Part III: Skeletal Arthrology (Study of the Joints)
Chapter 5: Joint Action Terminology Chapter 6: Classification of Joints Chapter 7: Joints of the Axial Body Chapter 8:Joints of Lower Extremity Chapter 9: Joints of Upper Extremity Chapter 5: Joint Action Terminology
Joint action terminology pairs that describe cardinal plane actions are presented so that th describe cardinal plane actions of the human body
Oblique movement is covered and the concept of breaking an oblique plane movement in Reverse actions are crucial to the understanding of musculoskeletal function
This concept of reverse actions explains how to look at a muscle’s actions in a fundamen
The primary function of a joint is to allow movement (reason why a joint exists in first plac The movement that occurs at a joint is created by muscles Ligaments and joint capsules function to limit excessive movement at a joint Joints allow movement Muscles create movement Ligaments/joint capsules limit movement
"The body may undergo two..."
The body may undergo two basic types of motion: AXIAL MOTION-motion of a body part that occurs about or around an axis
-also known as circular motion; body part moves along a circular path around the axis -not every point on body part moves same amount NONAXIAL MOTION-motion of a body part that does not occur about or around an axis -also known as gliding motion; body part glides along another body part -does not move around an axis -glides as a whole in a linear direction Joints have three characteristics:
WEIGHT BEARING-many joints of the body are this. They bear the weight of the body pa SHOCK ABSORPTION-joints can function to absorb shock
STABILITY-joint must be sufficiently stable so that it does not lose its integrity and becom Mobility and stability are antagonistic properties A more mobile joint is less stable; a more stable joint is less mobile "Nonaxial movement of a body..."
Nonaxial movement of a body part is also known as translation of body part because the
The entire body part can be looked at as changing its location or translating its location fro
Many synonyms for nonaxial motion exist, such as glide, slide, translation and linear moti Two different types of nonaxial linear motion exist: RECTILINEAR CURVILINEAR Axial movements can be divided into two categories:
Where body part changes its position in space and one end of the bone moves more than
Where body part does not change its position in space, instead it rotates or spins, staying
"The following pairs of directional..."
The following pairs of directional terms are used for certain actions at specific joints of the Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion Eversion/inversion Pronation/supination Protraction/retraction Elevation/depression Upward rotation/downward rotation Anterior tilt/downward tilt Opposition/reposition Lateral deviation to the right/lateral deviation to the left Horizontal flexion/horizontal extension
Terms that are used to describe joint actions come in pairs Each term of a pair is the opposite of the other term of the pair
REMEMBER: These terms do not describe the static location a body part and/or a joint is Five major pairs of directional terms are used throughout most of body: Flexion/tension Abduction/adduction Right lateral flexion/left lateral flexion Lateral rotation/medial rotation Right rotation/left rotation "FLEXION"
FLEXION: movement at a joint so that the ventral (soft) surfaces of two body parts at that
EXTENSION: opposite of flexion ( the dorsal (harder) surfaces of body parts come closer Flexion and extension are movements that occur in sagittal plane Flexion and extension are axial movements that occur around a mediolateral axis Terms that can be used for the entire body
ABDUCTION: movement at a joint that brings a body part away from the midline of the bo
ADDUCTION: opposite of abduction; the body part moves closer toward the midline (adde RIGHT LATERAL FLEXION: movement at a joint that bends a body part to the right side
LEFT LATERAL FLEXION: opposite of right lateral flexion; body part bends to the left sid Terms that can be used for body parts of the axial skeleton only NOTE: lateral flexion should not be confused with flexion
"PLANTARFLEXION"
PLANTARFLEXION: movement at the ankle joint wherein the foot moves inferiorly, towar
DORSIFLEXION: opposite of plantarflexion; foot moves superiorly toward its dorsal surfac
Both are movements that occur in the sagittal plane and that occur around a mediolateral Both terms are used for foot moving at the ankle joint
EVERSION: movement between tarsal bones wherein the plantar surface of foot turns aw INVERSION: opposite of eversion; plantar surface of foot turns toward midline of body
LATERAL ROTATION: movement at a joint wherein the anterior surface of body part rota
