A98

AUCTION 98 12 December 2016

The AMP Collection of Roman Numismatic Portraiture

Hotel Baur au Lac Talstrasse 1, 8001 Zurich Tel. + 41 (44) 220 50 20

NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG www.arsclassicacoins.com

Niederdorfstrasse 43 Zurich CH-8001 Tel. +41 (44) 261 1703 Fax +41 (44) 261 5324 zurich@arsclassicacoins.com

3rd Floor Genavco House 17 Waterloo Place London SW1Y 4AR – UK Tel. +44 (20) 7839 7270 Fax +44 (20) 7925 2174 info@arsclassicacoins.com

Auktionsbedingungen Durch die Teilnahme an der Auktion werden die folgenden Bedingungen anerkannt: 1. Die Versteigerung erfolgt in Schweizerfranken. Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Aufruf an den Höchstbietenden, dessen Gebot vom Auktionator anerkannt wurde und verpflichtet zur Annahme. Der Ausruf erfolgt in der Regel bei 80%, sofern nicht höhere Angebote vorliegen. Schriftliche Gebote haben Vorrang. Jeder Ersteigerer verpflichtet sich persönlich für die durch ihn getätigten Käufe. Er kann nicht geltend machen, für Rechnung Dritter gehandelt zu haben.

2. Telefonische oder schriftliche Bietaufträge (auch auf elektronischem Weg) von nichtanwesenden Interessenten werden bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbeginn entgegengenommen. Telefonische Bieter sind damit einverstanden, dass das Gespräch aufgezeichnet werden kann. Das Auktionshaus übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für schriftliche, elektronische und telefonische Bietaufträge.

3. Bieter werden gebeten, sich vor der Auktion zu legitimieren und anschliessend registrieren zu lassen. Das Auktionshaus kann eine Bankreferenz und/oder Sicherheiten verlangen. Es steht im Ermessen des Auktionshauses, eine Person nicht an der Auktion teilnehmen zu lassen.

4. Es steht dem Versteigerer nach seinem Ermessen frei, ein Gebot heraufzusetzen oder ohne Angabe von Gründen abzulehnen. Der Versteigerer behält sich ferner das Recht vor, Lose zu vereinigen, zu trennen, ausserhalb der Reihenfolge anzubieten oder wegzulassen bzw. von der Auktion zurückzuziehen.

5. Auf dem Zuschlagspreis ist ein Aufgeld von 20% zu entrichten - Telefonbieter und Internet Live Bieter entrichten ein zusätzliches Aufgeld von 1.5% auf den Zuschlagspreis. Die schweizerische Mehrwertsteuer von 8,0% wird auf den Endpreis (Zuschlagspreis plus Aufgeld und auf allen andern vom Auktionshaus dem Käufer in Rechnung gestellten Beträgen) erhoben. Goldmünzen (AV) sind von der MWST befreit.

Bei Ausfuhr des ersteigerten Objekts ins Ausland wird dem Käufer die MwSt zurückerstattet, wenn er eine rechtsgültige Ausfuhrdeklaration des schweizerischen Zolls beibringt.

6. Der Gesamtpreis wird mit dem erfolgtem Zuschlag zur Zahlung fällig und ist bei der Aushändigung des Objekts zu bezahlen, ausser es sei vor der Auktion eine andere Abmachung getroffen worden. Für verspätete Zahlungen wird ein Verzugszins von 1% pro Monat in Rechnung gestellt. Das Eigentum geht erst mit der vollständigen Bezahlung auf den Käufer über. In der Regel liefert NAC das ersteigerte Objekt nicht vor der Bezahlung an den Käufer aus. Eine allfällige frühere Auslieferung bewirkt keinen Eigentumsübergang und ändert nichts an der Zahlungsverpflichtung des Käufers.

Hat der Käufer nicht sofort und auch nicht innert fünf Tagen ab Erhalt einer eingeschriebenen schriftlichen Mahnung bezahlt, so ist NAC ohne weiteres und ohne weitere Anzeige berechtigt, vom Verkauf zurückzutreten.

