BİZ BİR AİLEYİZ DERGİSİ SAYI 12 İNGİLİZCE VERSİYONU

FAMILY

We are a family

Q U A R T E R L Y

File

C U L T U R E

Anti Poverty and

Social Aid

A N D

A R T

M A G A Z I N E

Is it Fair to Treat Equal?

Doğan CÜCELOĞLU

Published by Ministry of Family and Social Policies.

Year 3

| October November December 2015 | 12

Protecting the Cultural Heritage and

5 Popular Ski Centers

Beşir AYVAZOĞLU

Melih USLU

Carrying it to the Future

of Turkey

Üç Ayda Bir Yayımlanan Çocuk Dergisi | Yıl: 2015 | Sayı:2

Introduction Dr. Sema RAMAZANOĞLU Minister of Family and Social Policies

Family is our home, our society and our port in which we refuge. Family is the place where we are kneaded with love, kindness and mercy and where we are prepared to set sail to the future. The center of our social resistance, the source of our power and the reason for our survival is our traditional family structure. Family is being united and being together and is also the most important value making the society strong.

When we look at our savings coming from history, we can see that there are two main objectives of family. Ensuring the continuity of generation and transferring the cultural values to the next generations. From this point of view, we can deem the family as a school, preparing family and members to the social life with love and mercy.

In this era, the increasing human – city relation shows the necessity of a stronger family structure. Economic, cultural and scientific developments directly impact our human structure. Managing all these impacts and ensuring that the members of family and especially women and children are more educated and equipped, we have put “family” into the center of social policies. Spreading the policies regarding family ensures that the problems which may emerge in future are decreased from early periods with protective and preventive measurements.

To raise the healthy generations is possible only by preparing the youth in a happy family environment. Family is the one preparing the child for life and teaching the first word to child. Education, learning, moral and religious values and the ideas on right and wrong are started in family at first.

Using the knowledge and culture is ensured by protecting and developing the quality and strong family structure. Media communication tools are the most effective tools in managing this process of change. Developing the publication policies and increasing the social awareness in the light of our values and creating the permanent publications are the steps to make the family stronger.

Developing, changing and improving technology creating difference in everyday life have great importance in enhancing the family and society. As the new- generation technologies

have entered in our life, while we become modernized in one side, we try to get used to know the life style emerging with this life style on the other side. As the days pass, unknown values are knocking our door. Family becomes our last shelter and the last castle for not to get lost in crowds.

We continue to develop our family policies with a uniting approach involving all parts of society without any differentiation with our services directed to family. To this end, we exert effort to produce fair and equal policies for all the families especially the disadvantaged sections of society.

We aim at protecting the family structure and building the new-families on sound basis with the studies conducted by the ministry. We open the protecting and nursing home for the children in need. We are creating new projects and employment areas for strengthening the place of women in society. We work with all our departments to deliver the social aids to families, children, women, elderly, human with disability, relatives of martyr and war veterans and to ensure the fair distribution. We are creating the employment sites for people with disabilities and provide the home care services for them. We conduct the care services for elderly people both in home with family and with the newly – developed “Elderly Life Houses” model in a well- quality manner.

In this new period, we are going to continue to support the care – with the family especially for women, children, people with disabilities and elderly one. We are going to build the modern and prosperous Turkey of the future with the social policies protecting the family integrity. We are going to keep on our walk with the aim of making the human, family and society happy without forgetting that the most valuable prosperity in the life is our strong family structure.

Human is in the center of universe. Our universe and heritage is Turkey. Delivering all the material and moral heritages to the future through families; to ensure that our citizens have their role in this life as active people in peace is our main task.

We are going to continue to carry our strong family structure built on affinity and mercy to the future.

CONTENTS

file ANTI POVERTY AND

SOCIAL AID

12

Is it Fair to Treat

Equal?

Doğan CÜCELOĞLU

Report of International Workshop on Social Aid Systems..19 New Measurement Methods For Developing Structure of Fight Against Poverty........................................................21

Protecting the Cultural Heritage and

Carrying it to the Future Beşir AYVAZOĞLU

8

5 POPULAR SKI CENTERS

Melih USLU

48

EGOCENTRISM

SELFCENTREDNESS Üstün DÖKMEN

62

12-18 December “Week of Solidarity with Poor People”...13 Humanitarian Development Reports and Turkey..............16

6

OF TURKEY

Does the Strengthening of Social State Decrease Our Personal Responsibility?.....................................................4

Children Saying Lies ........................................................26 New Generation Technologies and New Generation Families............................................................................28 A Look on Turkish – Ottoman Family and House Culture From the View of Architecture and Sociology....................33 Sea, Fish and Ottoman......................................................37 A Universal Scream of Van State Theatre“Gece O kadar Kirliydi ki İkisi de Kayboldular..........................................40 Assessment on the Role of Ministry of Family and Social Policies in National Employment Strategy........................44 E-State as A Social State Application..................................53 Marriage Guide of Ministry of Justice in the Year of 1926............................................................57

“We Are a Family”

is a publication of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies. It is published once in three months.

The Owner of the Magazine

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa DURMUŞ in the name of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies

Editorial

Editor and Accountable Editor in Chief Tanıl Can BAYOĞLU

Editorial Board

İrfan ÇAYBOYLU Dr. Sermet BAŞARAN Emre TÖRE Dr. Dursun AYAN Samet CEYHAN Ozan İLTER Bengin EFETÜRK Aysun TÜRÜT Oya TANYERİ Handan ARSLAN Özlem YÜKSELBABA Serpil PENEZ ŞAHİN Nermin ÖZTÜRK Hakan AYDIN

Advisory Board

Ebubekir ŞAHİN İmambey ERTEM Mustafa KARAMAN İsmail YÜKSEKTEPE Temindar AYTEKİN Gülser USTAOĞLU Gamze AYRIM Selami GÜDER Kenan ÖNALAN Prof. Dr. Vedat IŞIKHAN Doç. Dr. Ayşe Sezen SERPEN Doç. Dr. Cengiz ÖZBESLER Hümeyra ŞAHİN Dr. Murat YILMAZ

Redactor

Necati BULUT

Address of the Directorate

Söğütözü Mah. 2177. Sok. A Blok No: 10 Çankaya/Ankara

Production arti5medya.com Tel: +90 312 286 13 00

Visual Director Gürkan AKBAŞ

Place of Printing

Uzman Matbaacılık Tel: +90 312 394 43 64

Date of Press and Amount of Printing 20.12.2015, 4000 Pcs.

Legal responsibility of the articles is belonging with the writer. For the articles, assessment and criticisms that you want to be published: bizbiraileyiz@aile.gov.tr For the digital journal: kutuphane.aile.gov.tr/sayfa/bizbiraileyiz

Tanıl Can BAYOĞLU

Hi Dear Readers, The journal of “Aile” continues to spread its reader mass with a brand new issue and new topics. In defining the theme of “Fight Against Poverty and Social Aid” as the file topic of this issue, we wanted to show that there are the steps taken not only to determine but also to solve the poverty.

In the dates between 12 and 18 December 2015, “23rd Week of Solidarity with Poor People” was organized with the participation of Minister of Family and Social Policies, Honourable Sema Ramazanoğlu. The messages coming to the forefront in the speeches made in the ceremony is that the most important condition for fight against poverty and for human development is confidence, stability and sustainable development. The texts titled as “Humanity Development Reports and Turkey, Workshop Report on International Social Aid Systems and New Measurement Methods Compatible with the Developing Structure of Fight Against Poverty” are among the other articles included in the topic of file… We found the chance to investigate the topic from wider perspectives thanks to this way.

“Protecting the Cultural Heritage and Carrying It to the Future” including the points reflected from the presentation of Beşir Ayvazoğlu who was invited to our seminar program organized by the Department of Education and Publication within our Ministry and who does not abstain from sharing his valuable ideas, has a content which we think that you are going to read with pleasure. Article of Necati Bulut titled as “Turk - Ottoman Family and House Culture” in which he approached to the topic of home and women in Ottoman with architectural details, and article of Tolunay Sandıkçıoğlu, Department Chief of Family and community Services within our Ministry titled as “Fish, Sea and Ottoman” provided us a great harmony. The text written by Dramatist Onur Erbilen from Ankara State Theatre including the remarks and ideas on theatre play exhibited by the players of Van State Theatre titled as “Gece O Kadar Kirliydi ki İkisi de Kayboldular” has the determinations attracting attention on universal dimensions of poverty. Being a writer writing down the travels, Melih Uslu focused on winter tourism in this issue. The ski centers located in Erciyes, Saklıkent, Uludağ, Palandöken and Sarıkamış offer various trip and holiday routes to you in current cold and harsh winter days. The text of our expert from Ministry Dursun Ayan titled as “Ministry of Justice Marriage Ordinance Published In 1926” is included in this issue as an interesting and fine text to read seeing the historical events from the eyes of certificates. The articles written by Prof Dr Üstün Dökmen and Doğan Cüceloğlu by distilling from great experiences are among the other texts offered to the attention of you honorable readers in this issue of our journal.

I wish you enjoy your reading and leave you alone with this issue which we hope you will read with great pleasure.

4 AİLE | October November December 2015 | 12 >

Life

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Does the Strengthening of Social State Decrease Our Personal Responsibilities?

Ayşe KEŞİR Deputy

Does the Strengthening of

Social State,

Decrease our Personal Responsibility?

When I see a post in related to an announcement or a campaign for the benefits of orphan in social media, I become both happy and sad. I become happy for the efforts of institutions and their members that call for the assistance for the orphans through all the platforms. However, I feel very sad for humanity. If we remember the orphans only when we see such posts and if we get relaxed with an SMS, then what a shame on our humanity! >>

Do you have the sensibility for orphans as much as containing 140 characters among the posts of venues, foods and birthday parties? Does the strengthening of social state decrease our personal responsibilities and sensibility? Have we turned into a society that waits for the orphans to find us in social media? I can’t stop asking these questions to myself.

Of course it is our personal and conscientious responsibility to make what is essential as we see these posts. Well, what will be the conditions of orphans who cannot contact with us and for whom there is no announcement in social media?

CASUISTRY ON SOCIAL MEDIA I am the one who have given substantial number of seminars on effective – use of social media accounts and on minimizing the harmful and vicious utilization as a member of vocation of communication.

Social media is a place which has many benefits especially within the scope of activities of Nongovernmental Organizations for public relations. You can follow the related Nongovernmental Organizations in line with your works and hobbies and you can get informed about the activities and plans.

You can also follow the campaigns for the orphans of wars experienced in this region and the orphans of Palestine, Syria and the Turkmen people on social media. Such campaigns generally give you an SMS or an account number and you can give assistance against a small amount.

DO WE FIND THE ORPHANS OR DO THE ORPHANS FIND US? What would be the responsibility of orphans who cannot reach us, who live just near to us, who live beyond several streets, several relatives? Does it decrease our responsibility against the orphans that are close to us to send an SMS for such a campaign that we see in social media?

12 | October November December 2015 |

AİLE 5

It would be an important need for sustaining the humanity to exert effort for achieving the one in need and the orphans in their neighborhood, street, house by following a small news or rumor told by a friend without waiting for the one in need to get in contact with us via social media posts.

Actually, the questions as “Does the strengthening of social state decrease the personal responsibility feelings of people?” require sincere answers.

in their neighborhood, street, house by following a small news or rumor told by a friend without waiting for the one in need to get in contact with us via social media posts.

In institutionalizing the social state, there have been the arrangements like revolution in the last 13 years not only with the Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation, but also the activities of Social Service. Fight against poverty expanding the social service items, spreading the social service institutions and enhancing the services in different items have provided substantial points in fight against poverty of people with disabilities, elderly, women and girls.

I hear that the ones living in their metropolitan plazas and in the sites surrounded by protected walls are saying “How could it be?” One the biggest handicap of metropolitan cities is the spread of homogenous life culture. The condition in which the people similar to each other live together, the schools, neighborhoods, shopping malls are differentiated is the result of new city sociology, too.

On the other hand, while the term “foundation” has a great history in our deep-rooted civilization, it seems that the works of new – generation Non-governmental Organization are densely on issues based on “equity” and that the issues encouraging social justice and social assistance are solved in state institutions have damaged our sense of personal responsibility to some extent.

“EVERY ZAKAT SHOULD BE OF ITS TYPE” The issue is not only about financial aid. In line with the principle of “Every zakat should be of its type”, the ones who have the time has to fulfill their personal responsibility by sparing time and the ones who have good health has to fulfill this responsibility by giving workforce. The integration of great institutions with new-generation assistance and the works of NGO is one of the most important issues in current period.

It would be an important need for sustaining the humanity to exert effort for achieving the one in need and the orphans

However, in detecting this, we cannot get rid of our personal responsibility. NGO works are totally well for this.