MEDIAL ROTATION: opposite of lateral rotation; the anterior surface of body part rotates Lateral rotation and medial rotation are movements that occur in the transverse plane
Lateral rotation and medial rotation are axial movements that occur around a vertical axis Terms that can be used for body parts of appendicular skeleton only
RIGHT ROTATION: movement at a joint wherein anterior surface of body part rotates to t
LEFT ROTATION: opposite of right rotation; anterior surface of body part rotates to the le
Both are movements that occur in the transverse plane and are axial movements that occ
"PRONATION"
PRONATION: movement of the forearm wherein the radius crosses over the ulna SUPINATION: opposite of pronation; the radius uncrosses to return to a position parallel Both are movements that occur in transverse plane and that occur around a vertical axis Both are used for radius moving at the radioulnar joints PROTRACTION: movement at a joint that brings a body part anteriorly RETRACTION: opposite of protraction; body part moves posteriorly Both are movements that are considered to occur in sagittal plane Both can be axial or nonaxial movements depending on body part Both can be used for the mandible, scapula, and clavicle ELEVATION: movement at a joint that brings body part superiorly DEPRESSION: opposite of elevation; body part moves inferiorly Both are movements that occur in a vertical plane Both can be axial or nonaxial movements depending on body part Example: scapula (nonaxial). Mandible (axial) "UPWARD ROTATION AND DOWNWARD ROTATION"
UPWARD ROTATION AND DOWNWARD ROTATION: terms that may be used to descri
ANTERIOR TILT AND POSTERIOR TILT: terms that may be used to describe movement
OPPOSTION: movement of the thumb wherein the pad of the thumb meets the pad of an
Not a specific action; combination of three actions=abduction, flexion, and medial rota
REPOSITION: opposite of opposition; the thumb returns to its starting position (usually an
Not a specific action;combination of three actions=extension, lateral, rotation and add RIGHT LATERAL DEVIATION: movement at a joint that brings a body part to the right
LEFT LATERAL DEVIATION: opposite of right lateral deviation; body part moves to the le
Both deviations are movements that could be considered to occur in the frontal or the tran Both are terms that are used for mandible and the trunk
"HORIZONTAL FLEXION"
HORIZONTAL FLEXION: horizontal movement in an anterior direction of the arm at the s
HORIZONTAL EXTENSION: opposite horizontal flexion; horizontal movement in a poster Both occur in the transverse plane Both are axial movements that occur around a vertical axis HYPERTENSION: terms that can be used in two different types:
-denote movement that is beyond what is considered to be a normal or healthy range of m -describe normal, healthy extension beyond anatomic position
Hyper used to denote a greater than normal or a greater than healthy amount of somethin NOTE: Normal and healthy are not necessarily the same thing
CIRCUMDUCTION: term that is often used when describing joint actions, but is not an ac joint
-term used regardless of sequence of movements; it does not matter if order is adduction "REVERSE ACTION"
REVERSE ACTION: when muscle contracts and the attachment that is usually considere VECTORS: nothing more than an arrow drawn to represent the line of pull of a muscle Vector arrow is drawn along direction of fibers of the muscle, from one attachment to the Understanding vectors can help understand how to figure out a muscle's actions OBLIQUE PLANE MOVEMENT: occurs within an oblique plane Not purely sagittal, frontal, or transverse
Our body’s motions do not always occur within pure cardinal planes, we often move within This type of movement is a little more difficult to name
When describing movement of human body that occurs in oblique plane, it is necessary to cardinal plane movement Chapter 6: Classification of Joints
This chapter deepens the exploration of motion by examining the structural and functiona Specifically, shock absorption, weight bearing, and concept of mobility versus stability
JOINT: place of juncture between two or more bones. At this juncture bones are joined to Typical joint involves two bones More than two bones may be involved in a joint Example: elbow joint incorporates three bones: the humerus, radius, and the ulna Any joint involving three or more bones = COMPOUND JOINT SIMPLE JOINT= joint that has only two bones The three major structural classifications of a joint are:
Fibrous-joint where bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous-joint where bones held together by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartila
Synovial-joint where bones are connected by joint capsule, composed of two distinct l "Three factors that determine balance..."