7. Versand- und Versicherungskosten erfolgen auf Kosten und Risiko des Empfängers. Im Ausland verrechnete Gebühren und Steuern gehen zulasten des Käufers (Ersteigerers). Diesem obliegt es, sich über ausländische Zoll- und Devisenvorschriften zu informieren. Das Auktionshaus übernimmt keine Haftung für allfällige Zuwiderhandlungen gegen solche Vorschriften.

8. Das Auktionshaus garantiert vorbehaltlos und zeitlich unbeschränkt für die Echtheit der Münzen. Alle Angaben im Katalog sind nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen zusammengestellt.

9. Die zur Versteigerung gelangenden Objekte werden für Rechnung Dritter versteigert oder sind Eigentum des Auktionshauses. Der Käufer (Ersteigerer) hat keinen Anspruch auf Bekanntgabe des Einlieferers und ist damit einverstanden, dass das Auktionshaus auch von diesem eine Provision erhält.

10. Die vorstehenden Bedingungen sind Bestandteil eines jeden einzelnen an der Auktion geschlossenen Kaufvertrags.

Abänderungen sind nur schriftlich gültig. Sofern Teile dieser Auktionsbedingungen der geltenden Rechtslage nicht mehr oder nicht vollständig entsprechen sollten, bleiben die übrigen Teile in ihrem Inhalt und ihrer Gültigkeit unberührt.

Massgebend ist die deutsche Fassung dieser Auktionsbedingungen.

11. Das Vertragsverhältnis zwischen den Parteien untersteht in allen Teilen dem schweizerischen Recht. Erfüllungsort ist am Sitz des Auktionshauses in 8001 Zürich, und ausschliesslicher Gerichtsstand ist Zürich.

Conditions of Sale The following terms and conditions are accepted by all persons participating in the auction: 1. Auction bidding is conducted in Swiss Francs. The highest bidder who has been acknowledged by the auctioneer when the hammer falls after the third call has legally bought the lot. Bidding usually begins at 80% of the estimate, provided no higher offers have been submitted. Written bids have priority. The successful bidder has committed himself personally to the purchases made. He cannot claim to have acted on behalf of a third party.

2. Absentee bidders can bid up to 24 hours before the start of the auction by writing, telephone or electronically. Telephone bidders must agree that calls may be recorded. The auction house does not accept liability for bidding mandates made by telephone, electronically or in writing.

3. Bidders must show proof of identification before the auction, and subsequently be registered. The Auction House may require a bank reference and/or guarantee. The Auction House reserves the right to deny a person from participating in the auction.

4. The auctioneer may raise or reject a bid without giving a reason, and furthermore reserves the right to combine or split up catalogue lots, or to offer them out of sequence or omit or withdraw them from the auction.

5. A commission of 20% will be levied on the hammer price - phone bidders and bidders using our Live Internet facilities pay an additional charge of 1,5%. The Swiss value added tax (VAT) of 8,0% is payable on the final price (hammer price, plus buyer’s commission and any other amounts chargeable by the Auction House to the buyer). Gold coins (AV) are exempt from VAT. If the purchases are exported, then the VAT will be refunded on production of a legally valid original export declaration issued by the Swiss Customs.

6. Payment is in Swiss Francs and is immediately due upon adjudication of the lot and has to be paid with the release of the object to the Buyer, unless otherwise agreed before the sale. Late payments will incur a monthly default interest of 1%.

Title in a lot will not pass to the Buyer until NAC has received full payment on his account. NAC will generally not release a lot to a Buyer before payment. Earlier release of the lot does not affect its title nor the Buyer’s obligation to pay.

If the Buyer has failed to make immediate payment and within 5 days after receipt of a registered, written reminder by NAC to the buyer, NAC may in its sole discretion cancel the sale of the lot.