Even if you are not the member of NGO, you must have a “trouble” in this regard. In saying popular words, this is “selective perception” at all. As told by the elders, “Seek and ye shall find” or “The finders are the searchers”.

You can come to the orphan’s or poor’s aid without waiting for someone in need to find you by following a small news or through a neighbor, a friend, an employee or a friend from work.

IS THE ORPHAN IN NEED OR IS OUR HUMANITY IN NEED? Social aid, assistance, aid, sharing, zakat and alms… Contrary to the general thoughts, all these are required for us to survive as “human” for our humanity more than the orphans and the poor. How can the ones who deem the hadith of He is not a Muslim who goes to bed satiated while his neighbor goes hungry” as cliché continue to live in this life?

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Life

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I s i t F a i r t o Tr e a t E q u a l ?

Doğan CÜCELOĞLU

Is it Fair to Treat

“

>>

Equal?

The teacher who treats Ayşe and Zehra in an equal manner is not fair for me. A teacher who gives importance on equality exerts effort to obtain information about the family environments of students and tries to meet with the parents of student and also exerts effort to see the big picture where the students are raised. The teacher exerts effort. This is what he / she can do. To exert effort by working for the best of his/her hand…

If a person acts equal to everyone, this does not mean that that person is fair.

Imagine a teacher who treats all the girl, boy, rich and poor, lazy and successful, shy and shameless students in an equal manner without any difference as he /she believes that the act of treating in an equal manner to all the students in the class is a virtuous act.

For me, this teacher says to the students that “I don’t care about who you are, where you have been raised, how do you feel, what do you want to be. I don’t care about your existence. There is a mold of student for me and I talk to this mold. Everyone is equal to each other.

This teacher deems that Ayşe and Zeynep are equal despite of the condition that while the father and mother of Ayşe do not know how to read and write, the father and mother of Zehra have been graduated from university. Despite of the condition that Ayşe have never saw any books until she starts to school, Zehra has already started to read story books and she started to read own book when she was only five years old. While 15 minutes is sufficient for Zehra in doing homework, Ayşe has worked for two hours by giving all the attention.

”

Zehra has her own room in the house and has a table in her room, there is the bookcase and she can study as she wants when there are the guests in home or when her mother and father watch TV in living room.

Ayşe has to study in the corner of the room while she lives with her family in the boxy house. It is Ayşe’s duty to offer tea to the guest coming to home. After offering the tea, there is no one who helps her to find a place for studying in the room called as “kitchen”. But she is very diligent and eager. She continues as student by hanging on the words of teacher, by studying hard for the lessons and by exerting effort to make her best

The teacher who treats Ayşe and Zehra in an equal manner is not fair for me. A teacher who gives importance on equality exerts effort to obtain information about the family environments of students and tries to meet with the parents of student and also exerts effort to see the big picture where the students are raised. The teacher exerts effort. This is what he / she can do. To exert effort by working for the best of his/her hand Well, is the teacher fair when he / she treats to wunderkind and average – smart students in equal manner? I think no.

The teacher has to accept the students in their places and

12 | October November December 2015 |

conditions and has to assess them in this manner. A teacher who spares three minutes for wunderkind and who spares ten minutes for average–smart students does not treat equally but treat fairly.

If this teacher defines “success” through the eyes of John Wooden, then he / she determine the behaviors to this end.

“Success is the inner peace; the inner peace which emerges from knowing to exert effort for the best with all the conceit and all the truth.

The aim of the teacher is to work for making all the students feel successful.

Similarly, the target of a school manager should be to work for making all the teachers feel successful. Think of a school manager acting equally to all the teachers. For such a manager, a teacher who pretends like working for the tasks and the one who work sincerely for the tasks are in the same position.

A manager saying “A teacher should do the objectives of being teacher and should not interfere in other issues” actually means that “I don’t care about who you are, where you have been raised, how do you feel, what you want to be.

I don’t care about your existence. I have mold for teachers and I talk to this mold. Everyone is equal in this mold.”

AİLE 7

Well, how we can know the fair treatment of someone like teacher, manager, doctor, writer, police, mother, father, driver, etc.?

We cannot know the fair or equal manner in this way. But we can see the intent to treat in a fair manner. How? By negotiating with that person… The point that we should give attention when we negotiate with the teacher is whether he / she take the big picture into consideration in assessing a student? Does the teacher see the student only in the mold of “student” within social roles or thinks the other dimension regarding the student such as the education level of parents, the environment, the effort and studies of student, the thing that the student wants to be in the future by expanding the picture.

Does the manager care about the big picture?

There is no guarantee that taking the big picture into consideration gives the fair treatment; but exerting effort in this way can create a fair environment in the long run.

A society in which the fathers, teachers, managers act equally without giving attention for being fair is a cruel society. There are the rules in this society, but there is no justice.

Source Text: Doğan Cüceloğlu Resmi web sitesi http://www.dogancuceloglu.net/ yazilar/862-esit-davranmak-adil-mi

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Event

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Protecting the Cultural Heritage and Carrying it to the Future

Directorate General of Education and Publication

Protecting the Cultural Heritage and

Carrying it to the Future

From the Seminar on “Creative Conservatism” with Beşir Ayvazoğlu >>

The factor of innovation in the core of change is a social and personal must as long as it is not banal. The issue of renewal in the core of life is not positive for all the time. There is a critical used by literary searchers and theorists in studying on literary works. The term “Soul of the Time”… While the artist creates the work, the dusts of that time leaks into the work from the gap. Moreover, the thing experienced in that time and the manner in that geography is reflected as it is. Without any lie or hypocrisy… Thus, the cliché as “Art is the mirror of society” is a detection passing through all the points in terms of reliability just like the other clichés. We could not find any other person better than Honorable Beşir Ayvazoğlu to ask the question “How the term “innovation” which

has gained a fast and dynamic shape in recent years impacts not only our cultural structure but also the pattern of our civilization?”

Participating in the twenty sixth of seminar program organized by the Directorate General of Education and Publication under our Ministry, Beşir Ayvazoğlu has given the seminar on the transfer of cultural heritages to the future and the clear conditions of globalized world and current intellectuality. He has informed us about the issues such as the restoration of civilization and the resistance of traditions, the reflex of protecting itself while changing in the effort of Westernization continuing for centuries in our culture. Enjoy your reading…

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AİLE 9

When you skim the pattern giving the soul of time to a historical mosque and cover the pattern with a reinforced concrete plaster, you also cover the soul of civilization. Such kind of applications causes the removal of the ground under our feet. It is clear that there are the criteria for carrying the civilization and great cultures to the future just like the historical works.

When I think about the title as “Seminar”, I have remembered a memory that I have read in the book of Prof.

Orhan Okay titled as “Bir Başka İstanbul”, and I hope his ears are burning. The ones who are interested in literature know that Mr. Okay had worked for 30 years as lecturer in Erzurum Atatürk University as a man born and bred in İstanbul. He has raised hundreds of literature students and many of them had taken the torch from him. He had visited İstanbul for many times but he had never noticed the changings as he stayed there for a short time. After he retired and settled in İstanbul again, when he noticed the difference between İstanbul that he left and İstanbul that he find, he had a great shock. Actually, many of us may experience such kind of events. I am from Sivas and I left there on 1971. Just like Mr. Okay, I have went there to see my hometown, to visit my relatives sometimes and I had noticed great changings every time that I went there. Nevertheless, there are many things that ensure the continuity. For example, a mosque with its epitaph, a wooden minaret and a fountain near to the mosque; several wooden mansions… These ensure the continuity… When I went there at last, I saw that they have removed the wooden minaret and built a minaret made of reinforced concrete. In another time, I had seen that they removed that beautiful ornamental slab of fountain with epitaph and it was laying in the yard of mosque.

They had built a fountain which can be described with the term of “kitsch” as arabesque, irritating and in a yellowish color. Another time, I had seen that the mosque had been renewed totally in the neighborhood and its features had been lost. The identity of that group of had been changed at all. It has been turned into something totally different.

In other words, the only thing that makes me bounded to the neighborhood where I have raised and that ensures

the harmony of place – structure for me had been removed thanks to this way.

Actually, this causes the erosion of a civilization but there are great well intentions within this concept. Surely, they wanted to perform prayer in a new mosque instead of an old one. Actually, this is caused by the lack of a conscience. Just like our mothers who exchange the copper plates, pots with aluminum pots and plastic tubs. Or they were taking the new machine made rugs in exchange for knitted historical rugs. When you skim the pattern giving the soul of time to a historical mosque and cover the pattern with a reinforced concrete plaster, you also cover the soul of civilization. Such kind of applications causes the removal of the ground under our feet. It is clear that there are the criteria for carrying the civilization and great cultures to the future just like the historical works. As is told by Tanpınar, it is required “to continue with change, to change with continuity”.

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Event

The meanings behind the terms in the issue of carrying the civilization buildings after restoration have to be read well. The ideal of globalization is not a humanitarian humanity ideal. Consumer reflects the aim to realize what the authoritarian regimes that love the person who obeys the rules and who does not think too much in global scale. Cultures have the duty to cope with this danger.

Modernization is also such kind of a process. In other words, there was the search for such an understanding in which all the humanity that left the national targets have directed to a common aim. This had emerged in the process of nationalism. I don’t know whether you have noticed or not.

Globalization has the aim to unite the humanity in one side and also splits the parts by encouraging regional racism as is the case how modernity had resulted in nationalism. We have experienced the concrete events of such cases before the society. This is a complex and ironic situation. We also have the necessity to use the tools given by globalization to us with the aim of resisting against the challenge of globalization. In other words, what can you do? Internet, cinema, television, social media, computer programs, etc… Or else, you do not have any change to resist. Thus, while globalization threats your culture, it also causes the reactions on the other side. There was something ignored by modernization. No matter how you try to unite people around definite ideals, people see the words from the place where they set foot. Thus, this is why the processes of nationalization and becoming a state of nation had been experienced. We should not deny that globalization has the potential in the condition that it may encounter with a resistance against global attack. What should be do when we arrive in such a process? If we do not support the base under our feet, then we cannot find anything to show the young who may have done with popular culture and who may search for something new. In other words, we can say that, when we look from the large perspective, globalization most probably will not be realized in the way expected by international actors. The real problem is that what will we put against this.

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Protecting the Cultural Heritage and Carrying it to the Future

If we think about the relation of continuing the traditions with the shape or method; then we can explain this in this way. We protect the shapes, in other words, the forms within the scope of protecting the traditions. When we add a dome to a building, and a minaret to a building, we suppose that we ensure the continuity of tradition; however, as I told before, go and visit Boğaziçi or various cities of Anatolia; you will see that our people have built very beautiful buildings and mosques that have domes, vault, semi-dome or without minaret and you can see that the tradition is not something stuck in many forms and shapes. The things that enliven those forms are the main ideas. The continuing thing that enliven that tradition, you may name it as philosophy, metaphysics, aesthetic, or something else, you can also say this is the soul created by the combination of all of them.

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AİLE 11

A mind that contents itself with three hundred or four hundred of words is actually the primitive mind. Thus, there would be no literature, philosophy or science which may emerge from that.

Therefore, we should get rid of some obsessions and prejudices.

The thing that matters is to influence that soul and to look for the ways for carrying it to the future. If the mentioned process is experienced, you can create a different cultural climate in terms of concrete appearances in future, but this would be the continuity of Sinan the Architect, Itri, Fuzuli, Baki, etc… So this is the thing that defines as “Changing with continuity, continuing with change”.

As depending on the title of seminar, if we mention about the relation of protecting the cultural heritage and conservative civilization in terms of language and literature, we can ensure the integrity. The poet had told as “Neşve tahsil ettiğin sagar da senden gamlıdır/Bir dokun bin ah işit kâse-i fağfurdan” and this actually means that this issue is about the calculations from another side. Really, we have a prosperous heritage. Unfortunately, the young is not aware of this heritage. They memorize the things that are taught to them for being successful in the exams and they forget them in a short time. I have never seen a student who knows

a poem in memory by now. The dictionary was memorized before. There was a kind known as “poetic dictionary” to ensure that people learn the words by memorizing. Now, children are too lazy to learn the words. When we use an old word in trying to narrate something, they show an objection. Actually, a mind that contents itself with three hundred or four hundred of words is actually the primitive mind. Thus, there would be no literature, philosophy or science which may emerge from that. Therefore, we should get rid of some obsessions and prejudices. I feel free especially in language, I can use very new words and also the old words and I believe that they are the prosperity of our language. I believe that all the words entered in our language since Orkhon Inscriptions are halal for us. Our children would be successful as they interact with language and this is clear. In brief, the conservation of civilization is a creative conservation for me. Moreover, we can deem the theme of our negotiation as creative conservatism.