Three factors that determine balance of mobility and stability of joint: 1. Shape of bones of joint 2. Ligament/joint capsule complex of joint 3. Musculature of joint SHOCK ABSORPTION: another purpose a joint serves for the body All joints have ability to absorb shock, but lower extremity and spinal joints are especially
WEIGHT-BEARING: joint is weight-bearing if the weight of the body is borne through that All joints of lower extremities and joints of spine are weight-bearing joints Main function of joint= to allow movement You will learn later that it is the musculature that crosses the joint that contracts to create
Additionally, ligaments/joint capsules connect bones to each other to keep bones from mo By definition, joint is mobile
Joint must be sufficiently stable so it maintains its structural integrity and does not disloca The more mobile a joint is, the less stable it is The more stable a joint is, the less mobile it is Slide 14 "Fibrous joints are joints in..."
Fibrous joints are joints in which soft tissue that unites the bones is a dense fibrous conne
They typically permit very little or no movement (considered synarthrotic joints)
Three types of fibrous joints exist: 1. Syndesmosis joints 2. Suture joints 3. Gomphosis jo
SYNDESMOSIS JOINTS: fibrous ligament or fibrous aponeurotic membrane unites the b Permits a small amount of movement between two bones of joint SUTURE JOINTS: thin layer of fibrous tissue unites the two bones of joint Found only in the skull
Principle purpose: to allow bones of skull of a baby to move relative to each other to allow GOMPHOSIS JOINTS: fibrous tissue unites two bony components with surfaces that are Found only between teeth and mandible, or teeth and maxilla
Gomphoses permit movement of teeth relative to mandible or maxilla early in life; in an ad "CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS"
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: soft tissue that unites bones is cartilaginous connective tissue
Joints typically permit moderate but limited amount of movement; considered to be amph Two types exist: 1. Symphysis joints 2. Synchondrosis joints
SYMPHYSIS JOINT: fibrocartilage in the form of a disc unites bodies of two adjacent bon Fibrocartilaginous discs can be quite thick Example: intervertebral disc joint of spine and pubis joint of the pelvis SYNCHONDROSIS JOINT: hyaline cartilage unites two bones of the joint Example: cartilage that is located between a rib and sternum Growth plate of growing bone is another type of example "ROLES OF LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES..."
ROLES OF LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES TO SYNOVIAL JOINT:
Ligaments: cross a joint, attaching bones of a joint together. Usually located outside of joi Occasionally, located within the joint cavity and intra-articular Purpose: to limit motion at a joint
Muscles: attach to two bones of a joint via its tendons Connects two bones of joint that it crosses to each other
Major function: contract and generate a force on one or both bones of joint. Contraction o SYNOVIAL JOINTS: structurally they are the most complicated joints of body
Joints that most people think of when they think of joints (i.e wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, Bones are connected by a joint capsule which encloses a joint cavity Joint capsule composed of two distinct layers: An outer fibrous layer
An inner synovial membrane layer (secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity, aka synovi
"CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS"
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS: joints can be divided into four categories bas Uniaxial jointàallows motion to occur around one axis, within one plane Biaxial jointàallows motion to occur around two axes, within two planes Triaxial jointà allows motion to occur around three axes, within three planes(aka polyaxial)
Nonaxial jointàallows motion to occur within a plane, this motion is gliding type of motion and d Uniaxial joint: two types exist= 1. Hinge joints 2. Pivot joints Biaxial joint: two types exist= 1. Condyloid joints 2. Saddle joints Triaxial joints: one type exists=1. Ball-and-socket joint
