Architecture of Potential Behind the Raised Iron Curtain
Regenerating Social and Physical Structures by Courtyard Building Adaptive Reuse Arpad Takacs | 2011-12 Architecture Design Thesis
Special thanks to these individuals for their support and help with research, travels, ideas, and inspiration: Maria Simon Halasine Hajnalka Horvath Peter Gyabronka Janos Ripszam Tibor Dekany Csaba Gyorsok Tamas Varga Rob Cousins Daniel Toole Hajo Neis & Michelle Johnson
Architecture of Potential Behind the Raised Iron Curtain
Regenerating Social and Physical Structures by Courtyard Building Adaptive Reuse
Table of Contents Thesis Topic Project Description Place Description Timeline of Major Events in Hungary 1956 Revolution Budapest Urban History Site and City Context Project Language Programme Precedence Case Studies Annotated Bibliography References Arpad Takacs Regenerative Design - Rebuilding After War and Disasters Master of Architecture Thesis 2011-12 Professor Dr. Hajo Neis University of Oregon in Portland - School of Architecture and Allied Arts
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Throughout its rich history Hungary has seen its share of ups and downs in economic and social conditions due to wars and political turmoil leading to an increasingly dire situation for a 21st Century generation. Mounting national debt, an uncertain economic climate, disappearing industries, and political divisions cripple meaningful growth and development. A “bottom-up� approach of entrepreneurially spirited citizenry is necessary to foster ideas, create opportunities, and develop meaningful solutions for a 21st Century Hungary lead by a generation of innovative creatives open to communication, collaboration, and fundamental change in order to succeed in a globally connected society.
POTENTIAL IS
HERE
Buda_____pest
Looking North from the Citadella
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Thesis Topic The conclusion of my formal academic architectural education, thesis year, will be undoubtedly the most straining experience mentally, physically, financially, and emotionally. However, as a result it will be the most rewarding also. Following a short independent study this summer in my home country of Hungary, I have decided to employ my architectural training and interests to take the opportunity to give back to the place I came from and dedicate this thesis year to developing a project in the capital, Budapest.
The built environment is not only a product of a society’s reflections and a physical record of its constraints, but can be the image of its aspirations in a given moment in time. I am interested in how the built environment can catalyze the fostering and growth of a community’s intellectual capital, aid long term physical and social reconstruction, and how it reflects positively the ever changing attitudes of each generation’s identity. Similar to recognizable contemporary Dutch, Finnish, and German architecture, I am looking to investigate, research, and design a representation of an emerging contemporary style that As I may never have the chance to work on a project in Hungary during reflects a new Hungarian generation. my professional career, I felt a deep desire to take advantage of this opportunity as it relates to the thesis studio topic of Regenerative The physical objectives are the development and design of a project Design and long-term rebuilding after disasters and wars. Specifically that attempts to remedy some of Pest’s urban issues, rehabilitating I see a great need for architects and urban designers to investigate its damaged urban fabric, and offer alternatives to its stylistically how physical and social structures can be strengthened, repaired, and rigid physical environments that are remanents of past generations. rebuilt with architectural and urban interventions in twenty-first century Functional objectives include serving the need for affordable recreation Budapest, roughly 20 years after the end of Communism and 55 years and spaces for fostering community and business interaction, after the last major military conflict of the October 1956 Revolution. serving today’s Hungarian “cultural creatives”, artists, designers, and The short and long term events of military conflicts, political turmoil, entrepreneurs. and social injustices imposed through a form of political terror have left today’s Hungary both socially and physically scarred over the years. The search toward a uniquely distinct style that may be referred to as Long term solutions are lacking as one walks and observes a typical a form of contemporary Hungarian architecture is another motivation urban street on the west side, the Pest side, of Budapest showcasing for this thesis work. A Community Resource and Recreation Center remanents of wars, poverty, and social decay. Recovery from these that would physically serve as the prototype of a model for urban events has been extremely slow halted by financial struggles, political renewal and functionally as a social and entrepreneurial incubator is a divisions, and arguably in general a lack of social structure that would use that I see needs fulfilling in the VI Terezvaros and VII Erzsebetvaros demand an improved high quality built environment. The cobweb of districts in Budapest, where I had the opportunity to extensively observe complex societal, political, and financial issues fall beyond the realm of and experience the city. architecture and urbanism, however architectural interventions have the potential to positively influence all aspects of recovery.
3 Architecture and Ideology in Eastern Europe during the Stalin Era 7 Urban Potential 19 Architecture and Revolution 20 Contemporary European Architects 2
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Project Description The culmination of first person observations, independent research with travel, pattern language analysis, preliminary research, and personal ambitions to impact the greater area, the design of a Community Resource Center for the neighborhoods of the VI. and VII. districts of Budapest will be the primary goal of the thesis project. Through its physical architecture the project will repair existing buildings as adaptive reuse with a new element attached and also aims to strengthen and foster the social structures of this generation. Specifically the project will repair two existing courtyard buildings of varying conditions and connect to them a third new element in order to create a three parcel superblock to house the functions of the program. These functions include two main uses, a business incubator resource center and a recreation center for leisurely networking and socializing. The main users of the project are intended to be young professionals, “cultural creatives”, young entrepreneurs, and in some aspects the general public from the nearby neighborhoods. The project vision is to create a place for young creative professionals and entrepreneurs. A place where their offices can gather and share ideas as well as resources in an effort to foster social connections and provide networking opportunities while working towards ground up solutions in a nonpolitical environment. It is a place for a new type of creative private sector for business and cultural enhancement.
The project aims to be a place of work and play where the collective energy of entrepreneurial spirits can manifest into innovative solutions to the country’s and world’s many problems. Offices, meeting rooms, event spaces, and tech equipment rooms will serve tenant offices of various creative business background as well as unique public events of related topics, while the recreation spaces will serve the larger group of residence in the area. The project will tie together two existing courtyard buildings with a brand new addition of a different style but similar architectural and landscape languages as the renovations of the old elements. The architectural manifestations of the process will be a conversation of old and new design styles, which is a necessity in the local urban fabric as old decaying buildings are in desperate need of creative adaptive reuse and/or renovation to various degrees with twenty-first century methods and styles. The resulting architectural design will be a study of morphing previous and contemporary styles, old and new construction, as different levels of interventions, repair, reuse, and repurposing will show through in the character of the new complex.
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Place Description Context The site for the project is located in the capital of Hungary, Budapest, which became the largest Central-European metropolitan area with the unification of Buda, Pest, and Obuda in 1873. No specific site has been established at the moment, however the urban fabric and contextual typologies of the VI Terezvaros and VII Erzsebetvaros districts of Pest, the east side of Budapest, are the focus. The present day urban conditions are results of 19th century town planning and development similar to the Paris model with the completion of the Great Boulevard and Andrassy Avenue with a major monument, Heroes’ Square, as its terminus. These neighborhoods are comprised of common courtyard houses of similar dimensions and heights with major landmark buildings, fountains, and open squares throughout the urban landscape.
