A91

AUCTION 91

t h e g eo rg e W. l a B o rd e c o llectio N o f r o m aN a u rei - P a rt i sold in association with Stack’s Bowers Galleries

23 May 2016

N u m i s m at i c a a r s c l a s s i c a ZÜRICH - LONDON

Nac ag

AUCTION 91 23 May 2016

The George W. La Borde Collection of Roman Aurei – part I Sold in association with Stack’s Bowers Galleries

Hotel Baur au Lac Talstrasse 1, 8001 Zurich Tel. + 41 (0) 44 220 50 20

NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG www.arsclassicacoins.com

Niederdorfstrasse 43 CH – 8001 Zurich Tel. +41 (0) 44 261 1703 Fax +41 (0) 44 261 5324 zurich@arsclassicacoins.com

3rd Floor Genavco House 17 Waterloo Place London SW1Y 4AR – UK Tel. +44 (0) 20 7839 7270 Fax +44 (0) 20 7925 2174 info@arsclassicacoins.com

Auktionsbedingungen Durch die Teilnahme an der Auktion werden die folgenden Bedingungen anerkannt: 1. Die Versteigerung erfolgt in Schweizerfranken. Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Aufruf an den Höchstbietenden, dessen Gebot vom Auktionator anerkannt wurde, und verpflichtet zur Annahme. Der Ausruf erfolgt in der Regel bei 80%, sofern nicht höhere Angebote vorliegen. Schriftliche Gebote haben Vorrang. Jeder Ersteigerer verpflichtet sich persönlich für die durch ihn getätigten Käufe. Er kann nicht geltend machen, für Rechnung Dritter gehandelt zu haben.

2. Telefonische oder schriftliche Bietaufträge (auch auf elektronischem Weg) von nichtanwesenden Interessenten werden bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbeginn entgegengenommen. Telefonische Bieter sind damit einverstanden, dass das Gespräch aufgezeichnet werden kann. Das Auktionshaus übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für schriftliche, elektronische und telefonische Bietaufträge.

3. Bieter werden gebeten, sich vor der Auktion zu legitimieren und anschliessend registrieren zu lassen. Das Auktionshaus kann eine Bankreferenz und/oder Sicherheiten verlangen. Es steht im Ermessen des Auktionshauses, eine Person nicht an der Auktion teilnehmen zu lassen.

4. Es steht dem Versteigerer nach seinem Ermessen frei, ein Gebot heraufzusetzen oder ohne Angabe von Gründen abzulehnen. Der Versteigerer behält sich ferner das Recht vor, Lose zu vereinigen, zu trennen, ausserhalb der Reihenfolge anzubieten oder wegzulassen bzw. von der Auktion zurückzuziehen.

5. Auf dem Zuschlagspreis ist ein Aufgeld von 20.0% zu entrichten - Telefonbieter und Internet Live Bieter entrichten ein zusätzliches Aufgeld von 1.5% auf den Zuschlagspreis. Die schweizerische Mehrwertsteuer von 8,0% wird auf den Endpreis (Zuschlagspreis plus Aufgeld und auf allen andern vom Auktionshaus dem Käufer in Rechnung gestellten Beträgen) erhoben. Goldmünzen (AV) sind von der MWST befreit.

Bei Ausfuhr des ersteigerten Objekts ins Ausland wird dem Käufer die MwSt zurückerstattet, wenn er eine rechtsgültige Ausfuhrdeklaration des schweizerischen Zolls beibringt.

6. Der Gesamtpreis wird mit dem erfolgtem Zuschlag zur Zahlung fällig und ist bei der Aushändigung des Objekts zu bezahlen, ausser es sei vor der Auktion eine andere Abmachung getroffen worden. Für verspätete Zahlungen wird ein Verzugszins von 1% pro Monat in Rechnung gestellt. Das Eigentum geht erst mit der vollständigen Bezahlung auf den Käufer über. In der Regel liefert NAC das ersteigerte Objekt nicht vor der Bezahlung an den Käufer aus. Eine allfällige frühere Auslieferung bewirkt keinen Eigentumsübergang und ändert nichts an der Zahlungsverpflichtung des Käufers.

Hat der Käufer nicht sofort und auch nicht innert fünf Tagen ab Erhalt einer eingeschriebenen schriftlichen Mahnung bezahlt, so ist NAC ohne weiteres und ohne weitere Anzeige berechtigt, vom Verkauf zurückzutreten.

7. Versand- und Versicherungskosten erfolgen auf Kosten und Risiko des Empfängers. Im Ausland verrechnete Gebühren und Steuern gehen zulasten des Käufers (Ersteigerers). Diesem obliegt es, sich über ausländische Zoll- und Devisenvorschriften zu informieren. Das Auktionshaus übernimmt keine Haftung für allfällige Zuwiderhandlungen gegen solche Vorschriften.

8. Das Auktionshaus garantiert vorbehaltlos und zeitlich unbeschränkt für die Echtheit der Münzen. Alle Angaben im Katalog sind nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen zusammengestellt.

9. Die zur Versteigerung gelangenden Objekte werden für Rechnung Dritter versteigert oder sind Eigentum des Auktionshauses. Der Käufer (Ersteigerer) hat keinen Anspruch auf Bekanntgabe des Einlieferers und ist damit einverstanden, dass das Auktionshaus auch von diesem eine Provision erhält.

10. Die vorstehenden Bedingungen sind Bestandteil eines jeden einzelnen an der Auktion geschlossenen Kaufvertrags.

Abänderungen sind nur schriftlich gültig. Sofern Teile dieser Auktionsbedingungen der geltenden Rechtslage nicht mehr oder nicht vollständig entsprechen sollten, bleiben die übrigen Teile in ihrem Inhalt und ihrer Gültigkeit unberührt.

Massgebend ist die deutsche Fassung dieser Auktionsbedingungen.

11. Das Vertragsverhältnis zwischen den Parteien untersteht in allen Teilen dem schweizerischen Recht. Erfüllungsort ist am Sitz des Auktionshauses in 8001 Zürich, und ausschliesslicher Gerichtsstand ist Zürich.

Conditions of Sale The following terms and conditions are accepted by all persons participating in the auction: 1. Auction bidding is conducted in Swiss Francs. The highest bidder who has been acknowledged by the auctioneer when the hammer falls after the third call has legally bought the lot. Bidding usually begins at 80% of the estimate, provided no higher offers have been submitted. Written bids have priority. The successful bidder has committed himself personally to the purchases made. He cannot claim to have acted on behalf of a third party.

2. Absentee bidders can bid up to 24 hours before the start of the auction by writing, telephone or electronically. Telephone bidders must agree that calls may be recorded. The auction house does not accept liability for bidding mandates made by telephone, electronically or in writing.

3. Bidders must show proof of identification before the auction, and subsequently be registered. The Auction House may require a bank reference and/or guarantee. The Auction House reserves the right to deny a person from participating in the auction.

4. The auctioneer may raise or reject a bid without giving a reason, and furthermore reserves the right to combine or split up catalogue lots, or to offer them out of sequence or omit or withdraw them from the auction.

5. A commission of 20.0% will be levied on the hammer price - phone bidders and bidders using our Live Internet facilities pay an additional charge of 1,5%. The Swiss value added tax (VAT) of 8,0% is payable on the final price (hammer price, plus buyer’s commission and any other amounts chargeable by the Auction House to the buyer). Gold coins (AV) are exempt from VAT. If the purchases are exported, then the VAT will be refunded on production of a legally valid original export declaration issued by the Swiss Customs.

6. Payment is in Swiss Francs and is immediately due upon adjudication of the lot and has to be paid with the release of the object to the Buyer, unless otherwise agreed before the sale. Late payments will incur a monthly default interest of 1%.

Title in a lot will not pass to the Buyer until NAC has received full payment on his account. NAC will generally not release a lot to a Buyer before payment. Earlier release of the lot does not affect its title nor the Buyer’s obligation to pay.

If the Buyer has failed to make immediate payment and within 5 days after receipt of a registered, written reminder by NAC to the buyer, NAC may in its sole discretion cancel the sale of the lot.

7. Shipping and insurance are at the buyer’s cost and risk. Any fees and charges payable abroad are borne by the buyer (successful bidder) who is responsible for acquiring the necessary information about any applicable customs and foreign exchange regulations. The Auction House accepts no liability for any contraventions of such regulations.

8. The Auction House offers an unconditional and unlimited guarantee for the authenticity of coins. All identifications and descriptions of the items sold in this catalogue are statements of opinion and were made in good faith.

9. The objects which come under the hammer are auctioned on behalf of a third party or are the property of the Auction House. The buyer (successful bidder) has no entitlement to have the identity of the consignor disclosed to them and acknowledges that the Auction House might receive a commission from the consignor for the sale.

10. The above conditions are a component of each individual contract of sale concluded at the auction. Alterations must be made in writing in order to be valid. If any parts of these Terms and Conditions should be no longer or not fully in conformity with the valid legal situation, this shall not affect the content and validity of the remaining parts. The abovementioned conditions are written in German, French, Italian and English; the only valid text is the German one.

11. The contractual relationship between parties is subject in all facets to Swiss law. Place of performance is the registered office of the Auction House in 8001 Zurich, and the exclusive court of jurisdiction is Zurich.

Conditions de la vente aux enchères Du fait de la participation à la vente aux enchères, les conditions suivantes sont réputées être acceptées : 1. Les enchères sont effectuées en Francs Suisses. L’adjudication est réalisée après trois appels consécutifs du plus offrant dont l’offre a été acceptée par le commissaire priseur et qui constitue une obligation. La mise à prix est effectuée en règle générale à 80 %, dans la mesure où il n’y a pas d’offres disponibles et plus élevées. Les offres formulées par écrit sont prioritaires. Chaque enchérisseur s’engage personnellement en ce qui concerne les acquisitions réalisées par ses soins. Il ne peut pas faire valoir le fait d’avoir agi pour le compte d’une tierce personne.

2. Les demandes d’enchères par téléphone ou par écrit (également par moyen électronique) pour les personnes intéressées et non présentes sont réceptionnées jusqu’à 24 heures avant le début de la vente aux enchères. Les enchérisseurs par téléphone acceptent que la communication téléphonique puisse être enregistrée. La salle des ventes n’assume aucune responsabilité quant aux enchères effectuées par téléphone, électronique ou par écrit.

3. Les enchérisseurs sont priés de se légitimer avant la vente aux enchères et de se faire enregistrer à l’issue de la vente. La salle des ventes peut exiger une référence bancaire et/ou une garantie. La salle des ventes a le droit de ne pas laisser une personne participer à la vente aux enchères.

4. L’enchérisseur peut, à sa guise, surenchérir une offre ou bien la décliner sans indication de motifs. L’enchérisseur se réserve en outre le droit d’associer des lots, de les séparer, de faire des offres en dehors de l’ordre prévu ou de les laisser de côté, voire de se retirer de la vente aux enchères.

5. Une commission de 20.0% est perçue sur le prix d'adjudication. Les acquéreurs qui souhaitent participer aux enchères par téléphone ou en ligne avec nos facilités Live Internet paieront un frais supplémentaire de 1,5%. La taxe à la valeur ajoutée suisse d’un montant de 8,0 % sera perçue sur le prix définitif (prix d’adjudication plus supplément et sur tous les autres montants facturés à l’acquéreur par la salle des ventes). Les pièces de monnaie en or (AV) sont dispensées de la TVA. En cas d’exportation de l’objet adjugé vers l’étranger, l’acquéreur se voit restituer la TVA lorsqu’il est en mesure de présenter une déclaration d’exportation réglementaire, en bonne et due forme, des autorités douanières suisses.

6. Le prix total en francs suisses est exigible immédiatement après adjudication et doit être acquitté lors de la remise de l'objet adjugé. Pour les paiements effectués ultérieurement un intérêt moratoire de 1% par mois sera facturé. La transmission de la propriété à l'acquéreur a lieu seulement à paiement intégral. En général, NAC ne remets l'objet adjugé à l'acquéreur pas avant paiement. Une éventuelle remise de l'objet n'a cependant pas de l'influence ni sur la propriété du vendeur ni sur l'obligation de l'acquéreur de payer.

En cas que l'acquéreur n'a pas payé simultanément et non plus entre les cinq jours après réception d'un avertissement sous pli recommandé, NAC est en droit de se départir du contrat sans autre formalité et sans avis ultérieur.