Nonaxial joints: may occur within a plane but does not occur around an axis, hence the na
Chapter 7: Joints of the Axial Body
SUTURE JOINTS OF SKULL: located between most bones of cranium and also between Allow very little movement in an adult As person ages, many suture joints ossify and lose all ability to move Bones: suture joint located between adjacent bones of cranium and face
NOTE: All joints between major bones of cranium and face are suture joints. Other nonsu
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ): located between temporal bone and mandible Joint structure classification: Synovial joint SubtypeàModified hinge Joint function classification: Diarthrotic SubtypeàUniaxial "SPINE"
SPINE: Also known as Spinal Column or Vertebral Column Four major regions that contain total of 26 movable elements: Cervical Spineà ex: neck; containing seven vertebrae Thoracic Spineàex: upper & middle back; containing twelve vertebrae Lumbar spineàex: low back; containing five vertebrae
Sacrococcygeal Spineàwithin pelvis; containing one sacrum, formed by fusion of five vertebra Major Ligaments of Temporomandibular Joint: Fibrous Joint Capsule Temporomandibular Ligament Stylomandibular Ligament Sphenomandibular Ligament
Major Muscles of Temporomandibular Joint: Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Temporalis Masseter
"Functions of Spine"
Functions of Spine: 4 major functionsà
Provide base of support for head and transmit entire weight of head, arms, neck and trunk to pelvis Allow for movement Protect spinal cord Provide shock absorption for body
NOTE: As with all joints, spine must find balance between structural stability and moveme SPINAL JOINTS: joints that involve two contiguous vertebrae Naming is usually done by naming levels of two vertebrae involved Segmental levelà one segment of many spinal joints At one typical segmental level of spine, one median joint and two lateral joints exist
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC JOINT: located between bodies of two contiguous vertebrae ( Composed of three parts: 1. An outer annulus fibrosus 2. Inner nucleus pulposus 3. Two
Discs are thick, accounting for approximately 25% of height of spinal column. The thicker
Two major functions: 1. Absorb shock 2. Bear weight of body (approximately 80% of bod "VERTEBRAL FACET JOINTS"
VERTEBRAL FACET JOINTS: correct name= apophyseal joint or zygapophyseal joint Located between articular processes of two contiguous vertebrae Main purpose: guide movement
Facet joint of spine formed by inferior articular process of superior vertebra articulating wi Two facet joints, paired left and right, between each two contiguous vertebrae Joint structure classification: Synovial joint Subtype: Plane Joint function classification: Diarthrotic ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL & ATLANTOAXIAL JOINTS:
Located between the atlas (C1) and the occiput Located between the atlas (C1) and the a CERVICAL SPINE (THE NECK): defines neck as body part Composed of seven vertebrae, from superior to inferior they are named C1 through C7 Very mobile because of thickness of intervertebral discs Discs account for approximately 40% of height of neck "LUMBAR SPINE (ABDOMEN):..."
LUMBAR SPINE (ABDOMEN): defines abdomen of body; lower part of trunk Composed of five vertebrae from superior to inferior, vertebrae are named L1-L5 Has lordotic curve (concave posteriorily)
Functions: needs to be stable since has greater weight-bearing role than cervical & thorac Very mobile; generally moves freely in all ranges of motion except rotation
Spinal joints allow flexion & extension of the trunk in sagittal plane around mediolateral ax THORACIC SPINE(THE THORAX): defines thorax of body; the upper part of the trunk Thorax is region of thoracic spine; composed of twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) Abdomen is region of lumbar spine
Function: far less mobile than cervical & lumbar regions More stable than cervical & lumbar regions, thus injured less often Costovertebral joint: where rib meets bodies/discs of spine Costotransverse joint: where rib meets transverse process of spine1 *Collectively, may be called Costospinal joints "THORACOLUMBAR SPINE (THE TRUNK..."