Place The common building types of these two districts are fairly homogenous; however the neighborhoods are delineated by major mixed-use street corridors with historical, religious, and spatial landmarks at major intersections. In general the neighborhood’s buildings host a variety of functions with shops and commercial programs on the ground floor and residences on the second floors and above. Due to the organic nature of tenancies it is not uncommon to find small businesses, places of entertainment, restaurants, and offices mixed with residential uses. The line between specific zoning is blurred and mixed-use functions are the norm. The context is dense with building stock with relatively few landscapes and empty sites; however the majority of buildings are in serious need of repair especially in the common areas like the courtyards and public circulations areas. 14 Hungarian Central Statistics Office
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People Budapest’s population is predominantly Hungarian (90%+), but the rest of the populace consists of a large variety of minorities from mostly neighboring countries including Slavs, Serbs, Gypsies, and other European nationalities. As a result the dominant language is Hungarian, but as in most European urban centers it is common for residence to speak some other language at some level of proficiency, predominantly English or German. Following the fall of Communism, opening up the country for a privatized free-market economy, the population is becoming increasingly diverse and globalized with migrants coming and going from eastern countries and around the world. Due to various social and economic reasons Hungary’s population is decreasing. According to the 2010 Census of the 10 million in Hungary about 1.72 million people live in the boundaries of Budapest and about 2.5 million in its greater metropolitan area.
Timeline of Major Events in Hungary 9th century - Magyars, led by Arpad settle the Danube plain founding Hungary
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Feszty Korkep - “The Settling of the Magyars�
1000 - Stephen I becomes the first Christian king of Hungary
1241 - Mongolian invadors cause devastation
1526 - Ottoman Turks invade
the country after battle of Mohacs
1541 - Hungary is divided
into three parts ruled by Turks, Habsburgs, and Hungarians
1848 - Hungarian Revolution
against Habsburg rule is put down with Russian aid
1867 - Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy is formed
1919 - the monarchy collapses after WWI
1920 - the Trianon Treaty
reduces Hungary to 1/3 of its size
6 BBC News Website 10 Magyarorszag Kepes Tortenete
TThe breakup of the Kingdom of Hungary after WWI
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1944 - Nazis occupy Hungary 1945 - The Soviet Union liberates then occupies Hungary 1956 - Hungarian Revolution against Stalinism is crushed 1989 - The “Iron Curtain�
is breached leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of a democratic Hungarian government
1999 - Hungary joins NATO 2004 - Hungary becomes the member of the Europian Union 2006 - 2010 - the Hungarian
Communist Monument 1945
government is deeply polarized progress is slow, major demonstrations occur regularly
2011 - after a landslide
victory in 2010 the central-right leadership approves controversial new constitution upsetting EU leadership Current Hungarian Code of Arms
1956 Revolution against Soviet Rule
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1956 Revolution Protest
The protests turn into a march to gather at Parliament
Vandalized Stalin monument after the protest Angry citizens form mobs to protest Russian rule Starting as a protest by students on October 23, the movement quickly became a national uprising against Soviet rule. 4 ARTstor from Erich Lessing, Magnum Photos 6 BBC News Website
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Revolution
Angry mob dismantles Stalin statue
The cut out Communist code of arms became the flag and symbol of the revolution
Protesters burning the USSR flag The unprepared authorities and the Russian troops could not fight against the urban warfare tactics and the quickly growing scale of the uprising fueled by the nationalist citizens. Soviet forces withdrew on October 30.
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1956 Revolution Insurrection
Freedom fighters battle to defend every street
A brief moment of victory
Soviet tanks on the streets of Budapest
Russian tank and troop reinforcements returned on November 4 to eventually put down the “rebelion�. Days of bloody urban warfare on the streets of Budapest left thousands dead and injured as the city became a warzone. 4 ARTstor from Erich Lessing, Magnum Photos 6 BBC News Website
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Aftermath
Dead line the streets after the fighting
The fighting is visible in the urban fabric
Dead fighters and starving citizens
When the fighting was over a strict Communist regime gained power. Thousands of participants who were able to escape emigrate to the West. The captured and those who stayed faced prison and execution in a time of political terror.
1956 Revolution Memorials
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1956 Revolution Memorial at Kossuth Square by Parliament
“Bloody Thursday� Memorial across from Parliament Authorities opened fire into the crowd of demonstrators on October 25, 1956
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500 Forint special edition bill commemorating the 50th anniversary of the 1956 Revolution
Left - “Square of the ‘56-ers� Erected for the 50th anniversary commemoration, the new monument stands on the former place of the Stalin monument.
Right - Commemorative artwork celebrationg the 50th anniversary of the 1956 events located at Kossuth Square by Parliament
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Budapest History
1810
1836
Buda (E) and Pest (W) are two separate cities along the Danube river with only a barge bridge connecting them
The flatter terrain on the Pest side allowed larger and more rapid development to take place
26 Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: Buda Visszaveteletol a II. Vilaghaboru Vegeig
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1810 - 1870
1896
This map shows the old town centers of the old cities and the rapid growth of Pest
Successful industry and agriculture greatly contributed the growth of Budapest in the 19th century
Budapest Context History Urban design plans for “the Great Blvd.� ( II. Ringroad) 1845 - 1928
26 Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: Buda Visszaveteletol a II. Vilaghaboru Vegeig
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Budapest Context History
Urban design plans for Andrassy Ave. corridor (a major artery and now historic avenue of Pest)
Buildings by architect lining Andrassy Ave. corridor 1871-1885 26 Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: Buda Visszaveteletol a II. Vilaghaboru Vegeig
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Andrassy Ave. in the late 1800’s
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Site and City Context
Population Changes till 1920 (each box represents 1000 households)
26 Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: Buda Visszaveteletol a II. Vilaghaboru Vegeig
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http://www.urbanisztika.bme.hu/segedlet/bp_fuzet/Urban-Development-Concept-of-Budapest.pdf
Site and City Context
The population of the old center downtown neighborhods are dropping. More educated, wealthier social groups follow suburbanization develoopment patterns outside of the city.
http://www.urbanisztika.bme.hu/segedlet/bp_fuzet/Urban-Development-Concept-of-Budapest.pdf
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Rate of groups with lower education
Education - Universities by number of students
Rate of substandard flats
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Site and City Context
Potential Project Site Historical Preservation Sites red, dark purple - protected sites other colors - bldgs. suggested for protection
http://www.terezvaros.hu/ (Terezvaros - VI. District Website)
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Targeted areas of the urban renewal program of 2001
The development tools of the inner city area include pedestrian areas, new underground lines, and targeted renewal areas
http://www.urbanisztika.bme.hu/segedlet/bp_fuzet/Urban-Development-Concept-of-Budapest.pdf
Project Language
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Heterogeneous Neighborhoods
Large scale neighborhood building motivated primarily by profit driven development leads to homogenous neighborhoods with financially segregated communities and repetitious often mediocre living conditions.
City scale master plans can offer a larger direction and framework for developers to work with and insert strategic projects into. These are mostly concerns of newer towns where large scale developments are common, however it is wise to look forward and project developments on long term basis versus thinking of short term gains and solutions. New cities with ambiguous or non-existent boarders spread outward Learning from the precedence of mature developed cities is necessary taking more and more of the natural environment using up valuable when addressing housing needs in newer towns in order to prevent land. This urban sprawl causes transportation problems as well as unsuccessful practices in the long run. The collection of smaller closely the segregation of geographically distant neighborhoods. In today’s integrated neighborhoods connected by public transportation and a suburban developments usually lead by profit driven developers social network of primary traffic arteries versus massive highways dividing and aesthetic designs considerations are less important. Although neighborhoods and promoting a vehicular lifestyle is ideal. society is aware of these issues there is a need for fast low cost housing for the growing population.