7. Les frais d’envoi et d’assurance sont à charge et au risque de l’acheteur. Les taxes ou les impôts facturés à l’étranger sont à la charge de l’acquéreur (enchérisseur). Il lui incombe de s’informer au sujet des directives étrangères en matière de douane et de devises. La salle des ventes décline toute responsabilité pour les éventuelles infractions à l’encontre de ces directives.

8. La salle des ventes garantit l’authenticité des monnaies sans réserve et sans limitation dans le temps. Toutes les indications mentionnées dans le catalogue sont rassemblées en toute conscience et en toute bonne foi.

9. Les objets mis aux enchères le sont pour le compte de tierces personnes ou bien sont la propriété de la salle des ventes.

L’acquéreur (enchérisseur) n’a aucun droit d’obtenir communication du nom de la personne qui met en vente et se déclare en accord avec le fait que la salle des ventes perçoive une provision de cette dernière.

10. Les présentes conditions font partie intégrante de tout contrat de vente conclu dans le cadre de la vente aux enchères. Les modifications ne sont valables que par écrit. Le fait que des parties des présentes conditions de vente aux enchères venaient à ne plus correspondre, ou du moins plus intégralement, à la situation juridique en vigueur, n’affecte en rien les autres parties, ni dans leur contenu, ni dans leur validité. La version en langue allemande constitue la référence des présentes conditions de vente aux enchères.

11. La relation contractuelle entre les parties en cause est soumise, dans toutes ses composantes, au droit Suisse. La compétence juridique est fixée au siège de la salle des ventes à 8001 Zurich, et le for juridique exclusif est Zurich.

Condizioni di vendita La partecipazione all’asta comporta l’accettazione delle seguenti condizioni: 1. La valuta in cui viene condotta l’asta è il Franco Svizzero. L’aggiudicazione al miglior offerente, individuato dal banditore, avviene dopo la terza chiamata e comporta per l’aggiudicatario l’acquisto con tutti i relativi obblighi di legge.

Le offerte partono generalmente dall’ 80% del prezzo di stima a meno che una o più offerte d’importo maggiore siano state presentate. Le offerte scritte hanno la precedenza. Il partecipante all’asta è personalmente responsabile per l’acquisto effettuato e non può pretendere di avere agito per conto di terzi.

2. I partecipanti all’asta non presenti in sala possono presentare offerte telefonicamente, in forma scritta, o per via elettronica fino a 24 ore prima dell’inizio dell’asta. Chi trasmette la propria offerta telefonicamente presta il proprio consenso all’eventuale registrazione della telefonata. La casa d’asta non assume alcun tipo di responsabilità per le offerte trasmesse in forma scritta, elettronica o telefonica.

3. I partecipanti, per concorrere all’asta, dovranno esibire un documento d’identità e registrarsi. La casa d’asta si riserva il diritto di richiedere referenze bancarie o un deposito cauzionale per permettere la partecipazione all’asta. La casa d’asta si riserva inoltre il diritto di non permettere a un soggetto la partecipazione all’asta.

4. Il banditore d’asta ha facoltà di aumentare o rifiutare un’offerta secondo la propria discrezionalità e senza necessità di fornire una motivazione. Il banditore si riserva inoltre il diritto di unire, separare, cambiare la sequenza prevista o di eliminare e/o ritirare dall’asta determinati lotti.

5. Al prezzo d’aggiudicazione va aggiunta una commissione del 20.0%. Gli offerenti che parteciperanno all’asta per telefono o ‘live’ attraverso internet pagheranno un costo supplementare dell’1,5%. L’imposta svizzera sul valore aggiunto, pari attualmente al 8,0%, viene applicata sul prezzo finale (prezzo d’aggiudicazione più commissione ed ogni altro importo imputabile al compratore dalla casa d’aste). Le monete in oro (AV) sono esonerate dal pagamento dell’IVA. In caso d’esportazione dell’oggetto acquistato all’asta verso un paese estero, il compratore ha diritto al rimborso dell’IVA dietro consegna di una valida dichiarazione d’esportazione dell’ufficio doganale della Confederazione Elvetica.

6. Il pagamento è da effettuarsi in Franchi Svizzeri immediatamente all’aggiudicazione del lotto, a meno che concordato diversamente prima dell’asta. In caso di ritardato pagamento il tasso d’interesse moratorio applicabile è pari all’1% mensile. La proprietà del lotto non passerà al compratore fino a che la NAC non riceverà il pagamento a saldo dell’acquisto. Generalmente la NAC non rilascia un lotto al compratore prima di ricevere il pagamento di tale. La consegna anticipata di un lotto non incide sulla proprietà di tale ne’ sull’obbligo di pagamento da parte del compratore.

Se il compratore no paga subito e nel caso in cui egli non effettui il pagamento entro 5 giorni dalla ricezione di una raccomandata, scritta da NAC come avviso di mancato pagamento, la NAC si riserverà la facoltà di cancellare la vendita di tale lotto.

7. I costi ed il rischio della spedizione sono a carico del destinatario. Qualunque imposta e contributo legalmente dovuto nel paese d’esportazione è a carico dell’acquirente (compratore in sede d’asta) su cui ricade la responsabilità per la conoscenza delle norme vigenti in materia doganale e di valuta. La casa d’aste non assume alcuna responsabilità per l’eventuale violazione di tali prescrizioni.

8. La casa d’asta offre una garanzia incondizionata e senza riserva di tempo sull’autenticità delle monete. Le indicazioni e descrizioni contenute nel catalogo sono opinioni soggettive e sono espresse in buona fede.

9. Gli oggetti offerti vengono messi all’asta per conto di terzi o sono di proprietà della casa d’asta. L’acquirente (compratore in sede d’asta) non ha il diritto di conoscere l’identità del consegnatario dell’oggetto e prende atto che alla casa d’asta potrebbe venir corrisposta dal consegnatario una commissione per la vendita.

10. Le condizioni sopra menzionate costituiscono parte integrante di ciascun contratto individuale di vendita concluso nell’asta. Eventuali modifiche saranno ritenute valide solo se fatte in forma scritta. Nel caso in cui una parte delle presenti Condizioni di Vendita dovesse essere non più totalmente conforme alla vigenti disposizioni di legge, cioè non avrà effetto sulla validità delle parti restanti. L’unica versione di testo delle Condizioni di Vendita che ha valore legale è quella in lingua tedesca.

11. Il rapporto contrattuale fra le parti è regolato in tutti i suoi aspetti dal diritto della Confederazione Elvetica. Il luogo d’adempimento è la sede della casa d’aste a Zurigo (8001). Il foro competente è esclusivamente quello di Zurigo.

US IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON COINS OF ITALIAN AND GREEK TYPE None of the coins offered in this sale are subject to any kind of US import restrictions, since we are in possession of the necessary documentation for importation into the United States.

Nevertheless, Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG endeavours to provide its American clients with the best service possible and we will therefore take it upon ourselves whenever possible to carry out all of the customs formalities for importation into the USA and will then ship the lots to each individual client from within the United States.

TIME TABLE

ZEITTAFEL

ORDRE DE VENTE

Monday, 23 May 2016

11:30 – 12:45

ORDINE DI VENDITA

1 – 68

EXHIBITIONS AUSSTELLUNG EXPOSITION ESPOSIZIONI

London – At our premises 25 April – 6 May 2016 Monday to Friday 9:30 – 17:30 Saturday & Sunday by appointment only

Zurich At the Zurich premises (2nd Floor):

Thursday, 19 May 2016 Friday, 20 May 2016 Saturday, 21 May 2016

At the Hotel Baur au Lac, Talstrasse 1, 8001 Zurich:

Sunday, 22 May 2016 Monday 23 May 2016

09:30 – 17:30 09:30 – 17:30 By appointment 09:30 – 18:00 09:00 – 11:30

Please visit our auction online at www.arsclassicacoins.com

D ie A u k tion erfolgt u n ter M itw irk u n g ein es B eam ten d es Stad tam m an n am tes Z ü rich 1. Jed e H aftu n g d es an w esen d en B eam ten , d er G em ein d e u n d d es Staates fü r H an d lu n gen d es A u k tion ators entfällt.

Gradi di conservazione Grades of preservation

Erhaltungsgrad

Degrés de conservation Grados de Conservación

Fdc Fior di conio Spl Splendido BB Bellissimo MB Molto bello

Stempelglanz Vorzüglich Sehr schön Schön

Fleur de coin (FDC) Superbe Très beau Beau

Fdc Uncirculated Extremely fine Very fine Fine

FDC EBC MBC BC

After meeting in London in 2005, by chance and for a few minutes only, an epistolary relationship developed between George La Borde and myself. It took several years before we met in person again, but visiting him and his wife in Calgary has since become a regular pleasure for my wife and myself. I have been very privileged, over the past decade, to assist him in forming his coin collection.

George named his oil-exploration company Athena Resources Ltd., with a Greek coin in mind. He understood that ancient coins and engraved gems allowed him to possess antiquities in the rarest and finest condition, illustrating the lives and the monuments of the ancients. And they are neither fragile nor space consuming, which is certainly a matter to consider when a collector acquires hundreds of artefacts.

My role of advisor was notably to help George avoid mistakes when he started to collect, and to invest very significant sums of money in a market of which he did not necessarily know all the rules. A wise businessman, he knew that an advisor could help him reach the pinnacle of collecting, and be as successful at this as he had been in his own field. Nevertheless, of course, I had to understand and respect his taste and interests, which is why – for example – some emperors are represented more often than others, and why there is a good series of reverses with Hercules.

George benefited from my experience. It is the task of the advisor to have seen and to see, and it was my duty to inquire and to answer George’s questions – even the questions that he did not know he had. Collectors tend not to like making mistakes, especially if it concerns buying coins at tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars each. Having been involved in the coinmarket since 1992, it could be said that my own earlier mistakes are put to profit by my clients of today! I often recommended against buying a coin, when I knew that a nicer example could be found in the future, or if I was aware of potential issues (condition or provenance). Also, I was occasionally able to add useful comments on the rarity or importance of a coin, and such was the case with an aureus of Faustina Minor, sold in the Gemini auction of 2006, which will be sold in the second part of the collection: though it had no provenance indicated on the catalogue, I was able to inform George that it came from the collection of Don Manuel Vidal Quadras Y Ramón (1818-1894), which the Paris dealer Etienne Bourgey sold at auction in December 1913.

I was also able to help George to decide the amount at which to bid, based on inside knowledge of who the seller is, and whether competitor-collectors intended to bid or not. I was hired to protect not only George’s interests, by helping him build the best collection possible considering both his means and the material available, but also for future generations – by trying to build a group that will be as valuable as possible when the time comes to resell it. Some coins, for one reason or another, may be overpriced. Other coins, although nice, could be found in better condition. Coins that do not attract the eye may be worth acquiring for their rarity.

Paying attention to the provenances, doing historical and comparative research, being informed early of upcoming auctions as well as collections available by private treaty, are all elements of what I, as an advisor, offered to George, and they are time-consuming, contactbased, and require travelling, all of which freed up the time of an active businessman such as George and allowed him to focus on his work.

A collector, when purchasing a precious item, wants to be certain that he will be able to resell it: though not necessarily an investment per se, the collectable remains an asset. In the last few years, provenance has become ever more important. Fortunately, I was able to foresee this event, and I advised George to pay more attention to coins with a good pedigree. This does not mean that a coin without known provenance should be completely discounted, but its price should reflect the lack of established history. In fact, too few focus enough on the fact that « no provenance » means « no known provenance », and not necessarily that there is anything problematic about the piece. Take the aureus of Pertinax with Providence on the

reverse: this coin is rare but far from unique, with some 125 recorded specimens; therefore, it is impossible to identify an example in an old catalogue unless it was reproduced. In addition, a good provenance adds value to an item: if it were not for its provenance, why would Jackie Kennedy-Onassis’ simulated pearl necklace have sold for over 200’000 dollars? 1 George favoured the view that his advisor should be independent. While acting for George, I was privileged to have the freedom to look only for the best coins. Though coins were issued as multiples, and are on the whole rather common, many of them are very rare and “not everyone can own rarities”.2 Having money is not sufficient: a collector must also have patience and luck. George also had to be aware when an opportunity arose, and make sure not to miss his chance – and this is where an advisor offers valuable guidance. The 20th and 21st centuries have seen on offer major collections, such as those of Leo Biaggi, Charles Gillet, Athos Moretti and Claude Vaudecrane. I am proud to have helped to form George La Borde’s collection of Roman aurei – which I hope you will appreciate too.