THORACOLUMBAR SPINE (THE TRUNK): thoracic spine and lumbar spine are located Movement of these two regions often coupled together and assessed together Many reverse actions of trunk
THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA & ABDOMINAL APONEUROSIS: Large sheets of fibrous connective tissue located in the trunk Located posteriorly in trunk Abdominal aponeurosis located anteriorly in trunk Function of two structures is twofold: Provide attachment sites for muscles Add to the stability of trunk Chapter 8: Joints of the Lower Extremity
Chapter is primarily concerned with weight bearing and propulsion of body through space Joints of the lower extremity must work together to achieve these goals PELVIS & PELVIC MOVEMENT: pelvis located between the trunk and thighs Bony pelvisà refers to bones and joints of pelvis (often referred to as pelvic girdle) Bones located within pelvis are the sacrum, coccyx and two pelvic bones
Joint located within pelvis are symphysis pubis and two sacroiliac (SI) joints Unites two pubic bones Unites sacrum with iliac portion of pelvic bone
When pelvis moves as a unit, motion can occur relative to lumbar spine of trunk at lumbo
NOTE: When pelvis depresses on one side, the other side elevates. Pelvis can also rotate
When pelvis moves at hip joints, it is possible for pelvis to move at both hip joints at same
"HIP JOINT"
HIP JOINT: also known as femoroacetabular joint Allows flexion and extension within sagittal plane around mediolateral axis Allows abduction and adduction within frontal plane around anteroposterior axis Allows medial rotation & lateral rotation within transverse plane around a vertical axis Bones: hip joint located between femur and pelvic bone Joint structure classification: Synovial joint Subtype: Ball & socket Joint function classification: Diarthrotic Subtype: Triaxial
Major Ligaments of Hip Joint= 1. Fibrous Joint Capsule 2. Iliofemoral Ligament 3. Pub
"Frontal Plane Movements"
Frontal Plane Movements:
Elevation of right pelvis at lumbosacral joint is analogous to right lateral flexion of trunk at
Examples: right erector spinae group, right transversospinalis group, right quadratus lumb
Elevation of left pelvis at lumbosacral joint is analogous to left lateral flexion of trunk at lum
Examples: left erector spinae group, left transversospinalis group, left quadratus lumborum Transverse Plane Movement:
Right rotation of pelvis at lumbosacral joint is analogous to left rotation of trunk at lumbos Examples: left-sided ipsilateral rotators of trunk such as left erector spinae group and left
Left rotation of pelvis at lumbosacral joint is analogous to right rotation of trunk at lumbosa
Examples: right-sided ipsilateral rotators of trunk such as right erector spinae group and r Sagittal Plane Movements:
Posterior tilt of pelvis at lumbosacral joint is analogous to flexion of trunk at lumbosacral jo
Examples: muscles of anterior abdominal wall, such as rectus abdominis, external abdom
Anterior tilt of pelvis at lumbosacral joint is analogous to extension of trunk at lumbosacra
Examples: erector spinae group, transversospinalis group, quadratus lumborum, and latis "FEMOROPELVIC RHYTHM"
FEMOROPELVIC RHYTHM: rhythm of how femur of thigh & pelvis move Coordination of movement between two body parts Common coupled actions between thigh and pelvis: Thigh flexion at hip joint coupled with pelvic posterior tilt at contralateral hip joint Thigh extension at hip joint coupled with pelvic anterior tilt at contralateral hip joint Thigh abduction at hip joint coupled with pelvic depression at contralateral hip joint For more, refer to pg 315 of text ANGULATIONS OF FEMUR: Composed of many several components; the head, the neck and shaft
Relationship of components=not arranged in a straight line. Angles measured between he Femoral angle of inclination-angulation of head/neck relative to shaft within frontal plane
Femoral torsion angle-angulation of femoral head/neck relative to shaft within transverse "ANGULATIONS OF KNEE JOINT"
ANGULATIONS OF KNEE JOINT: consist of femur, tibia and patella Relationship of components: they are not arranged in a straight line Angles measured between femur, tibia and patella are knee joint angulations, 3 exist: 1. Genu valgum/varum 2. Q-angle 3. Genu recurvatum TIBIOFIBULAR JOINTS: located between tibia and fibula 3 exist: 1. proximal tibiofibular joint 2. Middle tibiofibular joint 3. Distal tibiofibular joint
KNEE JOINT COMPLEX: complex since more than one articulation exists within joint cap Primary articulation is between tibia and femuràtibiofemoral joint Joint structure classification: Synovial joint Subtype: Modified hinge joint Joint function classification: Diarthrotic Subtype: Biaxial Patella articulates with femur within capsule of knee jointàpatellofemoral joint Formed by articulation between patella and femur
