Term 2 AA SED

PONTOON DOCK PROMENADE & STUDENT HOUSING AA SED MSc / MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2014-15 Architectural Association School of Architecture Graduate School Term 2 Design Research : Refurbishing the City Part II Antonio Costa Almeida | Arturo Reyes | Mariana Moniz | Michelle Kuei

Authorship Declaration Form Term 2 Design Research : Refurbishing the City Part II TITLE: PONTOON DOCK PROMENADE & STUDENT HOUSING Word Count: 9360.

NAMES: Antonio Costa Almeida Arturo Reyes Mariana Moniz Michelle Kuei DECLARATION: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

Signature(s):

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Date: April 1st, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment Summary 1. Introduction 2. Weather Data & Climate Change 3. Site Studies 4. Master Plan 5. Gym 6. Cafe 7. Housing 8. Conclusions & Personal Statements 9. Appendix 10. References Video

7 8 11 25 29 37 43 55 71 105 111 124 Anexed on the CD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge all the staff and visiting lecturers of the Sustainable Environmental Design at the Architectural association School of Architecture. We would like to thank the director Simos Yannas and co-director Paula Cadima for their patience and guidence throughout the term. Jorge RodrĂ­guez for his assistance in software and general design direction.

Also we would like to especially thank Mariam Kapsali for taking time out of her schedule to give us extra help.

Finally we would like to thank Herman Calleja for his immense help with the software.

Arturo Reyes would like to show his gratitude to Becas Magdalena O. Vda. de Brockmann and the Comision Nacional de Becas para la Educacion Superior from Mexico, for the scholarships given to him to attend the MSc SED programme.

Antonio Costa Almeida would like to thank Miguel Otero (Personal Trainer) for his availabily to be interviewed about gym dynamics and the ideal conditions for working out in an open environment.

Summary This project presents the findings of the work done as part of the Term 2 project of the AA SED MSc/March programme, on the Royal Docks of the city of London. The brief developed by the team consists of a Promenade, a Restaurant and two blocks of buildings for Student Housing. Given the different background of the team during the first term, the process was developed from both indoor and outdoor perspectives. One of the main challenges of the project was the overheating that many buildings old and new have in London suffer due to the necessity to supply enough heat during the winter, which can lead to the actual overheating during the summer and even worse during the winter. As well as this, the provision of reasonable comfort in outdoor spaces was also tackled.

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Introduction

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Introduction The Royal Docks in the East part of London are currently under a long and difficult process of regeneration, as since, it was gradually abandoned after the 80’s because of the shift in the needs of the trading market that gave it life in the first place, after the introduction of the metal container as primary unit serving the business and the big ships needed to carry them that wouldn’t fit in the docks.

Many projects have been developed for Silvertown and the entire Royal Docks area, most of them satisfying the needs of the developers more than the end users. While at present, high densities and compactness are desirable by big cities, the necessity for quality public space has been relegated to a residual space complying just with the bear minimum regulatios. In the project this kind of space was proposed to provide the community with areas for family recreation, sports and leisure, that can be used all year round as they offer flexibility and adaptive opportunities to the public.

On the one hand the Promenade which includes an outdoor GYM with different pavilions for each kind of exercise gives protection for different weather scenarios having wooden movable panels with adaptable louvers, that serve as well as a connection to all the different architectural elements of the brief, which also includes a CafĂŠ that doubles as an outdoor space for the summer and an indoor space for the winter, designed for casual users of the GYM, the sport facilities and the Student Housing also proposed to complete the strategies, considering the necessity of an anchor to produce a more plausible project.

Learning outcomes from Term 1 and previous years projects where carried out as a start point for the design process, complemented by simulations with different pieces of software (TAS, Radiance and Ecotect, as well as the spread sheets and tools developed by the AA SED tutors team) to assess the thermal and visual comfort.

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Figure 1 Timeline of the History of the Royal Docks 12

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ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION GRADUATE SCHOOL

TERM 2 | REFURBISHING THE CITY | RESEARCH & DESIGN | ANTONIO ALMEIDA | ARTURO REYES | MARIANA MONIZ | MICHELLE KUEI Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

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Figure 2 History of the Millennium Mills

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix TERM 2 | REFURBISHING THE CITY | RESEARCH & DESIGN | ANTONIO ALMEIDA | ARTURO REYES | MARIANA MONIZ | MICHELLE KUEI

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Figure 3 Site Visit: Images from the site 14

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TERM 2 | REFURBISHING THE CITY | RESEARCH & DESIGN | ANTONIO ALMEIDA | ARTURO REYES | MARIANA MONIZ | MICHELLE KUEI Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

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Figure 4 Footprint of proposed developments at Royal Docks

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix TERM 2 | REFURBISHING THE CITY | RESEARCH & DESIGN | ANTONIO ALMEIDA | ARTURO REYES | MARIANA MONIZ | MICHELLE KUEI

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Figure 5 Transportation map of the area at Royal Docks

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Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix TERM 2 | REFURBISHING THE CITY | RESEARCH & DESIGN | ANTONIO ALMEIDA | ARTURO REYES | MARIANA MONIZ | MICHELLE KUEI

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Figure 6 Different uses around the site

TERM 2 | REFURBISHING THE CITY | RESEARCH & DESIGN ANTONIO ARTURO MARIANA MONIZ | MICHELLE KUEI Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change ||Site Studies | ALMEIDA Master Plan || Gym | Cafe |REYES Housing || Appendix

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Royal Docks Census Data The Royal Docks has around 60% of its population employed, including working-students and according to the projections of 2050 that number will rise (Figure 7). The population of this site is primarily between 30-59 followed by young adults of 20-29 years of age and under 16. There’s a small percentage that include the elders and students between 16-19 years of age. (Figure 8) There is an equal balance of the sexes being 50% male and 50% female (Figure 10).

It was important for the team to know what was the number of households in the site and we learned that 45.5% reside in a terrace accommodation followed by flats with 41.5%. Detached and semidetaches residences are less preferred by the occupants of the Royal Docks (Figure 9).

Figure 7 Economic Activity (ages between 16-74) (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

Figure 8 Resident Age (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com) 18

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Figure 9 £’s and number of households (%) (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

Figure 10 Population at Royal Docks (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

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Silvertown Census Data The team then decided to look at Silvertown, since that it the location of our project to have a better understanding of that community.

In this location there are 374 residents, being 172 male and 202 female (Figure 12) with 139 households to accommodate the 374 residents with an average household size of 2.7 (Figure 11) with a population density of 10.1 people per hectare in a 37ha area (Figure 13).

At Sivertown, the total number of employed residents if 208 where the majority is working full-time and the number of unemployed is 24 (Figure 14). Acording to Figure 15, there are 62 residents that are economically inactive, most of them being students.

Silvertwon is a very industrial area. The majority of the industrial sectors are for wholesale and retail trade, followed by accommodation and food services, education as well as financial and insurance activities. (Figure 18) The team believes that the future will rely more on public transportation and walking, so we felt a need to see what was the car or van availability in the area. On Figure 19, we can see that the majority of the residents do not own a car followed by just one car in a household. So, it was concluded that the community relies on public transportation and that will be good according to the projections of the future.

Figure 12 Sex of occupants (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com) 20

Figure 11 Key Statistics (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

Figure 13 Population Density (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

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Figure 14 Economic Activity: Economically Active (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

Figure 16 Accomodation Type (Households) (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

Figure 17 Economic Activity in all categories (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com) Figure 15 Economic Activity: Economically Inactive (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

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Figure 18 Industry (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

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Figure 19 Car or Van Availability (Source: www.ukcensusdata.com)

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Weather Data & Climate Change

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Weather Data Analysis PRESENT The weather data selected for the analysis of the project was obtained from the station located at London City Airport, using the Meteonorm and weather tools, making possible the obtention of yearly values for wind (Figure 22) , solar radiation, daily temperatures etc. That enabled us to stablish the Adaptive Thermal Confort Band specific to the site (Figure 21) and to assess the future performance of the buildings through simulation. The overall weather conditions of the site follow London’s general conditions with the known seasonal variations in solar radiation, rain and wind speed, all of this elements were taken into consideration for the design proposals developed.

London CIty Airport Yearly Temperature + Comfort Band 35

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Figure 21 Adaptive Confort Band Present. After Fergus and Nikol.

Figure 22 Predominant Winds Present. Source: Ecotect/Meteonorm.

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eptember

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Weather Data Analysis 2050 Predictions for weather conditions for the year 2050 were also obtained from Meteonorm/Weather tool (Figure 23, Figure 24), which show an increase in temperature that could reach 3 degrees C. This information was taken into consideration for the design process to offer adaptable strategies to manage that increase.

London CIty Airport Yearly Temperature + Comfort Band 35

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Figure 23 Adaptive Confort Band 2050. After Fergus and Nikol.

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Figure 24 Predominant Winds 2050. Source: Ecotect/Meteonorm.

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Site Studies

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Our Site Our site is located in Silvertown, on the north side of Pontoon Dock Station of the DLR, south from Millenium Mills building and West from Britania Village. In the site, where during the 2012 Olympic Games, the Pleasure Gardens, a leisure park to complement the activities of the Excel conventions centre Located on the north side behind Millenium Mills across from the Royal Victoria Dock. (Figure 25).

Figure 25 Overview of the Site Research | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Building Form | Thermal & Visual Comfort | Performance Indicators | Analytic Work

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Solar and Wind Conditions Winair tool for Ecotect was used to identify the wind conditions of the site which showed a predominant South-West direction with overall velocities of about 1.5m/s, (Figure 29) and the Shadowing daily patterns from 9 am to 5 pm were also extracted from Ecotect for representative dates.(Figure 26 to Figure 28).

Figure 29 Winair simulation. Source: Ecotect.