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Juxtaposition of Old and New
The emergence of new architectural styles and their built manifestations within a dense urban fabric lead to unavoidable adjacencies resulting in juxtapositions of very different styles from various time periods. This is celebrated by some designs, supporting and recognizing the diversity of urban centers.
It seems designers have recognized that even if rebuilt to the original replicas of their former self, these sites will never be the same and will look new. Since the scales of damage and reconstructions vary, building on this language of juxtaposed styles, some projects utilize this emerging style on the building and construction scales.
Especially in older European cities scared by war many empty sites emerged within a previously dense urban fabric. Following postwar reconstruction these sites began to fill up either as rebuilt resurrections of their former appearance or as the representatives of new contemporary styles of the times. This phenomena lead to a mosaic of architectural styles in large cities and often are the creators of iconic skylines and streetscapes.
Adaptive reuse and renovation projects especially lend themselves to these solutions. Since these projects heavily rely on the language of juxtaposed styles, the element of taste heavily influences their success. Whether a project that uses extreme juxtaposition of styles is considered a success or not, their presence is an obvious testament of an emerging method of building. As other patterns have shown, the celebration of diversity leads to more vibrant places to live in and visit. These unique ways of repairing damaged buildings and sites offer design experimentation opportunities as well.
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Project Language
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Connect Buildings Inside
Due to the dense existing urban fabric in the VI. and VII. districts of Budapest, it is difficult for new projects with larger programs to emerge in a central location with little to no new sites large enough to support larger community programs. Existing parcels are typically square shaped hosting small to medium size residential and commercial functions with central courtyards.
In order to develop new projects within this dense urban environment two or more parcels would have to be shared in order to host programs with larger gathering spaces. In the “Doboz� case study shown on the left, the courtyard itself is the gathering space for the adjacent venues that all share the courtyard as well as some of the interior circulation spaces. The courtyard typology is a rigid functional design intended for residential and small scale commercial uses. It is challenging to imagine feasible solutions to host larger programs in these existing structures without combining some parts of the building into larger segments of spaces for a variety of uses. Functions that require an indoor space with a more square shaped footprint for example community meeting rooms and event spaces would require the enclosing or partial filling in of the courtyard.
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Open Courtyards
Existing courtyards in the VI. and VII. districts of Budapest are very inward focused and visually closed to the street. From a street view pedestrians passing by have no idea that most of these large building complexes have courtyards with plentiful light for the inhabitants and potential public uses. The hidden and closed arrangements of the courtyards from the street deactivate these spaces from use and street activity furthering decaying conditions.
The current state of inactive courtyards inhibits the livelihood of these spaces as they are usually dead and inactive. The usually hardscaped courtyards basically have no vegetation to make their environment friendlier to the residents. The lack of reconstructive and upkeep by the owners make these courtyards seem visually very unfriendly places further discouraging use. The “out of sight, out of mind� approach can be reversed by opening the courtyards up visually and physically for public uses. The large gates controlling access to the courtyards need to be open during daytime hours or removed completely to establish a visual connection to the street and its activities. If the house block hosts only residential functions, even minimal landscaping would enhance the nature and aesthetic of these spaces. Street cafes and retain functions should be extended into courtyards which would multiply the spaces available for commerce and entertainment.
13 The Garden and the Workshop: Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapes 24 Courtyard Houses
Project Language Repair the Public Realm
There seems to be an emerging need to repair the decaying intermediate public realm that is left essentially without true ownership by any party from the community of residences. The intermediate public spaces are a reflection of society’s wellbeing and are experienced as much as private spaces and rooms, therefore they should receive appropriate amount of attention and care. Intermediate public realms, the decaying semi- to non-historic downtowns and public spaces of large building complexes and circulation areas, are left unattended and in disrepair when financial and social difficulties plague a community. The lack of social involvement and community spirit is often directly reflected in the condition of public spaces as the upkeep and repair of these spaces fall on the collective and is the responsibility of the whole community to some degree. Whether it is the common decision and drive to represent a community’s well- being through the physical condition of the common environments in spite financial struggles, or the political common will to secure financial resources for repair efforts, the intermediate public realms are in desperate need of attention. The acts of a few driven individuals can rally the efforts and desires of many, which can lead to action in repair and preservation efforts. New development should focus on incorporating repair and reuse of existing spaces in conjunction with additions of new elements. 18 Urbanity - Twenty Years Later
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Ownership of the Public Realm
Following decades of Communism, Hungary’s practically overnight economic system change to private ownership has resulted in the serious neglect of common semi-public spaces which receive little to no financial resources from owners or the government for their upkeep. There are virtually no regulations besides health and safety codes that dictate the renovation of certain properties. This problem is so widespread that locals refer to these properties as “romhazak” or ruins houses. Often entrepreneurs invest small amounts into repurposing these properties into bars that turn into a common entertainment venue typology known as “romkocsma” or ruin bar. However, most of these courtyards have residents and the widespread nature of this courtyard typology simply does not allow for the adaptive reuse of the courtyards on a large scale. The residential courtyards and common public circulation spaces need to be treated as architectural assets to all properties. Instead of having an introverted approach to property values by renovating interiors only, owners and residents need to invest in the common spaces of building complexes and take some form of ownership in order to elevate the visual quality of their surroundings.
Project Language - Existing Patterns from “A Pattern Language” Network of Learning “In a society which emphasizes teaching, children and student – and adults – become passive and unable to think or act for themselves. Creative, active individuals can only grow up in a society which emphasizes learning instead of teaching.” “…work in piecemeal ways to decentralize the process of learning and enrich it through contact with many places and people all over the city: workshops, teachers at home or walking through the city, professionals willing to take on the young as helpers, older children teaching younger children, museums, youth groups traveling, scholarly seminars, industrial workshops, old people, and so on. Conceive of all these situations as forming the backbone of the learning process…” “Build new educational facilities in a way which extends and enriches this network.”
Four-Story Limit “There is abundant evidence to show that high buildings make people crazy.” “In any urban area, no matter how dense, keep the majority of buildings four stories high or less. It is possible that certain building should exceed this limit, but they should never be buildings for human habitations.”
Night Life “Most of the city’s activities close down at night; those which stay open won’t do much for the night life of the city unless they are together.” “Knit together shops, amusements, and services which are open at night, along with hotels, bards, and all-night diners to form centers of night life: well-lit, safe, and lively places that increase the intensity of pedestrian activity at night by drawing all the people who are out at night to the same few spots in the town. Encourage these evening centers to distribute themselves evenly across the town.” 1 A Pattern Language
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Health Centers “More than 90 per cent of the people walking about in an ordinary neighborhood are unhealthy, judged by simple biological criteria. This ill health cannot be cured by hospitals or medicine.” “Gradually develop a network of small health centers, perhaps one per community of 7000, [number likely needs updating to current times] across the city; each equipped to treat everyday disease – both mental and physical, in children and adults – but organized essentially around a functional emphasis on those recreational and educational activities which help keep people in good health, like swimming and dancing.”