7. Shipping and insurance are at the buyer’s cost and risk. Any fees and charges payable abroad are borne by the buyer (successful bidder) who is responsible for acquiring the necessary information about any applicable customs and foreign exchange regulations. The Auction House accepts no liability for any contraventions of such regulations.

8. The Auction House offers an unconditional and unlimited guarantee for the authenticity of coins. All identifications and descriptions of the items sold in this catalogue are statements of opinion and were made in good faith.

9. The objects which come under the hammer are auctioned on behalf of a third party or are the property of the Auction House. The buyer (successful bidder) has no entitlement to have the identity of the consignor disclosed to them and acknowledges that the Auction House might receive a commission from the consignor for the sale.

10. The above conditions are a component of each individual contract of sale concluded at the auction. Alterations must be made in writing in order to be valid. If any parts of these Terms and Conditions should be no longer or not fully in conformity with the valid legal situation, this shall not affect the content and validity of the remaining parts. The abovementioned conditions are written in German, French, Italian and English; the only valid text is the German one.

11. The contractual relationship between parties is subject in all facets to Swiss law. Place of performance is the registered office of the Auction House in 8001 Zurich, and the exclusive court of jurisdiction is Zurich.

Conditions de la vente aux enchères Du fait de la participation à la vente aux enchères, les conditions suivantes sont réputées être acceptées : 1. Les enchères sont effectuées en Francs Suisses. L’adjudication est réalisée après trois appels consécutifs du plus offrant dont l’offre a été acceptée par le commissaire priseur et qui constitue une obligation. La mise à prix est effectuée en règle générale à 80 %, dans la mesure où il n’y a pas d’offres disponibles et plus élevées. Les offres formulées par écrit sont prioritaires. Chaque enchérisseur s’engage personnellement en ce qui concerne les acquisitions réalisées par ses soins. Il ne peut pas faire valoir le fait d’avoir agi pour le compte d’une tierce personne.

2. Les demandes d’enchères par téléphone ou par écrit (également par moyen électronique) pour les personnes intéressées et non présentes sont réceptionnées jusqu’à 24 heures avant le début de la vente aux enchères. Les enchérisseurs par téléphone acceptent que la communication téléphonique puisse être enregistrée. La salle des ventes n’assume aucune responsabilité quant aux enchères effectuées par téléphone, électronique ou par écrit.

3. Les enchérisseurs sont priés de se légitimer avant la vente aux enchères et de se faire enregistrer à l’issue de la vente. La salle des ventes peut exiger une référence bancaire et/ou une garantie. La salle des ventes a le droit de ne pas laisser une personne participer à la vente aux enchères.

4. L’enchérisseur peut, à sa guise, surenchérir une offre ou bien la décliner sans indication de motifs. L’enchérisseur se réserve en outre le droit d’associer des lots, de les séparer, de faire des offres en dehors de l’ordre prévu ou de les laisser de côté, voire de se retirer de la vente aux enchères.

5. Une commission de 20% est perçue sur le prix d'adjudication. Les acquéreurs qui souhaitent participer aux enchères par téléphone ou en ligne avec nos facilités Live Internet paieront un frais supplémentaire de 1,5%. La taxe à la valeur ajoutée suisse d’un montant de 8,0 % sera perçue sur le prix définitif (prix d’adjudication plus supplément et sur tous les autres montants facturés à l’acquéreur par la salle des ventes). Les pièces de monnaie en or (AV) sont dispensées de la TVA. En cas d’exportation de l’objet adjugé vers l’étranger, l’acquéreur se voit restituer la TVA lorsqu’il est en mesure de présenter une déclaration d’exportation réglementaire, en bonne et due forme, des autorités douanières suisses.