Figure 26 Shadow Dec, 21 9:00-17:00. Source: Ecotect.

Figure 27 Shadow March, 21 9:00-17:00. Source: Ecotect.

Figure 28 Shadow June, 21 9:00-17:00. Source: Ecotect.

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Our Site Spot Measurements (Figure 30)

Figure 30 Spot Measurements of the Area

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P.E.T. Calculations (Figure 31)

Figure 31 PET calculations.

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London 2050 London is 2050, will have a major growth in population reaching 11.3 million inhabitants, which is an increse of 37% from 2010 (Figure 32).

The impact of the population growth will allow for accommodation outside London and it will make public transportation more croweded

Figure 32 Projection of growth of inhabitants by 2050 (Source: GLA Intelligence Unit)

Figure 33 Projection of person per hectare of residential land by 2050 (Source: Transport for London) Assuming current policies continue (These are in the London Plan which includes matrices of permitted development densities) 34

Figure 34 Projection of person per hectare of residential land by 2050 (Source: Transport for London) Increasing densities in locations with good public transport access

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Figure 35 High density radial links to Central London by 2050 (Source: Transport for London) Impact of the populaiton growth being accomodated outside London, and linked by improved radial rail. Exporting some of London’s growth to other parts of the Southeast could help regenerate these areas

Figure 36 Surface water flooding 2014 assessment (Source: Environment Agency) 16% of London is built on the protected flood plains of our rivers.

Flood risk will increase as our climate changes. Flood defenses need to be invested in for the next generation

Figure 37 Projection for public transportation by 2050 (Source: Transport for London) Public transport will become increasingly croweded and more spending will be needed. More than four people per m2

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Master Plan

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2. Master Plan This Master Plan (Figure 41) programme is originates from two different backgrounds. On one hand two students focused their first term project on outdoor spaces and pavilions. On the other hand, two other students focused their first term research in housing apartments.

The aim of this project is to combine both learnings of the first term research in one single project.

2.1 Observation

One of the main purpose of this project is to have a green space in the center and develop the project around it. The team decided to go to a park in London and analyse the activities and life style during the day (Figure 39). Clapham Park (Figure 40) was selected and we started a period of observation to find out which people occupied the park during different hours of the day. These observations allowed us to define the target of our site (Figure 38). This observation allowed us to understand the diversity of people that may occupy our project and that the students and young adults are the majority of occupants in the park.

Figure 38 Table of Clapham Park visitors

Figure 39 Sports in Clapham

Figure 40 Clapham Park top view Source: Google Earth

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Location

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LONDON 51.50ยบ N -0.50ยบ E Access A - Pontoon Dock DRL Station B - Britannia Village C - Excel London

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2.2 Programme

The programme of this project consists of a outdoor wooden path, with controlled wind and light, which is fulfilled by a several number of experiences and sensations that end on a student housing (Figure 42).

The path is developed in its length by different inclinations of louvers and roofs, which generate rhythm and different situations for people to adapt (Figure 43). The first stop of the path is one protected zone to drop off the bike. This area is placed next to the first building: the silo.

The existing structure is a classified building with just a few windows in the facade. The team decide to choose a program for students and the community that fits with these characteristics, such as a grocery store, cinema, multipurpose rooms, top floor restaurant, etc. After passing the silo the visitors will arrive at the Outdoor Gym. This structure consists in a sequence of pavilions with different types of exercises. In the middle of these pavilions it is possible to find a quiet interior garden, for people that prefer to read or to relax. In the middle of the path, it is proposed a cafe. This equipment is an important element to connect people and to service the gym and the pool. Close to the cafe it is possible to access the pool and the outdoor showers. This facility also provides a relaxing zone, south oriented, with umbrellas to protect from solar radiation. Lastly, we have a play area with Ping-Pong tables and subsequently the path ends with a student housing building with 60 rooms and colective living rooms.

Complementary to the path, the team decided to create three other zones. The first zone, located in the south entrance, shaped by “green dunes� to protect from the wind and create a new dynamic landscape.

In addition, we designed a concrete zone with tennis courts for students and external visitors. Finally, and as it was observed in Clapham Park, the team decided to leave a grass area in the centre, which can be used during the day by schools to practice football, rugby and cricket and in the afternoon by students and adults.

Figure 42 Masterplan Programme

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2.3 Alternative Paths The team proposes a dynamic wooden path to access our programme, but also provides different alternatives for people to choose. It is aimed that people can experience the main path, and at the same time have the freedom to change and come back from other alternatives ones. It is provided three other paths: The green path, the water path and the concrete path (Figure 43).

Figure 43 Masterplan Paths

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Outdoor Gym

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3. Outdoor Gym The “Outdoor Gym” is composed by light wooden structures connected to the main path presented in the previous chapter. These structures aim to provide outdoor comfort in fitness activities and attract people that usually go to the typical enclosed gyms to these new outdoor equipments.

Nowadays, the main alternatives to typical enclosed gyms are park gyms (Figure 44), which do not offer any type of specific protection. These park gyms are normally exposed to climate conditions and do not take into consideration the different seasons of the year. In what concerns physical exercise, it’s important to keep in mind that each exercise has a different metabolic rate and requires a specific microclimate to achieve outdoor comfort. The main questions raised by these design facilities are: (i) how to achieve outdoor comfort during the practice of fitness exercises in a London climate?; and (ii) how can adaptive strategies and flexible structures at a small scale provide outdoor comfort to fitness practitioners across the year? These questions will be properly answered in the design form.

3.1 Precedents The first step before starting the design process of the outdoor gym was Figure 44 Traditionelle Outdoor Gym Source: www.elgt.org.uk to look into the precedents studies and designs.

The London Pier Gazebo (Figure 46) is an open program structure, mainly used as a place to take photographs of the views and to find protection against rain. The conclusions of the study demonstrate the importance of urban surroundings, especially for southern facing (the gazebo is not shaded only in the summer). In addition, the wind analysis allowed to conclude that openings in all four sides of the gazebo had a high susceptibility to wind and rain.

The second example studied was the Vauxhall “gazebos“ (Figure 45).

This project aimed to solve several problems, namely: the intensity of solar radiation, which is annoying during hot warm periods; the excessive radiation during late hours; the lack of connection in different zones of the park; and the turbulence created by southwest wind. Some of these problems were also identified in our Outdoor Gym project. The strategies applied in the Vauxhall “gazebos“ study were the following: rotating vertical panels with semi-transparent materials to filter excessive radiation during late hours; rotating panels facing west to protect from the wind to offer more possibilities both in warm and cold periods; use gazebos in different spots to connect different zones of the park.

Figure 46 City of London Pier Gazebo

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Figure 45 Source: Living and Working Outdoors, Vauxhall - AA SED 2013

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3.2 Observation After studding the precedent work and learning from their conclusions, we started the observation process. The objective was to identify how people used the gazebos and which places were chosen to practice sports. To perform the observation process, the team selected the Clapham Park, since this is a flat park (as is the site of the project) and is used for different activities. In the gazebo observation (Figure 47), we found that parents and their children felt protected underneath the structure and that people enjoyed to practice exercises near the gazebo.

In a second observation (Figure 48), we concluded that the path near the water was the most used one. According to our analysis, families and casual athletes tend to feel more confortable walking in this environment.

To complete the observation process, we interviewed a personal trainer to better understand the requirements for fitness practice in outdoor spaces such as this. The team want to find out the needs of cardio fitness and the perfect conditions to practice it.

Figure 47 Clapham Park ouverlayer - Gazebo

Figure 48 Clapham Park ouverlayer - Water path

3.3 Materials The main material used in our Outdoor Gym structures was wood (Figure 49). As we studied in previous works, this material has a positive psychological impact in the perception of outdoor comfort. In addition, wooden structures are warmer than other materials normally used in these outdoor facilities, such as concrete and metal. Indeed, with a wooden structure it is possible to increase the naturalness of the space.

The louvers (Figure 50) of each gym pavilion were also made of wood and have a manual system to give users the flexibility they need to adapt to the climate. On the roof of each gym, a glass screen protected by louvers was placed(Figure 51); this design strategy will provide lighter ambience inside the pavilion when the louvers are nearly closed, avoiding a dark atmosphere. Furthermore, they will also serve as a protection from rain and other undesired climate situations.

Figure 49 Wooden structure

Figure 50 Louvers Source: www.archiexpo.

Figure 51 Roof glass screen Source: hzyongjin.en

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3.4 Gym Plan Having studied how gyms work, and using precedents learnings, the goal now was to develop a gym with the required exercises, and set the gym as an independent path across the main path.

In our Outdoor Gym (Figure 52), athletes can do several exercises, such as weightlifting, biking and rowing, and there are outdoor platforms for users to use as they like (Figure 53).

The gym path is strategically organized to allow for a complete training and each gym pavilion is placed in a key point to ensure that the athletes can change from one to another in less then 50 seconds. As it is possible to see in the next section, the dimensions of each gym pavilion were carefully chosen to create a microclimate inside and to welcome small groups of athletes. Each pavilion is composed by two to five gym machines to do the same exercise. Users can start at the beginning of the proposed sequence of exercises, can choose their own order or simply practice randomly. Across the gym path, in order to achieve psychological comfort, the pavilions are surrounded by water and vegetation. Benches are also provided, for users to take a rest.

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Figure 53 Outdoor Gym plan

Figure 52 Gym location

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3.5 Gym design Taking into consideration the learnings from the previous sub-chapters, we moved forward to the gym design. The aim of this design, as mentioned earlier, was to achieve outdoor comfort in fitness practice across the year. The first strategy was to place relatively opaque panels to control the entrance of west winds inside the gym. The second was to select the size of each pavilion; sizes were selected to grant the necessary space for different types of exercises and, at the same time, to create a microclimate inside each pavilion. Lastly, to avoid a dark ambiance inside the structure and to protect from adverse climate conditions, glass screens, protected by louvers, were used for the roof.