Hadrien J. Rambach

1

Sotheby’s, New York, 23-26 April 1996, lot 454, estimated USD 500 to 700, sold for USD 211’500 including premium.

2 “Non omnibus concessum est habere raros” was written by Hans von Schellenberg (1552-1609) in a manuscript letter (kept in the Basel University library, G2 I 31 69r-70r), quoted in U. Kampmann, « Die Schellenberg-Briefe… », in U. Peter and B. Weisser (eds), Translatio Nummorum…, Mainz 2013, p. 154, n. 73

Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG is deeply honoured to present part I of the George W. La Borde Collection of Roman Aurei.

I can vividly recall the words my father said to me on the phone after the first time he and my brother met George for lunch (I was travelling with work that day): “Today I met a Canadian Collector, a real gentleman. We talked at great length and he told me that he’s aiming to build an important collection and when the moment comes for him to sell it, he will consign it to us for one of our sales”. I remember commenting that this was probably just one of those pleasantries that collectors were used to saying out of politeness, but my dad hushed me before I could finish my sentence and said: “George is a man of his word and I’m sure he meant what he said”. And here I am now, ten years later, writing the preface for the first part of George’s incredible collection.

It is by no means an exaggeration to say that what George has achieved with his collection is truly impressive and he should feel very proud. The overall quality throughout is exceptional to say the least and the number of exceedingly rare coins present is absolutely impressive.

When you then consider that the majority of the coins have highly prestigious pedigrees, it makes George’s collection one of the best collections of Roman aurei to be offered in the last thirty years.

In this first part of the collection, we present 68 aurei. It would be absolutely impossible to list all the highlights in this short introduction, therefore we will limit ourselves to mentioning only a small selection. We cannot begin without remarking on two highly important aurei that very rarely appear on the numismatic market: the aurei issued by the moneyers Numonius Vaala (lot 2) and M. Sanquinius in the name of Augustus (lot 6). For the first century, of particular note is the aureus of Nerva (lot 15); certainly one of the finest aurei of this emperor in existence. It is not by chance that the same coin was also selected by Sear for the cover of his book on Roman Imperial coinage. The second century features an absolutely extraordinary series of aurei of Commodus and his wife Crispina (lots 28-32) as well as, in my opinion, the highlight of the auction, the magnificent aureus of Clodius Alibinus (lot 33) which is possibly the finest aureus of this emperor known. At the beginning of the third century we have a spectacular aureus of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna (lot 34); an aureus of Caracalla bearing the radiate lion on its reverse (lot 38); and a remarkable aureus of Macrinus (lot 39) which formerly belonged to the Trau collection. For the second half of the third century, we must mention the incredibly well-preserved aurei of Tacitus (lot 48), Probus (49), Carus (lot 50), Carinus (lot 51) and Magna Urbica (lot 52). When it comes to the Tetrarchy, once again all of the coins are in exceptional condition. Just some of the highlights include: an aureus of Maximianus Herculius sporting a wonderful bust type (lot 57); an aureus of Constantius I Chlorus of the finest style (lot 63); an aureus of Maximinus II Daia produced by the mint of Antiochia mint and with a very interesting portrait (lot 65); and finally an aureus of Licinius also produced at Antiochia.

George built his collection initially with the assistance of a local coin dealer Robert Kokotalio, followed by Hadrien Rambach from 2005. Both were loyal and competent advisors to George. Most of George’s acquisitions were made from 2005 onwards and Hadrien played a very important role in the development of the collection, providing George will all the necessary information for making the right choices. Credit must also be given to Hadrien for predicting the market and steering George toward coins with impeccable provenance; as you will note, many of the coins in this auction boast pedigrees dating back to the 19th century. In the final pages of this catalogue you will find some interesting notes produced by Hadrien himself on the collections to which many of the coins in this sale previously belonged as well as some biographical information on the lives of the respective collectors and coin dealers involved in the prior sales, which we hope you will find a

stimulating read. To a certain extent, the collectors’ backgrounds illustrate how over the years numismatics has attracted “extraordinary” personalities.

I cannot conclude this preface without giving special thanks to Larry Stack. Working with Larry on this collection has been extremely gratifying and I have been amused to see how well-aligned our way of reasoning is. No doubt the fact that we were both born into families that lived and breathed numismatics and both joined the trade at a young age has helped us form a common understanding of the profession which, I am pleased to say, is far removed from the approach of those who treat coins as simply a commodity. Coins produced before 1800 are not industrial products and, in my eyes, the idea of slabbing, for example, an Augustus aureus with Myron’s heifer is the equivalent of exhibiting the bronzes of Riace, wrapped up in cellophane with a certificate stuck on top.

I would like to end this foreword by wishing the future owners of George’s coins, the same joy and passion that so enthused George in the building of his collection.

Enjoy.

Arturo Russo

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RBW R. Russo, The RBW collection of Roman republican coins. Zurich 2013 RIC The Roman Imperial Coinage, London 1923-2007.

RN Révue Numismatique. Société Français de Numismatique. Paris 1836-present.

Sear D.R. Sear, Roman Coins and their Values, London 2000-2006.

Sear Imperators D.R. Sear, The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49-27 BC, London.

SNR Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau. Bern.

Sydenham A.E. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Republic, London 1952.

Voetter, Bachofen Sammlung Bachofen von Echt. Romische Münzen un Medaillons, Wien 1903 von Kaenel H.M. von Kaenel, Britannicus, Agrippina Minor und Nero in Trakien, in SNR 63 1984.

Wealth of the Ancient World D. von Bothmer et al., Wealth of the Ancient World: The Nelson Bunker Hunt and William Herbert Hun Collections, Fort Worth, 1983.

Woytek B. Woytek, Die Reichsprägung des Kaisers Traianus. Vienna 2010.

Zedelius V. Zedelius, Untersuchungen zur Münzprägung von Pertinax bis Clodius Albinus, Munster 1976.

ZFN Zeitschrift für Numismatik. Berlin 1874-1935

Bibliography Alföldi Babelon Bahrfeldt Baldwin-Brett Bastien Lyon Biaggi BMC

M.R. Alföldi. Die Constantinische Goldprägung. Mainz 1963.

E. Babelon, Monnaies de la République Romaine. Paris 1885.

M.V. Bahrfeldt, Die Römische Goldmünzenprägung. Halle 1923.

Brett, A. Baldwin, Aurei and Solidi of the Arras Hoard, in NC 13, 1933.

P. Bastien, Le monnayage de Lyon. Wetteren 1976.

The Collection of Roman Gold coins belonging to L. Biaggi (privately printed).

A Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, by H. Mattingly and R. Carson, London 1923-1962. A Catalogue of Greek coins in the British Museum. London 1873-1927.

Bourgey & Desnier L’Empire Romain, Tome 2 (96-235 ap. J.-C.). Paris 1994.

C H. Cohen, Déscription historique des monnaies frappées sous l’Empire Romain.

Paris 1880-1892.

Calicó X. Calicó, The Roman Aurei. Barcelona 2003.

CBN J.B. Giard, Bibliothèque Nationale, Catalogue des monnaies de l’Empire Romain.

Paris 1976, 1988, 1998 and 2008.

Coin Hoards Coin Hoards, Royal Numismatic Society. London 1975-.

Crawford M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge 1973. de Sartiges Collection Vicomte De Sartiges. Series Grecque et Romaine en 1910 ainsi que les acquisitions depuis cette date. Paris.

Depeyrot G. Depeyrot, Les monnaies d’Or (Diocletian à Constantin I, Constantin II à Zenon). Wetteren 1995-1996.

Giacosa, Women of the Caesars Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins, translation by R. Holloway. Milan 1977.

Göbl R. Göbl, Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Valerianus I / Gallienus / Saloninus (253/268) MIR 36. Vienna 2000.

Gruber H. A. Gruber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, 3 vol. 1970.

Hurter, Sammlung Götz Grabert Kaiser Roms im Münzportrait. Stuttgart ND. Kent-Hirmer J.P.C. Kent - A. Hirmer, Roman Coins. London 1978.

Lafaurie J. Lafaurie, Trésor d’un navire romain trouvé en Méditerranée, in RN I, 1958.

Lukanc I. Lukanc, Diocletianus, Der römische Kaiser aus Dalmatien. Wetteren 1991.

Mazzini I.G. Mazzini, Monete Imperiali Romane. Milan 1957-58.

Menadier K. Menadier, Exkurs: Die Goldprägung der valerianisch-gallienischen Zeit, in ZfN 31, 1914.

NC The Numismatic Chronicle. Royal Numismatic Society London.1838-present.

Rambach-Walker H. Rambach, A. Walker, The “Heifer” aurei of Augustus, in SNR 91, 2012.

RBW R. Russo, The RBW collection of Roman Republican Coins. Zurich 2013.

RIC The Roman Imperial Coinage. London 1923-2007.

RN Révue Numismatique, Société Français de Numismatique. Paris 1836-present.

Sear D.R. Sear, Roman Coins and their Values. London 2000-2006.

Sear Imperators D.R. Sear, The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49-27 BC, London.

SNR Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau. Bern.

Sydenham A.E. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Republic. London 1952.

Voetter, Bachofen Sammlung Bachofen von Echt. Römische Münzen und Medaillons. Wien 1903 von Kaenel H.M. von Kaenel, Britannicus, Agrippina Minor und Nero in Trakien, in SNR 63 1984.

Wealth of the Ancient World D. von Bothmer et al., Wealth of the Ancient World: The Nelson Bunker Hunt and William Herbert Hunt Collections. Fort Worth 1983.

Woytek B. Woytek, Die Reichsprägung des Kaisers Traianus. Vienna 2010.

Zedelius V. Zedelius, Untersuchungen zur Münzprägung von Pertinax bis Clodius Albinus.

Münster 1976.

ZFN Zeitschrift für Numismatik. Berlin 1874-1935

Provenance Glossary

By Hadrien Rambach

On some important coin collectors ADDA. Victor Adda (1885-1965), born in Cairo, used to live in Alexandria where he took-over the family business in the cotton trade, and formed an important collection of coins and antiquities – a passion which he developed in his teens. He was well-known, both in the Egyptian Jewish bourgeoisie and the European art world, and visits to his home inspired other collectors such as Jean Claude Gandur. Despite his company being confiscated after the war of 1948, he remained in Egypt until he was able to escape to Europe. The coins inherited by three of his four daughters, including 510 Roman and Byzantine gold coins, were auctioned anonymously (« The Property of a Lady ») by Christie’s in London, on 9 October 1984 and 8 October 1985. The fourth quarter of the collection has been recently loaned to the Israel Museum. Though Adda kept a meticulous catalogue of his coins, he never wrote information about their provenance – a most regrettable fact, typical of his times, which illustrates the difficulties faced when trying to trace back antiquities.

BACHOFEN VON ECHT. Baron Karl Adolf Ludwig Bachofen von Echt (1830-1922) was an Austrian brewer – the same profession as Armand Trampitsch and Virgil Brand. Born in Westfaly, he studied Technique and Chemie in Prague, and started working at his brother’s sugar factory – before meeting the daughter of a brewer, whose company he purchased after his death in 1865. The brewery was in Nussdorf, and Bachofen von Echt became the mayor of the town in 1872, a position he retained for nearly twenty years – until the town was integrated into Vienna. He formed a large collection of paintings, notably by Adalbert Stifter (1805-1868). His coin collection was published in 1903. Part of it was acquired by the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the rest was sold by Leo Hamburger (auction 46 – November 1910) and Brüder Egger (auction 39 – January 1912). He bought in all the main auctions – such as Ponton d’Amécourt and Montagu, but also from the “strikingly well preserved latest Egyptian finds”.