6. Le prix total en francs suisses est exigible immédiatement après adjudication et doit être acquitté lors de la remise de l'objet adjugé. Pour les paiements effectués ultérieurement un intérêt moratoire de 1% par mois sera facturé. La transmission de la propriété à l'acquéreur a lieu seulement à paiement intégral. En général, NAC ne remets l'objet adjugé à l'acquéreur pas avant paiement. Une éventuelle remise de l'objet n'a cependant pas de l'influence ni sur la propriété du vendeur ni sur l'obligation de l'acquéreur de payer.

En cas que l'acquéreur n'a pas payé simultanément et non plus entre les cinq jours après réception d'un avertissement sous pli recommandé, NAC est en droit de se départir du contrat sans autre formalité et sans avis ultérieur.

7. Les frais d’envoi et d’assurance sont à charge et au risque de l’acheteur. Les taxes ou les impôts facturés à l’étranger sont à la charge de l’acquéreur (enchérisseur). Il lui incombe de s’informer au sujet des directives étrangères en matière de douane et de devises. La salle des ventes décline toute responsabilité pour les éventuelles infractions à l’encontre de ces directives.

8. La salle des ventes garantit l’authenticité des monnaies sans réserve et sans limitation dans le temps. Toutes les indications mentionnées dans le catalogue sont rassemblées en toute conscience et en toute bonne foi.

9. Les objets mis aux enchères le sont pour le compte de tierces personnes ou bien sont la propriété de la salle des ventes.

L’acquéreur (enchérisseur) n’a aucun droit d’obtenir communication du nom de la personne qui met en vente et se déclare en accord avec le fait que la salle des ventes perçoive une provision de cette dernière.

10. Les présentes conditions font partie intégrante de tout contrat de vente conclu dans le cadre de la vente aux enchères. Les modifications ne sont valables que par écrit. Le fait que des parties des présentes conditions de vente aux enchères venaient à ne plus correspondre, ou du moins plus intégralement, à la situation juridique en vigueur, n’affecte en rien les autres parties, ni dans leur contenu, ni dans leur validité. La version en langue allemande constitue la référence des présentes conditions de vente aux enchères.

11. La relation contractuelle entre les parties en cause est soumise, dans toutes ses composantes, au droit Suisse. La compétence juridique est fixée au siège de la salle des ventes à 8001 Zurich, et le for juridique exclusif est Zurich.

Condizioni di vendita La partecipazione all’asta comporta l’accettazione delle seguenti condizioni: 1. La valuta in cui viene condotta l’asta è il Franco Svizzero. L’aggiudicazione al miglior offerente, individuato dal banditore, avviene dopo la terza chiamata e comporta per l’aggiudicatario l’acquisto con tutti i relativi obblighi di legge.

Le offerte partono generalmente dall’ 80% del prezzo di stima a meno che una o più offerte d’importo maggiore siano state presentate. Le offerte scritte hanno la precedenza. Il partecipante all’asta è personalmente responsabile per l’acquisto effettuato e non può pretendere di avere agito per conto di terzi.

2. I partecipanti all’asta non presenti in sala possono presentare offerte telefonicamente, in forma scritta, o per via elettronica fino a 24 ore prima dell’inizio dell’asta. Chi trasmette la propria offerta telefonicamente presta il proprio consenso all’eventuale registrazione della telefonata. La casa d’asta non assume alcun tipo di responsabilità per le offerte trasmesse in forma scritta, elettronica o telefonica.

3. I partecipanti, per concorrere all’asta, dovranno esibire un documento d’identità e registrarsi. La casa d’asta si riserva il diritto di richiedere referenze bancarie o un deposito cauzionale per permettere la partecipazione all’asta. La casa d’asta si riserva inoltre il diritto di non permettere a un soggetto la partecipazione all’asta.

4. Il banditore d’asta ha facoltà di aumentare o rifiutare un’offerta secondo la propria discrezionalità e senza necessità di fornire una motivazione. Il banditore si riserva inoltre il diritto di unire, separare, cambiare la sequenza prevista o di eliminare e/o ritirare dall’asta determinati lotti.