(Figure 54) These strategies seek to allow users to adapt to dockland climate. To help in this adaptation, we provide guidelines along the floors, for example, explaining how louvers should be turned and positioned at different hours and in different seasons (Figure 55). These guidelines were written taking into account studies presented later in this chapter.

Figure 54 Outdoor Gym 3D Renders Figure 55 Louvers guidelines

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3.5 Performance of Gym and Comfort Analysis

To test the performance of the aforementioned design strategies, the team used multiple simulations, so as to achieve the desired wind inside the gym pavilion in the different exercise zones. We selected the simulations that offered the correct angle for louvers across the year, so as to obtain outdoor comfort during the exercise all along. In this subchapter we present the test runs we performed in three different gym pavilions, which correspond to three exercises: weightlifting (metabolic rate 3); biking (metabolic rate 8) and rowing (metabolic rate 5.2). the team performed the test runs to test the outdoor comfort of practitioners while exercising in hot, cold and mid seasons, taking into consideration the appropriate clothing for each period of the year. We present our tests below.

Figure 57 3d Render of weightlifting interior pavilion

Figure 56 Weightlifting Plan 48

Figure 58 Summer 10 August at 6pm - Angle 60 - Source: (Ecotec v5)

Figure 59 Thermal Comfort - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

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3.5.1 Weightlifting (Metabolic Rate 3) This pavilion has the lowest metabolic rate of the three examples (Figure 57). The two machine areas are exposed to multiple louvers orientation. As we can extract from the simulations, on the summer the most adequate louver orientation to achieve neutral comfort (Figure 59) during the exercise is around 60ยบ (Figure 58). On the other hand, in mid seasons the angle should be around 45ยบ (Figure 60) (Figure 61).

Finally, in the winter the louvers should be closed (180ยบ) (Figure 62) (Figure 63) to avoid wind completely and achieve outdoor conform during the practice of weightlifting (Figure 64).

Figure 60 Angle 45 - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (Ecotec v5)

Figure 61 Thermal Comfort - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

Figure 62 Angle 180 -Winter 10 November at 6pm. Source: Ecotec v5)

Figure 63 Thermal Comfort - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

Figure 64 Weightlifting metabolic rate 3

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3.5.2 Biking (Metabolic Rate 8) Biking has the highest metabolic rate of the three examples (Figure 65).

The five machines (Figure 66) are exposed to multiple louvers orientation. As it is possible to extract from the simulations, it is very dificult to achieve neutral confor. However it is possible to minimise the warmer state. Both summer season (Figure 67) and mid season (Figure 69) have a similar wind requierments (1.2 m/s and 1.1 m/s)(Figure 68)(Figure 70). With a louver orientation angle around 120ยบ, it is possible to archive slightly warm confort during the exercise in both seasons. On the other hand, on winter season whem the louvers are oriented with an angle of 105ยบ (Figure 71) (Figure 72) is possible to archive neutral confort in the top of the machine during the exercise (Figure 73).

Figure 66 3d Render biking interior pavilion

Figure 65 Biking Plan 50

Figure 67 Angle 120 - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (Ecotec v5)

Figure 68 Thermal Comfort - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

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Figure 69 Angle 120 - Mid Season 10 April at 6pm - Source: Ecotec v5

Figure 70 Thermal Comfort - Mid Season 10 April at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

Figure 71 Angle 105 - Winter 10 November at 6pm. Source: Ecotec v5)

Figure 72 Thermal Comfort - Winter 10 November at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

Figure 73 Biking metabolic rate 8

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3.5.3 Rowing (Metabolic Rate 5.2)

This pavilion has a metabolic rate of 5.2 (rowing) (Figure 82). The three machine (Figure 75) areas are exposed to multiple louvers orientation (Figure 74). As we can extract from the simulations, on the summer is dificult to achieve wind values of 1.4m/s, however it is possible to have wind of 1.1m/s. With 75ยบ louvers orientation (Figure 77) users will be between slightly warm to neutral comfort during the exercise (Figure 76). On the other hand, in mid seasons (Figure 78) and winter (Figure 80) the requierd wind value inside the pavilion to archive neutral confort is very similar (0.8m/s and 0.7 m/s). The louvers should be oriented in 105ยบ (Figure 79) (Figure 81). It is also possible to observe that, in both cases one of the machines will not preform as well as the other two.

Figure 75 3d Render of rowing interior pavilion

Figure 74 Rowing Plan 52

Figure 76 Angle 75 - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (Ecotec v5)

Figure 77 Thermal Comfort - Summer 10 August at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

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Figure 78 Angle 105 - Mid Season 10 April at 6pm - Source: Ecotec v5

Figure 79 Thermal Comfort - Mid Season 10 April at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

Figure 80 Angle 105 - Winter 10 November at 6pm. Source: Ecotec v5)

Figure 81 Thermal Comfort - Winter 10 November at 6pm. Source: (CBE)

Figure 82 Rowing metabolic rate 5.2

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Cafe

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4. Cafe 4.1. Overview of the Cafe The team felt strongly about creating a space that could provide services for the pool, outdoor gyms and for those visiting the park, therefore there was a need to create a cafe area. This structure will provide a quick grab-and-go bar with indoor and outdoor seating, as well as restrooms ans showers for the visitors.

Severeal tests and designs were studied and simulated (For more information on those tests please refere to the appendix).

The cafe is intended to be interpreted as an indoor space during the winter, when it would be almost completely enclosed and outdoor space during the summer, where the glazing areas would be open creating a more outdoor feel to the space.

The Figure 84 shows the location of the cafe on the masterplan and the Figure 83 is a more detailed image of the floor plan.

Figure 85 shows how the shadow during Winter and Summer Solstices hit the building at 15h00.

Figure 83 Floorplan of the cafe Figure 84 Location of the Cafe

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Figure 85 Rendered images showing shadow during winter and summer solistices

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4. Cafe 4.2. Precedent Study The project called “Living and working outdoors, vauxhall, London” from AA SED 2013 was studied and the design was taken into consideration when designing our cafe (Figure 86).

The previous team had found that their location and orientation on the site may overheat during summer months, losses of heat during the winter if too much glass is used and may have a high wind speed due to lack of obstructions, which was very similar to our site.

These concerns were taken into consideration when placing our cafe on the site and masterplan.

The previous team concluded that good directionality and size of windows as well as shading devices would help with the overheating and heat loss problems. Their pavilion has a movable glass wall that would separate the left side of the structure forming smaller spaces in the cool period (Figure 87). The lower side of the roof is retractable to allow for solar access to provide warmth inside the space during the winter. One way the group found to resolve the problem of the wind speed was by sinking the structure just enough to avoid the wind gusts.

The findings and understandings from this previous student project were very deeply thought about and helped the performance of the cafe that we are presenting.

Figure 86 Axon (Source: “Design of outdoor spaces:Vauxhall, London” AA SED Project 2013)

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Figure 87 Axon diagram of materials considered (Source: “Design of outdoor spaces:Vauxhall, London” AA SED Project 2013)

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4. Cafe 4.3. Analytic Studies The cafe is a free running building, with the versatility of opening the glazing areas to provide a better comfort for the indoors.

The bathrooms natural light comes from the windows located on the roof, allowing for the occupants to open and close it as they need, permitting that way cross ventilation (Figure 90).

Because of its window to floor ratio of 85%, there was a need to set the windows to open when the dry-bulb temperature reaches 22oC both in the winter and summer, allowing this way a very comfortable temperature inside all year round.

(Figure 89), shows the U-Values that were used for all the simulations.

On (Figure 91), we can see how the louvers on the east facade operate.

During the night they are meant to be located infront of the glazing area, in order to protect the space from undesired solar gains that happen during sunrise, and during the day it should be pushed back to allow the occupants to have a view to the water.

There’s an occupancy schedule set from 10h00 to 20h00 with an average occupancy of 40 people.

Figure 90 Section showing cross-ventilation 60

Figure 88 Shaded section (Winter Solistice - 21.12.2014)

Figure 89 Section showing the Surfaces U-Values

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Figure 91 Diagram of the operability of the louvers on the East Facade

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Figure 92 Exploded Axon of the Cafe

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4. Cafe 4.3. Analytic Studies As mentioned earlier, the cafe went through a series of simulations including Useful Daylight Illumination and Daylight Autonomy (Figure 93).

The cafe area has a Mean Daylight Autonomy of 74.26% of time occupied for (Daylight Autonomy) and 67.60% of time occupied (for Useful Daylight Illumination)

Figure 93 Illumination Simulations (Source: DIVA-for-Rhino)

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4. Cafe 4.3. Analytic Studies When running the simulations the team took in consideration how it will respond in 2050.

The cafe has a good response in terms of thermal comfort during the summer, as it can be seen on Figure 95 and Figure 97 as well as on Figure 100 and Figure 102.

The team is designed this project to respond to the future, and by taking that into consideration, the way the cafe was designed will respond very well with the increase d temperature of 2050. (Refere to Figure 94 and Figure 96 as well as Figure Figure 99 and Figure 101 for that comparison).

The team believes that this design is able to accommodate to future climate changes, giving this structure a longer longevity in terms of life time.