BALLY-HERZOG. Arthur Bally (1849-1912), married in 1874 to Julie Herzog, was born near Solothurn into the famous Swiss industrial family: the elastics brand BALLY remains active and well-known for its luxury shoes. The great-grandson of the firm’s founder, he started by training in a Geneva bank and then in Paris, before establishing subsidiary companies in Uruguay (1871) and Argentina (1874). His father gave him and his brother Eduard the company in 1892, and Arthur Bally devoted his life to running the large family firm. Nevertheless, he still found the time to get involved in various social charities – and notably in the fight against tuberculosis, initiating and financing the sanatorium Allerheiligenberg: he even left in his will the enormous amount of one million francs to charity and the invalid-insurance of his company. It remains unclear when and how he became interested in coins, but by 1883 he was a member of the Swiss Numismatic Society, making sure he attended most annual meetings. His main passion was for Swiss coins (4,041 coins and medals of which 424 gold ones). He nevertheless displayed a real interest for Roman coins, and his manuscript inventory counted some 1,448 Roman coins (of which 250 in gold), most of them acquired after 1902 at auctions and from major dealers (notably Spink in London and Merzbacher in Munich). Contrary to most collectors who listed here, Bally clearly showed an interest for coins in general – not limiting himself to the best preserved examples or the most precious rarities. Possibly inspired by his cousin Otto Bally (18391908) who offered many rare German coins to the coin-cabinet in Karlsruhe, Arthur Bally pledged in his will his entire coin-collection to the Schweizerisches Landesmuseum in Zurich. But the museum at the time only accepted Roman coins found within Swiss territory, so Bally decided that the Roman and foreign coins should be sold, the proceeds going to the museums in Zurich, Solothurn, Aarau and Olten.

BAUER. Born in Rochester NY to an Alsatian immigrant butcher, George Joseph Bauer (1870-1961) worked in the automobile business from 1904 to 1940, having founded the GENESEE MOTOR VEHICLE COMPANY despite a passion for numismatics which had started aged 12. In his twenties, he published a price list of copper and colonial coins and was elected President of the Rochester Numismatic Club in 1914. He then became a professional numismatist, conducing some thirty auctions between 1940 and 1951. He was the 17th President of the American Numismatic Association (1930-1932), and was elected to the ANA Numismatic Hall of Fame in 1969. His collection of Greek and Roman coins was apparently acquired in 1934 by the dealer B. Max Mehl, but his US colonial coins were auctioned by Lester Merkin in November 1968. It may also have been his silver and bronze coins that Glendining’s sold on 12 December 1962 and 23 January 1963. “Most collectors are content to gather their coins via the dealer and auction route. Not so with George J. Bauer of Rochester. He prefers to pick them up first

hand in their native land”, and indeed he made several trips to the Middle East and Europe with his wife. Despite John Lupia’s comment in his remarkable biography that Bauer “is especially noted as being one of the foremost authorities on ancient Greek and Roman coins and for owning one of the best collections in the world”, Bauer remains little known in Europe.1 BEMENT. Clarence Sweet Bement (1843-1923) had taken-over his father’s successful business in machine tools. 370 of his Greek coins were published in 1921, and then his collection of Greek coins was sold in 1909 lots by Lucien Naville in his auctions VI-VII (1924). Naville also sold Bement’s Roman coins: 1770 lots in his auction VIII. Bement had also collected American and European coins (sold by Henry Chapman in 1916 and 1918), prints and books (many of which are now in the Widener Library at Harvard), and minerals: his collection of over 12,500 specimens was purchased by J.P. Morgan for $100,000 to be given to the Museum of Natural History in New York City.2 BIAGGI. Leo Biaggi de Blasys (1906-1979) was an industrialist, whose company manufactured beet sugar. A Swiss citizen, with a French mother, he lived most of his life in Liguria (Italy) but died in Spain. A delegate to the International Red Cross during WW2, he received in 1961 the Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito from the Italian government, and in 1974 the silver medal of the Red Cross (despite the polemics about him having signed the nazi Eichmann’s passport). The dealer who assisted Biaggi throughout the building of his collection completely dismissed the possibility that he signed such a passport knowing that it was for a nazi criminal. He formed an exceptional collection of ancient coins – notably over two thousand Roman gold coins – which was purchased en-bloc in 1978 by the Bank Leu (Zurich) in partnership with the dealer who had assisted him. Biaggi’s heirs then created the Bogliasco Foundation, to honour their grandmother and father’s passion for the visual arts, music and literature. Most coins from Biaggi’s collection were sold privately over the years, though Bank Leu auctioned a first group in their auction 22 (1979) and eventually a large group reappeared in NAC auction 49 (2008). The Biaggi collection was never published, but it is accessible thanks to photoplates of the gold coins and casts, which document the contents of this exceptional collection. A manuscript inventory also exists, which often records the purchase dates and prices of Biaggi’s aurei.

BOLLA. Ferruccio Bolla (1911-1984) came from Ticino (Switzerland), where he studied at his father’s law firm. He edited the Repertorio di giurisprudenza patria from 1937 onwards, and became a member of the Ticino Appeal Tribunal 1939-1947. In addition to his legal career, he had a passion for Classical art and created, together with Ernesto Bernareggi, the important periodical Numismatica e Antichità Classiche – Quaderni Ticinesi. His collection of Roman gold coins was auctioned by Anton Tkalec AG and Astarte SA (Massimo Rossi) in February 2007.

CASTRO MAYA. The Brazilian Raymundo Ottoni de Castro Maya (1894-1968) was born and raised in Rio de Janeiro, where he owned the firm CIA. CARIOCA INDUSTRIAL. His ample collections, of over 22,000 items, comprised paintings, books, historical documents, and coins. The art collection was started with his father, and at first counted rather old-fashioned works by the likes of Courbet, Douanier Rousseau, Troyon and Rosa Bonheur, but he acquired more modern works from the 1940s onwards : Seurat, Degas, Monet, Matisse, Picasso, Dalí, Miró, etc. He also purchased numerous works of Brazilian art from indigenous items to modernist ones. An active supporter of writers and graphic artists, he created the Sociedade os Cem Bibliófilos do Brasil, through which he published 23 illustrated books. In 1948 he became the first chairman of the Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, in 1952 he founded the society Os Amigos da Gravura, and he coordinated the organising committee of the 4th centenary of the city of Rio de Janeiro. He bought most of his coin collection during the “Belle Epoque”, with the assistance of Messrs. Rollin et Feuardent (that is before 1936), and it was dispersed by Emile Bourgey, in an auction held in Paris in November 1957.

DESNEUX. Dr Jules Desneux (1885-1962) was a dermatologist in Brussels. He had various personal interests, such as entomology (he wrote on the life-cycle of termites), the history of Flanders, and the painter Van Eyck. His interest for numismatics grew when he acquired en-bloc a collection of Greek coins circa 1930, and he then became a scholar, President of the Royal Numismatic Society of Belgium, editor of its journal, and author of articles on the coins of Akanthos, Mende, Aetna, Aegina, Macedon and Thrace. The auction of his collection of ancient coins took place in April 1971 with Hess-Leu, along with the coins from other vendors.

1 2

See: The Numismatist, February 1925; LUPIA; SMITH p. 20.

See: T. L. Comparette, A descriptive catalogue of Greek coins selected from the cabinet of Clarence S. Bement, Esq., Philadelphia, New York 1921; J. J. Peters and C. Pearson, « Clarence S. Bement : The Consumate Collector », in Mineralogical Record, vol. 21 (1990), pp. 47-67; WALKER pp. 607-608.

EBERT. Robert Oliver Ebert (1927-2008), born in Ohio, had been sent to Staunton Military School in order to recover from the effects of polio. He then pursued an engineering degree at Purdue, graduated in 1950, and enlisted in the Air Force where was quickly recruited for secret military projects requiring top-level security clearance. Later, he joined the company that his father had founded, RUBBERMAID, a kitchen products company which he helped develop. In addition, in 1967, he had developed a blow moulding business, which was soon successful with factories in North Carolina, California and Mexico. And, as an investor, he developed Lakeside Park in Mooresville, NC. Man of several interests, he built first-rate collections of art, firearms and coins. With the assistance of New Jersey dealer Arnold Saslow, who supplied to him most of his coins – bought privately and at auctions, Ebert built a specialised coins collection which was auctioned by Stack’s in January whilst his Greek coins were sold in the auction Gemini V (January 2009).

ELBERLING. Dr Karl Gustav Elberling (1797-1873) was born in Lower-Silesia, which had become Prussian in 1742. After his medical studies, he moved in 1829 to Luxemburg, where he was chiefsurgeon to the 37th battalion of the Prussian army, and where he remained after his retirement. Very EBERT . Robert (1927-2008), born in Ohio, had been sentpractice to Staunton Military School i knowledgeable, and much liked by the Oliver locals, Ebert Elberling was – unusually – allowed to also order to recover fromseem the effects of arisen polio. He engineering degree at Purdue, graduate private medicine. His numismatic interests to have afterthen thepursued sight ofanMajor Senckler’s in 1950, and enlisted in the Air from Forcethe where quicklyhoard. recruited for secret military projects requirin collection, and the subsequent purchase of some folles 1842was Dalheim He owned some top-level security clearance.

Later, he joined company that– his father had founded, RUBBERMAID, 775 Roman coins in gold, over 2800 in silver, and 5500 in bronze, andthe this collection which included 569 coins unknown to Cohen – was estimated to 150,000 at his develop. death (half value of kitchen products company whichfrancs he helped In the addition, in Quelen’s 1967, he had developed a blo collection but a huge amount nevertheless).

Thoughwas he had to bequeath it to the ‘Section moulding business, which soonpromised successful with factories in North Carolina, California an Mexico. And, as investor, Lakeside Park inand Mooresville, historique de l’Institut grand-ducal’, hisansister sold he hisdeveloped coins en-bloc to Rollin Feuardent,NC. theMan of several interest 3 built first-rate collections wealth of art, are firearms and coins. the assistance of New Jersey deale dealers in Paris. The onlyhetestimony of the collection’s some articles that With he published.

Arnold Saslow, who supplied to him most of his coins – bought privately and at auctions, Ebert built E.S.R. The 17th auction by Adolph Hess A.G. and Bank Leu, in Lucerne on 23 March 1961, remains specialised coins collection which was auctioned by Stack’s in January whilst his Greek coins wer well-known for the quality of the coins that it contained. The collector was identified as « ESR » and sold in the auction Gemini V (January 2009). his identity remains a mystery to this day. Indeed, some believe that he was Eric Alex von Schulthess. Dr Karl Elberling was born in Lower-Silesia, which had becom ELBERLING Rechberg (1914-1986), but others consider that Gustav he was Sir Edward(1797-1873) Stanley Robinson (1887-1976).

The Prussian in 1742.

After medical he moved in 1829istowell Luxemburg, existence of the numismatic collection formed byhis Karl Gustavstudies, von Schulthess-Rechberg known where he was chie surgeon the 37th battalion theAlbert Prussian army, and where after his retirement. Ver (attested by the publication of itsto catalogue

by Juliusofand Erbstein, its salehebyremained auction in much liked locals,Eric Elberling was –ancient unusually – allowed to also practic 1868-1869), but it doesknowledgeable, not appear to and be proved that by histhe relative did collect coins.

Robinson was a Reader private in Numismatics Oxford, 1938-1958 and an Assistant Keeper medicine.atHis numismatic interests seem to have arisen(later after Deputy the sight of Major Senckler Keeper) at the British Museum. the series, and wrote several the Dalheim Sylloge hoard. He owned som collection,He andcreated the subsequent purchase of some follesvolumes, from theof 1842 Nummorum Graecorum,775 as well as the lastinvolume of the catalogue the5500 BMC. He was and knighted in Roman coins gold, over 2800 in silver,ofand in bronze, this collection – which include 569 coins unknown to Cohen –Museum’, was estimated 150,000 at his deathto(half 1972 for ‘services to numismatics and the Ashmolean thus to having “thefrancs first knighthood a the value of Quelen a huge amount nevertheless).

Though had promised to bequeath it to the ‘Sectio numismatist”. Robinson collection did own abut coin-collection, which he presented to the he Ashmolean Museum in historique de Greek l’Institut grand-ducal’, his sister sold his coins en-bloc to Rollin and Feuardent, th 1964, but his interests were mostly for numismatics. dealers in Paris. The only testimony of the collection’s wealth are some articles that he published.3 EVANS. Sir John Evans (1823-1908) was a paper-manufacturer of Nash Mills (Hertfordshire) who was E.S.R. Theactive 17th auction Hess A.G.Society and Bank Leu, in Lucerne on 23 March 1961, remain a passionate numismatist.

A very memberby ofAdolph the Numismatic of London (later Royal well-known for thehe quality ofPresident the coinsfrom that it1874 contained. collector was identified as « ESR » an Numismatic Society), from 1849 onwards, was its until hisThe death.