5. Al prezzo d’aggiudicazione va aggiunta una commissione del 20%. Gli offerenti che parteciperanno all’asta per telefono o ‘live’ attraverso internet pagheranno un costo supplementare dell’1,5%. L’imposta svizzera sul valore aggiunto, pari attualmente al 8,0%, viene applicata sul prezzo finale (prezzo d’aggiudicazione più commissione ed ogni altro importo imputabile al compratore dalla casa d’aste). Le monete in oro (AV) sono esonerate dal pagamento dell’IVA. In caso d’esportazione dell’oggetto acquistato all’asta verso un paese estero, il compratore ha diritto al rimborso dell’IVA dietro consegna di una valida dichiarazione d’esportazione dell’ufficio doganale della Confederazione Elvetica.

6. Il pagamento è da effettuarsi in Franchi Svizzeri immediatamente all’aggiudicazione del lotto, a meno che concordato diversamente prima dell’asta. In caso di ritardato pagamento il tasso d’interesse moratorio applicabile è pari all’1% mensile. La proprietà del lotto non passerà al compratore fino a che la NAC non riceverà il pagamento a saldo dell’acquisto. Generalmente la NAC non rilascia un lotto al compratore prima di ricevere il pagamento di tale. La consegna anticipata di un lotto non incide sulla proprietà di tale ne’ sull’obbligo di pagamento da parte del compratore.

Se il compratore no paga subito e nel caso in cui egli non effettui il pagamento entro 5 giorni dalla ricezione di una raccomandata, scritta da NAC come avviso di mancato pagamento, la NAC si riserverà la facoltà di cancellare la vendita di tale lotto.

7. I costi ed il rischio della spedizione sono a carico del destinatario. Qualunque imposta e contributo legalmente dovuto nel paese d’esportazione è a carico dell’acquirente (compratore in sede d’asta) su cui ricade la responsabilità per la conoscenza delle norme vigenti in materia doganale e di valuta. La casa d’aste non assume alcuna responsabilità per l’eventuale violazione di tali prescrizioni.

8. La casa d’asta offre una garanzia incondizionata e senza riserva di tempo sull’autenticità delle monete. Le indicazioni e descrizioni contenute nel catalogo sono opinioni soggettive e sono espresse in buona fede.

9. Gli oggetti offerti vengono messi all’asta per conto di terzi o sono di proprietà della casa d’asta. L’acquirente (compratore in sede d’asta) non ha il diritto di conoscere l’identità del consegnatario dell’oggetto e prende atto che alla casa d’asta potrebbe venir corrisposta dal consegnatario una commissione per la vendita.

10. Le condizioni sopra menzionate costituiscono parte integrante di ciascun contratto individuale di vendita concluso nell’asta. Eventuali modifiche saranno ritenute valide solo se fatte in forma scritta. Nel caso in cui una parte delle presenti Condizioni di Vendita dovesse essere non più totalmente conforme alla vigenti disposizioni di legge, cioè non avrà effetto sulla validità delle parti restanti. L’unica versione di testo delle Condizioni di Vendita che ha valore legale è quella in lingua tedesca.

11. Il rapporto contrattuale fra le parti è regolato in tutti i suoi aspetti dal diritto della Confederazione Elvetica. Il luogo d’adempimento è la sede della casa d’aste a Zurigo (8001). Il foro competente è esclusivamente quello di Zurigo.

NEW GERMAN CULTURAL PROPERTY PROTECTION ACT The AMP collection was formed in Germany before the approval of this act, therefore this legislation is not applicable to any of the coins included in this catalogue US IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON COINS OF ITALIAN, GREEK and BULGARIAN TYPE None of the coins offered in this sale are subject to any kind of US import restrictions, since we are in possession of the necessary documentation for importation into the United States.

Nevertheless, Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG endeavours to provide its American clients with the best service possible and we will therefore take it upon ourselves whenever possible to carry out all of the customs formalities for importation into the USA and will then ship the lots to each individual client from within the United States.