Figure 94 Temperature graph of a Typical Winter Week (2011) (Source: TAS)

Figure 96 Temperature graph of a Typical Winter Day (01.20.2011) (Source: TAS)

Figure 95 Temperature graph of a Typical Summer Week (2011) (Source: TAS)

Figure 97 Temperature graph of a Typical Summer Day (07.07.2011) (Source: TAS)

Comfort Band based on 2011 weather data (meteonorm)

2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011

Month Ave. T-­‐out T-­‐comf upper limit lower limit January 5 20.45 23.45 17.45 February 4.92 20.4236 23.4236 17.4236 March 7 21.11 24.11 18.11 April 8.54 21.6182 24.6182 18.6182 May 12.43 22.9019 25.9019 19.9019 June 15.11 23.7863 26.7863 20.7863 July 18.03 24.7499 27.7499 21.7499 August 17.53 24.5849 27.5849 21.5849 September 14.7 23.651 26.651 20.651 October 11.11 22.4663 25.4663 19.4663 Novermber 7.66 21.3278 24.3278 18.3278 December 8.18 21.4994 24.4994 18.4994

2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011

January February March April May June July August September October Novermber December

Comfort Band 18-­‐24 18-­‐24 19-­‐25 20-­‐26 20-­‐26 21-­‐27 22-­‐28 22-­‐28 21-­‐27 21-­‐27 19-­‐25 18-­‐24

T-­‐comf = 0.33* Ave. T-­‐out + 18.8

Figure 98 Comfort Band based on 2011 weather data (Sourse: meteonorm) 64

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Figure 99 Temperature graph of a Typical Winter Week (2050) (Source: TAS)

Figure 101 Temperature graph of a Typical Winter Day (01.20.2050) (Source: TAS) Comfort Band based on 2050 weather data (meteonorm)

Figure 100 Temperature graph of a Typical Summer Week (2050) (Source: TAS)

2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050

Month Ave. T-­‐out T-­‐comf upper limit lower limit January 6.4 20.912 23.912 17.912 February 6.3 20.879 23.879 17.879 March 8.24 21.5192 24.5192 18.5192 April 9.57 21.9581 24.9581 18.9581 May 13.64 23.3012 26.3012 20.3012 June 16.23 24.1559 27.1559 21.1559 July 19.51 25.2383 28.2383 22.2383 August 19.12 25.1096 28.1096 22.1096 September 16.19 24.1427 27.1427 21.1427 October 12.51 22.9283 25.9283 19.9283 Novermber 8.99 21.7667 24.7667 18.7667 December 7.58 21.3014 24.3014 18.3014

2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050 2050

January February March April May June July August September October Novermber December

Comfort Band 18-­‐24 18-­‐24 19-­‐25 20-­‐26 20-­‐26 21-­‐27 22-­‐28 22-­‐28 21-­‐27 21-­‐27 19-­‐25 18-­‐24

T-­‐comf = 0.33* Ave. T-­‐out + 18.8

Figure 102 Temperature graph of a Typical Summer Day (07.07.2050) (Source: TAS) Figure 103 Comfort Band based on 2050 weather data (Sourse: meteonorm)

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4. Cafe 4.3. Analytic Studies

There maybe times when the temperatures go above 22oC, but when that happens the windows will gradually open in order to keep a comfortable temperature indoors. (Figure 106 and Figure 107).

The windows will open gradually, eventually reaching 100% opening.

There are vents on all of the glazed areas that are open 24hrs, and this is to prevent overheating during the night and sunrise times.

Due to the the window to floor ratio of 85%, there was a termendous concern about it overheating (Figure Figure 106 Aperture Flow In graph of a Typical Winter Week (2011) (Source: TAS) 104 and Figure 105) or having to much glare, therefore louvers were added to the East, South and West facades at 30o to protect the indoor space as well as double low-e glass on all of the glazed surfaces.

Figure 104 Solar Gains graph of a Typical Winter Week (2011) (Source: TAS)

The louvers play a very important role in the desing of the cafe. The occupant would be able to operate them so that a better comfort can be achieved according to the occupants needs. This interaction between human and building is very important and it can be seen throughout the entire project.

The approach for 2050 is the same as is if it was 2011. The windows would still be set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 22oC, so it will not compromise the indoor comfort (Figure 108 and Figure 109).

Figure 107 Aperture Flow In graph of a Typical Summer Week (2011) (Source: TAS) 66

Figure 105 Solar Gains graph of a Typical Summer Week (2011) (Source: TAS)

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Figure 108 Solar Gains graph of a Typical Winter Week (2050) (Source: TAS)

Figure 110 Aperture Flow In graph of a Typical Winter Week (2050) (Source: TAS)

Figure 109 Solar Gains graph of a Typical Summer Week (2050) (Source: TAS)

Figure 111 Aperture Flow In graph of a Typical Summer Week (2050) (Source: TAS)

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4. Cafe 4.3. Analytic Studies The parameters used for the simulations in terms of internal gains can be found on Figure 117 as well as the appliances schedules on Figure 118.

As it was mentioned before, the building is free-running, therefore it relies only on the internal and solar gains to provide heating for the space. Most of the gains are generated by the occupants, and by creating an enjoyable space, we can guarantee that it will be occuppied for most of the time. During the summer (Figure 114) there’s a higher number of Solar Gains than in the winter (Figure 112), which is very important to understand. That was one of the reasons that drove the team to introduce vents and operable windows.

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Comparing to 2050, what changes the most is the Solar Gains. The future of London is expected to have higher solar gains and a increase in temperature both in winter and summer. Lighting and Equipment Gains stay the same. (Figure 115 and Figure 116)

Figure 113 Internal Gains graph of a Typical Week (Source: TAS)

Figure 112 Internal Gains graph of a Typical Winter Day (01.20.2011) (Source: TAS)

Figure 114 Internal Gains graph of a Typical Summer Day (07.07.2011) (Source: TAS)

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Figure 117 Internal Conditions

Figure 118 Appliance Schedule

Figure 115 Internal Gains graph of a Typical Winter Day (01.20.2050) (Source: TAS)

Figure 116 Internal Gains graph of a Typical Summer Day (07.07.2050) (Source: TAS)

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Housing

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Introduction The growing educational demand of the city of London requires also housing for all the local and international students coming to the city each year. The Mayor of London’s office established the Mayor’s Academic Forum in 2011 to address the necessity to provide Student Housing without compromising the present house stock which many times gets overcrowded by students increasing rent prices.

The mentioned document gives figures of a total of full-time students PhD and Undergraduate between 2011 and 2012 of 343,124 students, and predicts on the lowest scenario a population of 484,515 students by 2026 with annual increments of 9,436 students.

With this numbers and the proximity to our site of the East London University, The Royal Greenwich University Tech London and the Ravensbourne Design and Communication College, as well as the personal experience of the team members who are aware of the high pricing of the rents and the difficulty to find appropriate accommodation, it can be concluded that the proposal of student housing as an anchor for the success of the scheme would benefit the entire project.

Precedents from previous SED projects are analysed in (Figure 119).

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Precedents Urbanest Student Accommodation AA SED Term 1 Project

Student Accomodation in Howland Street AA SED Term 2 Project

The Brunswich Centre AA SED Term 1 Project 2013

Problem

Solution

Research Questions

Glare due to high window to floor ratio.

Shading devices

Which is the optimal window to floor ratio?

Lack os addaptive opportunities lead to high energy consuption

Allow users more control over the building

What kind of environmental device allows users acceptable levels of control

Large heat losses during Winter due to large glazing

Reducing window to floor ratio

Brining in more sunlight without having large amount of glazing area.

South facing structure for better solar access

Is south a desirable orientation for student housing?

Over heating problems during summer

Small single person units separated from the kitchen to avoid peak in temperature due to cooking.

Cross ventilated spaces.

Is it thermally effective is to separate the kitchen from the rooms?

Better heated units for winter Reducing room area to reduce heat losses.

Having small glazing areas in the bed room to avoid heat losses, and larger glazing areas in common space to bring more light and solar gain.

Which is the optimal window to floor ratio for student housing?

Is it effective to reduce the size of the rooms?

Uneven daylight distribution, Glare problems in living room because of the skylight

Kitchen partition removed Light shelf installed to bring more light in the kitchen

How well does light shelf works?

Over heating due to large amount of glazing area

Blinds and moveable louvers installed to control the amount of sunlight coming into the flat for summer.

Badly insulated roofs and single glazing resulting heat losses and heat gain

Materials changed for better insulation

Will the blinds and louver be enough to prevent overheating in the summer?

How does the orientation of skylight influence the heat losses and heat gains indoor?

SUMMER WINTER DAYLIGHT

Figure 119 Chart. Problems, Solutions and Research Questions from relevant precedents.

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Questionnaire The team questioned 60 students living in London to respond to a survey about their accommodations. The purpose was to find out the most common types of accommodation and how tese respond to the student’s daily behaviour.

The responses were all given by full-time students where, closely to 80% are Master’s students, 20% are PhD students and a small percentage is undergraduates, as represented on Figure 121.

It’s clear, from Figure 122, that the most common accommodation is the shared/flat type, followed by student accommodation buildings.

In order for the team to have a better perception of the students’ lifestyle, they were asked if they usually go to school on the weekends, to which 63% said yes (please refere to Figure 120) The time graphs (Figure 123 to Figure 126), represent the times during the week when students are at school or at home. Most students arrive at school between 8h30 and 11h and leave after 15h30. Those that go to school on the weekends prefere to go a little later and leave earlier.

Figure 121 In what level of education are you currently enrolled in?

Figure 120 Do you usually go to school on the weekends?

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Figure 122 In what level of education are you currently enrolled in?

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Figure 123 At what time... (on weekends) - Go home?

Figure 125 At what time... (on weekends) - Go to school?

Figure 124 At what time do you usually go to school and back home on weekdays? - Go Home

Figure 126 At what time do you usually go to school and back home on weekdays? - Go to School

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Figure 127 If you share a house/flat. How many people do you share

Figure 129 If you share a house/flat. How mane people do you share

Figure 128 Do you have and idea of the area of your room?

Figure 130 Do you have an idea of the area of your room in m2?