Street Cafe “The street café provides a unique setting, special to cities: a place where people can sit lazily, legitimate, be on view, and watch the world go by.” “Encourage local cafes to spring up in each neighborhood. Make them intimate places, with several rooms, open to a busy path, where people can sit with coffee or a drink and watch the world go by. Build the front of the café so that a set of tables stretch out of the café, right into the street.”
Building Complex “A building cannot be a human building unless it is a complex of still smaller buildings or smaller parts which manifest its own internal social facts.” “Never build large monolithic buildings. Whenever possible translate your building program into a building complex, whose parts manifest the actual social facts of the situation. … At higher densities, a single building can be treated as a building complex, if its important parts are picked out and made identifiable while still part of one threedimensional fabric. …”
Project Language - Existing Patterns from “A Pattern Language” Circulation Realms “In many modern building complexes the problem of disorientation is acute. People have no idea where they are, and they experience considerable mental stress as a result.” “Lay out very large buildings and collections of small buildings so that one reaches a give point inside by passing through a sequence of realms, each marked by a gateway and becoming smaller and smaller, as one passes from each one, through a gateway, to the next. Choose the realms so that each one can be easily names, so that you can tell a person where to go, simply by telling him which realms to go through.”
Connect Buildings “Isolated buildings are symptoms of a disconnected sick society.” “Connect your building up, wherever possible, to the existing building round about. Do not keep set backs between buildings; instead, try to form new buildings as continuations of the older buildings.”
Courtyards which Live - Active Courtyards “The courtyards built in modern buildings are very often dead. They are intended to be private open spaces for people to use – but they end up unused, full of gravel and abstract sculptures.” “Place every courtyard in such a way that there is a view out of it to some larger open space; place it so that at least two or three doors open from the building into it and so that the natural paths which connect these doors pass across the courtyard. And, at one edge, beside a door, make a roofed veranda or a porch, which is continuous with both the inside and the courtyard.”
1 A Pattern Language
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Structure Follows Social Spaces “No building ever feels right to the people in it unless the physical spaces (defined by columns, walls, and ceilings) are congruent with the social spaces (defined by activities and human groups).” “A first principle of construction: on no account allow the engineering to dictate the building’s form. Place the load bearing elements – the columns and the walls and floors – according to the social spaces of the building; never modify the social spaces fot conform to the engineering structure of the building.”
Additional Site Specific Project Pattern Building Stock Reuse and Repair Due to large land annexations by neighboring countries following World War I, Budapest is an un- proportionally large capital compared to the size of the country. The city covers a large geographic area and it is densely built up with mostly four to five story structures that need significant repairs and renovations throughout the VI. and VII. districts. Similar to Christopher Alexander’s “104 Site Repair” pattern (Alexander 509), this pattern calls for the reuse of existing buildings while at the same time repairing the building stock. By choosing to develop buildings in worse shape versus buildings that need less attention, streets and neighborhoods would better benefit visually as a whole. The creative reuse and reinvention of existing structures offer great potential in the construction opportunities as the current urban fabric is densely built out with buildings of various conditions. Existing building sites should be picked strategically for reuse and repair in order to maximize the developments positive impacts for the street and the neighborhood.
Project Language Summary Through the process of evaluating current problems and attempting to offer solutions to these problems using the format of the Pattern Language, the beginnings of the thesis project language begin to emerge in a very specific manner. The analysis of the existing conditions of Budapest courtyards initiated an analytical thinking process surrounding the initial design ideas of the project. The balance of how much to conform to existing conditions and to what degree to consciously move away from those patterns have given rise to the beginning of the project language itself as the first stages of the design process. The process of observation, research, and diagramming of patterns of courtyards and their neighborhoods resulted in a design process that offers tangible solutions to the spatial and social problems of the site and the context. The process of developing unique project specific patterns was a fruitful way to begin the designing of the project thru the use of diagrams and writing to understand the core essence of the context and to begin to control the early desired outcomes. 2 A New Theory of Urban Design
Programme
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Project Statement Post-Communist 21st Century Budapest faces many challenges after entering the European Union and with it the international markets of Europe. Recent worldwide and Eurozone financial troubles are just the newest of these challenges. A deeper underlying genesis of the economic and social problems from the overnight political system change after the end of Communism in Hungary is at the root of numerous issues the project is attempting to address. These include the lack of opportunities for an energetic educated young entrepreneurial generation, lack of contemporary resources, learning, and recreational places in one program for the general public, and offering alternative models for current downtown development and adaptive reuse on multiple scales. Philosophically stated, the project is a place for “bottom-up” based business and social ideas to foster and incubate by the user group for themselves, the neighborhood, and the nation. • More specifically the project aims to provide a place for emerging entrepreneurial individuals and groups to network and collaborate while running their startup businesses both in a formal and informal setting that is representative of the contemporary local and regional culture.
• The non-formal networking element of the project addresses the need for like-minded individuals to recreate and play together while growing their community and ideas network in an effort to combine resources and knowledge for each other’s mutual benefit.
• The project address the need for a larger scale formal setting where young startup and small companies can network, collaborate, share ideas, and perhaps recruit like-minded individuals who utilize the center’s services to form larger groups. This is primarily to ensure the local intellectual resources are not wasted and the country remains at least regionally competitive.
• Other secondary functions the center will serve include the education of the larger general population about contemporary computing tools and software as well as the hosting of business oriented, social, and cultural events that can aid the communities growth and development and the revival of the general neighborhood.
• The project is a place where young energetic entrepreneurial individuals can develop their ideas into tangible, workable models for businesses or products while learning and teaching others valuable contemporary business and networking skills.
• Architecturally and on an urban scale the project aims to demonstrate innovative adaptive reuse strategies as a case study and prototype. It attempts to offer solutions to how Budapest’s courtyard house building stock typology and the neighborhoods they create can be revitalized and reinvented with redevelopment of old downtown areas versus sprawling outward. It is also an experiment to bend the rigid rules of current building practices within the older city limits with a new perspective of contemporary building and development.
• The project is a business incubator and social networking hub for the educated energetic entrepreneurial youth of Budapest working toward the betterment of themselves and their communities. 9 Programming for Design: From Theory to Practice 28 The New Business Incubator: Linking Talent, Technology, Capital, and Know-How
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User Description The main user group for the project is comprised of business entrepreneurs and small companies involved with the fostering and development of intellectual capital. The main users range from individuals to small businesses that develop ideas for contemporary businesses, software applications, community education programs, coordination of networking events, nonprofit organizations, and other small to medium scale business that fit the culture of the incubator. This demographic will primarily consist of recent college graduates, young professionals, artists, and startup business owners between their mid-twenties to late thirties. The functions outlined above that involve the hosting of events, education of the public, and other attached retail elements is generally intended for a younger crowd, but is certainly not limited to other age groups. The non-formal networking and recreation elements will host a larger audience of visitors and local residences interested in learning about the companies and individuals utilizing the complex as a home for their offices and operations. Also, to fund some of the less profitable aspects of the program such as the incubators for startups with little financial backing, several commercial elements will host the general public. These groups can vary anywhere from teenagers to senior citizens, tourists or locals pending on the companies and stores visited. The project’s client would ideally be a single development entity funded by donors of local businesses, wealthy individuals and organizations, the local government, European Union resources, and international companies with vested interests of such programs to exist with similar aspirations to create a place for resourceful incubation of entrepreneurial ideas for the betterment of the neighborhood, the nation, and the region. The client’s company may have a simple office element in the program to house the headquarters for future adaptive reuse and revitalization projects in the city and beyond. 16 Innostart: Hungary National Business and Innovation Centre 17 Innotech: Hungarian Association of Business Incubators
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Values (HECTTEAS value areas) Human
Temporal
Environmental
Economical
Cultural
Aesthetics
Technological
Safety
The project is a place for like-minded entrepreneurial individuals and groups to come together and grow their businesses and intellectual capital. It is a place where these types of tenants can create wealth for themselves and the nation by networking and sharing ideas in formal and non-formal settings in order to ultimately improve the physical and social conditions of their environment.