He was also identity remains to the this British day. Indeed, some that numerous he was Eric Alex von Schulthes President of the Society his of Antiquaries, and a mystery Trustee of Museum.

Hebelieve possessed but others consider items, that hemedieval was Sir Edward Stanley Robinson (1887-1976). Th collections, reflecting hisRechberg interests(1914-1986), as an archaeologist: prehistoric jewels, and coins – of the and numismatic formedmore

by Karl von Schulthess-Rechberg is well know Roman, ancient British,existence Anglo-Saxon English.collection He published thanGustav a hundred articles – notably on Celtic coins –(attested and threebybooks on The Coins Ancient by Britons and Supplement the publication of of itsthe catalogue Julius(1864 and Albert Erbstein, in and its sale by auction i 1890), The Ancient Stone Implementsbut of Great (1872)toand Ancient Implements of collect ancient coin 1868-1869), it doesBritain not appear beThe proved thatBronze his relative Eric did Robinson was ahis Reader in Numismatics at some Oxford, and an Roman Assistant Keeper (later Deput Great Britain (1881). His son inherited coin-collection, keeping but1938-1958 selling numerous Keeper) at the(« British Museum. created the series, andachieved wrote several aurei in a 363-lot anonymous auction collection J. E. ») He in Paris in May 1909 that 113,301volumes, of the Syllog Nummorum as well as thewere last volume of the catalogue theJ. BMC. He was knighted i francs. Most of the Anglo-Saxon andGraecorum, English hammered coins bought en-bloc

by Spinkof and P. 1972 for ‘services to numismatics and the Ashmolean Museum’, thus having “the first knighthood to Morgan. numismatist”. Robinson did own a coin-collection, which he presented to the Ashmolean Museum i EVANS. When Sir John Evans died, his obituary in the Aethenaeum read that he was leaving his 1964, but his interests were mostly for Greek numismatics. collection to “his distinguished son Dr. Arthur Evans, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum and first . SirinJohn Evans (1823-1908) was–a President paper-manufacturer of Numismatic Nash Mills (Hertfordshire) who wa discoverer of MycenaeanEVANS remains Crete”.

Also a numismatist of the Royal a passionate numismatist.

A very active member of the Numismatic Society– of London (later Roy Society 1914-1919, Sir Arthur John Evans (1851-1941) is especially remembered as an archaeologist Society), from 1849 onwards,interest he wasinitscoins President until his death. He was als Extraordinary Professor Numismatic at Oxford University.

After a youthful – of from which1874 he was making drawings as young as seven, graduated and then travelled to the of Balkans, where he got He possessed numerou President of theheSociety of Antiquaries, and a Trustee the British Museum. involved in the local politics (denouncing thehis Ottoman which led to himprehistoric being banished from collections, reflecting interestsrule) as an archaeologist: items, medieval jewels, and coins Croatia, having nevertheless great British, interest Anglo-Saxon to the local and archaeology In 1884more he was Roman,paid ancient English. there.

He published than a hundred articles on Celtic coinswhere – and three books oninThe Coinsit of the Ancient Britons appointed Keeper of thenotably Ashmolean Museum, he succeeded having moved from Broad St.(1864 and Supplement i 1890), The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain (1872) and The Ancient Bronze Implements o Great Britain (1881). His son inherited his coin-collection, keeping some but selling numerous Roma

aurei in a 363-lot anonymous auction (« collection J. E. ») in Paris in May 1909 that achieved 113,30 francs. Most of the Anglo-Saxon and English hammered coins were bought en-bloc by Spink and J. P Morgan.

EVANS. When Sir John Evans died, his obituary in the Aethenaeum read that he was leaving h collection to “his distinguished son Dr. Arthur Evans, keeper of the Ashmolean Museum and fir discoverer of Mycenaean remains in Crete”. Also a numismatist – President of the Royal Numismat

to Beaumont St., and opened the Heberden Coin Room to get the museum’s coin and medal collection back from the Bodleian Library. Evans coined the term ‘minoan’ in 1896, and started in 1900 to excavate the site of Knossos (Crete), discovering much about this formerly unknown civilization.

Leonard Forrer, in his preface to the Naville catalogue, noted that “The Evans collection contains many pieces originating from the collection of Sir John Evans”, though most coins were bought by himself – and notably an important group from the Arras hoard. As early as 1889 (135 lots sold £303 15s.) and 1898 (146 lots sold £1828 2s.), Evans had sold (anonymously) at Sotheby’s a number of Greek coins “collected principally in Sicily and southern Italy”. Evans gave and bequeathed many of his coins to the Heberden Coin Room of the Ashmolean Museum, but an important group was sold privately to Jameson, a few coins were sold by Glendining and Cahn, then a large part of his collection was sold by Naville in his auctions III-IV (June 1922), XII (October 1926) and XVII (October 1934), and by Jacob Hirsch in his auction XXX (May 1911). Naville’s third auction contained 342 lots of Roman and Byzantine gold coins. The tracing of Evans’ collection is complex: “over his lifetime he must have owned many thousands of Greek and Roman coins, but he seems to have been constantly selling off duplicates (often to raise money for his excavations or to settle debts) and buying new and better pieces” (Alan Walker).4 FEIRSTEIN. Barry R. Feirstein (b. 1952) is a Harvard graduate who started a Wall Street career as a technology analyst and became the manager of his own hedge-fund company FEIRSTEIN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT (1993-2010). A teenage collector of American coins, he started to collect again in 1994 after attending an ancient coin auction. When Numismatica Ars Classica sold his coins in three auctions, n. 39 (2007), 42 (2007) and 45 (2008), it was suggested that this might be a first collection – formed in less than 10 years – and that he may in fact not have relinquished the pursuit forever.

Feirstein donated $5million in 2011 to create a Graduate School of Cinema, and commented: “I’ve been an investor all my life in things like Apple and Microsoft and have seen the creation of businesses and industries. To me, this investment is the same thing: we are going to create something that will have a major impact on the film industry, Brooklyn College and New York City” (The Wall Street Journal).

FONTANA. Carlo d’Ottavio Fontana (1774-1832), the son of a constructor from Ticino, was an important collector from Trieste: in addition to his professional life as a pharmacist, he was also a shipowner and the founder of a large trading firm (notably tobacco). He is said to have owned over 40,000 coins, and a splendid painted portrait from the collection of Baron Morpurgo shows him with some of his coins. The erudite Domenico Sestini – curator of the Grand Duke of Toscana – published a number of his rare coins, and Theodor Panofka in 1832, and Fontana himself published the catalogues of his Greek coins (in 1822 and 1827) and of his Roman Republican coins (in 1827). Unfortunately, it is not known where and when Fontana acquired his Roman Imperial coins, but most of his Roman leads had come from the collection of Francesco Ficoroni (published in 1740). Some coins of his were sold by Adolph Hess in his auction 32 (December 1888), but the majority had been auctioned by Henri Hoffmann in Paris in June 1860.5 He also owned coins from the Trieste bishops, which he published the year of his death. An interest in Egyptian artefacts is also attested, and he gave an important papyrus (2m70 long) to the Vienna museum.

GRABERT. The collection built by Götz Grabert (1924-2000) and his wife Ingrid Thoma was a relatively small group of attractive coins carefully chosen by this “European Scholar lately deceased” – as he was called when LHS Numismatik sold his collection in May 2006 (auction 97). Grabert was born in Stuttgart, the son of a notary and tax-advisor. He did his military service in Holland and Norway before starting his studies in 1953, and before taking-over his father’s business in 1955. That year is when he met the art, art-history and philosophy student whom he would marry in 1963. Grabert had felt an attraction for Roman history since his schooldays, and with his wife he dedicated his adult life to their library and their collection. With limited means but dedication, they befriended dealers such as Hans Kriecheldorf, Jacques Schulman, Herbert Cahn and Pierre Strauss (at Münzen und Medaillen AG), and notably Leo Mildenberg. Two years after her husband’s death, Mrs Grabert found a coin with the middle-aged portrait of Nero, which they had been searching for over thirty years, and she was able to complete their collecting goals – after which she asked Sylvia Hurter to write a book on some choice items in the collection, and then sold it in order to finance the foundation Stiftung SOL, which she had created in order to support various cultural projects (to date in Germany, India and Afghanistan).

4

See: Christopher Blunt, « pp. 176-177; WALKER pp. 600-602 and 611-613.

5

See: J. Sabatier, « Lettre à M. R. Chalon, sur quelques monnaies romaines inédites de la

HALL. Henry Platt Hall (1863-1949) worked at PLATT BROS. & CO. LTD textile machinery makers in Oldham (Lancashire). Starting as an apprentice at the company, he obtained some sales experience before commercialising the company’s products abroad (including Russia), and worked his way up in the company of which he became chairman in 1920. He was an expert metal worker (moulding, fitting, planning, slotting, boring etc.), and a council-member of the Management Committee of the Engineering and Allied Employers Federation. He retired in 1924, and moved to Montgomeryshire – where he became High Sheriff (1923-1929) and Justice of the Peace (1928-1945), which gave him more time for coins: he had joined the Numismatic Society of London as early as 1899, and he became a council-member of both the Royal Numismatic Society and the British Numismatic Society. His Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins were auctioned by Glendining’s in two auctions in 1950, with an impressive 2,328 lots (including some 400 gold coins), whilst a final sale of British coins was cancelled and purchased en-bloc by Spink.6 When Leonard Forrer wrote the introductory preface to the salecatalogue, he indicated that Hall was “a collector, esteemed and beloved”, whom he had known over half a century. His first coin-purchases were made as a schoolboy from Manchester Grammar School, and then in 1895 he started to keep a register of all his acquisitions (with receipts) – which he kept until his death. Unfortunately, this information was not recorded in the Glendining’s catalogues, and we must hope that this precious document will someday reappear.

HAUSMAN. Bruce Hausman was an early client of Arnold R. Saslow (Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe – South Orange NJ). A Lawyer from New York City, he collected Roman coins – notably from London auctions in the 1990s. His entire collection was acquired by Robert O. Ebert.

HERZFELDER. Ernst Moritz Herzfelder (1865-1923) was the director – with his uncle, Robert – of the Viennese brewery Robert & Ernst Herzfelder & Co..A wealthy coin-collector, he was the uncle of the scholar and trained-banker and also an amateur-marchand Hubert Herzfelder (1911-1964), and his Roman coins were sold anonymously by Jacob Hirsch (auction XXIX – November 1910) and Brüder Egger (auction XLIII – April 1913).7.

HOBERMAN. Gerald Hoberman (1943-2013) was an award-winning photographer born in Cape Town.

After opening his own photography studio in London’s Carnaby Street in the 1970s, he moved back to South Africa where for twenty years he was the managing director of COALCOR which was a bulk coal distribution company. He retired in 1996, to establish an international publishing company with his son Marc. He had formed his coin collection in the 1980s with the help of John Pett of Spink & Son (London), and disposed of it in the 2010s during several auctions by DNW (London). Several pieces from his own collection had been illustrated in his book on The Art of Coins and their photography (London 1981).

HUNT. Nelson Bunker Hunt (1926-2014) and his brother William Herbert Hunt (b. 1929) were the sons of a magnate who had founded the firm PLACID OIL. Nelson Bunker had entered the family business, developing oil fields in Libya, but he had lost them when Colonel Gaddafi took power, and the two brothers started to speculate from the 1970s onwards on the silver market, resulting in estimated holdings of a hundred million troy ounces in 1979 (the price of silver crashed in March 1980). It is in 1978 that Hunt started to buy from the funder of Numismatic Fine Arts – Bruce McNall – when the latter convinced him to buy (half cash and half racehorses!) the coin-collection of Sy Weintraub, a film producer who was asking 16 million dollars for his collection. Nelson’s ambition with the silver market was reflected in his brother William’s wish to buy every Byzantine gold coin in the world. The brothers’s made huge losses as a consequence of their attempts to corner the silver market which backfired with the so-called “Silver Thursday” scandal in 1980 which saw them unable to meet their obligations as a consequence of COMEX’s decision to change the leverage rules on the purchase of commodities on margin.. Momentarily saved by a consortium of banks brought in to rescue the situation, in the end the brother’s lost over a billion dollars in the affair but the family fortunes survived. The final blow came in 1988 when they were forced to pay 134 million dollars in compensation to a Peruvian mining company which lost money as a result of the brothers’ actions.