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The most commons accommodations are either individual housing or shared between 2 to 5 people (Figure 129). There wsa a very low number of people that share with more than 9 persons. 40 people responded to this qeustions, and those that skipped it were assumed as living independently (Figure 127) The team wanted to know if the occupants were aware of the size of their bedrooms in m2, so that we could have a better understanting of what is common and how that can influence the future design (Figure 128). The most popular answer according to Figure 130 was between 11m2 and 20m2 followed by 0m2 to 10m2 (more specifically between 5m2 to 10m2) In order to better understand the importance of communal areas including kitchen and living areas, the team asked “how much time to you spend in communal areas...�. The response was not surprising due to the occupation of the people of answered it. Most people have access to a kitchen, living and laundry room which are only occupied between 30min to 3 hours a day (Figure 132).

Figure 131 How much time do you spend in communal areas everyday including kitchen

and living?

Figure 132 How much time do you spend in communal areas everyday including kitchen and living?

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Figure 133 Besides your room and bathroom to which of these spaces or services do you have access to?

Only a very small percentage has access to more luxurious spaces such as gym, communal areas and terraces. (Figure 133) Finally, the group asked how the occupants felt overall, about their living accommodations and it seems that most of the students are happy with their living arrangements. (Figure 134).

Figure 134 On a scale from 1 to 10 how satisfied are you with your accommodation?

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Building Form The shaping of the Studio Unit (Figure 135) proposed for the Student acomodation building responds to the idea of the inclusion of PV panels in the facade, giving them the best performing orientation to south and tilting the front wall 45 degrees starting from a height of 2.20m, , (Figure 136) another key element is the design of the windows that responds to sun trajectorie through the day along the building and its occupancy schedules (from 12am to 10am and from 6pm to 12am) obtained from the survey previously described. The one on the south (Figure 137) facade with a South-East orientation in order to let the mornig sun in before students depart to school, and the back window (Figure 138) with a North-West orientation to admit afternoon sun at the return of the students during winter.

A preliminary run of Daylight Autonomy (Figure 139) was performed using radiance to test the effectiveness of this strategyv. Obtaining levels avobe 75% percent of time occupied on both windows were the kitchen is proposed in the South-East one and the study space at the North West one. Further studies will be done to assess the thermal performance of this scheme.

% Occupied Hours 0

Figure 135 Studio Unit. South.

Figure 136 Tilting of the wall 45ÂŞ

Figure 137 Morning Window SE.

Figure 138 Afternoon Window NW.

31

75

17 33 50 67 83

78

55

88

100

Unit Figure 139 DA. 200Lx. Always occupied.

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Base Case Unit A theoretical unit and living room were proposed as a start point for the thermal and visual comfort studies to be carried out using TAS. As can be seen in (Figure 143) the resultant temperatures for the typical summer week rise as soon as the users get in the room and start using the equipment causing overheating at some points when the external temperature gets higher, making evident the need for a more effective natural ventilation strategy, while during the night the temperature drops and stays in the comfort zone until mid-day of the next day when solar gains get higher. On the other hand during the typical winter week (Figure 144)the temperature stays out of the comfort zone due to the drops in outdoor temperature during the night and the lack of internal gains during the day. Internal gains are described in (Figure 145), and the materials listed in (Figure 140).

Living Room The base case livingroom due to its highly glazed area, its inadequate distribution to south and north and the lack of shading devices in the south facade presents overheating over 40 degrees during the summer (Figure 150) and temperatures below 10 degrees for long periods of time and overheating in some peak periods when solar radiation get unusually high during winter (Figure 151).Internal gains are described in (Figure 149), and the materials listed in (Figure 148).

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Units Base Case Unit Size: 21m² W/F Ratio: 28% Windows Distribution: 60% S. 40% N Occupancy: 1 Person

Materials Use in TAS Double Glazed Windows U-Value: 2.85

Euipment Gains: LED Lights: 240 W/ Day

Insulated External Wall U-Value: 0.11

Equipments: Tv Cell phone Hair dryer Computer Total: 1006.17 Wh/ Day Figure 145 Gains

Pontoon Dock Promenade and Housing

Notes

Metal Frame U-Value: 2.3

2015/03/18

Insulated Metal Door U-Value: 2.15 Wood Interior Floor U-Value: 0.15

Scale Date

1:20 DATE

Darwing

Unit Base Case Plan Drawing Number

Insulated Roof U-Value: 0.28 Figure 140 U-Values

1

Figure 141 Section cut.

Unit Base Case Plan

1

Figure 142 Section

Figure 143 Typical summer week Occupancy Hours

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Figure 144 Typical winter week

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Living Area Base Case 2015/03/18

Materials Use in TAS Double Glazed Windows U-Value: 2.85

Living Area Size: 28m² W/F Ratio: 50% Windows Distribution: 57% S. 43% N Occupancy: 3 People

Metal Frame U-Value: 2.3

Pontoon Dock Promenade and Housing

Insulated External Wall U-Value: 0.11 Insulated Metal Door U-Value: 2.15 Scale Date

Euipment Gains: LED Lights: 240 W/ Day 1:30 DATE

Darwing

Wood Interior FloorLiving Space Section U-Value: 0.15

Notes

Drawing Number

3

Figure 146 Elevator.

Figure 147 Section.

Living Space Section

Figure 148 U-Values

Insulated Roof U-Value: 0.28

Equipments: Tv Coffee Maker Total: 2000 Wh/ Day

3

Figure 149 Gains

2015/03/22

Figure 150 Summer week Occupancy Hours

Figure 151 Winter week

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Building Form (Figure 152) and (Figure 153) show the spatial distribution of the Student Housinfg Buildings.

Figure 152 Spatial Diagram.

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Communal living area Total of 30 rooms

Student housing (studios) Total of 60 units

Common Hall Ground Floor Retail Space

Service areas (Reception, Laundry Facilities, Mail Room, Rubbish Room)

Ground Floor Retail Space

Figure 153 Spatial Diagram.

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Illuminance Yearly analysis.

Illuminance studies where carried out through radiance for a typical unit and livingroom. (Figure 160) shows a typical plan for one floor of the west block of units and the localization of the spaces analized.

Yearly values for Useful Daylight Illuminance between 100-2000 Lx, considering the spaces always occuppied to assess the light conditions througout the day were obtained showing results ranging from 23 to 40% of time occupied as can be seen in (Figure 154), Daylight Atonomy was calculated as well (Figure 155) with a target of 200 Lx with the same occupancy as UDI, resulting on values from 18 to 44% of time occupied.

The kitchen and the desk inside each unit and the window to floor ratio of 22% were configured in order to have good access to natural light.

40

31

30

40

25

18

23

38

29

35

38

34

29

21

36

34

34

36

Unit

30

42

39

44

Livingroom

Figure 154 UDI 100-200 Lx. Always occuppied. Source: Radiance.

41

14

Livingroom Unit Figure 155 DA. 200Lx. Always Occuppied. Source: Radiance. % Occupied Hours 0

17

33

50

67

83

Figure 156 Typical Plan of the Building Block.

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Illuminance Point in time illuminance.

Illuminance runs for significant times according to the occupancy schedules of the building show that it has an overall acceptable natural light acces during the mornings before students usually go to school (Figure 158), (Figure 159), and during the afternoon once they come back during the summer (Figure 157). Mouvable louvered panels will be proposed for the south facing windows to provide users with adaptive opportunities whenever they are occupying the spaces during the day.

Livingroom Unit Figure 158 March 21, 09:00. Clear Sky No Sun.

Livingroom Unit Figure 157 June 21, 18:00. Overcast

Lx 0 83 167 250 333 417 500 Livingroom Unit Figure 159 December21, 09:00. Clear Sky With Sun.

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Units Final Version Unit Size: 21m² W/F Ratio: 22% Windows Distribution: 60% S. 40% N Occupancy: 1 Person A final version of the distribution of the units (Figure 160) and the Studio Unit layout (Figure 161) with an area of 21m2 are presented. A window to floor ratio of 22% was established, proposing double glazed argon filled windows as a way to avoid overheating caused by undesired solar gain while maintaining good light levels. Careful attention was paid to the ventilation strategy designing a vent that will dissipate the excess of heat during the summer and improving the cross ventilation with a window on the north side next to the bed. The internal layout was improved moving the bathroom to the north side of the unit to give better light access to the study area and the kitchen, having the possibility to separate both spaces while cooking with movable partition panels. Internal gains are described in (Figure 164), and the materials listed in (Figure 163), along with the sections.

Figure 160 Scheme.

W/F Ratio 22% Pontoon Dock Promenade and Housing

Double Glazed Argon Filled Windows Notes

Night shutters

Cross ventilation

2015/03/29

Installed kitchen Increase internal gain More comfortable unit Movable partitions to keep out odors Scale

1:20

Date

DATE

Darwing

Typical Unit Plan Drawing Number

1

Typical Unit Plan

Figure 161 Plan.

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1

Kitchen ventilation vent for summer vetilation

Units Final Version

Insulated Metal Door U-Value: 2.15 Pontoon Dock Promenade and Housing

Notes

2015/03/29

Pontoon Dock

Scale

1:20

Date

DATE

Darwing

Typical Unit Plan

Promenade and Housing

Materials Use in TAS

Drawing Number

1

Typical Unit Plan

1

Double Glazed Argon Filled Windows U-Value: 1.28

Notes

Metal Frame U-Value: 2.3 Insulated External Wall U-Value: 0.11 Wood Interior Floor U-Value: 0.15 Insulated Roof U-Value: 0.28 One Occupant (occupied hours:16 Hrs) Total Gain: 48.76 W/ m² 2015/03/29

Pontoon Dock Promenade and Housing

Notes

2015/03/29

Scale

LED Lights (6 LightsX 8 Hrs on) Total Gain: 240 W/ Day

1:20

Date

DATE

Darwing

Typical Unit Plan Drawing Number

1

Typical Unit Plan

1

Moveable Louvers for summer shading Kitchen ventilation vent

Equipments: Tv Oven Stove Cell phone Refrigerator 1:30 Kettle DATE Hair dryer Microwave Typical Unit Section Computer Total Gain: 5530.83 Wh/ Day Scale Date

Darwing

Drawing Number

2

Typical Unit Section

2

Figure 163 Gains Figure 164 Materials.

