractions and if treated properly can include nature elements which will draw users thus becoming a social space, this would satisfy the key four elements to creating a stress reducing environment discussed in the research portion of this thesis. It is because of this that the design of the building maintained a center opening, designing a centralized courtyard that would be accessible physically and visually from all levels of the design

05 05.1

was very important because it would be the core of the whole building and it meeting all stress reducing key components would give the rest of the building the same feel. The courtyard could be accessed through the social gathering spot or the walking leading to the cantilevering garden; it is treated with silver birch trees that reach out to the sky through the opening symbolic of reaching and striving for a higher sense of being and state of mind. The opening also allows for light to brighten up the interior spaces on all levels as they are treated with glazing providing views into the courtyard.

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Conclusion Final Design

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COURTYARD

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Figure 42

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Conclusion Final Design

Upon leaving the courtyard area users will find themselves lead into a long corridor, that allows access to the auditorium and gym. Typically walkways and corridors that are enclosed evoke negative feelings and reactions for veterans with PTSD, many dislike the feeling of being enclosed, as they feel entrapped. The corridor eliminates the possibility of creating any negative emotions; this was achieved by opening up the corridor with perforations along the wall that faces the ocean.

The pattern that was used was derived from the “First to Fight� concept. The openings take form of a wave like gridded pattern that encloses yet still

05 05.1

feels open and allows for a great view of the ocean.

The openings are highly successful in letting light in thus creating a corridor that feels as if it’s an interior space and exterior all at once. The ceiling was also dropped along the corridor; this was to allow for a connection to the human scale. The ceiling was also treated with a warm wood, this along with the silver birch trees, plants, and natural light that glows and lightens the space create for a very powerful and invigorating journey as the users walk down the corridor. In either direction they are greeted with spaces that are pleasant to be in, be it the courtyard or Birch Platoon park.

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6 scale

Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

CORRIDOR

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Figure 43 20’

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1. entry 2. admin 3. classroom 4. counseling office 5. lounge 6. pharmacy/Cafe 7. restroom 8. corridor 9. auditorium 10. gym 11. birch Platoon 12. gardens

86

Conclusion Final Design

Early on in the process of this thesis the decision was made to design directly along side Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, doing this would allow for several things to happen. One it would create juxtaposition between the military architecture and the haven, which would be the rehab center. The good versus the bad, it would become in sense defiance to the military architecture. Second, it would allow for the user to have a view of what caused the issue in the first place, this is good for the healing process, as veterans would be able to face their fears while

05 05.1

in the “safety� of an environment that is much more positive and conducive for their health. In order to create this, the space needed to be a retreat, a place the veterans could go relax and feel comfortable. The outcome was a park that would resemble the order of a military platoon.

Silver birch trees would fill the ranks, as they have tall and skinny trunks. Veterans would be able to sit and enjoy the shade under the tall canopy of the birch trees and as they looked across would experience a bit of nostalgia of their time in the Marine Corps where they once filled the ranks.

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Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

BIRCH PLATOON

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88

Conclusion Final Design

The biggest challenges to designing the rehab center was the narrow site. The decision was made that in order to maximize space part of the design would have to cantilever over the water. It was evident that this space would be a focal point as it would not only serve the veterans and the community around them. Keeping in mind that the focus was still on the victims of PTSD, it had to be designed in a balanced manner that would allow for both public and private occupancies.

The middle of the cantilever is a step-down space that lowers in elevation as you progress towards N the water. This space is adorned with seating and is accessible as it includes a series of ramps.

Once users arrive at the end they find themselves in an open space that allows them to be alone with just the water out in front of them, water has a properties that allow people to feel at ease and peaceful, the sound, the breeze, this becomes a place to escape and be alone with their thoughts.

Those who choose to not be in a social space they would still be able to enjoy the garden, as there are separate private spaces that flank the central corridor. These private retreats are created with planters that form a barrier to certain degree through the use of vegetation. The planters vary in height and include still water pools, where the users can practice breathing techniques and relax and enjoy the peaceful stress free environment.