The project aims to demonstrate environmentally responsible adaptive reuse and redevelopment by retrofitting using sustainable measures sensitive to energy use, availability and utilization of daylight, ground heat sources, and other regionally appropriate architectural designs within the urban context.
The project wants to remain free of political and partisan influences, effects that seem to divide and dictate social networks. At the same time the business incubator aims to become a new element of social and cultural interactions fostering a positive place for growth of individuals and their ideas.
The business center will be a place of contemporary thinking and development of new ideas, which require the latest technological tools in order to nurture and serve the entrepreneur community utilizing the facilities. However, this does not require the latest architectural systems necessarily.
Being an incubator of small businesses and their ideas, by definition the complex wants to have values that nurture and grow its tenants, users, and visitors over time. As a reflection of its clients the center itself will become more established and valued over time.
It is crucial that the incubator becomes financially self-sustaining within a short period of time in order to attract future investment that can facilitate the growth and possible expansion of the entity and its activities.
As a main formal element, conceptually and literally the architectural manifestation of mixing old and new elements will be a dominant feature in the aesthetic language of the project. Redeveloping 2-3 courtyard houses of various physical conditions along with a newly constructed element aims to be a metaphoric reflection of growth and renewal that will be seen in the architecture.
Given the reuse nature of the project the retrofitting and analysis of existing conditions is ideal. Based on observation alone the structures will be supplemented to be modernized and brought up to current standards of safety regulations per use.
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Goals Human
The center should provide various flexible and inviting spaces of openness for large and small scale, formal and non-formal networking and growing business ideas for young energetic entrepreneurs.
Environmental
The project should incorporate and utilize renewable and sustainable design methods and technologies available within the context and urban setting and are appropriate to the climate of the region and the site.
Cultural
The project should be a place of cultural and social growth as defined by a new generation of young educated entrepreneurs and their networks, and ideally stay free of political influences with a common goal of bettering themselves, each other, and the condition of their surroundings.
Technological
The center should offer high-end resources and equipment including hardware and software for its tenants to satisfactorily facilitate and incubate their ideas.
Temporal
The center should continue to grow and adapt itself to the needs and aspirations of its tenants and users by providing flexible work spaces and opportunities to rearrange usable spaces within the program.
Aesthetics
The project should physically reflect the ideology, mission, and goals of the users and conceptually capture the essence of the physical conditions that were there prior and have come to be along with the development of the project itself.
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Urban Systems and Site Analysis The urban scale program elements of the Business Incubator & Resource Center and their features will have several qualitative characteristics including creating a unique identity and place as a result of size and style unprecedented in the area. The connection of one or two existing courtyard buildings with a new edition equal to the size of one courtyard house module will create a massing that commands defining attention and character on the streets and in the neighborhood being a mix of uniquely contemporary and existing styles. Specifically the connected courtyard house blocks will create a sequence of urban semi-public spaces that will borrow the energy of the streets by opening up their courtyards to pedestrian activity. The meandering public programmatic elements like cafes, restaurants, gathering spaces, lobby, and networking venues will line the path of the visitor along the street facades and inner courtyards on the ground floor and beyond utilizing as much daylight as possible. Other major site specific program features will include strengthening and accommodating existing street activities with commercial and retail spaces similar to existing adjacent buildings, but with stores that service and cater to the businesses and individuals and their clients utilizing the incubator’s facilities. The edges of the building will balance the existing patterns of use and formal qualities with new ideas of streetscapes and functions featuring successful patterns like street cafes, galleries, and lobbies transparent to observers passing by.
27 A Jovo Budapestje 1930-60: Varosepitesi Programok es Rendezesi Tervek
The main street façade will challenge the current patterns of development and rehabilitation with a more radical approach to remodeling and adaptive re-use with a more contemporary style appropriate for the times while still respecting the main urban framework like scale and proportion. The main elements on the façade will be the display of the courtyard features beyond the layers of program on the main street edges as this is currently missing entirely from the neighborhoods as a result of different uses and requirements like residential privacy. However, this will be more flexible with the change of use to office and other venues requiring less opaque facades allowing more daylight in the spaces with already generous floor to floor heights. Another main site scale program element will be the design and orientation toward the main pedestrian positive public space, a larger urban plaza that will be adjacent to the new construction side of the resource center. The main entry and façade of the center will create one of the “walls” of the outdoor room that will be defined by the adjacency of the facility. Ideally this plaza will be utilized on major events as an extension of the building for example on open house events to promote the functions and services offered by the facility and market the business and individuals trying to launch their products and services.
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Site Geography Budapest, Hungary - VI. Terezvaros District Courtyard Buildings Adaptive Reuse
Urban Analysis Access to Transportation
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47
Site Context Overview
48
Building Analysis The building scale programmatic elements of the Business Incubator & Resource Center are grouped into four major areas, the business incubator tenant service spaces, administrative facilities, informal networking spaces & recreational spaces, and supporting retail & commercial spaces. Conceptually each group of spaces serves a very specific function and need but spatially will be virtually seamlessly interconnected within the complex.
Tenant Spaces [offices, meeting rooms, workshops, computer rooms, and equipment laps] • • • • •
Provide space for business needs Help with business basics Help with presentation skills Intellectual property management Shared access to production hardware use and training
Administrative/Facilities Spaces [conference rooms, workshops, offices] Northeast Corner of Site
• • • • • • • • • •
Help with accounting/financial management Access to bank loans, loan funds and guarantee programs Access to angel investors or venture capital Comprehensive business training programs Advisory boards and mentors Management team identification Help with business etiquette Help with regulatory compliance Links to higher education resources Links to strategic partners
Informal Networking and Recreational Spaces [expositions, lounges, fitness facilities, game rooms] • • • • •
Networking activities Recreation/play with peers and like-minded individuals Stress relief Informal, open brainstorming – community of cultural creatives Provide a venue for exposure
Retail and Commercial Support Spaces [supplies stores, retail galleries, café, and restaurant] • • • •
Technology assistance Marketing assistance IT and Hardware support Break areas, client and employee food and beverage services
11 European Business & Innovation Centre Network 13 European Commission. The European Business and Innovation Centres (BICs): An Instrument to Assist Regional Development 23 National Business Incubation Association (NBIA)
49 Site Framework
50
Context Andrassy Ave.