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File

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23. Week of Solidarity with Poor People

ANTI POVERTY AND

SOCIAL AID Week of Solidarity with Poor People

Humanitarian Development Reports and Turkey Report of International Workshop on Social Aid Systems New Measurement Methods For Developing Structure of Fight Against Poverty

12 | October November December 2015 |

12-18 December

AİLE 13

"Week of Solidarity with Poor People" Minister of Family and Social Policies, Sema Ramazanoğlu, Participated in opening ceremony of “23. Week of Solidarity with Poor People”.

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File

Minister Sema Ramazanoğlu had stated in the speech she made here that the most important condition required for fight against poverty and for human development is trust, stability and sustainable development.

Emphasizing that regional wars and terrorism have to be ended to ensure trust and stability, Ramazanoğlu have stated that “World countries use almost ten times more of the share allocated to fight against poverty for arming and wars. We do not want a world in which women, children and innocent people are killed and in which the labor and great effort of people are used roughly.”

Explaining that if it is not desired to see the results of wars on a country, then the conditions in Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria should be taken into consideration, Ramazanoğlu stated that “We have been on the suffering side against the cruel. They bombed the trucks that deliver the humanitarian aids to Syrian fraternal and the bakeries that cook bread for them. While they have exploited the petroleum of the region and have conducted the works of arms dealer; we have built the tent cities, we have opened the meal centers and founded the schools. We opened our hearts as a nation with mercy. While they kill innocent people merciless, we

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23. Week of Solidarity with Poor People

“We are going to continue our understanding that projects the poorest section, in social transfers and tax arrangements. We are going to strengthen our link for social aid, employment” have enliven the innocent people. I believe that the history will write the cruel ones and the innocent ones and also the ones who were near to the suffering innocents barely”.

Mentioning that as a result of their policy followed for 13 years, the share of middle class in Turkey has been doubled in the period between 2002 and 2011, Minister Ramazanoğlu had told that “Turkey is the country which enhanced the income distribution among OECD Countries.

While Turkey was the 80th Country among 158 countries in 2000, it was 69th country among 187 countries in 2014. Thanks to this, it has been included in the category of “high humanitarian development”. It would be our primary target to be included in the group of “very high humanitarian development” in future period.” Minister Ramazanoğlu had told that they are going to continue to develop the strategies for ensuring economic development in the leadership of markets with the aim of finding a solution in fights against poverty”. Saying that they have

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initiated the implementations In Turkey, by starting from the disadvantaged section of society, directed to enhance the human development standards, Ramazanoğlu had continued by stating that: “We have created the comprehensive data base by activating the Social Aid Information System” (SOYBIS). Thanks to this way, we can determine the income of our citizens without losing time and we deliver the aids to the ones who are in need. The second and most important step is the Integrated Social Aid Services Project. This is a project including all the families and members. Stating that “Just like the Ministry of Finance recording the ones who have an income, we will record the citizens that have no income with this project”, Ramazanoğlu had explained that the variety and impact of activities conducted in Social Aid Services are going to be increased and also stated that “We are going to establish a social aid system where all the social aids and services will be offered as integrated on the base of rights. Within this framework, we are going to make the Social Aid Law”.

Emphasizing that they are going to issue a social risks map including the education, health, employment, income, etc. on the base of family; Ramazanoğlu had stated that they aim to protect and strengthen the integrity of family with the policies on housing, education, social security and income distribution. Stating that they will increase the

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coordination between social service and aid institutions and they will establish the “Family Information System” in this regard, Minister Ramazanoğlu had said that “We are going to continue our understanding, protecting the poorest section in social transfers and tax amendments. We are going to strengthen our link for social aid – employment.

Mentioning that the Ministry had made direct payment to more than 2 million citizens, Minister Ramazanoğlu had explained that “While the budget for social aids was only several billion TL in 13 years before, the budget of our Ministry is 18 billion 874 thousand TL..Moreover, it has reached to the highest level with 25 billion TL of stipulated budget for 2016. In addition, stating that they have continued to spread the courses giving the guarantee for job that have been conducted in cooperation with İŞ-KUR, Ramazanoğlu had explained that “We are going to initiate a new period for entrepreneurship assistance loans to our women and young citizens”. Again, another title opened in social aid and assistance projects are the micro – credit implementations. Thus, we have initiated the recycling system in social aids”.

At the end of meeting, the Medals for Goodness have been given to the Minister of Family and Social Policies Ramazanoğlu and Arınç and also Former President of the Assembly Köksal Toptan.

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H u m a n i t a r i a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r t s a n d Tu r k e y

Pınar YAVUZKANAT

Family and Social Policies Expert

Nazlıhan ÖZGENÇ

Family and Social Policies Expert

Humanitarian Development Reports and

Turkey

>>

United States have defined the development as increasing the options of people by focusing on the prosperity of lives in a more comprehensive way instead of focusing on the richness of narrow economies and has started to publish the Humanitarian Development Report annually since 1990.

Year

Theme of Humanitarian Development Report

1990

The Term and Measurement of “Humanitarian Development”

1991

Financing of Humanitarian Development

1992

Global Dimensions of Humanitarian Development

1993

Participation of Society

The aim of Humanitarian Development Reports is to make the richness of people in their lives, the options and opportunities and also the difficulties very apparent. Thus, an issue which is important in terms of humanitarian development is selected as theme and the achieved point and the expectations are investigated.

1994

New Dimensions of Safety of People

1995

Gender and Humanitarian Development

1996

Economic Improvement and Humanitarian Development

1997

Humanitarian Development and Removing the Poverty

1998

Consumption for Humanitarian Development

1999

Globalization with A Humanitarian Face

2000

Human Rights and Humanitarian Development

2001

Using the New Technologies for Humanitarian Development

2002

Intensifying the Democracy in Broken World

2003

Development Targets for A Thousand Years

2004

Cultural Freedom in Various Worlds of Today

2005

International Cooperation

2006

Beyond the Famine

2007/8

Fight Against Climate Change

2009

Overcoming the Obstacles

2010

Real Wealth of Nations

2011

Sustainability and Equality

2013

Development of the South

2014

Making the Humanitarian Development Sustainable

2015

Working for Humanitarian Development

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In the last Humanitarian Development Report published on 14 December 2015 with the title of “Studying for Humanitarian Development” the question regarding the manner of study to increase humanitarian development has been taken as base. Within this scope, it has been measured that not only the work, but also the conditions for willingness or unpaid works have impacts on humanitarian development. In the report, the emphasis had been made on humanitarian development process especially in the last quarter century. The contributions of this study on living a longer life, on sending more children to school, on access of more people to clear water, on increasing the income per capita in the world and on decreasing the poverty, etc. Within the scope of this report, the issue whether the humanitarian development gap can be fulfilled or not by using the labor capacities of people with the correct strategies and appropriate policies. Within the results of report, it had been stated that there is no direct connection between humanitarian development and study; that the quality of work is an important dimension in increasing the humanitarian development. In addition, it had been shown that some work classes, such as child labor, cause direct harm on humanitarian development. Thus, it had been stated that working is another development tool that should be emphasized as much as technological revolution and globalization in developing century. In the report, the disadvantaged fields of women both in paid and unpaid work sites have been mentioned. In addition, the importance of sustainable transactions in terms of eliminating both the direct impacts on humanitarian development and the negative side effects had been mentioned.

Within the scope of Humanitarian Development Reports, Humanitarian Development Index that measures the humanitarian development levels of countries by having a healthy life, being knowledgeable and having good life standards and that provides the opportunity to compare the countries has been published. Since 2010, in addition to the Humanitarian Development Index, there are the

AİLE 17

Humanitarian Development Index amended on Inequality, Inequality Index Based on Gender and Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index. In the reports of 2014 and 2015, the Gender – Based Development Index had been given and the values of Women Humanitarian Development Index and Women Development Index had been published separately.

Humanitarian Development Condition and Index Value Change of Turkey •

•

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The difference between the index value of a country and the index value of the first country is named as the “humanitarian development gap”. In line with the Humanitarian Development Report – 2013, Turkey is the 9th country that closes the humanitarian development index gap.

In Humanitarian Development Report – 2015, Turkey was 72nd among 188 countries with 0,761 index value in the class of “High Humanitarian Development”. In this sorting, Norway, Australia, Switzerland, Denmark and Holland were the first five countries in “Very High Humanitarian Development” class.

In Humanitarian Development Report -2014, Turkey had gained 0,759 value for index of 2013 and accordingly, Turkey was 69th country among 186 countries and had been included in the class of “High Humanitarian Development”. However, in Humanitarian Development Report – 2015, in the revising study, the index of 2013 for Turkey had been updated as 0,756 and Turkey had become 72nd country. Thus, when there is any comparison by the values of Humanitarian Development Indexes, it is seen that the sequences of Turkey had stayed same for 2013 and 2014.

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•

In line with the Humanitarian Development Report2015, the country above Turkey is Venezuela and below Turkey is Sri Lanka.

• Turkey had made a progress and increased 16 sequences in the period between 2009 and 2014.

• The data given in the tables are the Humanitarian Development Index values and sequences given in Humanitarian Development Reports of related years.

As the differences in the number of countries and the values of Real Humanitarian Development Index regarding the previous period are calculated in every year, the changings in the sequence have no comparable quality and they only show the condition of Turkey among other countries for that year.

Table. Humanitarian Development Condition of Turkey Before 2010 Year

Index Value of Turkey

Sequence of Turkey

Number of Countries

2002

0,742

85

173

2003

0,734

96

175

2004

0,751

88

177

2005

0,750

94

177

2006

0,757

92

177

2007/2008

0,775

84

177

2009

0,806

79

182

Table. Humanitarian Development Condition of Turkey for and After 2010 Year

•

Index Value of Turkey

Sequence of Turkey

Number of Countries

2010

0,679

83

169

2011

0,699

92

187

2012

0,722

90

186

2013

0,759

69

186

2014

0,761

72

188

When the average annual Humanitarian Development Index Rates of Turkey are investigated, it had seen that the development was 1.26% in 1990-2000 period, 1,23% in 2000-2010; 0.79% in 2010 - 2014 period and 1.17% in cumulative of 1990-2014. Methodological differences experienced by years on mentioned developments have not been taken into consideration. The studies made in

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H u m a n i t a r i a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r t s a n d Tu r k e y

national literature show that the data used for Turkey are not updated and this had caused the Humanitarian Development Index value of Turkey.

In Humanitarian Development Report 2015, the index values through which the retroactive revise can be done and the annual comparisons regarding 1990-2014 period are given in the graphic below: It is seen in the graphic that Turkey has an increasing trend in terms of index values.

Humanitarian Development Index Values of Turkey (1990-2014) While Turkey was 96th country in 2000 with medium – class humanitarian development level, it had increased to 72nd in 2014 and it had been included in the high humanitarian Development class.

Table. Humanitarian Development Level of Turkey by Humanitarian Development Report Year

Humanitarian Development Categorization Condition Level

HDI(human development index) value 0,8 and more High Humanitarian Average Development, 2003-2008 Humanitarian 0,5-0,799 Average Humanitarian Development Development, 0,5 Low Humanitarian Development

2009-2012

HDI(human development index) value is calculated by taking the quarter of highest and lowest index values.

High Humanitarian Very High Humanitarian Development Development High Humanitarian Development Average Humanitarian Development Low Humanitarian Development

2013-2014

Definite cut points have been used. To this end, the HDI (human development index) value: 0.8 and more Very High Humanitarian High Development Humanitarian 0,7-0,799 High Humanitarian Development Development 0,55-0,699 Average Humanitarian Development 0,55 below Low Humanitarian Development

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Directorate General of Social Aids

Report of

International Workshop

on Social Aid Systems >> ORGANIZATORS, NAME, VENUE AND DATE OF WORKSHOP

An international workshop had been organized on 13 – 15 October 2015 with the collaboration of Ministry of Family and Social Policies Directorate General of Social Aids and Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Center (SESRIC) under the body of Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Ankara with the theme of “Social Aid Systems”.

The Workshop had been made in central conference building of SESRIC in Ankara in English.

PARTICIPANTS OF WORKSHOP The institutions in the field of social aid from the countries that are the members of Organization of Islamic Cooperation had been invited to the workshop. Totally 115 participants in the position of manager and expert from 11 Islamic countries and the authorities of Islamic Development Bank had participated in the Workshop: - Afghanistan, Albania, Indonesia, Gambia, İran, Kirgizstan, Egypt Somali, Tunis, Uganda and Jordan.

SUBJECT OF WORKSHOP In the workshop, “Social Aid System” of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies Directorate General for Social

Aids implemented in our country had been shared with the participant countries in the presentations made for two days in an integrative model concept.