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Figure 45

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Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

90

Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

FINAL MODEL

91

Conclusion Final Design

05 05.1

92

Conclusion Feedback/Evaluation

After the final review this thesis received positive reactions, members of the jury expressed their gratitude for bringing the issue of PTSD to the light.

They commented on the clarity and the formulation of the concept and design. Which was organized in a manner that allowed for all four components of stress reduction to be present in the design, while supporting each other against the argument that military architecture was not adequately designed to support veterans with PTSD. As is the case with all design projects, there is never a perfect one. Some of the concerns that the jury pointed out were: that they would have liked to see more of the structure of the cantilever garden.

The response to this critique was simply that, it would be constructed as a pier. The reality of the matter is that this thesis was mainly focused on creating an environment that would promote a positive place that would facilitate healing. The answer to this issue was demonstrated through diagrams and the overall design of the rehab center. The execution of these ideas was visually presented through a series of vignettes that were able to capture the true essence of what the architecture designed was aiming to achieve.

05 05.2

Other criticism expressed was the lack of materiality, in the facade. The limitation of materiality was intentional; limiting the palette to a small three materials was a way of showing that we can achieve stimulating architecture on such limitations. That is something the military architecture fails to achieve, with the tan CMU and red tin roofs. Stone was chosen again in part because of the strong properties that it exhibits. Wood and glazing would do the opposite in spaces that required a much softer feel. The key reason however for the choosing of these three materials, was that the overall design used plenty of vegetation, for the garden, courtyard, corridor and Birch Platoon Park. The stone and wood are material found in nature, as are plants and trees. This allowed for the whole design to flow harmoniously with the site. Overall the feedback was positive and criticism were only beneficial to consider other methods to improve the design, so that it can achieve the ultimate goal, which is to serve those who have served us, the veterans of our country.

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Conclusion Statement of Learning

In the beginning of this process this thesis set out to understand military architecture and why it was counter productive to veterans coming back from war with PTSD. Having served in the military there was a firm understanding that the military culture had lots to do with it. As described early on the reality was that military leaders didn’t really buy into the idea that war can really do psychological damage to a human being. Fortunately times have changed and the mindset of military and government leaders do recognize PTSD as a serious issue. However the architecture still hasn’t caught up, there are programs and hospitals that are slowly starting to move in the direction to creating more invigorating architecture for veterans, which is good news. This thesis was not intended to fix or heal veterans; rather it was simply an investigation on how we can assist them in the process while they are on the journey to becoming functioning members of society.

This process was a great learning experience and offered opportunity for growth as an individual.

It allowed for the learning of how to present and focus on main ideas, picking and choosing what

05 05.3

was important to present and what was not so important. Early on it was evident that few jurors were willing to engage the topic of PTSD, as it is a very delicate subject. In turn this presented the opportunity to develop communication skills, so that the conversation and dialogue would be centered on the true argument, which is architecture with a capital A. There were several opportunities that were presented that didnt achieve its full potential. The lack of speaking with veterans and interviewing them on what they felt could create a better experience with in a space would have made for a great study, so there was a missed opportunity. When it is all said and done, the level of thought that went into the designing of the rehab center was with honest and good intention, which is what architecture should do. It should strive to enhance the lives of the users of the buildings and spaces. Moving forward, this is something that should be applied to all design endeavors so that everything that is done is done with a certain level of respect and care for people, after all architecture is by people and for people.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 01 - Attack The Institute .........................................................................................................

Figure 02 - PTSD Statistics ..............................................................................................................

Figure 03 - Veteran Experience .........................................................................................................

Figure 04 - Military Architecture Diagram ...........................................................................................

Figure 05 - Bad Military Architecture .................................................................................................

Figure 06 - Casualties Diagram ........................................................................................................

Figure 07 - PTSD Throughout History................... ............................................................................