List Ferenc Square
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Site - Adaptive Reuse Buildings
List Ference Square
e.
s
as
r nd
v yA
A
30,000 SF Footprint x 5 floors = 150,000 SF
Organization and Space Needs Summary private semi-formal
formal
public
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53 10,000 SF Gym Facility, Main Entry Plaza 8,000 SF Aquatic Recreation
5,000 SF Large Event Space 4,000 SF Entry Lobby 3,000 SF Large Office 2,500 SF Art Gallery 2,000 SF Entertain., Restaurant, Tech Equip. 1,500 SF Workshop, Med. Office, Cafe 1,000 SF Conference, Small Office, Gathering 500 SF Staff Office, Small Meeting Room
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Adjacency Studies Site Adjacencies
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Room Data Sheet Main Lobby Description:
Purpose/Use: Size: Adjacencies:
The main entry is essentially the welcome center and the main circulation transition zone into all the major spaces within the center. Its spatial and aesthetic qualities aim to introduce the brand and values of the business incubator by being a spacious, welcoming, well-lit, generously furnished space. Ideally all functions of the center will spill out into the main lobby to some degree in order to showcase the activities of the building onto the street making it lively and active. The main vertical circulation will be a main feature in this space. Clients, users, and visitors are welcome to meet, travel through, or linger in the main lobby. Its primary function is to connect the main programmatic elements and provide a transition space onto the street. It will also be the staging area for large events and can host exhibitions as well being a welcome center for the complex. 4,000 SF Pedestrian plaza, Event spaces, Courtyards, Recreation center, Vertical circulation to Business Incubator Facilities
Access:
Accessible from the street at one main point and several secondary points from adjacent courtyards and main spaces.
Occupancy:
Accessible to clients, users, and general public during business hours and during special events.
Materials:
Adaptive reuse of some distinct existing details pending their condition. New materials are simple and genuine in character arranged in creative and contemporary ways capturing the innovative and entrepreneurial spirit of the building. Use of different woods, metals, and stone are the primary palette.
Systems:
Acoustics systems should block out street noise from traffic as well as contain the noise within the lobby from spilling into smaller adjacent spaces. Lighting should primarily be daylight from the street facade and from the courtyards, with secondary fill lights and strategically placed spot lights and task lighting. The audio system should be complementary to host special events. HVAC, plumbing, electrical will be brought up to current standards.
Special Needs:
The lobby will be a high traffic area controlling main access to spaces with sensitive information and property. Therefore security is a concern, but this should not be reflected in the design. Special considerations for the street adjacency is necessary given the context of the site and the adaptive reuse nature of the project within this neighborhood.
Challenges:
Given the existing structure and possible complications of existing systems, the spatial layout and circulation of spaces to and from the lobby as well as the dimensions of it will require creative and likely unconventional design solutions.
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Design Exploration Diagrams
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Appendix - Case Study 01 Terror Haza
Museum of Political Terror (between WWII and the fall of Communism) Budapest, Hungary
Background
“From the 1930’s, the Hungarian National Socialist Party was one of the tenants of this three-story neo-renaissance apartment house that was built during the development of the Andrássy avenue. After the war, the communists took the place of the fascists, as they did in most Central-European countries. Between 1945 and 1957, the infamous State Protection Authority (ÁVH) resided here. In 2002 the building opened as a museum - a memento of the fascist and communist terror. The historic reconstruction was performed by János Sándor and Kálmán Újszászy architects, while the facade and the permanent exhibition are the works of Attila F. Kovács. Powerful images make the average apartment house look like a monument: the grey coat of plaster recalls the colors of the uniforms; the “passe-partout” around the house’s upper ledge literally throws the “shade of terror” on the walls. This frame following the partition-wall and the ledge was a controversial matter for those worrying about the view of the world heritage avenue, but the hard feelings have settled by now.” (http://www.terrorhaza.hu/)
Analysis Context
Located in Budapest’s VI. Terezvaros District, the Terror Haza museum is within a dense neighborhood of five storey courtyard houses typical of this district in Pest. Its location is also historically significant as the former headquarters of the Hungarian secret police during the political tyranny of Communist leadership. The main entry faces Andrassy Ave., a main corridor connecting Deak transit hub where all three subway lines meet and Heroes’ Square, a major national monument at the gates of City Park. 5 Attila FK Design & Architecture
59 Generally the buildings are 150-200 years old in the area and are in severe decay due to population shifts, economic recession, and the rise of suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city. Andrassy Ave. however is experiencing an opposite trend of developing as high end retail, cafes, and restaurants line the street. The neighborhood hosts a large variety of mixed-use functions.
Second Floor
Climate
Budapest’s climate is characterized by typical four seasons. Periodically there are colder winters and hotter summers.
Circulation
The building’s circulation was totally redesigned to accommodate the new functions and spaces of the museum. From apartments, offices, detention rooms, and interrogation chambers the unique archetype of the courtyard building was re-imagined as a linear walk-thru of exhibitions snaking through the existing structure. At first glance the isometric views seem like a maze, but it is quite the opposite experience as visitors view the exhibitions in a chronological order of historical events.
First Floor
Human and cultural sensory
The museum fulfills a crucial cultural function of remembrance and education typical of museums. The decades following WWII in Hungary are filled with political terror and a rollercoaster of change in the nation’s history, which the museum showcases effectively.
Interior Layout
The visitor’s experience begins at the main entrance and ticketing lobby adjacent to the reception cafe. The experience begins by stepping into the re-imagined, now covered, courtyard with a Soviet USSR tank at the base in a reflective pool. The permanent exhibition begins at the third floor after a short elevator ride and continues all the way down to the cellar level and back up to the ground floor. The spaces are typically long and narrow as interior walls were demolished to make room for exhibition halls surrounding the courtyard.
Ground Floor
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Terror Haza (continued) Spaces and Uses
The exhibitions vary in size and are typically one to two rooms of about 500-1000 sf and are arranged in a linear sequence with 5-6 exhibition rooms per floor. There are three floors of exhibition spaces and a ground floor with larger gathering spaces, the lobby and cafe. Although the courtyard is limited in circulation, only former terraces connecting apartments at one time, it is a large space filled with light that unify the building giving its identity.
Structural System
The building is a post and beam system with reinforced masonry. The neo-classical style of the original construction was renovated, but downplayed with a monochrome treatment of grey, appropriately for the building. The structure is simple and functional true to its original version. The building structure is not significant to this analysis of re-use.
Architectural Qualities (Light, Scale, and Materiality)
As with museum typologies, light is as much part of design as the exhibitions themselves. The courtyard’s natural light is undoubtedly the brightest, grandest space. The exhibitions are typically dark and austere as a reflection of their content. There are a number of exhibitions using singular colors (red, purple, orange) to set certain moods. The scale of spaces changed little after the remodel. The architecture of the time was characterized by different more grand proportions of interior spaces. The floor to floor heights in the building are around 12 feet, making exhibition rooms spacious and grandiose. The exhibitions are rich with materials like stone, marble, woods, plaster, and paint. There are several unconventional uses of materials is certain exhibitions such as pig’s fat, curtains as partitions, newspapers, posters etc. Although the exhibitions are very different, there is definitely a unified feeling of brand that was achieved by the architect Attila Kovacs.