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Units Final Version Summer

Unit Size: 21m² W/F Ratio: 22% Windows Distribution: 60% S 40% N Occupancy: 3 People Comfortable conditions through the summer are achieved by the simulation with TAS (Figure 166) of the ventilation strategies described before showed in (Figure 167) with the airflow in graph, the reduction of window to floor ratio and protection from unwanted solar gains with user operable louvers in the south kitchen window. Figure (Figure 168) shows the occupancy schedules.

(Figure 169) lists the lighting and equipment loads from the final version of the unit. While (Figure 170) shows the internal and solar gains.

Figure 166 Summer week.

Hours Occupied

Equipments: Tv Oven Stove Cell phone Refrigerator Kettle Hair dryer Microwave Computer

Units Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lights: LED X 6

Figure 168 Schedules and gains.

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Windows: All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25°C The kitchen vent is set to open 24 Hrs during Summer to keep room cool

Figure 167 Summer week.

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Unit Final Version Summer

Figure 169 Lighting and equipment loads.

Hours Occupied

Units Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Equipments: Tv Oven Stove Cell phone Refrigerator Kettle Hair dryer Microwave Computer

Figure 170 Internal and solar gains.

Lights: LED X 6

Windows: All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25째C The kitchen vent is set to open 24 Hrs during Summer to keep room cool

Figure 171 Schedules.

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Units Final Version Winter

Unit Size: 21m² W/F Ratio: 22% Windows Distribution: 60% S 40% N Occupancy: 1 Person (Figure 172) shows the performance of the Studio Unit during a typical winter week were outdoor temperatures are mostly under 14 degrees.

TAS simulation showed that is unit is mostly in comfort with the exception of the middle of the night and the early morning where internal gains are low, and unoccupied hours, which would get in comfort if occupied for any reason during that period. Heating was only proposed for the hours out of comfort during the night. A strategy for electricity production with PV panels to cover this heating need will be discussed further in the project. (Figure 173 and Figure 176) show schedules.

(Figure 174) lists the lighting and equipment loads from the final version of the unit. While (Figure 175) shows the internal and solar gains.

Hours Occupied

Equipments: Tv Oven Stove Cell phone Refrigerator Kettle Hair dryer Microwave Computer

Units Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lights: LED X 6

Windows+ Heating All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25°C

Figure 172 Winter week.

The heating is set to turn on when the indoor temperature goes below 19°C and maintain the temperature at 21°C during occupied hours

Figure 173 Schedules and equipment.

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Unit Final Version Winter

Figure 174 Lighting and equipment loads.

Hours Occupied

Units Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Equipments: Tv Oven Stove Cell phone Refrigerator Kettle Hair dryer Microwave Computer

Figure 175 Internal and solar gains.

Figure 176 Schedules.

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

Lights: LED X 6

Windows+ Heating All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25째C The heating is set to turn on when the indoor temperature goes below 19째C and maintain the temperature at 21째C during occupied hours

93

Living Area Final Version Unit Size: 28m² W/F Ratio: 37% Windows Distribution: 80% S 20% N Occupancy: 3 People For the Living room final version (Figure 178) the main strategies used in the Studio Units were also implemented, reducing the window to floor ratio to 22%, argon filled double glazing, cross ventilation, and proposing night shutters in the inside and user operable louvers in the outside. In the area freed from the window to floor ratio reduction PV panels are proposed on a 70 degrees tilted façade.

Internal gains are described in (Figure 180), and the materials listed in (Figure 179).

Figure 177 Scheme.

W/F Ratio 22% Double Glazed Argon Filled Windows Night shutters

Cross ventilation

Moveable summer shading

PV Panels

Figure 178 Internal and solar gains.

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Living Area Final Version

Insulated Metal Door U-Value: 2.15

Pontoon Dock Promenade and Housing

Materials Use in TAS

Double Glazed Argon Filled Windows U-Value: 1.28 Notes

Metal Frame U-Value: 2.3 Insulated External Wall U-Value: 0.11 Wood Interior Floor U-Value: 0.15 Insulated Roof U-Value: 0.28 3 Occupant (occupied hours: 6 Hrs) Total Gain: 39.72 W/ m² 2015/03/29

LED Lights (6 LightsX 6 Hrs on) Total Gain: 180 W/ Day Equipments: Tv Coffee machine Total Gain: 2000 Wh/ Day Figure 180 Gains.

Louvers for summer shading Scale Date

PV Panels

1:30 DATE

Darwing

Living Space Section Drawing Number

3

Living Space Section

3

Figure 179 Sections and materials.

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Living Area Final Version Summer

Unit Size: 28m² W/F Ratio: 37% Windows Distribution: 80% S 20% N Occupancy: 3 People During the summer typical week the living room stays in comfort during occupied hours and does not drop below 18 degrees while not occupied due to the strategies described before (Figure 181). Ventilation strategies performance is shown in (Figure 182) and schedules along with gains in (Figure 183, Figure 186).

(Figure 184) lists the lighting and equipment loads from the final version of the living room. While (Figure 185) shows the internal and solar gains.

Figure 181 Summer week.

Hours Occupied

Living Area Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Equipments: Tv Coffee Machine

Lights: LED X 6

Figure 183 Schedules and equipment.

96

Windows: All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25°C throughout the day

Figure 182 Summer week.

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

Living Area Final Version Summer

Figure 184 Lighting and equipment loads.

Hours Occupied

Living Area Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Equipments: Tv Coffee Machine

Figure 185 Internal and solar gains.

Lights: LED X 6

Windows: All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25째C throughout the day

Figure 186 Schedules and equipment.

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97

Living Area Final Version Winter

Unit Size: 28m² W/F Ratio: 37% Windows Distribution: 80% S 20% N Occupancy: 3 People During the typical winter week the living room is maintained in comfort during occupied hours by the use of heating (Figure 187).

(Figure 189) lists the lighting and equipment loads from the final version of the living room. While (Figure 190) shows the internal and solar gains.

Hours Occupied

Units Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Equipments: Tv Coffee Machine

Lights: LED X 6

Windows+ Heating All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25°C

Figure 187 Winter week.

The heating is set to turn on when the indoor temperature goes below 19°C and maintain the temperature at 21°C during occupied hours

Figure 188 Schedules and equipment.

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Living Area Final Version Winter

Figure 189 Lighting and equipment loads.

Hours Occupied

Units Occupied Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Equipments: Tv Coffee Machine

Figure 190 Internal and solar gains.

Lights: LED X 6

Figure 191 Schedules and equipment.

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

Windows+ Heating All windows set to open when the indoor temperature reaches 25째C The heating is set to turn on when the indoor temperature goes below 19째C and maintain the temperature at 21째C during occupied hours

99

Renewable Energy

kWh 1000

PV Panels Electricity Production Calculations.

PV panels are proposed as the main renewable energy source for the building due to the mostly unobstructed access to solar radiation of the site and its south orientation. As explained in the Building Form section of this document the design of the scheme gives preference to the instalation of this system by giving a 45ยบ inclination to one section of the facade of each unit, 70ยบ for the livingrooms and the use of the promenade and cafe ceilings at 0ยบ inclination. (Figure 192) shows the analysis of the Annual Solar Radiation incidence in the surfaces covered in panels, making evident the areas not adecuate for this purpose as they are overshadowed by the Silo D listed building.

500

As seen in (Figure 193) a web based PV panel calculator by the UK Energy Saving Trust was used to calculate the amount of electricity generated by the system. An estimated 109, 532.55 kWh/yr value was obtained as result. Please refer to the apendix of this document for the full set of calculations.

A comparison between the entire building consuption ( 60 Studio Units and 20 Living rooms) and the electricity produced by PV Panels is shown in (Figure 194).

0 Figure 192 Incident Solar Radiation Study. Annual Values. Source: Grasshopper/Radiance.

Figure 194 PV Panels Electricity Generation Comparison

Figure 193 PV Panels Electricity Generation Calculations. Source: Energy Saving Trust UK online calculators.

100

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Unit and Living room rendered sections.

Figure 195 Interior renderings- Living areas

Figure 196 Interior renderings- Units

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101

Unit Year 2050 Prediction Summer + Winter Free Running Unit Size: 21m² W/F Ratio: 22% Windows Distribution: 60% S 40% N Occupancy: 1 Person (Figure 197 - Figure 200) show free running typical summer and winter weeks for the Studio Unit and Living room.

Figure 197 Free running summer week.

Figure 198 Free running winter week.

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Living Area Year 2050 Prediction Summer + Winter Free Running Unit Size: 28m² W/F Ratio: 37% Windows Distribution: 80% S 20% N Occupancy: 3 People

Figure 199 Free running summer week.

Figure 200 Free running winter week.

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104

Conclusions & Personal Statements

105

Conclusions GYM

The objective of this project was to continue the outdoor study of Central Saint Giles and the Pavilions. The aim of this project is to provide different microclimates in each pavilion, which allowed users to achieve outdoor comfort during the practice of their exercises. The big challenge of this design process is that each type of exercise has its own metabolic rate and requires a specific design. This reason obliged us to design each pavilion with a different size. One of the biggest challenge was to design for such a variety of exercises which required different outdoor comforts across the year.