Figure 08 - Brain Diagram ................................................................................................................

Figure 09 - Components Diagram ....................................................................................................

Figure 10 - Nord Cancer Center .......................................................................................................

Figure 11 - Cancer Center Diagrams 1 .............................................................................................

Figure 12 - Cancer Center Diagrams 2 ..............................................................................................

Figure 13 - Maggies Counseling Center ............................................................................................

Figure 14 - Maggies Counseling Center Diagram 1 ............................................................................

Figure 15 - Maggies Counseling Center Diagram 2 ............................................................................

Figure 16 - Optical Glass House ......................................................................................................

Figure 17 - Optical Glass House Diagram 1 .......................................................................................

Figure 18 - Optical Glass House Diagram 2 ......................................................................................

Figure 19 - Program Diagram 1 ........................................................................................................

Figure 20 - Program Diagram 2 ............... ........................................................................................

Figure 21 - Program Diagram 3 ........................................................................................................

Figure 22 - Context Diagram 1 .........................................................................................................

Figure 23 - Context Diagram 2.........................................................................................................

Figure 24 - Strong Hold ....................................................................................................................

03 06 08 09 12 14 15 17 25 29 31 32 34 35 36 38 39 40 42 43 44 46 48 50

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 25 - First to Fight ...................................................................................................................

Figure 26 - Air, Land, and Sea...........................................................................................................

Figure 27 - Program Implementation..................................................................................................

Figure 28 - Three Layer ....................................................................................................................

Figure 29 - Three Layer Separation . .................................................................................................

Figure 30 - Offsetting Layers ............................................................................................................

Figure 31 - Preliminary Plans.............................................................................................................

Figure 32 - Preliminary Plans.............................................................................................................

Figure 33 - Preliminary Plans ...........................................................................................................

Figure 34 - Preliminary Vignettes ......................................................................................................

Figure 35 - Preliminary Sections .......................................................................................................

Figure 36 - Garden Development .....................................................................................................

Figure 37 - Site Plan ........................................................................................................................

Figure 38 - Second Level .................................................................................................................

Figure 39 - Third Level .....................................................................................................................

Figure 40 - Approach.......................................................................................................................

Figure 41 - Social Entry ...................................................................................................................

Figure 42 - Courtyard.......................................................................................................................

Figure 43 - Corridor..........................................................................................................................

Figure 44 - Birch Platoon .................................................................................................................

Figure 45 - Garden...........................................................................................................................

52 54 57 58 59 62 64 65 66 67 68 70 76 77 78 80 82 84 86 88 90

LIST OF IMAGES

Image 01 - Barracks ...................................................................................................................... 20 Image 02 - Squad bay ..................................................................................................................... 21 Image 03 - Barracks Room ............................................................................................................. 22 Image 04 - Site Panoramic .............................................................................................................. 27 Image 05 - Site Images ................................................................................................................... 47 Image 06 - Model Images................................................................................................................ 55 Image 07 - Final Model .................................................................................................................. 73 Image 08 - Final Collage ................................................................................................................. 91

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Poster Girl. Dir. Sara Nesson. Perf. Robynn Murray. HBO Documentary Films, 2010. HBO. Korengal. Dir. Sebastian Junger. Gold Crest Films, 2014. DVD. Press, Associated. “War in Afghanistan Officially over after 13 Years.” New York Post. N.p., 28 Dec. 2014. Web. 02 Mar. 2015. <http://nypost.com/2014/12/28/war-inafghanistan-officially-over-after-13-years/>.

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REFERENCE LIST

Sanger, David E., and John F. Burns. “BUSH ORDERS START OF WAR ON IRAQ; MISSILES APPARENTLY MISS HUSSEIN.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 19 Mar.2003. Web. 02 Mar. 2015. <http://www.nytimes. com/2003/03/20/world/threats-responses-white-house-bush-orders-start-war-iraq-missiles-apparently.html>.

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