WORKSHOP PROGRAM The Workshop started on 13 October 2015 with the opening speeches of Deputy Director General of Social Aids Honorable Mustafa TARLACI and General Directorate of SESRIC Honorable Musa KULAKLIKAYA..

Following the speeches, main features of Social Aid Systems in our country had been shared with participant countries in presentations made by the experts of SYGM(General

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Directorate of Social Aids ) for two days (13 – 14 October) on the axis of - Institutional and financial structure, - Social aid programs, - Citizen Oriented, - Effective utilization of information technologies in the field - Project development, monitoring and assessment processes in the field and -Link of poverty - employment Our Social Aid System was evaluated attentively by the participant countries and SESRIC authorities and they stated their attention and admiration regarding our system during the presentation and in question –answer process.

Events of Workshop Following the presentations made on 14 October 2015, Deputy Directorate General of Social Aids Honorable Mustafa TARLACI and General Director Honorable Musa KULAKLIKAYA made the closing speeches, and then, the participation certificates was given to the participants for “International Workshop on Social Aid Services”.

On 15 October 2015, the site visit to Keçiören Social Aid and Solidarity Foundation had been organized for the participants by the General Directorate of Social Aids.

During this site visit, the works of foundation were examined on site and the presentation was made by the authorities in the foundation regarding the activities.

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Report of International Workshop on Social Aid Systems

After the visit in foundation, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations was visited by foreign participants and the shopping sites, where the local products of Ankara are sold, was visited and the workshop program was ended on the third day.

RESULTS OF WORKSHOP With the presentations made during these days and the implementations shown in the site on the last day, the Integrative Social Aid Model developed by our country in the field of social aid had been shared with the member countries of Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

The share of knowledge and experiences in international level had given us the chance to introduce the model to foreign countries. In addition, information given by the participants regarding their own social aid services, the comments and assessments regarding the presentations had provided the opportunity to gather information and various perspectives on social aid services of other countries.

In addition, the countries that want to develop the Integrative Social Aid Model in their own countries asked for technical assistance in this workshop in order to build this model in their own countries. This request was responded positively by the authorities of Organization of Islamic Bank participated in the Workshop and stated that they can make contribution to this with grant assistance by their own institutions provided that such a binary cooperation was created.

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AİLE 21

Nazlıhan ÖZGENÇ

Family and Social Policies Expert

Pınar YAVUZKANAT

Family and Social Policies Expert

New Measurement Methods for

Developing Structure of Fight Against Poverty >>

Being one of the oldest social problems, poverty has been the first point in international agenda. However, there had been the revolutionary changings in the perception against poverty in time. In history, the appearance of poverty was the income – consumption dimension and thus, the term poverty stated the “Income Poverty” and “Consumption Poverty” concepts. However, especially after 90’s, as the concepts of fragility, precarity, not having the right to speak, not to participate in the decision making processes, being open to risks, not to be able to access the opportunities and developing tools have emerged, the term “poverty” had been turned into the scope of “Humanitarian Poverty”. As a result of this, the fight against poverty had gone beyond removing the income – consumption poverty and reached to the content of ensuring humanitarian development.

Despite of all these revolutionary developments in regarding the understanding of poverty, the sufficient development in measuring the humanitarian poverty appearance of the countries had not been ensured. Despite of the condition that the term “poverty” had gone beyond the term of “income poverty”, the weight of Gross Domestic Product and the methods using the income is still high. Gross Domestic Product is the monetary market value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a definite period and it is not used as a definite indicator in determining the relative

economic position within a definite time section or in comparison with other countries. Thus, they are taken equal with social welfare in an implicit or explicit manner.

If it is the target of all the countries in this new thousands of year, it is a must to develop the tools measuring the dimensions of humanitarian development in determining the current situation. The studies increasing the literature show that the indicators are not sufficient alone to measure the life qualities and welfare of people. However, despite of the general acceptance generated in line with the problem,

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New Measurement Methods For Developing Structure of Fight Against Poverty

the concrete products developed to measure the social development as free of economic success and with all the dimensions of humanitarian development are just limited.

indicators with economic development and provides the chance for monitoring and comparing the developed countries with developing countries.

Three studies beyond the dimension of “income” had taken the attention. These are the “Humanitarian Development Index” developed by United Nations in 1990, “Better Life Index” developed in 2011 by OECD and “Social Development Index” developed in 2013 by Social Progress Imperative.

Each of these studies had been developed with important innovations in line with the criticism made with previous methods and thanks to this way, the concrete, useable products had been generated.

Since 2010, Humanitarian Development Report has been constituted by the integration of four humanitarian development indicator sets. These are the Humanitarian Development Index, the Humanitarian Development Index amended on Inequality, Inequality Index Based on Gender and Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index. In the reports of 2014 and 2015, the Gender – Based Development Index had been given.

Amartya Sen had provided consultancy for United Nations in “Humanitarian Development Index” which is the first of studies. Thus, the competency / ability approach and the criticism made on the situation that the mentioned approach is not sufficient indicator of welfare created the core of this study.

Humanitarian Development Index ensuring the chance to measure and compare the humanitarian development levels in line with having a healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a better life standard is used as a tool in measuring the poverty. Humanitarian Development Index that has been published in the Humanitarian Development Reports of United Nations Development Program, has the contents on income, education and health. Humanitarian Development Index integrates the socio – economic

While the lifetime expected in birth was used as health index; adult rate and integrated gross schooling were used as education index and Gross Domestic Product was used as income index in the years between 1995 and 2009, the income and education indexes have been differentiated in line with the amendments made in 2010. Thus, the calculations have been amended as the education index is the average year of education period of people who are 25 years old or older; provided that the age – based school registration rates are stable (ii), the expected schooling year of children who are at schooling age showing the total years of educational life and the income index is Gross National Product (GNP, USA Dollar). In addition, with the aim of eliminating the differences between the national price levels in Humanitarian Development Index of 2014; Gross National Product Levels had been turned into the Purchasing Power Parity.

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Humanitarian Development Index is calculated by taking the geometrical average of lower indexes. The countries are categorized as having higher, middle or lower humanitarian development with the measurement definition made through the Humanitarian Development Indexes. Until 2009, while 0,8 or higher Humanitarian Development Index was defined as High Humanitarian Development and 0,5 – 0,799 Humanitarian Development Index was defined as Average Humanitarian Development Index and also 0,5 and lower Humanitarian Development Index was defined as Low Humanitarian Development Index; the Humanitarian Development Index for 2009-2012 had been calculated by taking the quarter of lower and higher index value difference. Accordingly, there are four groups defined as Very High Humanitarian Development, High Humanitarian Development, Average Humanitarian Development and Low Humanitarian Development. In 2013 and 2014, there are definite cut points. Accordingly, the HDI had been categorized as Very High Humanitarian Development when it is 0,8 or more, as High Humanitarian Development when it is 0,7-0,799 and as Middle Humanitarian Development when it is 0,55-0,699 and as Low Humanitarian development when it is 0,55 or less.

While more than 3 billion people in 62 countries were within the low humanitarian development category in 1990; approximately 1 billion of people in 43 countries were within the low humanitarian development category in 2014.

Similarly, while 1,2 billion people in 47 country were within high and very high humanitarian development category in 1990; 3,6 billion people in 84 country were within high and very high humanitarian development category in 2014 In annual Humanitarian Development Report, there are important points regarding other dimensions of humanitarian development and the indexes with different themes are published separately; however, these dimensions have not been taken into consideration in calculating the Humanitarian Development Index. Thus, the Humanitarian Development Index has stayed as limited

AİLE 23

with the income, education and health dimensions of humanitarian development.

As Humanitarian Development Index had gone beyond the income dimension there are some criticisms stating that it had stayed in a narrow point of view, that the dense efforts and developments of some countries had been noticed late because of the structure of indicators, that the impact of income in final index value is high, that education and health among the dimensions of humanitarian development had stayed limited.

OECD had developed the Better Life Index assessing the conditions of states on 11 dimensions with a broader point of view by taking the previous criticisms into consideration.

These dimensions are the housing, income, work, community, education, environment, civil participation – managing, health, life satisfaction, safety and work – life balance. In addition to 34 member countries, with Russia and Brazil, the chance to compare the countries from many aspect in addition to income dimension and the determination of fields on which the countries have relatively lower performance has been ensured. 11 dimensions have been measured with 24 indicators entirely.

While the life satisfaction is measured with only one indicator, the point of work is measured with four indicators.

While the number of indicators measuring the dimensions is different, the indicators are assessed equally in calculating the appearance of each dimension. After the appearance of dimensions is achieved, each dimension is put equal positions and then the Better Life Index is ensured.

Better Life Index developed the viewpoint of Humanitarian Development Index as it emerged the appearance of countries from many aspects. However, as it provides the results for low number of countries, as it does not explain all the dimensions substantially and as it is not based on scientific grounds because of the method giving equal weight on dimensions and indicators; such types of criticisms are made.

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sheltering income job public education environment civil participation health life satisfaction safety job and social life balance

One of the products developed because of insufficiency of economic and social statistics and measurement methods is the Social Development Index that had been generated as a result of negotiations of New York based Social Progress Imperative with Harvard University and MIT academicians in addition to business environments. The definition of Social Development was made at first in the study and then, the dimensions in the definition had been determined. As Social Development had been defined as meeting the main humane needs of society and members, creating the basic building blocks ensuring the chance for developing and maintaining the life quality of citizens and communities and giving the capacity to all the individuals for achieving their entire capacity; Social Development Index had been measured in three dimensions as humane needs, establishment of welfare and the opportunity.

Social Development Index had been designed under three layers as dimension, component and variable in a manner to ensure deeper analysis on countries. In order to ensure that the performance condition is seen clearly in the subdetails constituting the final appearance of dimensions, each dimension has been divided into four components reflecting the inter-relations among each other. The appearance of components is calculated by 52 variables.

Thanks to the layered and divided structure of index, the fields where the country is successful or weak had been

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New Measurement Methods For Developing Structure of Fight Against Poverty

stated separately for each of the countries. Thanks to this way, the fields in which both classes of the countries that has high and low social development index can be determined through the dimensions of index, the components of each dimension and the variables included in the calculation.

As there is no reasons accepted to make any dimension more important than other dimension, the dimensions had been evaluated equally. The weight of variables through which the components are measured has been determined with the main component factor analysis. In this case, while the index has been calculated in each year, the weight has also been calculated with factor analysis. It is rare that the indicators in social field cause a great change in the next year for a country. However, because of the new variables that can be added in each year and the new countries that can be included calculation, there may be the differences in the weight of variables determined with the factor analysis made on the data of that year.

Social Development Index ensures the data on main development aim of countries and also the success fields and the issues with lower performance can be determined with low performance indicators and components. However, these can be calculated through 52 indicators. Thus, when compared with other methods, it has more indicators from some more different fields.

There are two points taking attention regarding the variables in the model. Internal validity of variables; in other words, the ability to get the aimed measurement and the existence of data measured with the same method by the same institution regarding all, at least most of the countries included in study are the main points in selecting the variables.

In determining the variables, not the ones presenting the input but the ones presenting the outputs was preferred.

The variables in both types have important messages for countries. For example, despite of the investments of our country made on the fields that takes to time be turned

12 | October November December 2015 |

into social output such an education, health, etc., the improvement of our appearance in this field within the Humanitarian Development Index takes time. Important messages regarding the improvement to be created by investments in the models using input variables can be received.

Model has been built especially on the ability approach of Amartya Sen. Thus, the welfare has been analyzed in multi-dimensional type. In addition to the indicators used in previous studies such as food deficit, mother – child death, etc. indicators, the indicators that have not been used in the other studies such as death number, internet use, continuity to high school because of violent crime level, air dust, etc. had been used. Especially the importance has been put on freedoms and personal rights, tolerance and respect level of society and the utilization level of rights.

There are five features dividing the Social Development Index from previous studies have been observed: 1- The indicators without economic bases was used.

2-The indicators that not present the inputs, but present the social outputs was used.

3-There are many indicators included in total social development scores.

4-Model had been structured in a way to allow empirical investigations among the dimension, components and indicators.

5-The width and model of indicators had been made appropriate for the country in each income level. The explained structure and features of index indicate that the improvements to meet many criticisms directed to previous index studies have been ensured.

While Social Development Index produces results for 50 countries in 2013 when it was published for the first time; it had developed its scope by creating results for 132 countries by 2015. Both the richness in the content of indicators and

AİLE 25

involving of many countries had developed the usability of index. As a result, the attention of World Bank on index and content had been increased in the last period and also, the common studies with Harvard University Economy Professor Michael E. Porter giving consultancy to index study had been arranged.