TIME TABLE

ZEITTAFEL

ORDRE DE VENTE

Monday, 12 December 2016

16:00 – 19:30

ORDINE DI VENDITA

1001 – 1499

EXHIBITIONS AUSSTELLUNG EXPOSITION ESPOSIZIONI

London – At our premises 7 – 30 November 2016 Monday to Friday 9:30 – 17:30 Saturday & Sunday by appointment only

Zurich At the Zurich premises (2nd Floor):

Friday, 9 December 2016

09:30 – 17:30

At the Hotel Baur au Lac, Talstrasse 1, 8001 Zurich:

Sunday, 11 December 2016 Monday, 12 December 2016

09:30 – 18:00 09:00 – 13:00

Please visit our auction online at www.arsclassicacoins.com

Die Auktion erfolgt unter Mitw irkung eines Bea mten des Stadtammannamtes Zürich 1. J ede Ha ftung des anw esenden Beamten, der Gemeinde und des Staates für Handlungen des Auktiona to rs entfällt.

Gradi di conservazione Grades of preservation

Erhaltungsgrad

Degrés de conservation Grados de Conservación

Fdc Fior di conio Spl Splendido BB Bellissimo MB Molto bello

Stempelglanz Vorzüglich Sehr schön Schön

Fleur de coin (FDC) Superbe Très beau Beau

Fdc Uncirculated Extremely fine Very fine Fine

FDC EBC MBC BC

A Collection of Roman Numismatic Portraiture This collection of Roman portrait coins was assembled over the past decade with the eyes and heart of a numismatist, portrait researcher, and coin photographer. It represents the wide range of Roman portrait types available from the late Republic to the end of Roman rule in the West. All of the coins in this catalogue were chosen based on their artistic quality and condition to represent the various portrait types for each member of the imperial family. As you will note, portraits in bronze have always been my primary focus as, for me, the beautiful colours of untouched natural patinas really accentuate the artistic quality.

My generation of portrait enthusiasts was the first to be able to benefit from the huge amount of digital coin images to become easily accessible with the introduction of digital photography and the internet.

Twenty years ago some friends and I started the ‘www.romancoins.info’ internet museum (Roman Numismatic Gallery) to do our part in supporting our fields of interest and distributing educational material on ancient coins and archaeology via the world wide web. Since then the centuries old exchange between researchers, private collectors, and coin (art) dealers, has been tremendously enriched by this technical opportunity. Online databases of Roman coins in museums and numismatic auctions have become increasingly available to all interested parties, more so than in any other field of the Fine Arts.

Through photographing my own collection, my passion naturally progressed to taking photos of ever better examples of portrait types in many prestigious private & public collections, both in auctions and museums. My Roman coin image database grew rapidly and now includes tens of thousands of coins.

It covers any Roman individual ever depicted on coinage from the late Republic to the late Roman empire. My own personal journey culminates both in this auction, and in a book on Roman coin portraits to be published in the second quarter of 2017. It will show enlarged images of the top 700 portrait coins selected from my image database. Many expert coin collectors, numismatists, archaeologists, and art dealers - now friends- supported me on this decade long journey, both in giving me valuable advice and granting me permission to photograph their coins. I owe much to all of them.

Portrait Research on Coins From the beginning of the Roman Empire, presenting the image of the emperor and his family was a core element in imperial propaganda. The stability of their rule depended heavily on their acceptance by the Roman military and the Roman people (in that order). The most critical phase of Roman rule was the transfer of power from one emperor to his successor; this could be their son, natural or adoptive, or one of their generals through a coup d'etat. All new emperors took great care in presenting their image to the empire immediately, and projected their political messages into their portraiture.

One of the key media channels used to transmit the image and political agenda of the Roman emperor was coins. Traditionally one side was reserved for the image of the emperor or a family member, while the other side conveyed a specific official message; this could be a military victory, gods reflecting political agendas, buildings, major achievements, etc. Coins were an ideal medium, as new emissions were issued on a regular basis, minted in huge quantities, quickly distributed, broadly used even beyond the borders of the empire, and also stayed in circulation for long periods of timeallowing an emperor to "coin" his image far beyond his reign for decades, and even centuries. Even today most of us would recognize the face of Nero!