CAFE

The cafĂŠ is a free-running building, requiring no mechanical heating or cooling, relying only on cross-ventilation and internal gains. While designing this project we had in consideration the future of London and how it will be in 2050, hence the fact that the cafĂŠ performs better then.

The cafe is part of several stop along our path, and therefore there was a need to incorportate it, and that was achieved architecturally by keeping the same language of the louvers but also by allowing it to become an outdoor space when wanted. That way there is a sense of connection between the gyms (located west) and the pool (located northeast).

By adding vents and allowing for the glazing areas to open accordingly The strategy applied was to design a concept based which offer to the to the weather, permitted the occupants to adjust the structure as they user the possibility to adapt I many different situations. This strategy feel, creating an interaction between human and built form. consists in a system of flexible louvers that can be changed for each user.

The architectural design of the building was also important, in the In order to help this process, it was designing some guidelines on the sense that it needed to be integrated with the surroundings and allow floor to help users to choose the correct angle in different periods of for views to the water, due to its prime location. the year. These design options helped us to answer the design research question of this chapter: how to achieve outdoor comfort during the Having a very big glazing area facing south the team ran into some practice of sport during the different seasons of the year? issues with overheating and glare as it was exppected, but that situation only made us work harder to find ways solve the situation.

106

HOUSING

The housing units started out as en-suite rooms with no kitchen, and the occupants share a communal kitchen in the living room. The indoor temperature for the units falls below the comfort zone during the winter.

Therefore the team decided to make each en-suite rooms into studios with kitchen, which increased the internal gains and heat up the room.

Although winter heating is still required, the internal gains reduce the heating loads to 19 kWh/m² for the units and 12 kWh/m² for the living rooms. This is to be compensated by having PV panels on the building and the roof of the promenade. Insulation is also a key, in the base case the building had double glazed glass with 2.8 U-Value, once the double glazed glass is replaced by argon filled glazing, the room temperature increased by 2°C.

Both the units and living room perform well in the summer. With natural ventilation and moveable louvers on the south side, the building stays in the comfort band throughout the summer in free running.

Having the building facing south gives the team a chance to explore the opportunities provided by solar access and hence the utilization of PV panels. There was a moment when the units are in risk of over-heating in the summer due to the solar gains, however that risks is minimized by reducing the window size and making the windows on the north side horizontal instead of vertical. This in the end also gives the building a more evenly distributed daylight.

107

Personal Statements ANTONIO

This term 2 project was great to assimilate the lessons from outdoor spaces I had arrived to in the research project from term 1. In addition, it was also good to learn from my colleagues’ strategies about indoor comfort in housing.

MARIANA

Half of the team studied outdoors in the previous term and the other half studied indoors spaces, therefore we felt strongly about merging the two fields of study into one project. I aimed to create a semi outdoor space, by designing a structure that could respond to indoor conditions as well as outdoors.

Starting a project from scratch is always a challenge. In this particular case, we planned a strategy to approach the site as a group, starting The café was designed to provide service to the spaces that surround it, with several field visits to understand the atmosphere of the area. We such as the pool and the outdoor gyms. performed fieldwork using the instruments that were introduced in The site was a closed location, so we couldn’t go inside to perform the previous term, we did research about the history of the site, we spot measurements; therefore we had to rely on the weather data from observed and interviewed people, and all of this helped us to determine Meteonorm’s weather station (London City Airport). The process started the research questions that should be addressed by this project. by taking the lessons learned from the Term 1 Project and introduce and As mentioned above, I had already some knowledge about outdoor taking them into consideration. spaces and pavilions that I had acquired in phase 1. Here, I concentrated Several designs for the structure were made and scenarios were my efforts on the outdoor comfort of the wooden promenade design, simulated in order to arrive at a design that falls within the topic of particularly of the Outdoor Gym. We decided to make an Outdoor Gym Sustainable Environmental Design. due to the fact that students usually cannot afford gym fees. We though the Outdoor Gym would offer people a great alternative to practice In this project I had the opportunity to design a structure and understand exercise. the importance of the tools that we have been taught at this program.

The research questions addressed by the Outdoor Gym were the As a result of this project I have learned a lot about how sustainable following: (a) how to achieve outdoor comfort during the practice of sport design actually works and several types of environmental strategies to during the different seasons of the year?; (b) how adaptive strategies provide a good and comfortable space for its occupants. can play during all year? To answer these questions we employed two different tools, Ecotec and CBE. The result of my work was the design of this gym, which interacts with users and requires them to adapt.

Finally, and regarding the outcome of my work, I would like to highlight the importance of several enthusiastic and inspiring lectures provided during this term.

108

ARTURO REYES During this short period of time that is Term 2 of the AA MSc SED programme, I gained a great amount of knowledge about the specific subjects being taught, with all the amazing lectures we had with exceptional people working and leading the field of Sustainable Environmental Design and also about the complexities of team design, understanding the importance of predesign analysis and research as the base of any successful project in academia and in life outside of it.

Recognising the invaluable help and assistance from all of our tutors.

One of the most important challenges of this term for me was the application of last terms gained knowledge to a design proposed from scratch and one improvement I would propose is the earlier teaching of alternative software like Open Studio, which will be undoubtedly beneficial for our future work but was introduce late in the term for us to be able to use it in the term 2 project given the fact that TAS can only be used by one person at a time and reduces the chance for the others to learn the software.

Without wanting to sound repetitive I would like to personally thank Mariam Kapsali and Herman Calleja for their after hours assistance during the tem. They helped me understand somo key factor of the SED methodology.

MICHELLE KUEI Term 2 project started with us combining our previous experiences from Term 1, two of our teammates were studying outdoor spaces in Term 1, and the other two studied more on residential spaces. As a result we decided to design a housing project with large outdoor area around it; the size of the area we decided to take on was ambitiously large.

I focused more on the housing project, and since the project is located in London, my teammate and I wanted to give the housing units as much solar access as possible. However once the project is put into TAS simulation we quickly found out that even though the housing units have their majority of windows facing South, the units still suffer from under heating in the winter once the sun sets. Heating is assigned to winter occupied times. Since the building is facing south, it gives us a chance to compensate the energy consumption of heating by applying PV panels.

However we do had to constrains ourselves in building forms in order to give the PV panels the maximum access to solar. The communal living room also is under heated in winter nights, although it could be noted that those are the times the living rooms are not occupied and without any internal gains. Since our objective was to give more solar access, we will have much solar gains during the summer—ventilation and louvers do effective jobs in naturally cooling the spaces in summer when there is a temperature peak.

Given more time, our next step is to look into interior materials and try to find a combination that will help retain more heat for the winter.

On a final and more personal note, this term is the first time I begin to rely on TAS substantially, the program is complicated and requires a lot of knowledge on SED to model the project properly. Nonetheless I am happy to say that in the end I set up a fairly complex TAS model and through the long, at times painful modeling process I’ve gain a clearer knowledge on how things work with each other in a space.

109

110

Figure 201 Final Renderings.

Figure 202 Final Renderings.

Figure 203 Final Renderings.

Figure 204 Final Renderings.

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Appendix

111

6. Appendix

Daylight Factor

6.1. Cafe

# 1 Cafe • Louvers are positioned at 36º to the East • Daylight Factor: 46.1% of Area between 0.1 & 6 • Useful Daylight Illuminance_100-2000 lx: 54.84% of time occupied

Useful Daylight Illuminance

Fig. Spring Equinox 21.March

Figure 205 Previous cafe studies

112

Fig. Summer Solstice 21.June

Fig. Autumn Equinox 21.Sept

Fig. Winter Solstice 21.Dec

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Daylight Factor

# 2 Cafe • Design parameters were keept the same with the exception of the direction of the louvers • Louvers are positioned at 126º to the East • Daylight Factor: 72.8% of Area between 0.1 & 6 • Useful Daylight Illuminance_100-2000 lx: 65.52% of time occupied

Useful Daylight Illuminance

Fig. Spring Equinox 21.March

Figure 206 Previous cafe studies

Fig. Summer Solstice 21.June

Fig. Autumn Equinox 21.Sept

Fig. Winter Solstice 21.Dec

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Daylight Factor

# 4 Cafe

# 4 Cafe + Locker

• Extension of wall on the west side and addition of vertical shading on the south • Daylight Factor: 70.4% of Area between 0.1 & 6 • Useful Daylight Illuminance_100-2000 lx: 64.46% of time occupied

• Addition of canteliever on the west side • Daylight Factor: 83.9% of Area between 0.1 & 6 • Useful Daylight Illuminance_100-2000 lx: 72.25% of time occupied

• Addition of locker room for support to the pool • Daylight Factor: 12.5% of Area between 0.1 & 6 • Useful Daylight Illuminance_100-2000 lx: 61.28% of time occupied

Useful Daylight Illuminance

# 3 Cafe

Figure 207 Previous cafe studies 114

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Figure 208 Previous cafe studies

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115

Figure 209 Previous cafe studies

116

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Figure 210 Previous cafe studies

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117

Figure 211 Previous cafe studies 118

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120

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

AREA Typical Unit

AREA m2

HEIGHT m

VOLUME m3

21

Appliance tv oven stove cell phone refrigerator kettle hair dryer microwave computer TOTAL

Power Rate (W) 213 1200 1200 2 72 860 1538 1500 55

Occupancy Typical Unit

no of people

Lighting Typical Unit

no of luminaires

Fresh Air Requirement Typical Unit

no of people

1

3

Time used in a day (min) 120 10 120 360 1440 5 5 5 480

1

Time used in a day (h) Total Load in a day (Wh) 2.00 426.00 0.17 200.00 2.00 2400.00 6.00 12.00 24.00 1728.00 0.08 71.67 0.08 128.17 0.08 125.00 8.00 440.00 5530.83