In the report of Commission on Measuring Economic Performance and Social Development which aims to conduct the investigation on information and measurement tools required to be added with the aim of measuring the limitedness of economic performance and social development as determinative together with measurement results of Gross Domestic Product and which involve Joseph Stiglitz who has been awarded with 2008 – Nobel Economics Prize and Amartya Sen and Jean Paul Fitoussi; it has been determined that “The thing that we measure may affect what we do; but if our measurements are defective, then our decisions would be skew. From this point of view, if we have the viewpoint as ensuring the human development, then the measurements to affect our decisions should be multi – dimensional to be appropriate for humanitarian development. World has the tools which can ensure to make better decision giving the chance to achieve the targets of 2030 with the measurement methods that have been improved continuously.

Thanks to the indexes ensuring correct measurement of social development, we can provide social development by determining our agenda directed to social development and political contents; and also the affect facilitating economic success of social performance and potential can be obtained on the other side.

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Ayşe Başak Erk

Senior Developmental Psychologist

Education

>

Children Saying Lie

Children

Saying Lie

An assessment on the act of children to say lie in line with various developmental processes >> My child is saying lies!

We can observe that the children say different lies in different developmental periods. The reason for them to say a lie may be very different; and the act of saying lie may be assessed as a normal behavior in definite age periods.

The children under the age of 3 have no concept as saying a lie. Children who are under 3 years old do not know that they can hide their thoughts and they believe that their parents can see what they think. If the children are around

3 – 4 years old, they may start to notice that their parents or someone else cannot see their ideas. Children who are around 3-4 years old have a great imagination; they would like to make up many stories. They may add their newly – gained abilities, information to such stories. Thanks to these stories, they can get the chance to try many roles in from real life. They may say lies by false representing and exaggerating the truths. 3- 4 years old children may shift the blame to an imaginary person from time to time and they can decrease the guilt feelings. For example, the one who drop the glass may be an imaginary dog. In this case, it can be observed that the guilty feeling of child has developed and the child is in the process of internalizing this feeling.

The lies told by children until the age of 5 are not very important but the children at schooling age may prefer not to say the truth with the instinct of satisfying the parents, teachers or friends. Children at schooling age can perceive and differentiate the dream and reality, true – false. In this period, the children may show the acts that may not be approved by others but they may try to isolate the possible enforcements and results by reflecting this experience in a different way. This effort may be told as conscious lying.

Actually, the act of being afraid of saying lie or of being tripped up means that they know that saying a lie is not something good and is something dangerous. Children older than 5 years old may be observed as they say lie when they do not feel self – sufficient from time to time.

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Children learn to say lie in family at first. The mother and father saying lie in front of their children without noticing, involving their children to the lie (for example: “Zeynep is very ill, I can’t be there today) or asking from the children to say lie for themselves (for example: Tell them that I am sleeping) may be the examples of lies learned within the family. Thus, it is important to be a role model that is well for children. When you understand that your children say lie, you have to pay attention to the type of this lie and then you have to explore the reasons causing the lies. You can notice the difference and take a step in solving such a problem with your child only in this way.

As parents, you should make your child aware of the condition that sharing the truth is better than anything by appreciating and praising him / her no matter how difficult it is. You should care about sharing quality time with your child every day without letting him / her to try

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to catch your attention by saying lies. Having a healthy and strong communication with your child is a protective factor. It is important to have a resolute manner when you notice that your child says lie. In such a situation, it would not be appropriate to punish your child or to oppress with the aim of making your child to confess. Such kind of harsh manners may cause the tightening of lies. You should focus on the reasons of your child to say lies and to solve the problem directly. For example, you may give attention to the conditions and times your child say lies. You should be attentive to not to reward your child when he / she say lie. You should give the chance your child to recover this condition. You should know the structure and characteristics of your child well and check yourself if you have the targets – expectations that are well for your child. In addition, it would be helpful for your child to teach him / her how to overcome the negative feelings and conditions.

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Technology

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N e w G e n e r a t i o n Te c h n o l o g i e s a n d N e w G e n e r a t i o n Fa m i l y

Ahmet Rasim KALAYCI

General Directorate of Family and Community Services

New Generation Technologies and

New Generation Family

>> WE HAVE A NEW GENERATION HERE Let’s think about our daily life; our cell phone, laptop – desktop computer, wide screen television… All these technologies are in our hands and we are involved in a new visual or digital culture thanks to these technologies. As a result, these technologies change our daily life deeply and rapidly. Last generation technologies have become almost the indispensable parts of our daily life.

We are almost in the abdication of reason against smart phones, multi – channel and wall – mounted (LCD, plasma) televisions and internet bringing the world in front of us. We try to keep pace with this life style and culture led by technology.

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We have a new generation now: digital generation… The culture of this generation has entered in our family in a very quiet and rapid way as a new member. In fact, these technologies have become the parent, teacher, friend, dude, and guide, fellow and in other words, they have become the indispensable part of our life.

about their experiences and stories are almost out of circulation. We are wandering in the worlds of virtual people which we deem as if we were inside just by seeing and listening from distant. In other words, we do not gain the models to understand the life and our samples in a face to face manner by living together.

A generation who waited for many years for fixed phone, who did not miss programs in one – channel television and who played with their peers has tried to catch the world in these days.

In other words, our loss, the street where we played football in our neighborhood, our neighbors asking “Would you mind if we visit you ?”, the grocery giving us the candies, the local school that we arrived on foot… Picnics that we made all together with our neighbors and relatives, our friends whom we invited to cinema with sweltering hands and moreover in a stammering manner, the places to visit with family, open air theatres where we crack the seeds and drink soda water, the daybooks in which we said “thanks to give this white new page to me!” or in which we declared our love… These are not in our lives anymore.

We are almost in the abdication of reason against smart phones, multi – channel and wall – mounted (LCD, plasma) televisions and internet bringing the world behind us.

We try to keep pace with this life style and culture led by technology.

WE HAVE A NEW CULTURE HERE Here is the sovereignty of virtual world and digital era increasing in these days. You get in contact with your child by using these tools and moreover, you are respected in that regard. So, you can get a job as much as you know these technologies.

Thousands of varieties of products that you may see in convenience store are just a click away! Single use and consume! The advertisements giving the message of “You can buy everything provided that you have money!” are smiling at us from the scenes of tv series, movies, from the screen of cellphones or computers or outdoor billboards.

Nowadays, we almost do not get away from the screens against the offerings of virtual world. Hegemony of the narrator of modern world catches us in everywhere and in any place anymore; this is the case seen no matter we are children, adult or parents.

Today, the close people that we can see as role model, we can consult and we can negotiate face to face are not eligible. The relatives and family elders that we may listen

CLOSES ARE FAR, FARS ARE CLOSE A new daily life and culture has been offered to us. It is just like we have everything we want in our hands. Everything that is demanded to be owned consumed and displayed are just a click away. Actually, such a consumption of technology gives that message to us: “You can do your works without facing up to someone or without having a relation with someone, you can do it yourself”.

Tv series, movies, magazine news, advertisements which we only watched in screens and which presents that the richness, power and vanity are the most valuable parts of consumer culture… The heroes which we saw in similar styles and which make us grateful for our conditions…

The violence and rape scenes which we did not see or we may not see in our lives…. All these are in view of us almost in everywhere thanks to the new communication technologies. These are displayed in desktop computers, smart phones, multi – channel wide screens, outdoor billboard applications, in shopping malls, bus / metro and even in toilets. “There is no escape” anymore.

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Technology

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N e w G e n e r a t i o n Te c h n o l o g i e s a n d N e w G e n e r a t i o n Fa m i l y

WE PROGRESS AND REGRESS We have great improvements thanks to new technologies.

Nevertheless, our friendships, fellowships, solidarities, aids, negotiations, visiting, weekend trips are becoming rare; our relations and humanity are falling back and we fail in finding the old sincerity and fondness; because we have a daily life which prevents these points.

Children are trusted to their caretakers, nurseries, schools, private teaching institutions, friends, television and also to social media sites, online games and smart phones as more than their families.

Moreover, adult ones also try to find their mates, friends in such web sites; watch the world and make conversations through such web sites.

In this way, we gained more durable consumption materials.

The models of our cars, cell phones and computers have been developed; we have more clothes. We have understood that the ways to gain these are having better diploma, knowing more foreign languages, entering in a job which provides more salary and having competition with others.

Message regarding the steps to be done with the aim of understanding these points are displayed before us everywhere thanks to the new communication technologies, in other words; in internet, television, streets, workplace…

The message is very clear; compete, race, defeat, earn money, spend many and show to obtain all these things…

There is no escape. The world, time and mind of new generation raising on the arms of new communication technologies are shaped through these technologies.

NEW SAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM: NEW GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES Nowadays, new generation technologies are working in every field of our life, I mean, they work globally. These technologies watch our preferences, record our preferences

and appear in new ways and faces. Well, but what is the reason of this situation? This is because it has to trigger the desire, create the demand and ensure consumption for being alive. As told by Sayar; “Capitalist system is the one directed to create and market the desires. People aim to obtain prestige by their goods and vanity”.

This is why this community is the consumption community.

Instead of family, the consumer individual, woman and child came to the forefront. This is just like, it makes plans for everything of you, tells you the things that you should buy and consume on behalf of you. It tries to induce us in this way by using all the tools and ways. The callings and messages sent to your cell phone, advertisements and web site links on which you click in your mail box, the advertisements appearing in television, busses, train, plane and even in toilet says Every way is yours, you can buy by a click!”. In other words, these are presented as “new values, identities”. But, you have to work more to achieve these. This means that we are getting more attached to this slavery.

It is a good improvement that technology is getting developed and opened to the service of humanity and is also used positively. However, the point that we should take into

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consideration that; we have to give attention on the service fields, targets, availability and cost of this technology which became the most important part of system in today’s world.

Unfortunately, the realities show that the hegemony of developed ones on having access to resources, richness and power. Moreover, it is also shown clearly that the inequality in producing, using and exploiting these technologies is continuing in various dimensions.

We are the consumer who pay high costs for these and we firstly deem these things as a symbol of statue as a community that does not produce them. Researches show that we use them just for fun, for making conversations and for making surf in cyber world instead of getting informed.

As long as we do not have the conscious to notice this, it seems impossible to notice that we are exploited, imposed through this way and to know the offenders; because these technologies offer new and great opportunities to maintain their hegemony.

ACTION MAP OF OUR LIFE Actually, thanks to the information served by technology, we become (un)informed about realities. We get credit by a click and we become more indebted and we need to work more. It makes you consume with the virtual desire that has been created inside of you. It gives you a new identity, a new character that you may play on it in cyber world.

So, this (cyber) world offered to us creates the feeling as it meets all of our demands in workplace, house, school, bus and service. Thus, there is no need to knock on the door of your neighbor, to go to cinema with your friend and partners, to go to bank with the aim of making payments and even to go to shopping mall for shopping, to go to bookstore to buy newspaper, to go on a trip for seeing some places and to find some friends for playing games, because social media invites us to a cyber-world that provides our demands for us.

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Well but why does the cyber world do this? It creates a place for relaxing, for people who do not have enough opportunities. It shows us the richness, vanity, handsome modern princes and attractive beautiful women, beautiful houses and cars without making any payment. In other words, it offers you the behavior, value, model and characteristics that you should have in your daily life. It shows you the ways to get higher, to be respected and honored and to have your job and partner.

OUR LAST SHELTER: FAMILY In such a world, the family meets in home but is the family together with its all members? Is the family still the valuable place to solve our problems and to get a response for our feelings?

The time has come and moreover, it is passing to ask similar question. The answers of these questions are quite related about the way we live our daily life and moreover, how we are obliged to live our daily life.

Nowadays, we have been reshaped in fact through televisions, cell phones, internet that have a great attraction center and also social media web sites that is offered to modern people by this course. Catching almost all the members of a family in any time and any place, the technologies became the new masters of our minds.

We enter in cyber worlds through the new technologies appealing to our mood without need the other family members in our rooms by now. We negotiate with people that we may never see or we may never come side by side in daily life. There is no need to exert effort with the aim of maintaining the relation without meet them.

Then, the question as what does technology mean for me, for my family and my child should be taken into consideration. In other words; computer, internet, social media web sites, computer games, video – touch cell phones, wide screen state of the art technology televisions‌

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If our child is together with these ones in his / her room, there is no need for the children living in the apartments around and moreover, his / her desire to spend time and share something with his / her sibling, mother and father is decreasing; because, he / she can get information about the world and moreover; can contact with many friends that he / she does not meet and does not share something through the computer.