Portrait types of emperors were likely generated by the central imperial administration as an archetype, which was then distributed via different media such as sculpture, painting, and especially coins. Coins are particularly valuable for the research of portrait types as they were - in contrast to sculpture – issued in huge quantities, survived the centuries in large numbers, always show official portraits (though limited by the size of the coin and the ability of the die engraver), carry the name of the emperor, and are often dated to the year. The same cannot be said for sculpture, where in addition to the tendency of Romans to imitate imperial types for private portraits, multiple provincial styles also make it very challenging to confirm official portraits. Sculpture was perhaps also more affected by the destruction of images of emperors who fell under the “damnatio memoriae” (this meant the eradication of inscriptions as well as images). Coins of damned emperors remained in circulation at least in remote parts of the empire and can still be found in treasure hoards. This means that numismatic portraits of every individual ever shown on Roman coins are still available for research to this day. For Geta we have hardly any surviving sculpture, but an abundance of coins, which allow us to define his portrait types. The field of classical archaeology was certainly aware of this fact, but still considered coins only as supporting evidence to sculpture, which remained their primary focus.

Most Romans never saw the emperor in person, so recognition was best achieved by minting the emperors name and a 'branded' portrait that was used across all media. This official portrait type will have had some resemblance to the emperor, although that was likely only of secondary importance as the intended political message was priority. Some typical examples of political messages expressed through portrait types were to show ‘maturity’ for a young emperor by adding a beard, 'energy and youth’ for an old emperor by using an idealized portrait, ‘dynastic continuity' with portraits of multiple sons, or military success as a general wearing military armour.

Below are some examples of Roman portrait types illustrated on coins in this catalogue:  We can follow emperors such as Nero, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Caracalla and Geta, Elagabal, Severus Alexander, Gordian III, Herennius Etruscus, Hostilian, Volusian, and even in the late Roman Empire the sons of Constantine the Great, over multiple portrait types from childhood to adolescence to finally being presented as mature young men. The lead feature of this sequence of portrait types is often an increasing growth of their beard. The longest line of such portraits was issued for Marcus Aurelius over four decades.  Most dramatic in my eyes is the “portrait battle” between the brothers Caracalla and Geta. As their father wanted to express dynastic strength, he had them presented in brotherly ‘similarity’ and Concordia, and their “aging” portraits were virtually indistinguishable until his death. Shortly after, when the brothers returned from Britain to Rome, they turned on one another and fighting ensued. Geta began to stylize his portrait on coins with a striking similarity to their father, with a long forked beard, while Caracalla's portrait remained unchanged. The message intended by Geta was clear: “I am the more worthy successor!”. As we all know Caracalla got the upper hand over his brother’s rather academic claim to sovereignty with the strike of a Roman gladius, having Geta killed in the arms of their mother Julia Domna.  Highly elaborate and differing hairstyles were the pride of the imperial ladies, and were clearly “branded” on their portraits. Certainly women across the empire scrutinized such changes in fashion and followed their lead (perhaps carefully observing the newly issued coins?). A clear example of this phenomenon can be seen in the coinage of Marcus Aurelius' wife Faustina junior, who is shown on coins with no less than 9 different hairstyles. The differing types of coins can also be related to her many child births, again a dynastic topic.  Augustus’ never-aging portrait types after the battle of Actium show him as a young beardless man and reflect his political attempt to stay away from both the portrait elements of Hellenistic kings, as well as from the traditional “mature” Republican portraits, favoured by the generals of the late Republic. It has been speculated that Augustus wanted to connect rather to an even older portrait tradition, based on early Italic roots. His portrait types as Augustus were never adapted to his increasing age, he had to stay forever young.  Commodus attempted in his final year to be seen as a God, Hercules of the Romans. This was a propaganda theme that was delivered across multiple media: coins, medals, and sculpture (as can be seen in the famous marble statue of Commodus in the Capitoline museum in Rome).  Caracalla's portraits after the murder of his brother Geta develop an aggressive, sinister facial expression, with a short haircut and beard of a soldier. He also cites portrait elements of Alexander the Great, in whose shoes he wished to follow.  Finally there is a phenomenon of portrait style “renaissance”. For example, Constantine the Great's coins for his mother Helena and his wife Fausta were to bring back the 'Golden age of the Antonines' by quoting earlier portraits and hairstyles of Faustina the younger and her daughter Lucilla.