Synthesis The Terror Haza Museum of political terror adaptive re-use and rehabilitation project is a unique way of reinventing spaces to tell a story and evoke emotions from users using exhibition spaces. Aside from the craftsmanship and emotional power of the exhibitions, the restorations and reuse elements of the project serve as unique precedent for structural reuse with a totally different program than the original. The structure and the circulation “frame” of the existing building holds up and is reused with a complement of secondary circulation serving the new functions very effectively. 5 Attila FK Design & Architecture
61 Gulag Memorial Room on Second Floor
Faith & Religion Room on First Floor Propaganda Exhibit on Second Floor
1956 Memorial Exhibit in former Cellars
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Appendix - Case Study 02 Sociedad General de Autores Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Barcelona, Spain
Analysis Context
The building is located adjacent to a marina off the sea coast. The neighborhood is dense with vernacular urban grain and comprising connected buildings. The dominant vernacular colors and the character of building materials of stone masonry unify this area.
Climate
Barcelona is in a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot humid summers and mild winters. Solar access is ideal however this neighborhood is characterized by having smaller Spanish courtyards or lightwells.
Circulation
The building circulation is quite straight forward with a wide lobby corridor flanked by smaller spaces. At the center of the building is the main vertical circulation and a contemporary core of restrooms and supporting spaces. To capitalize on daylight access program spaces are placed around the exterior around the courtyard similar to the original archetype. Although the frame and exterior walls of the structure remain along with the original condition of the courtyard and major walls, much of the interior layout is customized to fulfill the new functional needs. This is especially prominent on the first floor with a large performance hall and adjacent lobby and larger spaces of various dimensions. The program elements get smaller going up which is common to reduce vertical circulation and exiting requirements. 8 Minimalism DesignSource
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Cross Section
Human and cultural sensory
The adaptive reuse of this building elegantly strike a minimalist balance of old and new as older details are kept and almost highlighted by the juxtaposition of new simple elements such as the interior finishes and the new structure of the enclosed skylight. The spaces seem to accommodate a good human scale for the appropriate programmatic uses.
Interior Layout
Program spaces include a large performance hall with adjacent cafe lobby, staging areas for performance equipment, staff offices, meeting rooms, and conferences.
Structural System
The original stone and brick masonry of the structure are largely hidden on the inside with exceptions of highlighting key classical architectural elements like arches and column heads. The exterior seems to be kept as much as the original condition.
Longitudinal Section
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Sociedad General de Autores (continued) Architectural Qualities (Light, Scale, Matriality)
The design is very successful in bouncing natural daylight into the spaces. The newly enclosed courtyard acts as a lightwell and bright interior finishes like the white and limestone colors along with light woods which bounce the light extremely well. There are few artificial sources of light as seen in the pictures in spaces adjacent to the lightwells. The interior design of the building is highly minimalistic, which in turn highlight certain architectural details. The high ceilings serve the new functions well as offices and other program spaces enjoy views onto the sea and enjoy daylight on the perimeter.
Synthesis This example of a minimalist remodel shows the importance of daylight in architecture and how spaces with the appropriate interior finishes can highlight the qualities of natural light. The adaptive reuse of this structure is an excellent precedence to how the careful balance of old and new can create contemporary spaces with a hint of feeling of history, belonging, and identity to a certain location and cultural context.
8 Minimalism DesignSource
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Second Floor
Third Floor
Ground Floor
First Floor
Annotated Bibliography Alexander, C., Silverstein, M. , Ishikawa, S., et al. A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. As precedence and a model for contextual analysis and pattern development, Christopher Alexander’s book of architectural and social patterns shows the format and method of developing patterns as well as recognizing existing conditions and formally categorizing them as patterns. The collection of 253 patterns are arranged in order from broad to specific and are linked hierarchically to show connections toward a collection of certain patterns that can begin to form a project language. Alexander, C., Neis, H., et al. A New Theory of Urban Design. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. This book continues the dialogue of Alexander’s and his colleagues’ theories of the development of urban centers. Specifically the book outlines seven rules of good development as a result and documentation of a San Francisco development. Anders, A. Architecture and Ideology in Eastern Europe during the Stalin Era. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992. This book offers an insight to the social events shaping architecture during the Cold War in Eastern Europe as they were surrounded and dictated by politics and main figures of the time. The author selects key places, events, and architectural projects in the former DDR, Poland, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to describe the social and architectural climate of the era. In the case of Hungary, the events leading up to and eventually the failed attempt to overthrow the communist Russian rule and the aftermath of the 1956 Revolution is a major driver in dictating certain architectural events as described by the author. These events have directly and indirectly caused many of the issues that Budapest is currently facing architecturally and socially. ARTstor < http://library.artstor.org/> 19 Nov 2011. This subscription based database is an extensive online digital collection of images. The image library grants accessed through the University of Oregon.
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Attila FK Design & Architecture < http://www.attilafk.com/> 25 Nov 2011. This website is the official homepage of Attila F. Kovacs. He is an accomplished architecturally trained designers with a portfolio of architecture, interior design, film, theatre, art, and fashion. His Terror Haza museum project serves as an adaptive courtyard reuse precedent for the thesis project. “In Pictures: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising”. BBC News Official Website. < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6070552. stm> 8 Jan 2012. The online article is a summary of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising events against Soviet rule. Bielanska, J., et al. Urban Potential. Berlin: jovis, 2008. This multilingual publication is a collection of essays and descriptions of small projects from various European cities including Budapest. The essays and projects are more sociological in nature, but all have a common theme of investigating the potential of cities and their inhabitants. Castillo, E. Minimalism DesignSource. Barcelona: Loft Publications, 2005. This publication is an elegant collection of minimalist projects filled with images and architectural drawings of mostly beautiful interiors rich with a variety of materials and building types. Cherry, E. Programming for Design: From Theory to Practice. New York: Wiley, 1999. This book is a comprehensive source that describes the architectural programming process providing actual examples and diagrams at each step of the process. Csorba, Cs., et al. Magyarorszag Kepes Tortenete: A Kezdetektol Napjainkig. Budapest: Magyar Konyvklub, 1999. This book is an overview of Hungary’s 1100 year history told mostly with pictures as much as text. It outlines the major events and figures in the country’s rich history of war, prosperity, struggles, and evolution throughout the centuries in Europe from 895 to the 1990’s.
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European Business & Innovation Centre Network <http://www. ebn.be/> 22 Nov 2011. This is the official website of the organization connecting companies and organizations active in business incubation in Europe. It offers valuable contact data and listings of member companies and general information and data on the efforts of the organizations. European Commission. The European Business and Innovation Centres (BICs): An Instrument to Assist Regional Development. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000. This is the annual publication reporting on the activities of the organization. It has a rich source of contacts for European Business Incubator organizations in the Eurozone. Hanak, P. The Garden and the Workshop: Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapest. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998. This book offers a glimpse into the operations of society, social classes and their lives within the cities of Vienna and Budapest offering comparisons of the two. The courtyard architectural typology and the way its inhabitants utilized the spaces is also described extensively how it was a reflection of society of the time. Hungarian Central Statistical Office < http://www.demografia.hu/ english/> 15 Oct 2011. The official Hungarian office of demographic records in charge of keeping accurate counts of the population numbers, religious affiliation, cultural and ethnic statistics. These tasks are especially imported given Hungary’s socialist organization of providing health care, disability financial assistance, and other financial support services, which is a large part of the government’s spending budget. The agency is basically the Hungarian equivalent of the US Census bureau.