The features of new technologies in this life do not create the sufficient conscious and do not provide information in real terms. It does not allow us to comprehend the logic of life at first and to come together with our friends, relatives, acquaintances and fellows, to share our ideas and experiences and moreover, to ensure solidarity in solving problems…

Because this life serves to the purpose of people who compete with the similar ones and get ahead and who can fend for themselves... When we take part in such a daily life, our communication with the world in front of television and internet has deepen our dividedness and loneliness.

Actually, the virtual relations that we have via social network, virtual communities that we organized, online games are demanded as they show us many things which are not given by real life and which we can’t obtain; because, this virtual world provides us a temporary and deceptive relaxation.

As a result; with the aim of finding the ones that are similar to us and feeling that we are not alone, the ways opened by virtual world (social media web sites / cyber groups, etc.) are attractive and different for us and these are seen as an alternative communication channel. Young ones deem that getting informed about the world and having fun are the activities that may be developed in such a platform. New generation individuals see the life, values and relations and get informed in this platform instead of real life.

Technology

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N e w G e n e r a t i o n Te c h n o l o g i e s a n d N e w G e n e r a t i o n Fa m i l y

Thus, we see that the family concept loses its feature of being a common place, its power to meet the old functions* for middle and middle – low classes in today’s world. Moreover, according to Oskay, the process such as communication, value – manner education are conducted via media even when the family is in home and the family members create the rooms of loneliness even in a crowds.

On the other hand, this change seen in the power and functions of family causes the failures in meeting the expectations of members and the loss of satisfaction capacities. Therefore, with the aim of keeping our works, partners, and fellows in our hand and even strengthening them, we use our power, time and actually everything to the logic of getting ahead and gaining more.

Thus, family and home atmosphere for today’s people getting alone have started to be seen as the only place to get relax and to find returns for feelings to an extent against the ones that are not given by the experienced system.

Therefore, this statement of Sayar gives the hint for us showing the reason why nothing can take the place of family during the history of humanity: “Family is our last shelter in this heartless world”. “ Ünsal Oskay, Kitle İletişiminin Kültürel İşlevleri, A.U SBF Publication, 1982 Kemal Sayar, Ruh Hali, Timaş Publication, 2011 *educating – teaching about the value, manner and behaviors in life, and carrier of these concepts, solidarity – cooperation unit, meeting the material / mental satisfaction, etc…

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FAMILY 33

Necati BULUT

A View from

Architectural and Sociologic Perspective

on Turk – Ottoman Family and House Culture >>

Having conducted various researches on family, woman and social life in Turk – Ottoman Culture, famous British orientalist Lucy Garnett have concentrated on layered family structure, marriage in early ages and multifamily – single house life style in Ottoman. Researcher put the cultural and economic requirements on the exit point of sociologic findings. For Garnett, the young getting married in many regions of England or Europe take personal responsibilities and they take the economic responsibility of the family to be set. Individualistic perspective of Western people had caused the condition of getting married in advanced ages. It is seen that Garnett had compared his own culture and other cultures with this approach via occupational deformation seen in many orientalists. Social science experts like us investigating the Western sources with the options of current information age evaluate this issue with a more comprehensive and realistic view. We can associate the condition of individual feeding from Western culture as breaking from family membership immediately and then feeling like having no root and failing in creating belongingness only with the absence of such a tradition in social concept.

In this article, without making the mistake of Garnett as comparing the cultures, we are going to try to understand strong phenomena in late Ottoman and Turk family structures from the perspective of architectural and social sciences.

When taking a look from Western cultural perspective; great Ottoman family structure and moreover, strong patriarchal structure in Turkish cultural life have attracted the attention until a recent period.

When taking a look from Western cultural perspective; great Ottoman family structure and moreover, strong patriarchal structure in Turkish cultural life have attracted the attention until a recent period. A newly – married person would be deemed as evaluating this multi – family structure in which many generations live as an economic protection and the bride may be deemed as an individual who is included in such a structure under obligation. While explaining the crowd family structure in Ottoman, Garnett says that young Turkish people do not have to wait until their adultery to find the material sources required for keeping their partners and the families to be set in future. He associated the marriages in early ages with such an economic ease. When the culture of orientalist is taken into consideration, the act of associating this hierarchical structure of Turk – Ottoman family structure with economic reasons may be understood easily. Yet, this idea does not change the wrong, in other words, the defective findings of Garnett. When we all look at the roots of our families (not from outside, but inside of our culture), we know that the reasons of multi – family structure do not emerge from economic obligations, but

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Culture

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Tu r k – O t t o m a n F a m i l y a n d H o u s e C u l t u r e

A special architectural design that I have to say, should be mentioned when it comes to Ottoman mansions: Exedras... It is really a well – reasoned and beautiful architectural detail… Exedras that you may see when you look up in front of the mansions in İstanbul are just like living creatures that wants to throw themselves on streets as being freed of the houses and sofa where they are. This desire to leave and moreover break from such structures may be associated with the relation of exedras with outer world instead of indoor areas. from the tradition to ensure the feeling of cooperation and social harmony. For example, the mansions that have a great place in terms of attractive aesthetic beauties in Ottoman architecture… They are the architectural structures with many rooms and individual and common areas with the principle of living all together. Therefore, when there is look taken from outside, the community life takes the attention and when there is a look from inside, an autonomous structure having individual and separate areas takes the attention. By drawing an agony of a tree; young married person living in mansion can feed both their roots and their leaves as they grow their children in such an environment.

As we talk about mansions; despite of not being closely related to our topic; a special architectural design that I have to say should be mentioned when it comes to Ottoman mansions: Exedras... It is really a well – reasoned and beautiful architectural detail… Exedras that you may see when you look up in front of the mansions in İstanbul are just like living creatures that wants to throw themselves on streets as being freed of the houses and sofa where they are. This desire to leave and moreover break from such structures may be associated with the relation of exedras with outer world instead of indoor areas. Despite of being the protrusion designed with the aim of more benefiting from day light and for ease of use with architectural works and being mentioned as “They were built with the aim of increasing the number of rooms in upper levels as there is high moisture in lower layers”; exedras are just the mental recreation areas designed for Ottoman women. In addition, they are also the fair sex protections that are quite well for the manners and expression of women. Frankly; woman is a human being created with curiosity. The issue of nature is another point. I think it would be also futile to make an investigation with the questions of why and for what. If we

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think that this determination is just a wishful thinking; then we should consider the reason why the books of Kerime Nadir are read by women in general and why men were not informed about this wise author for a long time. The end of melodramas melodrama in Turkish cinema is also the same. I am not going to mention about women population in open air cinema. In defining his reader mass, famous writer Selim İleri, said that “Literature is read because of curiosity; and thus, only the spinsters read my works” and he did not abstain from ironizing his female readers. All joking aside, the relation of the fair sex with the exedras may be comprehended by thinking on this humor.

The window of exedra has a structure to see the surroundings in a perspective depending on its location on the street. You can imagine them as the window wall balconies of today’s world. Do not interfere with the housewife when she put mats in this architectural place drooping to the street; watch the world before the laced tulle curtain. Of course, we can understand the need for

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We can understand especially from the novels of Reform Era that Ottoman women knew many languages very well, they were prone to fine arts, for example they were playing piano and they were painting.

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socialization when we evaluate it with the conditions of the – then period. Women were introvert members of family in Ottoman family structure. They should be secreted.

They were the ones to stay mysterious. Exedra ensures its relations with outside. We look at precious İstanbul from there. Depending on the idea that Ottoman women are distant to social life, it becomes clear that the relation with outer world is ensured through exedra. Based on these determinations, it does not mean that the women of that time were isolated behind the curtains and were distant to development. We can understand especially from the novels of Reform Era that Ottoman women knew many languages very well; they were prone to fine arts, for example they were playing piano and they were painting. Of course, that reform era stands on very an important point in close Turk – Ottoman life. Renewal especially in “European” style on the order of house life, family life and human relations can be deemed as the reminders of Reform Era in Turkish culture.

Well, the question as “When did the Western world of which positive sides we try to obtain, achieve this intellectual and scientific reality?” may come to the mind. Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment... Unfortunately, as there is no event which may be defined as “waking up to yourself” had not been experienced, there is no introvert reasoning

reflex in our community concept. The case of being secreted defined before for Ottoman women can be adapted to our entire social life with this aspect. For example; within an artistic product fed by Eastern culture, there is no tradition of exposing. Even now, the reason for us to be included in the Western literature and our condition as “neither being Western nor not being Western” in fine arts, science and technology and even in sports are related to this. In the article (titled as “İstanbul Sokaklarının Tenvir ve Tarihi) of Şinasi given to us in the first class of faculty of arts, famous intellectual stated that the duty of Ottoman intellectuals in the relation of Western and Eastern sides is to couple the mind of Asia with the intellectuality of Europe. As it can be understood, the deceased made a metaphor as Asia which is a strong man despite of being old can marry Europe which is defined as a young lady and can be happy. Even this idea has not been comprehended entirely even in today’s world and has been misunderstood for many times, the thing that Şinasi wanted to narrate is a cliché is hidden in the determination of “We should do better by adopting the positive aspects of West.” In brief, the issue is deeper and very comprehensive to exceed the limits of this study.

Now, let’s talk about multi – room structure in mansions.

The mansion typology in Turkish civil has no standard

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features but includes the portions of house in which women and men sit separately within single or self- contained fields. A comprehensive living space by adding the structures such as cistern and annex for the employees in line with socio – economic conditions of family was created.

In addition to these ones, Ottoman mansions have the rooms of which number is between ten and forty as stone room, servant rooms, bath house and service parts. Again in line with the land structure, the mansions were surrounded by high and strong stone walls. As it is understood after all these determinations, it can be stated that the features of mansions as architectural works had been prepared in the need for building a protective set between the life in mansion and life in outer world. The point as the social life of Ottoman is related to inner life more is also one of the important impacts shaping the protected architectural structures and indoor fields of houses. The relation of Ottoman family structure with architecture is very and important and wide concept in this aspect. In conclusion, here is a quotation from the speech of Prof. Dr. İlber Ortaylı (Competition Authority) from the series of “Thursday’s Conferences” (Perşembe Konferansları) titled as “Turk – Ottoman Family Structure (*)”: “Architecture changes... In other words, what is the portion of Turkish types in houses defined today as “Turkish house” strengthened with restoration works and from where?

Actually, this architectural synchronization had moved until the middle of Balkans in that time. On the other hand,

Culture

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Tu r k – O t t o m a n F a m i l y a n d H o u s e C u l t u r e

The mansion typology in Turkish civil architecture has no standard features but includes the portions of house in which women and men sit separately within single or self- contained fields. there was another type of houses as starting from Central Anatolia. They changed in line with the geography and time. Ornamentations and pictures became widespread in 18th century. Turkish houses are really the house type of our hegemony in fact. All the nations had settled in such type of houses. You can see this type of houses from Macedonia to Central Anatolia. This is what multinational harmony means. This should be mentioned. These were evolved in 18 and 19. So, this means that there is enrichment.

There are better houses; you know the house of İstanbul.

It is another type of wooden architecture and it had disappeared with many of its samples and moreover, the neighborhoods had disappeared for many times. The last small, poor neighborhoods are around the bulwarks in Cerrahpaşa, around Yedikule. They should be protected; but anyway, there is nothing sufficient in this regard. This is the structuring of that. The terms of “house”, “entrance”, the terms of “selamlık” and “haremlik” as the portions of house in which women and men sit separately and “yard”, “what is the privacy of that house?”, “What is the closeness against street?”; the ways to live these points can be seen through architecture and surprisingly, both the Christians and Muslims lived in this manner; in other words, the house is the same. There is no great difference. (*)Turk – Ottoman Family Structure, İlber Ortaylı, Competition Authority, “Thursday’s Conferences” (Perşembe Konferansları), Ankara

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Sea, Fish and

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Tolunay SANDIKÇIOĞLU

General Directorate of Family and Community Services

Ottoman

Ottoman is a world state surrounded by sea with three sides and located in the geography where three continents have been intersected…The subject of this month is “Fish culture” in Ottoman that made Aegean and Mediterranean Sea the inland seas, that sailed through the oceans and that had built almost all the palaces in sea sides…

>>

Being old as much as hounding and hunting; fishing was one of the first occupation of humanity and despite of this; the husbandry custom in the roots of Middle Asians in Turkish community and then the dependence on ground caused Turks to be distant to fisheries. Almost all the voyagers in Ottoman period had stated in their travel books that Turk people did not eat fish too much.

However, both the Byzantium and Ottoman periods, fisheries were so cheap and rich in İstanbul that; even the poor people ate fisheries abundantly as stated in records.

The voyagers of that period had written that people were fishing by hanging down the baskets from the windows of mansions in Bosporus and there were plenty of fishes in the sea. The observations of voyagers regarding the abundance

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Culture

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Sea, Fish and Ottoman

“There is a rock shining with a perfect white in the water from the deeps to the surface around Khalkedon (Kadıköy) in Asian Side. Bonitos get a fight when they see this rock suddenly. They go to the Byzantium Cape in the opposite side as a herd.