N.B. Hunt filed for bankruptcy in September 1988. He settled in 1989 for a ten million dollars fine with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, in addition to other sanctions, which led to the forced sale of their coins – usually at prices far inferior to their costs. Sotheby’s organised two auctions of ancient coins in June 1990, two more in December 1990, and a final one in June 1991.

6 7

See: MANVILLE p. 120.

SEE: SCHWEIZER MÜNZBLÄTTER, VOL. 13/14.56 (1964), PP. 166-167.

The Hunt brothers were peculiar collectors, in that they almost entirely entrusted their advisors at NFA with the creation of their collection. Suffice to say that clients who met them at the gala dinner preceding the first sale were surprised at their superficial knowledge of their coins.

HUNTINGTON. Archer M. Huntington (1870-1955), the stepson of railroad magnate Collis P. Huntington, developed early an interest in the Hispanic culture – probably inspired by a journey to Mexico in his teenage years. In 1892, with a Yale professor, he went to Spain for the first time – the first of many such trips, notably to the Northern territories, the land in which El Cid is set, a poem which he annotated, translated and later published along with some of his own writings. Huntington also participated in archaeological digs, including the excavations in the ruins of Roman Italica near Seville in 1898. The railroad heir turned down the offer of a job in business and management to pursue his passion rather than a business career. Ardently setting out to assemble a collection from every period and every land where Spanish influence was felt, however remotely, Huntington travelled tirelessly all over the globe collecting coins, books, paintings, sculptures, glass, pottery and a whole host of other artefacts. The aim of this huge undertaking being to create a visual, encyclopaedic and exciting testament to every period and aspect of Hispanic culture. This led him to establish New York’s Hispanic Society of America, a free museum and research library for study of the arts and cultures of Spain, Portugal and Latin America. Huntington also donated land and subsidies for the construction of the American Numismatic Society’s first building, but he also financed the publication of its Numismatic Notes. Some precious documents on Huntington’s purchasing habits have been published

by Sabine Bourgey, whose grandfather had been a major supplier of coins to Huntington.8 In the process of assembling his collection, Huntington made many new acquaintances and crossed paths with many distinguished dealers and collectors. As a collector, he adhered strictly to the guidelines for purchasing coins outside Spain, having no interest in removing treasures from the country. Though Huntington died as late as 1955, he was already writing in April 1907 that he was going to stop buying – an affirmation renewed in November 1908, and indeed his last purchase from Bourgey was in January 1913. Huntington loaned the collection to The American Numismatic Society in 1946, and transferred its ownership to The Hispanic Society of America in 1949 (but the coins remained stored at the A.N.S.). After Huntington’s death, some 6,390 more coins were discovered in his vault, which were joined to the rest of the collection. Despite having been preserved in a museum for over fifty years, the Huntington collection has been very little studied, and especially not its formation. The H.S.A. decided to deaccession these 37,895 coins on 23 January 2008, and the group was sold en bloc in a single-lot sealed-bid auction by Sotheby’s in March 2012, to a group of investors. The Roman gold coins were then re-offered at auction by Numismatica Ars Classica in their auction 67 (October 2012) and their auction 71 (May 2013). The numismatic component of his collection contained a staggering number of coins, spanning two and a half millennia from the pre-Roman Spanish aboriginal period, the Roman imperial era, the Visigothic takeover, Umayyad Islamic Spain (for which he learned Arabic), the medieval ages, up to the empire of Ferdinand and Isabella and their royal successors.

JAMESON. Frédéric-Robert Jameson (1861-1942) was a cousin of the Swiss banker Baron Hottinguer.

A banker, of Scottish ancestors, he became Régent of the Banque de France. He is attested to have owned an important real-estate empire, including both no. 6 and no. 8 avenue Velasquez (Paris 8th arrondissement). 583 lots of duplicate Greek coins – from the Evans collection – were sold to him at auction in Paris in June 1906. Then, his catalogue of over 3,000 coins had been published by Feuardent Frères: Collection R. Jameson. Monnaies impériales romaines, four volumes, Paris 1913-1932 (2620 Greek and 538 Roman coins). Jameson “died in 1942 and the collection was then sold privately. The first 150 pieces were sold to Gulbenkian in 1946, the remainder was then acquired by Jacob Hirsch who dispersed them directly to collectors and through auctions; considerable numbers remained in his stock at the time of his death and continued to be sold by Leo Mildenberg up until the last pieces were disposed of in the 1980s”. Jameson served as head of a railroad station in Paris during WW1, for which he received the Légion d’Honneur MAYR-HARTING. Dr. Herbert Mayr-Harting (1905-1989), born in Prague from a Viennese family, was the son of the politician Robert Ritter von Mayr-Harting and the husband of Anna née Münzer, who achieved fame as a bacteriologist in Bristol. His collection was auctioned by Glendining, London, 15 November 1949.

MAZZINI. Giuseppe Mazzini (1883-1961) was an Italian politician, born in Livorno but having moved to Turin, who was elected a Deputy (Member of Parlament) in 1921. Expelled from the Italian Liberal Party in 1925, he then candidated under the wings of the National Fascist Party, and was elected

8

See: BOURGEY pp. 116-125.

Senator in 1943. He was an advisor to numerous companies including FIAT and president of the newspaper LA STAMPA. A passionate fencer, he became in 1925 president of the Confederazione Italiana di Scherma, and in 1953 President of the Fédération Internationale d’Escrime. His extensive collection of Monete imperiali romane, some 8051 coins of which 1261 in gold, was published in five thick volumes in 1957-1958, prior to its acquisition en-bloc by Mario Ratto, the dealer in Milan, who then dispersed it privately – many gold coins entering the collection of Leo Biaggi.9 MCCULLOUGH. The son of a Governor, himself a prominent lawyer with offices on Wall Street, Hall Park McCullough (1872-1966) collected both US and Roman coins, and his collection (including 101 aurei) was auctioned by Stack’s in November 1967, the catalogue declaring that his “Roman coins must come very close to being the finest collection of the kind ever to be offered for sale in the United States”. The collector’s unusual first names were the surnames of his maternal grandfather Trenor William Park (1823-1882) and great-grandfather Governor Hiland Hall. He had inherited the celebrated family residence, one of the finest Victorian mansions in New England, in North Bennington, Vermont. This explains why he formed the most important collection of Vermontiana : books, documents, ephemera, maps, diaries, manuscripts and authographs, now dispersed but with many preserved at the University of Vermont and in the Bennington Museum. With his wife, he created Bennington College, a pioneering institution for women.10 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM. When the Metropolitan Museum of Art – New York decided to sell 6,664 coins, to finance the purchase the infamous Euphronios krater, two auctions were organised by Sotheby & Co. in Zurich (a planned third auction did not take place). The second sale were the Greek coins from the collection of the Irish collector John Ward (1832-1912) which had been bought by J.P. Morgan. But the first sale consisted exclusively of Roman gold coins (347 lots sold for 8,177,800 Swiss francs) which came principally from the collection bequeathed by Joseph Hart Durkee (18621898), along with some from the collections of the Alexandrian judge Elbert Eli Farman (1831-1911) and of the Oxford Deputy Keeper Joseph Grafton Milne (1867-1951), the auction-catalogue indicating when the coins were from the latter two. Durkee, “a man of wealth and leisure” according to The New York Times (in fact a broker), who had spent much time in Indoostan and owned “one of the largest and most complete collections of East Indian coins in existence”, perished with the sinking of the French steamboat S.S. La Bourgogne. With his wife, a member of the French Academy who came from a wealthy Louisiana family of Creole descent, he had been living in Paris for several years when he died, which might explain how he bought so many coins from major European auctions. His Indian and Roman coins were valued at $25,000 when he died and, as with Quelen, one can only wonder how rich the collection would have been if Durkee hadn’t died in his thirties.11 MONTAGU. Born Hyman Moses, Hyman Montagu (1844-1895) was a London solicitor, who established himself as an expert in bankruptcy. His first collecting interest was for beetles, but he turned towards coins and medals in 1878. He specialised in English hammered and milled coins, buying the entire collections of Samuel Addington (1883) and William Brice (1887), writing numerous articles and a book on The Copper, Tin and Bronze Coinage and Patterns for Coins of England (1885 with a second edition in 1893). When he started to collect Roman coins, he bid heavily in Ponton d’Amécourt’s auction in 1887, and then bought his first Greek coin in 1889. He acquired the entire inventory of the Parisian dealer Hoffmann when he retired in 1893, was in direct contact with most European dealers, and travelled extensively. He himself published a selection of his Greek coins, and then – posthumously – his Roman coins, and his collection of Roman gold coins was sold by Maurice Delestre auctioneer, Rollin & Feuardent experts, auction, Paris, 20-28 April 1896, for a total of 363,004 francs. This was just a fraction of his extensive collection of Greek coins, British coins and medals, which required numerous auctions in London to disperse “His very large collection seems to have been in a constant flux during his lifetime, during which various sales of duplicates took place, but its final composition is well recorded in the catalogues of eight sales held by Sotheby between 1895 and 1897”. His collection of 1291 Roman gold coins remained the largest ever built until that of Leo Biaggi, and its quality was on average much higher than that of the latter. He died in his fiftieth year, and he too might have continued collecting to unprecedented levels if not for his premature death. His importance can be understood by the fact that at it was on his invitation (!) that William Webster joined Spink in 1892. In fact, Forrer estimated that the sale – through Spink – of the Greek and English coins

9 See:

Giovanni Gorini, « Aspetti del collezionismo numismatico italiano nel ‘900 », in Bollettino di Numismatica, vol. 54 (2010), pp. 83-107

10

See: J. Kevin, Hall Park McCullough: Americana collector, Burlington VT 1988.

of the Montagu collection had brought over £55,000 whilst the sale of the Roman gold coins in Paris had only brought £12,000 (300,000 francs).12 MORETTI. The Swiss collector Dr. Athos D. Moretti (1907-1993), from Bellinzona was the General Manager of the pharmaceutical company Maestretti. He started collecting in around 1940 with the support of his wife. Legend has it that Moretti was a great collector of paintings and that in the 1950s, while he was walking along Milan’s Via Manzoni with his wife complaining about the fact that they no longer had any space on their walls for her paintings, they stopped in front of Mario Ratto’s window in which a decadrachm of Syracuse was displayed and she exclaimed “now this would be a perfect collection for you!” Moretti immediately fell in love with coins, with his main collection being Magna Graecia and Sicily and at the end of life was largest and most important ever assembled. A selection of this coins from Magna Graecia and Sicilia was exhibited in the Antikenmuseum Basel for a decade before being auctioned by in the auction 13 of Numismatica Ars Classica (October 1998). Moretti’s Roman coins were auctioned anonymously by Numismatic Fine Arts in their auction XXII in 1989.

The remaining part of the Greek collection of Magna Graecia and Sicily was similarly dispersed by NAC. Moretti was a generous donator to public institutions and always made available to scholars, his collection of Magna Graecia and Sicily being most likely the largest ever made: his coins are cited in every major reference work. He financed the publication of several numismatic reference works, among which it is worth mentioning “La monetazione incusa della Magna Grecia” by Giovanni Gorini; “Uomo e cavallo sulla moneta greca” by Giorgio Giacosa; and “Velia e le sue monete” by Giuseppe Libero Mangieri e “Terina” by R.Ross Holloway and Kenneth Jenkins. Despite being a Swiss citizen, his love for Milan (where he lived when not in Bellinzona) led him to also collecting coins of the city through the ages, creating an extremely important collection, as one would expect from him. Rather than dispersing his collection, he preferred to sell it in its entirety to the Banca Commerciale Italiana which went on to integrate it with the famous Verri Collection (of which a catalogue exists written by Silvana and Carlo Crippa). He valued discretion and there is little to publish about him.13 O’HAGAN. Henry Osborne O’Hagan, Esq. (1853-1930) was living between his apartments at The Albany (London) and his villa near Hampton Court. Described in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as “an energetic, domineering, obese, vainglorious man who enjoyed his luxuries and was a hearty trencherman”, O’Hagan was a financier and company promoter who had specialised in tramways, collieries and breweries. A member of the Royal Numismatic Society of London (RNS) since 1897, he also immediately became a member of the British Numismatic Society when it was created. He “relinquished the pursuit” – for reasons unattested – when only in his fifties, and the dispersal of his collection of coins and medals took four auctions at Sotheby’s (December 1907, AprilMay 1908 and July 1908). It really was a generalist collection, sold in 3601 lots, but nevertheless comprised many aurei.14 PONTON D’AMÉCOURT. Viscount Gustave Ponton d’Amécourt (1825-1888) founded in 1865 the Société française de numismatique et d’archéologie, of which he became president, and his coincollection was exhibited (and widely admired) at the Trocadéro for the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878. Born in Paris, he became mayor of Trilport (Seine-et-Marne). An archaeologist, he published numerous studies on Merovingian coins. But he was also an inventor, creating the « hélicoptère » and developing a prototype in the early 1860s which inspired Jules Vernes. This ancestor of modern helicopters could only go 2 or 3 meters up, but it became well-known thanks to a photograph by Ponton d’Amécourt’s friend, the famous Félix Nadar, and a French stamp of 2006 reproduced it. In 1857 he had acquired a hoard of Carolingian coins, which still forms the core of the collection in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris. His collection of Roman and Byzantine gold coins was sold by Rollin & Feuardent at auction in April 1887, writing that “ce sera la vente la plus importante du siècle; une semblable réunion ne se retrouvera probablement jamais” (it fetched 366,382 francs for 1009 lots).