N of instances appliances are used (out of 24 periods in a day)

metabolic rate (W) sensible load proportionSensible Gains (W/m2) Latent Gains (W/m2) 80.00 0.80 3.05

Watts/luminaire 6

max no of people 63.00

W*No of lights 5

2 1 2 6 24 5 1 2 8

Load for each hour of Hourly Load Input per Appliances' Schedule (W) room floor area (W/m2) 213.00 10.14 200.00 9.52 1200.00 57.14 2.00 0.10 72.00 3.43 14.33 0.68 128.17 6.10 62.50 2.98 55.00 2.62

0.76

48.76

W/m2 30.00

1.43

fresh air requirement total fresh air (m3) air changes per hour (m3/person h) 1 30 30.00 0.48

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121

AREA Living Area

Appliance tv coffee maker

AREA m2

HEIGHT m 29

Power Rate (W) 100 1500

VOLUME m3 3

Time used in a day (min)

max no of people 87.00

1

Time used in a day (h) Total Load in a day (Wh) 300 5.00 500.00 60 1.00 1500.00

N of instances appliances are used (out of 24 periods in a day)

Load for each hour of Hourly Load Input per Appliances' Schedule (W) room floor area (W/m2) 5 100.00 3.45 6 250.00 8.62

Total

122

350.00

Occupancy Living Area

no of people

Lighting Living Area

no of luminaires

Fresh Air Requirement Living Area

no of people

3

metabolic rate (W) sensible load proportionSensible Gains (W/m2) Latent Gains (W/m2) 80.00 0.80 6.62

Watts/luminaire 6

W*No of lights 5

1.66

W/m2 30.00

1.03

fresh air requirement total fresh air (m3) air changes per hour (m3/person h) 3 30 90.00 1.03

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

12.07

Calculation of the solar PV energy ouput of a photovoltaic system

Calculation of the solar PV energy ouput of a photovoltaic system

Yelow cell = enter your own data Green cell = result (do not change the value) White cell = calculated value (do not change the value)

Global formula :

Solar Energy Calculator Results

Yelow cell = enter your own data Green cell = result (do not change the value) White cell = calculated value (do not change the value)

E = A * r * H * PR

Global formula :

E = Energy (kWh)

625 kWh/an

A = Total solar panel Area (m²)

5.056 m²

E = A * r * H * PR

$FIELD_DATE

E = Energy (kWh)

54842 kWh/an

A = Total solar panel Area (m²)

443.44 m²

r = solar panel yield (%)

17%

r = solar panel yield (%)

17%

H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)*

1000 kWh/m².an

H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)*

1000 kWh/m².an

PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value = 0.75)

0.75

PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value = 0.75)

0.75

Total power of the system Losses details (depend of site, technology, and sizing of the system) - Inverter losses (6% to 15 %) - Température losses (5% to 15%) - DC cables losses (1 to 3 %) - AC cables losses (1 to 3 %) - Shadings 0 % to 40% (depends of site) - Losses weak irradiation 3% yo 7% - Losses due to dust, snow... (2%) - Other Losses

0.8 kWp

Total power of the system Losses details (depend of site, technology, and sizing of the system) - Inverter losses (6% to 15 %) - Température losses (5% to 15%) - DC cables losses (1 to 3 %) - AC cables losses (1 to 3 %) - Shadings 0 % to 40% (depends of site) - Losses weak irradiation 3% yo 7% - Losses due to dust, snow... (2%) - Other Losses

8% 8% 2% 2% 3% 3% 2% 0%

73.2 kWp

8% 8% 2% 2% 3% 3% 2% 0%

da

22 March, 2015 Thank you for completing the Solar Energy Calculator.

You requested results for a 1.1 kW(p) system. These have been calculated using sophisticated data specific to your location. They are based on the details you submitted, shown at the end of the report for reference.

Cost, income and savings Installed with an eligibility date* of 1st Jan - 31st Mar 2015

1st Apr - 30th Jun 2015

1. Income from generation tariff (in first year)

£115

£111

2. Savings on electricity bill (in first year)

£29

£29

3. Income from export tariff (in first year)

£20

£20

Total income and savings (1 + 2 + 3)

£164

£160

Approximate installation costs (unless you provided a quote)

£3,520

£3,520

Total income** (over 25 years)

£3,255

£3,187

Total profit*** (after 25 years)

£-265

£-333

You can earn money from your panels in three ways: 1. Income from the generation tariff: you will be paid for every unit of electricity that your panels generate as part of the Feed-in Tariff.

2. Money saved on your electricity bill: a proportion of the electricity generated by your panels will be used directly in your home, reducing the amount of electricity that you need to buy.

3. Income earned from export tariff: some of the electricity generated by your panels may not be used directly in your home.

You will be paid for every unit of electricity that you are able to export to the grid as part of the Feed-in Tariff.

Monthly Income Breakdown This chart illustrates how the income from solar panels may vary throughout the year at your location based on the current Feed-in Tariff rate

*You can find this value on the map below or here :

solar radiation data

*You can find this value on the map below or here :

You have to find the global annual irradiation incident on your PV panels with your specific inclination (slope, tilt) and orientation (azimut).

and orientation (azimut).

More info Source : www.photovoltaic-software.com

Figure 214 PV panels energy output. Promenade.

Calculation of the solar PV energy ouput of a photovoltaic system

$FIELD_DATE

E = A * r * H * PR 816 kWh/an

A = Total solar panel Area (m²)

6.6 m²

r = solar panel yield (%)

17%

H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)*

1000 kWh/m².an

PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value = 0.75) Total power of the system Losses details (depend of site, technology, and sizing of the system) - Inverter losses (6% to 15 %) - Température losses (5% to 15%) - DC cables losses (1 to 3 %) - AC cables losses (1 to 3 %) - Shadings 0 % to 40% (depends of site) - Losses weak irradiation 3% yo 7% - Losses due to dust, snow... (2%) - Other Losses

Figure 216 Solar Energy calculator Results. Living room. Source: Energy Saving Trust UK.

Solar Energy Calculator Results

Yelow cell = enter your own data Green cell = result (do not change the value) White cell = calculated value (do not change the value)

E = Energy (kWh)

As you might expect, you’ll make more money in the summer and less in the winter.

For more detail on the costs and savings of solar energy, read our buyer’s guide to solar electricity panels.

More info Source : www.photovoltaic-software.com

Figure 212 PV panels energy output. Unit.

Global formula :

solar radiation data

You have to find the global annual irradiation incident on your PV panels with your specific inclination (slope, tilt)

0.75 1.1 kWp

8% 8% 2% 2% 3% 3% 2% 0%

da

18 March, 2015 Thank you for completing the Solar Energy Calculator.

You requested results for a 0.8 kW(p) system. These have been calculated using sophisticated data specific to your location. They are based on the details you submitted, shown at the end of the report for reference.

Cost, income and savings Installed with an eligibility date* of 1st Jan - 31st Mar 2015

1st Apr - 30th Jun 2015

1. Income from generation tariff (in first year)

£94

£91

2. Savings on electricity bill (in first year)

£24

£24

3. Income from export tariff (in first year)

£16

£16

Total income and savings (1 + 2 + 3)

£134

£131

Approximate installation costs (unless you provided a quote)

£3,300

£3,300

Total income** (over 25 years)

£2,659

£2,603

Total profit*** (after 25 years)

£-641

£-697

You can earn money from your panels in three ways: 1. Income from the generation tariff: you will be paid for every unit of electricity that your panels generate as part of the Feed-in Tariff.

2. Money saved on your electricity bill: a proportion of the electricity generated by your panels will be used directly in your home, reducing the amount of electricity that you need to buy.

3. Income earned from export tariff: some of the electricity generated by your panels may not be used directly in your home.

You will be paid for every unit of electricity that you are able to export to the grid as part of the Feed-in Tariff.

Monthly Income Breakdown This chart illustrates how the income from solar panels may vary throughout the year at your location based on the current Feed-in Tariff rate As you might expect, you’ll make more money in the summer and less in the winter.

*You can find this value on the map below or here :

solar radiation data

You have to find the global annual irradiation incident on your PV panels with your specific inclination (slope, tilt)

For more detail on the costs and savings of solar energy, read our buyer’s guide to solar electricity panels.

and orientation (azimut).

More info Source : www.photovoltaic-software.com

Figure 213 PV panels energy output. Living Room.

Figure 215 Solar Energy calculator Results. Unit. Source: Energy Saving Trust UK.

Intro | Weather Data & Climate Change | Site Studies | Master Plan | Gym | Cafe | Housing | Appendix

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References

“London City Hall.” London City Hall. N.p., n.d. Web. Nikolopoulou, M., N. Baker, K. Steemers (1998). Thermal Comfort in Outdoor Ur- ban Spaces. Proc. PLEA 1998 Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 179-182.

Rodríguez Álvarez, Jorge: The urban energy index - Lecture, page 16 Sustainable Design. London: Routledge, 2014. Print.

Term 1 More London Study. 2011-2012. AA Term 1 Pavillions Study. 2008-2009. AA Term 2 Vauxhaull Study. 2012-2013. AA “UK Census Data.” UK Census Data. N.p., n.d. Web. Yannas, S. (1994). Solar Energy and Housing Design. volume 1: Princi!

www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/scotland/tools-and-calculators/solarenergy-check (Accessed: 22/03/15). .com (Accessed: 22/03/15).

Weather Data & Climate Change: Arturo, Michelle Site Studies: Arturo, Mariana Field Work: Arturo, Mariana, Michelle and Antonio Master Plan: Antonio Gym: Antonio Cafe: Mariana TAS Modeling: Michelle

Housing: Arturo, Michelle

Surveys: Arturo, Mariana Radiance: Arturo TAS: Michelle

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Video Concept: Antonio, Mariana, Arturo