When they come ashore, you can catch fish even by hand. This is the reason why this place is called as Hrisun Keras (Altın Boynuz)”. of fish in İstanbul actually reflect the truth which has been known for hundreds of years. The image of bonito on the coins of Byzantine shows that fish was the symbol of city and that fisheries had great importance in city. In his works, Roman scientist Plinius explains the reasons of bonito image on coins as: “There is a rock shining with a perfect white in the water from the deeps to the surface around Khalkedon (Kadıköy) in Asian Side. Bonitos get a fight when they see this rock suddenly. They go to the Byzantium Cape in the opposite side as a herd. When they come ashore, you can catch fish even by hand.

This is the reason why this place is called as Hrisun Keras (Altın Boynuz)”..”

The reason of abundance of fish in İstanbul is its geographical location. İstanbul is on the route of migratory fishes such as sword fish, tuna, bonito, mackerel, chup mackerel, blue fish and saurel fishes, leer fish, john dory fish, anchovy and sardine that lives in Black Sea during

winter and in Sea of Marmara. In addition, the abundance of non-migratory fishes such as growler, scorpion fish, grouper fish, gold fish, mullet, black bream, haddock, rockling fish and angler fish in İstanbul also increases this fertileness more. The reason why fish is a product that was consumed in its site both in Ancient Times and in Middle Age is the shortness of storage period.

When the recipes written and published in Ottoman period are evaluated, it can be seen that the number of meals made with fisheries is less than the meals made with meat and chicken. However, the cooked meals and the baking techniques are more varied. The most important fish product in Ottoman in terms of commercial aspect is black caviar coming from Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and fish eggs obtained from various fishes in Aegean Sea. The chief of Fish Market in Ottoman Period had a duty of “fish – attendant” as meeting the fish requirements of

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FAMILY 39

“God is the one who provide you the sea for eating fresh meat and for obtaining the ornaments; you can see the ships going by splitting the water. All these are given for you to ask for portion from God’s favor and for being grateful.”

Koran - Nahl Sura / 14. Verse

Ottoman period. With the opening of fish season, there was a ceremony in fish market and the fishes were sold at auction and then, the chief of fish market formally won the auction and he was sending the fishes to the palace. As it is understood from the records of palace kitchen, fresh water fishes were also procured for Ottoman Palace and fresh water fishes were taken from Uludağ and Terkos Lakes. In addition to the stuffed mackerel that has been made also in today, the stuffed blue fish, common sea bream, mullet and bonito were also cooked. The preserve technique which is liked since the Central Asia had been implemented also on fishes and; the expensive of pastrami of sword fish and sturgeon fishes and also the cheap of conger pastrami were produced.

Fishery in İstanbul in 17th century was organized as chambers and the fishers were included in taxes. Stating the fishers in İstanbul in detailed; Evliya Çelebi had recorded that there were almost seven hundreds of “esnaf-ı dalyancıyan”, three thousands of “esnaf-ı ığrıbcıyan” (blue water hunters) and also “esnaf-ı karityacıyan” who do hunting only in the golden horn.

In addition, there were also almost a thousand of “esnaf-ı düzenciyan” who do fishing with nets and fishing lines and also “esnaf-ı sepetçiyan” who do fishing for fisheries such as lobster.

Fish stores of that period were also around Balat, Cibali, Unkapanı, Yenikapı, Kumkapı, Samatya, Kasımpaşa,

Hasköy and Beşiktaş. Wealthy people were keep the special plummet and fishing lines prepared by special plummet experts in boxes; they had special chefs for cooking fish.

They were going to fish with instruments and songs and they were keeping the fishes in fish ponds found in the boat house of mansion.

Evliya Çelebi stated that he saw in his travel to Trabzon that anchovy is a medicine good for almost all the diseases. It is also known that Suleiman the Magnificent was born in Trabzon and anchovy was one of his favorite meals. So, there is the motive of anchovy on the sword found in Topkapı Palace. Serkilerci Osman Pasha had said for II.Abdulhamid who was interested in fishing that “The bones of fishes were picked with a nipper just for Sultan and then they were cooked”.

Being known as enjoying the meat on the cheek of blue fish, II.Abdülhamid had been recorded in the history that the plateful meat taken from the cheek of blue fish was prepared specially for him.

The Sultan enjoying the fish and fisheries at most is Fatih the Conqueror. It was recorded that he were eating fish with garlic, vinegar and onion even in breakfast and it was also stated in kitchen records that he also likes other sea food and that these foods were taken abundantly for the Palace.

I wish you give place for fish in your table in these days when the winter shows itself more and you can recover your health…

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Art

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Gece O Kadar Kirliydi ki İkisi de Kayboldular

Onur ERBİLEN

Dramatist, Ankara State Theatre

A Universal Scream of

Van State Theatre

“GECE O KADAR KİRLİYDİ Kİ

İKİSİ DE KAYBOLDULAR”

>> The characters in the theater, Paco and Tonho, are two daylaborers doing portage in market places. The dreams that they imagine, when they close their eyes on the beds made of fruit boxes after sheltering in the same shed, are always the same: a good job and a warm home. The only thing they have is their clothes and their breaths. Tonho things that he may find a good job and then get rid of doing portage if he has a clear and a new shoes; on the other hand, the only thing that makes Paco hold on to life is his harmonica that he keeps on playing. They do portage every day and then hug their dreams in such a shed in the night and try to hold on to life without losing their honors.

The place for people to take shelter with the aim of maintaining their lives and feeling safe is notably the first one of basic needs. Accordingly, each individual or each family needs a shelter where they can feel safe and which can protect them against bad weathers and the dangers that may come from outer world at first. No matter how we name it; either house or home; each individual need a

shelter definitely regardless of any culture and any nation and regardless of the climate in which they live.

For thousands of years, it has been difficult or impossible for poor people to obtain the living areas that have been created by people with the aim of being protected against nature or enemies. Since B.C.3000, rich ones have lived in great, strong and flashy houses and on the other hand, poor

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ones have failed in finding a living space or have tried to turn very small and rugged houses into home. This condition didn’t change in historical processes and have continued until today, especially in less developed countries and then has caused the emergence of ghetto settlement and shanty settlements in big cities.

In almost all the third world countries, people who have higher income level live in the cities which have developed in terms of social, cultural and infrastructural aspects while people who have lower income level live outside the cities which are poor in terms of social and cultural terms and of which infrastructural works almost have not been completed. In the countries which have large economic gaps in demographical graphics, people who live in shanties generally hardly achieve the opportunities such as clear water, electricity, transportation, heating, green fields, clear

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air, education and health complexes that can be achieved easily by people who live in luxurious living spaces within rich districts. In such societies, there is either no electricity or water or there is a frequent problem regarding them in shanty settlements. As there is no metro and rail system and no regular bus services, transportation is almost mess. The need for heating and hot water is generally met with their own means and generally with room heater fired by solid fuel and thus, there is dense air pollution in such regions depending on this. Hovels, the streets with rough roads and pavements and without night lightening, dense air pollution, high crime rates, absence of green fields, schools and health complexes are invariable fates of communities that have irregular urbanization.

Children with their schoolbags on their backs trying to go to school without fall in the waterholes on the road, The old

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Art

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Gece O Kadar Kirliydi ki İkisi de Kayboldular

Well, what would be the condition of Paco and Tonho? Are they ever going to live the life they imagine? As it can be understood from the title of play, two characters of “Gece O Kadar Kirliydi ki Kayboldular” written by Writer Plinio Marcos in 1965, Paco and Tonho will try to not to get lost in darkness. man looking behind a broken window, a lazy cat sleeping on the wall of yard, a lonely mulberry tree, stained or falling electric poles, heavy sewage smell, the young lady hanging the wet clothes on clothes line, children playing ball around passing cars and the smell of fried onion coming from kitchens… I am sure that you have seen the image that I want to show in documentary channels or in news for many times. These scenes that you may see almost in everywhere around the world, especially in poor districts of metropolis in less developed countries have a romance of shanty inside.

In shanty settlements, despite of all the social and physical troubles, people live in a peace for having four walls and a roof over their head. So, it is understood that the need for sheltering is indispensable for human.

production manners to one side and put the workforce under the control of technology and then; the option for higher and more quality manufacturing will be ensured with less workforce (thanks to automatic systems). In brief, the biggest problem of our age, unemployment, seems to increase for the communities that earn their livelihood from fields based on physical power in near future.

The biggest reason for people to live in such places (shanties) is economic factors. People who could not find a job that is good enough and could not earn enough money may stand down their basic needs and try to survive even in the worst conditions.

The truth that the need for human force is getting decreased that much brings up the issue of qualification that is well for changing production concept. The reason for illegality and chaos seen in the communities constituted by unqualified individuals can be understood from this point of view.

Well, then what would be the scene for the world communities in future? When we look at technological and industrial developments; we see that the scene for third world countries would not change too much for people who live in rich districts and moreover, may be more luxurious and more comfort; but the ones living in shanties would look for these days; because the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) which is the new mission of our age is actualized rapidly and accordingly, the need for workforce is getting decrease rapidly. Industry 4.0 to be made applicable by the firms which are going to complete their integration within next 10 – 20 years will put the traditional

For example, the play of Van State Theatre prepared for this season titled as “Gece O Kadar Kirliydi ki İkisi de Kayboldular” mirrors the experiences in a society which accepts the situation of “being homeless” as a base and which is similar to the one that we have tried to imagine above. Today, the high crime rate and insecure environments seen in Brazil which is the homeland of Plinio Marcos, writer of this play, can be understood in the sight of these determinations.

Depending on the increasing unemployment, I am sure that the conditions for sheltering and living in a secure place will be more difficult. Based on the fourth industrial revolution, factories that are the giant structures of today’s world would be closed and minimal but effectively - working sectorial sites that have lower manufacturing costs may be created.

Well, what would be the condition of Paco and Tonho?

Could they ever achieve to live the life they imagine? As it can be understood from the title of play, two characters

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of “Gece O Kadar Kirliydi ki Kayboldular” written by Writer Plinio Marcos in 1965, Paco and Tonho will try to not to get

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PLAY GROUP Writer:

Plinio MARCOS

Translation:

Orhan GÜNER

Written by Plinio Marcus and translated by Orhan Güner,

Director:

Ferdi DEĞİRMENCİOĞLU

this scream to be louden with the devoted and sensitive

Dramatist:

Orhan KARATAŞ

works of dramatist Orhan Karataş and director Ferdi

Decoration - Costume: Sertel ÇETİNER

Değirmencioğlu and also decoration – costume designer

Light:

Sertel Çetinel from 22 December 2015 in State Theatres

Directing Attendant. : Edip KAMACI

Altındağ Stage with the breaths of theatre players of

Directing Assistant

Gülbahar BOZKURT

Van State Theatre Özgür Titiz (Paco) and Edip Kamacı is

Stage Manager:

Burhan DEMİR

a universal warning of people who will lost their “shanty

Callboy:

Murat MÜHÜRDAROĞU

romance” as a result of industrial revolution, who cannot

Light Control:

Engin ALTAÇLI

Prompter:

Sema ALTAÇLI

Players:

Özgür TİTİZ (Paco)

Edip KAMACI (Tonho)

lost in darkness.

benefit from the opportunities and felicities of world, who cannot take a place for themselves in the system, who cannot find a job and shelter and who will lost even their dreams in a dirty night. Please give ear to this scream!

İlhan ORHAN

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Education

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The Role of Ministry of Family and Social Policies in National Employment Strategy

Ersin KAYA

General Directorate of Social Aids

ASSESSMENT ON THE ROLE OF

MINISTRY OF FAMILY AND SOCIAL POLICIES

IN NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT STRATEGY

>>

Introduction The studies to issue the policy document of “National Employment Strategy” have been started by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security in October, 2009. Preparatory works had been conducted by “Employment Consultancy Commission” constituted by the expert academicians and public attendants. To this end, in conducting the preparations for strategy document, the views of all the institutions under the coordination of Ministry of Labor and Social Security and of all the social parties had been taken.

At the end of five years long studies, National Employment Strategy (2014 – 2023) and Action Plans (2014- 2015) had been approved with 6.5.2014 dated decision Nr: 2014-4 of Higher Planning Council and published in 30 May 2014 dated Official Gazette Nr: 29025.

‘National Employment Strategy” basically aims to solve the structural problems in labor market and to ensure the solution with a flexible approach for unemployment by triggering the employment with middle and long term development.

Within this framework, “National Employment Strategy” is based on four main policies. Mentioned policies are; strengthening the relation between education and employment; ensuring the insurance and flexibility in labor market; increasing the employment of groups requiring special policies and strengthening the relation between employment and social security.