Another auction of Ponton d’Amécourt coins, 320 inferior coins, had taken place in March 1887 with

12 Hyman

Montagu, “On some unpublished and rare Greek coins in my collection”, in The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, vol. 3-XII (1892), pp. 22-39; “Rare and Unpublished Roman Gold Coins in my Collection”, in The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, vol. 3-XVII (1897), pp. 35-89. See: R. J. Eaglen, P. D. Mitchell and H. E. Pagan, « Coin tickets in the British Hammered Series », in British Numismatic Journal, 2001, p. 149; FORRER pp. 193 and 194; MANVILLE pp. 188-189; SPRING p. 296.

13

See: H.A. Cahn, L. Mildenberg, R. Russo and H. Voegtli, Griechische Münzen aus Grossgriechenland und Sizilien, Basel 1988; Novella Vismara, La donazione Athos Moretti di monete dell’Italia Antica, della Magna Grecia e della Sicilia Antica del Gabinetto Numismatico di Locarno, Milano 1996

14

See: MANVILLE p. 206.

Hoffmann as expert, but the Roman sale of April 1887 also remained in the anals for the spirit in which it took place (though nearly two decades after the Franco-Prussian wars): a contemporary witness testified that “Some pearls of the collection were pre-empted by the Bibliothèque nationale, and in those cases the public […] burst into excited clapping, since the disappointed under bidder was a German, [the coin dealer Leo] Hamburger of Frankfurt”.15 PRIDEAUX. Richard Prideaux (b. 1948) was born in Illinois but moved to France to study law and history. He started to collect Roman coins in 1970, and studied at the Sorbonne the military symbolism on the coinage of Augustus. His specialised collection was sold by Classical Numismatic Group (auction Triton XI) in January 2008.

PROWE. The Moscovite Fedor Ivanovich Prowe (1872-1932), a.k.a. Theodor Prowe, is an important name for ancient numismatics – that often appears in the pedigree of high quality coins. Indeed, several auctions contained coins from his collection. Note the auctions by Brüder Egger, auction 17, Vienna, 28 November 1904 and following days; Brüder Egger, auction XL, Vienna, 2 May 1912 and following days; Adolph Hess, auction 137, Frankfurt, 20 May 1912 and following days; Adolph Hess, auction 141, Frankfurt, 28 November 1912; Brüder Egger, auction XLVI, Vienna, 11 May 1914 and following days. He himself had published part of his coin collection, in three articles, but only the Roman provincial coins.16 QUELEN. Viscount Alphonse Marie Louis Elzéar de Quelen (1852-1887), an amateur archaeologist, directed excavations of lands in Courbeton (Seine-et-Marne), where he discovered neolithic items.

When he died in his château de Surville, after a long illness though aged only of 35, his coin collection was already of great importance and it was sold by Maurice Delestre auctioneer, Rollin & Feuardent experts, auction, Paris, 14-26 May 1888, for a total of 226,620.50 francs. It has been noted that most of the 39 coins which Quelen bought in the Ponton d’Amécourt auction (13 months earlier) only achieved two-thirds of their cost when resold.

RASLEIGH. Dr. John Cosmo Stuart Rasleigh (1872-1961) was a medical practitioner of Okehampton, Devon. His grandfather was also a numismatist, whose collection was sold by Sotheby’s in 1909, but he formed his collections independently. A member of the Royal Numismatic Society since 1935, he resigned in 1957, having collected for less than 20 years: he sold his coins with Glendining’s in 1953 in three parts – the most significant being the ancients (including over 300 aurei).17 RYAN. Valentine John Eustace Ryan (1882-1947) was a wealthy Irish landowner, who lived in Switzerland, the Channel Islands and London. He financed Herbert Allen ‘Bert’ Seaby to leave Spink and form his company in 1926, so many of his coins came from B.A. Seaby Ltd. He had joined the Royal Numismatic Society in 1919, and was an original member of the British Numismatic Society when it was created in 1921. He exhibited coins at the BNS, but never published on the subject. His coins were sold posthumously by Glendining’s in five auctions: June and November 1950, February 1951, January and April 1952. The fourth auction consisted exclusively of 284 lots of Roman gold coins, though his English and Scottish coins were probably even more important than his ancient ones.18 SARTIGES. The Viscount Louis Edmond Paul de Sartiges (1859-1924) was a French diplomat – notably Ambassador to Riga 1920-1921 and later Secretary in Washington. He had inherited important works of art from his wife’s family, such as a self-portrait by Rubens from Peiresc’s collection, but also built his own remarkable collections – ancient coins and Japanese colour prints. His coins were sold anonymously by Ars Classica, Lucien Naville expert, in Lucerne, auction IX (June 1924) and auction XVIII (October 1938). A private catalogue had been published: D.A. Longuet, Collection du Vicomte de Sartiges. Séries grecque et romaine, en 1910, ainsi que les acquisitions depuis cette date, s.l. s.d. [Paris c.1910].

SIGNORELLI. The obituary of Angelo Signorelli (1876-1952) was published in The Times and read: “Dr. Angelo Signorelli died recently in Rome, where for fifty years he had been a well-known and loved figure. His eminence as a scientist, more especially as an investigator of tubercular infection, and his skills as an organiser of medical services, particularly in the field of maternity and child welfare, 15

See: SPRING pp. 218-220.

16

Trudy Moskovskago Numizmatitcheskago Obshtchestwa, vol. III (date), date pp. 151-155 and pls III-IV; Numizmaticheskii Sbornik, vol. I (1911), pp. 330-334 and pls 16-17; and Numizmaticheskii Sbornik, vol. II (1913), pp. 165-177 and pls II-VI. 17

See: MANVILLE p. 233.

18

See: MANVILLE p. 247.

were equalled by his fame as a humanist. From humble origins, he rose to be a physician to famous people, including [the Prime Minister Giovanni] Giolitti and the actress Eleanora Duse. He devoted himself unselfishly, no less, to the health and welfare of poor and struggling artists, and the gratitude of the latter is reflected in his unique collection of modern Italian paintings, the work of de Chirico, Modigliani, Severini, de Pisis and many others. Almost more famous were his collections of Greek coins and Greek cases, excavated mainly by himself . The dispersal of his many ancient coins took three auctions by Santamaria (October 1951 – June 1952 – March 1953), and so did the dispersal of his Italian coins (January 1954 – March 1955). The two sales of Roman coins contained 2,939 lots.19 STEINBERG. An article, published in October 1989 when his US coins were sold, wrote an “A flirtation with stamps ended when an air conditioner broke and soaked his collection”. Gilbert Steinberg (1920-2008), like most US collectors, had collected American currency, medallions and tokens, before building the collection of Roman coins which Numismatica Ars Classica and Spink Taisei sold in November 1994. His obituary in The New York Times tells of his success story, having bought LEES ART SHOP on West 57 Street in 1951 – a small business of only 500 square feet at the time, and developing it over the years into LEES ART SHOP and LEES LIGHTING AND FURNITURE STUDIO, a business employing over 100 employees and occupying 32,000 square feet at 220 West 57 Street.

TRAU. The provenance “ex Trau” refers to the sales in January 1904, May 1935 and April 1936, of the Roman imperial coins collected by three generations of the Trau family: Carl Trau (1811-1887), Franz Trau (1842-1905) and Franz II Trau (1881-1931). Unfortunately, the sale catalogue does not record which family-member was responsible for the purchase of each coin, and only very few dates/places of acquisition. Carl Trau had travelled Europe before running a chemists shop in Vienna 1843-1850. He then started the first tea-import business in Vienna, at first importing tea from London and the Hansa towns, and later directly from China. This led to him collecting Oriental art, and Japanese items, in addition to religious medieval art, prints, miniatures, manuscripts, and an almost complete collections of the coins of Carinthia (his wife’s homeland). Carl was a founding-member of the Austrian Numismatic Society in 1870, and his son Franz was a member of its first committee. Franz senior continued to develop the family business, and focused his collecting interests on Antiquity rather than the Mediaeval period. His son Frans Junior had a military training, but his father died when he was only 23 and he had to take-over the business and the collections.20 VAUDECRANE. Claude Vaudecrane (1915-2002), a professor of English from Le Mans, owned important works-of-art and coins, which he started to buy in the early 1950s, many of which are now in French and American museums. Anonymously (under the name “Collection of a Perfectionist”), his collection was offered at auction by Bank Leu (Zurich), in their auctions 87 (6 May 2003) and 93 (10 May 2005). Other coins of his collection were sold in Leu auctions in these years anonymously without any reference to the “Perfectionst”. Vaudecrane had previously replaced coins with better examples (so there is apparently no record of all the coins which he – at some point – owned).

VIDAL QUADRAS. Don Manuel Vidal Quadras Y Ramón (1818-1894) was born in Venezuela, he moved to Cuba in his twenties, but in his early forties he was back to the family trading and banking house in Barcelona, Spain. He was married, but had no children, and he could devote time and funds to his passion for coins, which he had developed in his youth. Like Brand (an accountant), Vidal Quadras’s banking background is reflected in the tabulated catalogues of his collection which he was carefully keeping. A selection of his coins was exhibited in 1888 at the Museo Martorell for the Barcelona World Fair, and a short catalogue was published on this occasion, with a complete catalogue four years later: it contained 14,415 coins from the Roman Empire, and Spain (from ancient times to the modern period), of which some 500 aurei and solidi. The collection was inherited by his brother and his nephews. This was by far the largest and most prestigious collection in Spain, but it was moved to a bank in Paris by fear of political instability in Barcelona. Negotiations for the sale began as early as December 1903, when the collector’s heirs were asking for 1,100,000 francs for the entire collection. By August 1904, the price had come down to 800,000 francs – presumably because of the purchase-refusal by Huntington (who said that there were too many duplicates with his own collection). The price was then reduced to 600,000 francs (September 1905) and then 500,000 francs (January 1909). A deal was made on 16 July 1913, when the Parisian dealer Bourgey acquired the coins from the heirs of Manuel Vidal Quadras for 275,000 francs “only”. Bourgey auctioned some of

19

See: SPRING pp. 256-257.

20

See: SPRING pp. 70-71.

the Roman coins on 4-5 November and 16-18 December 1913, and Papal coins on 15-16 June 1914; the remainder was sold over the years by the family firm.21 WEBER. Eduard Friedrich Weber (1830-1907), known as ‘Consul Weber’, was born in Hamburg where his father had a successful linen-business trading with South-America. He had a privileged childhood, going to Italy for two years when he was nine year old, and then having private teachers back home in Germany. He learned business, and went to England in 1849 and to Valparaiso in 1852 where he founded his own import-export firm in 1856. It would become a major regional firm, but he returned to Hamburg in 1862, where he created another company specialised in the saltpetre-trade, and where he married the daughter of a banker whom he replaced in 1877 as consul for the Island of Hawaii. Weber played an important role in developing Germany’s support of Chile, which had to face a lengthy war, reinforcing German trade-links by the same time. A successful businessman, and a father of ten (two of which died young), he also acquired much real-estate in Hamburg, and expansive lands in Schlesien. In addition to his coin-collection, some 11,500 ancient coins of which about 650 in gold, which was sold by Jacob Hirsch in his auctions XXI (November 1908) and XXIV (May 1909), Weber also owned hundreds of Old-Masters paintings (including such names as Rembrandt, Rubens, Montegna, Holbein and Cranach) which were sold for over four million Marks in a 1912 auction in Berlin. Nevertheless, coins were his first passion, as he had bought examples when still a schoolboy, long before being the student of professors such as Theodor Mommsen and Ernst Curtius. Of all the collectors listed in this series of biographies, Weber was the only one to own Roman gold bars (and he had three !).22 WHITNEY WALTER. John Whitney Walter (b. 1934) is a New York businessman, notably Chief Project Officer responsible for the plans and construction of the Trump Village (a 3,700 unit complex in Brooklyn), and founder of several companies in the fields of electronics: security equipment’s, telecommunications, and consulting. Having bought his first Red book in 1951, he went on to form an exceptional series of US coins from 1796, but he also formed a collection of Roman coins. His superb series of 79 aurei “The Men of Rome”, initiated in 1984, was only completed when he obtained in June 1990 the splendid Clodius Albinus which is now in the George La Borde collection, and the group was auctioned shortly afterwards by Stack’s and Harlan J. Berk.