I hereby wish my fellow collectors many enjoyable moments and continued learning experiences with these, soon to be “their”, coins, and I am sure many more interesting insights can be made by studying and enjoying Roman portraits on coins. Private collectors can be equally worthy custodians of our cultural heritage, and I am delighted to know these precious objects will be in your good hands. Lastly, may this NAC catalogue of Roman Numismatic Portraiture serve as your printed reference of Roman portrait types on coins.

AMP

Foreword It is a great honour for Numismatica Ars Classica to present the AMP Collection of Roman Numismatic Portraiture.

To add something to the wonderful introduction the collector has written is no easy feat. In it he explains in an impeccable manner all the reasons that make numismatics not only fundamental for the study of Roman portraiture, but also for understanding the mind, spirit and political message any emperor intended to portray through his coinage.

As AMP points out, classical archaeology often sadly overlooks the importance of coins, even though they are without a doubt the most reliable form of official art accessible to us from the ancient world.

Coins are the only medium of classical art capable of capturing a specific historical moment that gives a precise chronology and the only one whose trace cannot be deleted just because its image and message might have become politically unwelcome later. Our knowledge of Roman history is reliant on ancient written sources, but these should always be read critically in the light of the political orientation of the writer, whereas coins provide a snapshot of history without any possible alteration. It is true that some express the propaganda of the ruler and should therefore also be analysed critically, but coins often capture moments that other sources tried to erase or lessen in later history for opportunistic reasons.

The website www.romancoins.info which AMP initiated and continues to curate not only demonstrates beautifully the passion and expertise of our collector, but moreover confirms the importance of the contribution that collectors provide to the study and dissemination of numismatics and how fundamental a collaboration between enthusiasts, scholars and dealers is.

Unfortunately, only a small portion of public institutions have understood the importance of making their immense collections accessible online to the public. Paradoxically today the biggest contribution to the study of numismatics is provided by auction houses and collector like AMP, who provide all their images free of charge to any inquisitive requester.

The topic of the AMP Roman portrait collection is fascinating and the results obtained by the collector are truly impressive. The collection focuses mainly on material in silver and bronze and the selection of Roman portraits illustrated is perhaps the most complete to ever be presented in the history of numismatic auctions.

No matter the value, what was important to our collector was that any possible variation of a Roman portrait was included in this auction.

The selection of bronzes provided is particularly remarkable and the decision of AMP to focus on them in his collection, wherever possible (some portraits are only available in silver), is an excellent choice for a gallery of numismatic portraits as the size of the flan allows viewers to admire the quality of the engraving at its best, especially when it occurs in conjunction with a beautiful patinas.

AMP has put a considerable emphasis on the integrity of patinas - preferring a coin that has never been tooled or altered, even if this means the coin is not in perfect condition. This does not mean that the collection does not provide coins in a high state of conservation – in fact they are present in large numbers - but simply that the collector has rightly insisted on the integrity and “honesty� of the coins.

Unfortunately, a lack of space for this preface has prevented us drawing attention to the significant pieces included in the collection as we usually do. However, in this case perhaps it is better not to concentrate on individual coins, but rather allow the reader to observe, without bias, from start to finish the journey of five hundred years of Roman portraiture and history.

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