Functions to reduce friction between quadriceps femoris tendon and femoral condyles "TALOCRURAL ( ANKLE"
TALOCRURAL ( ANKLE) JOINT: When ankle is used, it is assumed that it refers to this jo Some sources refer to it as upper ankle joint Bonesà located between talus and distal tibia and fibula NOTE: The bony fit of bones of ankle joint is so good that many sources consider it to be
SUBTALAR TARSAL JOINT: located under talus and between the talus and calcaneus Major tarsal joint of foot
Composed of three separate talocalcaneal articulations: 1. Facet articulations that are eith facets of talus and calcaneus 3. Other two between anterior facets and middle facets of ta TRANSVERSE TARSAL JOINT: runs transversely across tarsal bones
Compound joint=composed of two joints that are collectively calledà transverse tarsal joi Calcaneocuboid joint (located between calcaneus and cuboid)
TARSOMETATARSAL JOINTS: (TMT) located between distal row of tarsal bones and me Five exist (refer to pg 348 of text for description) "INTERMETATARSAL (IMT"
INTERMETATARSAL (IMT) JOINTS: located between metatarsal bones of foot Proximal intermetatarsal joints and distal intermetatarsal joints exist All five metatarsal bones articulate with each other
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS: (MTP) located between metatarsals and phalange Five MTP joints exist (refer to pg 351 of text for detailed description) Ligaments are: fibrous joint capsule, medial collateral, lateral collateral and plantar plate INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF FOOT: (IP) joints pedis located between phalanges of Ligaments are: fibrous capsules, medial collateral, lateral collateral, and plantar plates Chapter 9: Joints of the Upper Extremity
SHOULDER JOINT COMPLEX: when shoulder joint is used as term, describes movemen GLENOHUMERAL JOINT: located between the scapula and humerus -Joint structure Classification: Synovial joint
Subtype: Ball-and-socket joint -Joint function classification: Diarthrotic Subtype: Triaxial -Allows flexion and extension in the sagittal plane around mediolateral axis -Allows abduction and adduction in frontal plane around anteroposterior axis
-Major ligaments: 1. Fibrous joint capsule 2. Superior glenohumeral (GH) 3. Middle GH 4. SCAPULOCOSTAL JOINT: also known as scapulothoracic joint (ScC) -Bones: scapula and ribcage -Joint type: Functional joint -Major motions allowed: Protraction & retraction, elevation & depression, upward rotation "ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT"
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT: also known as AC joint Bones consist of acromion process of scapula and lateral end of clavicle Motions allowed: upward rotation & downward rotation of scapula relative to clavicle
Without motion at AC joint, scapula and clavicle would be forced to always move as ONE Allow for independent motion between scapula and clavicle
Major ligaments: 1. Fibrous capsule 2. Acromioclavicular 3. Coracoclavicular (trapezoid & Joint Structure Classification: Synovial joint Subtype: Plane joint Joint Function Classification: Diarthrotic Subtype: Nonaxial STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT: also knows as SC joint Bones consist of manubrium of the sternum and medial end of clavicle
Major motions: Protraction & Reaction of clavicle, elevation & depression of clavicle, upwa
Major ligaments: 1. Fibrous capsule 2. Anterior SC 3. Posterior SC 4. Interclavicular 5. Co Joint Structure Classification: Synovial joint
Subtype: Saddle Joint Function Classification: Diarthrotic Subtype: Biaxial "SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHM"
SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHM: pattern of coupled actions of scapula & clavicle Due to involvement of clavicle, can also be termed scapuloclaviculohumeral rhythm
Scapular movement begins to couple with arm movement in scapulohumeral rhythm at ap individual to individual based on many factors
Sagittal Plane Actionsàflexion of arm at GH joint couples with protraction & upward rotation o
-Extension of arm at GH joint couples with retraction & downward rotation of scapula at S
Frontal Plane ActionsàAbduction of arm at GH joint couples with upward rotation of scapula a -Adduction of arm at GH joint couples with downward rotation of scapula at ScC joint
Transverse Plane Actionsà Medial rotation of arm at GH joint couples with protraction of scap -Lateral rotation of arm at GH joint couples with retraction of scapula at ScC joint "ELBOW JOINT COMPLEX"
ELBOW JOINT COMPLEX: Elbow joint has three articulations that are enclosed within on joint
Since all three share one joint cavity, can be considered ONE joint, or ONE JOINT COMP
ELBOW JOINT: comprised of humeroulnar (or ulnotrochlear) & humeroradial (radiocapitu