WILLIAMS. William H. Williams is a collector from Medford, Oregon. A part of his collection was sold by Classical Numismatic Group, mail-bid auction 61, Lancaster, 25 September 2002, and another part was sold anonymously (“an American Collector”) by Numismatica Ars Classica (Zurich), auction 31, 26 October 2005.

WINCKLESS. A member of The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Association, Bangkok, Michael L. J. Winckless is still an active collector, but he sold privately in 2006 his Roman gold coins, in order to focus on other themes. He notably acquired an “Ides of March” aureus of Brutus which he since loaned to the British Museum.

On some important coin dealers BOURGEY. The Parisian firm of coin-dealers and auction-experts, still active under the direction of Sabine Bourgey, was founded in 1895 by her grandfather Etienne Bourgey (1864-1943). They have been in their current offices, 7 rue Drouot, since 1907, and both Etienne and his son Emile Bourgey (1914-1993) had the opportunity to handle some of the most exciting hoards ever found in France, such as the Arras hoard and the “trésor de la rue Mouffetard”. Whilst Etienne had been very close to Huntington, Emile acted as expert for the sale of King Farouk’s collection. The three generations of Bourgeys organised uncountable auctions, including some very important ones indeed.23 CANESSA. The Neapolitan antique-business of Cesare Canessa (d. 1922) and Ercole Canessa (18681929), continued by Ambrogio Canessa, remains little-known because, despite some high-profile auctions such as that of Monsignor de Ciccio (Grand Grèce & Sicile, 1907, together with A. Sambon) and of Caruso, they tended to deal privately. They had offices at Place Vendôme in Paris and on Fifth

21 Compendio del Catálogo de la colección de monedas y medallas de Manuel Vidal Quadras Y Ramón, Barcelona 1888; [D. Arturo Pedrals y Moline (ed.)], Catálogo de la colección de monedas y medallas de Manuel Vidal Quadras Y Ramón de Barcelona, Barcelona 1892 (reprinted in 1975), four volumes. See: SPRING p. 10.

22

See: Carla Schmincke, Sammler in Hamburg. Der Kaufmann und Kunstfreund Konsul Eduard Friedrich Weber, 2003 thesis, Hamburg University; SPRING p. 292.

23

See: BOURGEY; SPRING p. 4.

Avenue in New York City, and Cesare’s daughter had married Caruso’s son Rodolfo. A number of their auctions were held jointly with Arthur Sambon (1866-1947). The estates of the Canessa brothers were auctioned in New York in 1924 and 1930, but they had sold most of their most important belongings whilst alive – which can nowadays be found in every major museum worldwide.

HESS. Adolph Hess (1846-1912) had started dealing in coins in 1870 in Giessen, and moved to Frankfurt two years later. In 1893, the business was transferred to Louis Hamburger and James Belmonte (d. 1924), joined in 1910 by Herman Feith (1876-1940). In 1929, two more numismatists joined: Herman Rosenberg (1896-1970) and Dr Busso Peus (1902-1983). A branch of the company was opened in Lucerne (Switzerland) in 1930, following the rise of the nazi party, and Rosenberg was put in charge (he was himself the son of Sally Rosenberg, a coin-dealer in Hannover and Frankfurt).

The Frankfurt business was transferred to Peus, and the Swiss company was named Adolph Hess A.G. in 1933. From 1954 until Rosenberg’s death, the company’s auctions were held in partnership with Bank Leu. Himself a respected dealer, Leo Mildenberg wrote that Rosenberg “was perhaps the bestloved coin-dealer of our time. Every enquiry, whether from an established colleague or a beginner, received a courteous answer. Every collector could count on his advice and help. And every commission bidder could be certain that his interests were properly represented”.

HIRSCH. The Hirsch family coin-business started with Henrich Hirsch (d. 1886). Part of his collection formed the opening inventory of his nephew Jacob Hirsch (1874-1955), who opened his own firm in 1897. Jacob had studied in Rome at the German Archaeological Institute, and he soon became a leading dealer in Munich – before moving to Geneva in 1919, where he founded in 1922 the firm “Ars Classica”. In 1931 he founded a business in New York, where he moved before WW2. Famous for his memory, and his ability to distinguish forgeries, he specialised in antiquities as well as coins, and had the chance to deal with numerous collectors worldwide such as Bestégui, Brand, the two Evans, Jameson, Newell and Consul Weber. After his death, several anonymous auctions of his inventory were held by Hess & Leu.24 LEU / LHS. Bank Leu was founded in 1758 by the later-Mayor of Zurich Johann Jacob Leu. Stateowned at first, the bank was privatised in 1798 after Napoleon’s conquest of Switzerland. Despite its glorious past, notably as bankers to Empress Maria Theresa, the bank suffered greatly from two insider-trading scandals in the 1980s, and in 1990 it merged with Credit Suisse, before being merged into the even larger Clariden Leu bank in 2007. A numismatic department was created in 1949, when the bank hired Leo Mildenberg (1913-2001) at the suggestion of Jacob Hirsch and of a director of the bank. From the 1950s onwards, the Bank Leu had co-organised numismatic auctions with Hess, and in 1971 they started to hold sales under their sole names. In 1992, the department was renamed “Leu Numismatik”, and it separated from the bank in 2005 and became “LHS Numismatik”. Several important numismatists joined the ranks of Bank Leu over the years, with the most famous being Silvia Hurter (1933-2008) and Alan Walker.25 M&M BASEL. Münzen und Medaillen A.G., also known as “Monnaies et Médailles”, was the successor of the company Münzhandlung Basel – which was formed in 1934 by the brothers Erich Cahn (1913-1993) and Herbert Cahn (1915-2002), who previously worked in Frankfurt in their father’s company. The original business in Basel had started with the acquisition of the collection of Prince Waldeck of Arolsen, financed by Sigmund Morgenroth. The new company, formed in January 1942, was a Swiss limited company, with mostly local shareholders-collectors such as Christoph Bernouilli, Paul Dreyfuss, Jacob Trott and August Voirol. The beginnings were difficult for these two refugees from WW2, but business improved and in 1951 they hired Pierre Strauss (1922-1995) – a dealer and scholar. The last auction of the company took place in 2004 (their 95th), and was continued by a German branch established in 1997.

RATTO. The coin-business of the Ratto family began in 1893 in Genoa with Rodolfo Ratto (18661949), who later moved to Milan where – with the guidance of the keeper of the Museo Sforzesco – he built relationships with major collectors and museums in Italy and abroad. Ratto had frequently advised the Director of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana on numismatic matters, and was granted one of the first audiences with Cardinal Achille Ratti who later became Pope as Pius XI in 1922. The catalogues of Rodolfo were issued in Genoa from 1895 until 1909, then in Milan from 1910 until 1919, and then in Lugano from 1923 until 1934, having handled sales such as the collections of Viganò, Froehner,

24

See: Matthias Barth and Efrem Marcel Pegan, « ‘cortese e peritissimo nostro amico’. Bayerisch-italienische Lebenswege des Numismatikers Heinrich (Enrico) Hirsch. Ein Beitrag zu den Anfängen des modernen Münzhandels in München », in Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, vol. 65 (2015), pp. 233-315; The Times, 14 November 1952; SPRING pp. 133-134.

25

See: SPRING p. 151.

Bonazzi, Sydenham, Côte, etc. His son Mario Ratto (1906-1990) followed his father’s footsteps, and published fixed-price lists and auction-catalogues. His sales were first held in Paris, from 1931 to 1935 and in Milan from 1955 to 1974. During WW2 he had to return to Italy and opened a business in Milan, whilst his employee Jean Vinchon took-over operations in Paris. In 1951 he was one of the founding members of the International Association of Professional Numismatists and in 1952 he appointed Antonio Pagani, an Italian scholar, with the task of writing the catalogue of Mazzini’s collection. In the mid 1950’ his son Marco began to work in his family company and it was him that Leo Biaggi built a close relationship based on trust and great friendship which over the years led to the formation of Biaggi’s incredible collection of aurei. The latter was a great lover of hunting and boxing and Marco would often accompany him on hunts and attend the most important boxing events. The Ratto family certainly rank among the most important professional numismatists of the twentiethcentury, if only for the sheer number of collections that passed through their hands, not to mention the merit of their major involvement in the Biaggi collection.

ROLLIN & FEUARDENT. Charles Louis Rollin (1777-1853) had started as a money-changer in the Palais-Royal (Paris), but soon specialised in collectible coins. With his son Claude Camille (18131883), he moved to 12 rue Vivienne – opposite the Bibliothèque royale, and the business then passed into the hands of Charles Rollin (1843-1906), whose sister married Félix-Bienaimé Feuardent (18191907) who was an excellent numismatist, and under whose direction the company moved to the nearby 4 place Louvois (the other side of the Bibliothèque). The business was then inherited by the three Feuardent sons, who re-named the firm as Feuardent Frères in 1911. The business closed in 1936.

Though Spink & Son in London was founded in the seventeenth-century, Rollin & Feuardent could claim to be the oldest firm dedicated to coin-dealing. Indeed, a first sale-list had been published in 1808, and they organised a number of auctions form the 1840s onwards. The list of collections which they acquired and/or dispersed is too long to enumerate, but we can cite names such as Soleirol, Ponton d’Amécourt, Quelen, Du Chastel, Montagu, Hoffmann, Jameson and Evans. The company used to publish a number of books, and the Revue numismatique (from 1842 to 1936), which gave them prime access to every important collector of the time.26 On some important coin hoards AVENTINE HOARD, 1893. During the construction of the Benedictine monastery of Sant Anselmo on mount Aventine in Rome a hoard of aurei of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus was unearthed in 1893; the total number of coins found is uncertain, there could have been as many as 300-400 aurei, many of them fresh as struck. Forty-five coins were acquired by the Medagliere del Vaticano, but the majority of the hoard went to the trade BOSCOREALE HOARD, 1894. This hoard was found in 1894-1895 in Boscoreale, an aristocratic residential area north of Pompeii. This was a large discovery of over 1350 Roman coins, some gold jewels, and over 100 items of silverware, in which the gold coins have a distinctive red patina. The group was buried by the eruption of volcano Vesuvius in AD 79, and discovered during excavations by Vincenzo De Prisco in the torcularium of the “Villa della Pisanella”. The majority of the silver pieces – over 30 kg.s – are now preserved in the Louvre museum, Paris, having been purchased by baron Edmon de Rothschild (1845-1934) and donated in 1896.

Even if at the time of the discovery there was no law inhibiting the free circulation of antiquities, introduced in 1909, the State could still exercise the right of first refusal, according to pre-unitary laws, if aware of the treasure trove. The Director of Naples’ Museo Archeologico Nazionale was offered the coins and artefacts but he deemed the price requested too high and the offer was declined. This decision was criticised afterwards and it created a host of problems for the Director with the Minister dei Beni Culturali.

KARNAK HOARD, 1901. This treasure, which was found in 1901 in Karnak (Egypt), contained some 1200 aurei (dating from Hadrian until Elagabalus). The first coins to have appeared from this hoard were at auction in Paris, on 25 June 1901 (Raymond Serrure expert). The hoard was dispersed privately over a number of years.27

26 See: SPRING 27

pp. 61 and 216-217.

See: Andrzej Kunisz, « Gold coins in the monetary circulation in Egypt during the first three centuries AD », in Wiadomosci Numizmatyczne, vol. 27 (1983), pp. 130-135 and p. 163 (in Polish with an English summary).

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