Ingels, B. Yes is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution. China: Taschen, 2010. The comic book style monograph of Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), architecture and design firm, serves as an optimistic inspiration to the project as a catalyst for “BIG” thinking. The youthful optimism and energetic creativity of the firm comes through in all their projects and the way they are represented as models and drawings. The simple yet powerful diagraming process of BIG serves as a good model for the future development of the thesis project. Innostart: Hungary National Business and Innovation Centre < http://www.innostart.hu/> 22 Nov 2011. This is the official website of Innostart a Hungarian business incubator. The source offers insights to the operations and activities of this incubator organization including clients, services, and projects. Innotech: Hungarian Association of Business Incubators < http:// www.innotech.hu/> 22 Nov 2011. This is the website of the organization that keeps business incubators connected, informed, and organized as a group of service providers while providing information for startup companies and entrepreneurs. Kovacevic, I. , Vasourkova, Y. Urbanity - Twenty Years Later – Projects for Central European Capitals. Czech Republic: PBtisk, 2010. This publication is a collection of work prepared by various Central European universities studying urban conditions of the last two decades in their respective capitals including Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Ljubljana, Prague, Vienna, and Warsaw. As a result of numerous workshops and collection of thesis works done by students guided by researchers and tutors, the books offers and insight to each capitals unique urban issues and aspirations.
Annotated Bibliography continued Leach, N. Architecture and Revolution. New York: Routledge, 1999. This book is a detailed collection of historical accounts of the political and social climate in Central and Eastern Europe after WW II as it affected and shaped ideology of societies specifically in architecture. The larger events and movements are demonstrated in smaller segments of specific examples of architectural work and the figures involved. Meyhofer, D. Contemporary European Architects 2. Koln: Taschen, 1995. This book is a part of a larger series of publications showcasing prominent European architects and their significant works. Imre Makovecz is a defining figure in contemporary Hungarian architecture who’s work represents a search for a uniquely Hungarian style. Moor, M., Rowland J. Urban Design Futures. New York: Routledge, 2006. This book is a collection of urban case studies and projects attempting to foresee urban trends that will come to shape the future of our cities and some that are already in practice. It is full of imaginative graphics and urban design projects of various scales and it balances the theoretical and practical aspects of urban design well. Mostafavi, M. , Doherty, G. Ecological Urbanism. Baden: Lars Muller Publishers, 2010. This publication by the Harvard Graduate School of design is a result of extensive documentation and collection of worldwide projects that place ecological projects in the forefront of urban development. It is a rich source of visually stimulating projects that depict information and data in a highly graphic fashion. National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) < http://www. nbia.org > 15 Nov. 2011. The official website of the association tracking companies that offer services to startup companies and entrepreneurs in the United States. on specific cases, projects, and key figures of the era.
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Pfeifer, G., Brauneck, P. Courtyard Houses. Boston: Birkhauser, 2008. This book is a part of a larger series showcasing different archetypes. The architectural language of courtyards is demonstrated by several projects of various sizes, but mostly residential uses. Preisich, G. Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: 1945-1990 Tanulmanyok. Budapest: Muszaki Konyvkiado, 1998. This book is a historical recording of the city planning and development of Budapest after WWII till the end of Communism. It is a rich collection of references and is a research oriented document focusing on specific cases, projects, and key figures of the era. Preisich, G. Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: Buda Visszaveteletol a II. Vilaghaboru Vegeig. Budapest: Terc, 2004. This book is a reprint publication of Gabor Preisich’s extensive documentation of Budapest’s development. It documents the cities growth and planning guidelines that shaped the city from the time of after Turkish occupation till the end of WWII. Sipos, A. A Jovo Bupestje 1930-60: Varosfejlesztesi Programok es Rendezesi Tervek. Budapest: Napvirag Kiado, 2011. This booklet documents a thirty year period in the city development of Budapest by showcasing specific catalyst projects and development plans from the 1930’s to the 60’s. Smilor, R., Gill, M. The New Business Incubator: Linking Talent, Technology, Capital, and Know-How. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1986. Although an older source of information compared to current times, this book contains the essence and basics of the process of business incubation and its key concepts and definitions which haven’t change much at the core level.
References
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1. Alexander, C., Silverstein, M. , Ishikawa, S., et al. A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. 2. Alexander, C., Neis, H., et al. A New Theory of Urban Design. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 3. Anders, A. Architecture and Ideology in Eastern Europe during the Stalin Era. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992. 4. ARTstor < http://library.artstor.org/> 19 Nov 2011. 5. Attila FK Design & Architecture < http://www.attilafk.com/> 25 Nov 2011. 6. “In Pictures: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising”. BBC News Official Website. < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6070552.stm> 8 Jan 2012. 7. Bielanska, J., et al. Urban Potential. Berlin: jovis, 2008. 8. Castillo, E. Minimalism DesignSource. Barcelona: Loft Publications, 2005. 9. Cherry, E. Programming for Design: From Theory to Practice. New York: Wiley, 1999. 10. Csorba, Cs., et al. Magyarorszag Kepes Tortenete: A Kezdetektol Napjainkig. Budapest: Magyar Konyvklub, 1999. 11. European Business & Innovation Centre Network <http://www.ebn.be/> 22 Nov 2011. 12. European Commission. The European Business and Innovation Centres (BICs): An Instrument to Assist Regional Development. Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000. 13. Hanak, P. The Garden and the Workshop: Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapest. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998. 14. Hungarian Central Statistical Office < http://www.demografia.hu/english/> 15 Oct 2011. 15. Ingels, B. Yes is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution. China: Taschen, 2010. 16. Innostart: Hungary National Business and Innovation Centre < http://www.innostart.hu/> 22 Nov 2011. 17. Innotech: Hungarian Association of Business Incubators < http://www.innotech.hu/> 22 Nov 2011. 18. Kovacevic, I. , Vasourkova, Y. Urbanity - Twenty Years Later – Projects for Central European Capitals. Czech Republic: PBtisk, 2010. 19. Leach, N. Architecture and Revolution. New York: Routledge, 1999. 20. Meyhofer, D. Contemporary European Architects 2. Koln: Taschen, 1995. 21. Moor, M., Rowland J. Urban Design Futures. New York: Routledge, 2006. 22. Mostafavi, M. , Doherty, G. Ecological Urbanism. Baden: Lars Muller Publishers, 2010. 23. National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) < http://www.nbia.org > 15 Nov. 2011. 24. Pfeifer, G., Brauneck, P. Courtyard Houses. Boston: Birkhauser, 2008. 25. Preisich, G. Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: 1945-1990 Tanulmanyok. Budapest: Muszaki Konyvkiado, 1998. 26. Preisich, G. Budapest Varosepitesenek Tortenete: Buda Visszaveteletol a II. Vilaghaboru Vegeig. Budapest: Terc, 2004. 27. Sipos, A. A Jovo Bupestje 1930-60: Varosfejlesztesi Programok es Rendezesi Tervek. Budapest: Napvirag Kiado, 2011. 28. Smilor, R., Gill, M. The New Business Incubator: Linking Talent, Technology, Capital, and Know-How. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1986.
Arpad Takacs Regenerative Design - Rebuilding After War and Disasters Master of Architecture Thesis 2011-12 Professor Dr. Hajo Neis University of Oregon in Portland - School of Architecture and Allied Arts