Bones: humeroulnar joint located between distal end of humerus and proximal end of ulna -humeroradial joint located between distal end of humerus and proximal end of radius Humeroulnar jointàJoint Structure Classification: Synovial joint; Subtype: Hinge -Joint Function Classification: Diarthrotic; Subtype: Uniaxial
Humeroradial jointà Joint Structure Classification: Synovial joint; Subtype: Atypical ball-and-so -Joint Function Classification: Diarthrotic; Subtype: Biaxial
Major actions of Elbow joint: Flexion & extension of forearm in sagittal plane around medi Major ligaments: 1. Fibrous capsule 2. Medial Collateral 3. Lateral Collateral
NOTE: Tennis elbow & golfer’s elbow are names given to irritation &/or inflammation of co "RADIOULNAR JOINTS"
RADIOULNAR JOINTS: When radius moves relative to ulna during pronation and supinat
Three radioulnar joints existà 1. Proximal radioulnar 2. Middle radioulnar 3. Distal radioul
All three joints functionally related in their combined movements, but are anatomically dis Bones: located between radius and ulna Proximal Radioulnar jointà Joint structure classification: Synovial joint; Subtype: Pivot -Joint function classification: Diarthrotic; Subtype: Uniaxial Middle Radioulnar jointàJoint structure classification: Fibrous joint: Subtype: Syndesmosis -Joint function classification: Amphiarthrotic; Subtype: Uniaxial Distal Radioulnar jointàJoint structure classification: Synovial joint; Subtype: Pivot -Joint function classification: Diarthrotic; Subtype: Uniaxial
Major actions: combined movements at RU joints allow for pronation & supination of forea -With pronation & supination, the radius does vast majority of movement; in comparison, "Major motions allowed"
Major motions allowed: Flexion & extension of hand in sagittal plane around mediolateral anteroposterior axis Major ligaments: wrist has many ligaments, some are: Fibrous capsule of radiocarpal join to pg. 397 in text for more) Carpal Tunnelàlocated anteriorly at wrist & is tunnel formed by arrangement of carpal bones
-provides safe passageway for median nerve and distal tendons of extrinsic finger flexor m
NOTE: If carpal tunnel is injured, median nerve may be impinged causing sensory &/or m
known as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome WRIST/HAND REGION: involves number of bones and number of joints
Hand divided into 3 regions: 1. Carpus ( composed of 8 carpal bones) 2. Metacarpus (bod Wrist jointà complex of two joints: 1. Radiocarpal joint-located between distal end of radius & proximal row of carpal bones
2. Midcarpal joint-located between proximal row of carpal bones and distal row of carpal b Bones: radiocarpal joint located between radius & carpals -Proximal row of carpals made up of scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum "CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS"
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS: (CMC) located between distal row of carpal bones and m Five exist (refer to pg. 398 of your text for detail) Each metacarpal and its associated phalanges make up a ray of hand
Joint motion: the more peripheral CMC joints are more mobile, creating more mobile rays CMC joints primarily allow flexion/extension Ligaments: Fibrous capsules, dorsal, plantar, interosseus INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS: (IMC) located between metacarpal bones of hand Proximal IMC joints and distal IMC joints exist All five metacarpals (1-5) articulate with each other proximally at their bases Only metacarpals 2-5 articulate with each other distally at their head Ligaments: IMC joints stabilized by fibrous capsules and ligaments -proximal IMC joints stabilized by intermetacarpal (IMC) ligaments that connect the base -distal IMC joints stabilized by deep transverse metacarpal ligaments that connect heads "INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF HAND:located between..."
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF HAND:located between phalanges of fingers
NOTE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative arthritic condition caused by inc results in calcium deposition at bony joint margins Major motions: twoàflexion & extension within sagittal plane about mediolateral axis
Major ligaments: very similar to that of MCP jointsàFibrous capsules, radial collateral, ulnar c
METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS: located between metacarpals of palm and phalang
NOTE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive degenerative arthritic condition that we Five MCP joints exist (refer to pg.407 of text for list)
Major motions: MCP joint allows several major motionsà flexion & extension within sagittal anteroposterior axis
Major ligaments: MCP stabilized by fibrous capsule & ligamentsàFibrous capsules, radial c