The status analyses for all the policy grounds have been made and the main targets and aims have been aligned.

Various “Action Plans” have been prepared in line with mentioned policy targets and these Action Plans have been stated in the annex of Strategy Document. It is stipulated that the “National Employment Strategy” issued with the vision of 2023 shall be implemented via action plans which cover three years long periods and which will be updated at the end of each year.

In the strategy document, it has been stated that the development and improvement tendencies of Turkey are taken into consideration and accordingly, the sectors directed to education, tourism, construction, finance, informatics and health sectors and also to agriculture, textile

12 | October November December 2015 |

and readymade clothing which have high employment capacity and labor intensive sectors are determined. It was indicated that the feature of determined sectors is the current development potential and also the stipulated high employment flexibility or future potential of high employment flexibility.

From this aspect, as National Employment Strategy and Action Plans shall shape the works to be conducted in public employment fields (severance pay found, subcontracting principle, informal employment, occupational health and safety, employment incentives to be given to workplaces, increasing the employment chances of poor, etc.); they had the feature of “senior policy document” apply both to the related public institutions and private sector employers and also employees.

In addition, social dimensions of employment were given broadly in National Employment Strategy (NES) document.

Two of the four main policy grounds are about social dimension of employment. Third main policy ground is about the condition of increasing the employment of groups requiring special policy and the fourth main policy ground is about strengthening the employment- social protection relation. Important status analyses have been made regarding both policy grounds and the main aim has been stated and thus, the policies have been stated.

Employment of Groups Requiring Special Policy as the Third Main Policy Ground The social dimension of employment mentioned above is initiated with the third main policy ground of NES. On the ground of employment of groups requiring special policies, with the aim of increasing the employment of such groups involving notably women, young, long term unemployed ones and disabled ones; a route regarding the works is set. Within this framework, it is aimed to remove the barrier in front of the participation of groups requiring special policy involving notably women, disabled people, young and the ones who are unemployed for a long time in labor and workforce

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To this end, it is targeted to increase the rate of women participating in workforce up to 41% until 2023; to decrease the informal employment rate of women which was 54,2% in 2012 to 30% in 2023; to approximate the young unemployment rate to general unemployment rate; to fill the disabled official vacancies which was 22.302 and the disabled worker vacancies which was 28.864 by 2013 until 2015; to decrease the long – term unemployment rate which was 24.9% in 2012, to 15% until 2023.

Strengthening the Relation between Employment and Social Security as the Fourth Main Policy Ground Deemed as the last main policy ground of strategy, the strengthening of relation between employment and social security aims at developing an effective and integrative social security system which is compatible with economic, social and financial policies; which contains the entire sections of society; which removes the dependency of individuals on social aids and promotes working.

Kapar (2012) stated some criticisms regarding this policy ground. Within this framework; Kapar (2012) indicated that the social security was limited with social aid for the draft studies of NES in that period but social security is not something that is limited only with social aids and social insurance covers other social security applications such as social insurance.

It is seen in finally published NES document that the criticisms regarding the concept of social security implied

by Kapar were taken into consideration and social security applications were included in the scope of “strengthening the relation between employment and social security” ground.

In the status analysis of mentioned ground, it was stated that a great part of working age population are out of the social insurance system because of the low level of participation to labor and official employment in Turkey and this situation increases the need for social aids. In addition, it was implied that besides the section working

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informally, the risk of poverty is also high in the families which have jobs with minimum wage within the scope of social insurance and in the families with child of which only source of income is that wage. However, it was indicated that the social aids are generally given to the ones that have no registry for social insurance and this situation both deters people from working formally and causes people who work formally but who are in need to benefit less from social aids.

It has been planned that the problems stated with status analysis are going to be solved with the targets on the ground of “strengthening the relation between employment and social security”. In this regard, it is aimed to increase the rate of ones obtaining unemployment compensation to all the unemployed people from 14.5% in 2012 to 25% until 2023; to increase the rate of ones who find a job within one year following the date of termination among the ones who get unemployment compensation as 31% in line with the average of 2008, 2009 and 2010 to 40% in 2015.

Regarding the fight against poverty, it is aimed to provide business and vocational counseling for all the people who are workable among the ones obtaining social aid in 2013 and to employ 25% of them in one year and to decrease the poverty rate of employees to 5% until 2013.

The subject of “fight against child labor” was included in the scope of “strengthening the relation between employment and social security” ground as another target. Accordingly, it is aimed to extinguish the worst types of child labor as working especially in industrial site in heavy and dangerous works, in streets and seasonal temporary mobile agriculture and to decrease the rate of child labor in other fields below 2% in 2023.

On the ground of “strengthening the relation between employment and social security” evaluating the most important social problems and solutions of employment, the policies regarding the ways to achieve the targets are determined.

When a part of these policies are evaluated, it has been understood that they are directed to General Directorate of

Education

>

The Role of Ministry of Family and Social Policies in National Employment Strategy

Social Aids under the Ministry of Family and Social policies and the policies has to be applied under the hegemony of this institution. According to the policies determined on this ground, it has been declared by General Directorate of Social Aids that the social aids shall be offered as based on rights and objective criteria; social security service shall be defined and categorized in line with the composition of family members in a way to promote working according to the needs of people and the activities for the ones who work informally and who are under the risk of poverty shall be increased; the opportunities to benefit from social aids shall be increased for poor families and the families that are under the risk of poverty even they have the ones working formally by taking the features of family members into consideration.

It can be told that many implementations regarding the policies mentioned above have been initiated by General Directorate of Social Aids prior to the publishing of NES document; because it is seen that the studies to support the sections taking social aid to enter in labor market, to ensure that they have connections with labor market and to provide connection between social aid programs and active labor programs with the aim of decreasing the dependency on social aids have been initiated in 2013 by General Directorate of Social Aids.

With the aim of conducting these studies, General Directorate of Employment was founded in 2013 under General Directorate of Social Aids. After its establishment, General Directorate of Employment had organized the workshop on “Activating the Connection of Social Aid with Employment” with General Directorate of Turkish Employment Agency on 14 November 2013 and it can be told that NES document had the steps which are compatible with the ground of “Strengthening the Relation between Employment and Social Security”.

In the mentioned workshop, it was decided to give the training for Business and Occupational Counseling Services by İŞKUR (Turkish Employment Agency) to a personnel who works in Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations and

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who will manage the employment issues from 81 provinces of our country and to support the beneficiaries of social aid directed to employment by Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation.

In line with the decisions taken in the workshop, 14.04.2014 dated circular notice Nr: 2014/4 signed by the Minister was issued by the Ministry of Family and Social Policies and accordingly, new principles and procedures directed to Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations with the aim of bringing the beneficiaries of social aids into employment were taken. Within the scope of this circular notice, an Employment Attendant was assigned in each of 1000 Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations in Turkey and then, prioritized social aid beneficiaries in the range of 18 – 45 ages were invited to conversation as target mass and recorded in the portal of Turkish Employment Agency.

The incentives to be implemented in directing the social aid beneficiaries to employment were stated in the circular notice of Ministry as provided that the person go to the employment interview and is accepted for the job, then 40 TL – 100 TL minimum aid shall be given at most for 3 times for the expenses such as the health certificate, photograph, etc.; provided that the person gets into the job, then 1/3 of gross amount of monthly minimum wage decided for the ones older than the age of sixteen shall be given for one time in the same year (357-TL for the period between 01.01.2014 and 30.06.2014); provided that the person stay regularly in his / her job, then he / she shall be prioritized for coal, education and food aid; provided that the person benefitting from Conditional Education and Health Aids gets into job through the Temporary Employment Attendants or through his / her own efforts, then the Conditional Education and Health Aids shall not be terminated for 12 months.

On the other hand, within the scope of sanctions; provided that the social aid beneficiary does not participate in the employment and in the activities to provide employment without justified reasons; it was decided by the Ministry of Family and Social Policies that there shall be no financial

FAMILY 47

aid by the Board of Trustees except for the regular aids and public relief..

Conclusion It is clearly seen that in National Employment Strategy aiming at solving the structural problems in labor market and finding solution for problem of unemployment by triggering the employment via medium and long term development; the social dimensions were not neglected and two of four grounds have been associated with social policies.

Especially the third and fourth policy grounds as “Employment of groups requiring special policies” and “strengthening of relation between employment and social security” are connected with the social dimensions of employment and the Ministry of Family and Social Policies is assigned both as the responsible institution and as the institution to ensure collaboration. When the circular notice of “Activating the Connection of Social Aid – Employment” published by the Ministry in 2014 is evaluated, .it is seen that the arranged principles and procedures are compatible with “National Employment Strategy” document. From this aspect, it can be told that there is a competent cooperation in terms of employment and social aid between Turkish Employment Agency and General Directorate of Social Aids.

KAYNAKÇA

KAPAR, Recep (2012), “Ulusal İstihdam Stratejisi Taslağında İstihdamSosyal Koruma İlişkisi”, Ankara University SBF, Social Policy Research and Implementation Center, National Employment Strategy Symposium, Ankara KAYA, Ersin ve AKKAYA, Ömer (2013), “Türkiye’de Sosyal Yardımlar ile İstihdam Bağlantısının Etkinleştirilmesi”, Journal of “İstihdamda 3İ”, N.11, p.60-63, Ankara Circular Notice on Activating the Connection of Social Aid – Employment 14.04.2014 dated Notice Nr: 2014/4 of Ministry of Family and Social Policies (http://www.sosyalyardimlar.gov.tr/tr/html/11649/ Mevzuat-2010) Workshop on Activating the Connection of Social Aid and Employment (2013), Ankara (http://www.sosyalyardimlar.gov.tr/tr/25983/Sosyal-Yardim-Ile-IstihdamBaglantisinin-Etkinlestirilmesi-Calistayi-Gerceklestirildi) NES (2014), 30 May 2014 dated official Gazette Nr: 29025

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Travel

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5 P o p u l a r S k i C e n t e r s o f Tu r k e y

12 | October November December 2015 |

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Melih USLU

5 POPULAR

SKI CENTERS OF TURKEY Targeting 100 thousand of beds and 4 millions of skiers in 2023, Turkey challengingly enters into the winter season. An economic and warm winter season is waiting for you in our country impressing with its world – class ski facilities, comfortable mountain hotels, elegant restaurants and colorful events.

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Travel

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5 P o p u l a r S k i C e n t e r s o f Tu r k e y

>> NEW RIVAL OF THE ALPS: ERCİYES Going through the snowy summits of Erciyes, extinct volcanic mountain, Kayseri Plain reminding you of a smooth sheet will become unfold. When you climb to two thousand meters, you will meet with the unique curls of Cappadocia Valley. With its non-adhesive soft snow and the paths that are compatible with the sports people from each levels and economic accommodation options, it is one of the new favorites of ski centers. As a result of dense works conducted in recent years, Erciyes is almost reborn. All the ski centers in the region have been developed and renewed.

The biggest snow-kite track pf Turkey has been opened to service. Organizing the Balkans Ski Championship and then Snowboard European Cup in previous year, Erciyes has raised its target in this year. In 27 February 2016, it will host the Snowboard World Championship at this time. Depending on the statements of authorities, the main target is to organize a winter Olympics in 10 years…

When the scope of investment is assessed, why not? The construction works of new hotels to be opened in the region have been continued at full steam. The number of snow makers has been also increased with the aim of prolonging the duration of ski season. High altitude and weather conditions also protect the quality of snow for a long time.

The starting point of paths spreading through a long area is at 2.200 meters and the top is at 3.300 meters. The paths are very well for snowboard in addition to various ski types.

There is an infrastructure built in the Center that does not cause the search for the similar ones in Europe. International standards, mechanical facilities, emergency first aid centers, mobile clinic and snowplow vehicles are in the service of skiers.

SNOWY COAST: SAKLIKENT Being known the ski center of the world which is most close to sea, Saklıkent was established on the hillside of Bakırlı Mountain which is one of the tops of West Toros Mountains to which Antalya lies back. Being opened to service after

the construction of two tele-ski facilities as one of them is 745 m and the other one is 840 m taken from Uludağ in 1993, Saklıkent is a small but very functional ski center.

In here there is no starred hotels and elegant restaurants that are found in Uludağ or Kartalkaya. The hotel and meal fees are very economic when compared to the other ski centers. The cafeteria giving service at the ending point of ski paths, a warm recreation site for sports people and their acquaintances… The most colorful touristic activity of Saklıkent is the ski and snowboard tournament organized in February every year. This organization to which the sports people coming from Turkey and from various places around the World, is became cheerful with various shows. The region has the tracks that are ideal for motor safari. The altitude of the paths in the center offering the track options that are well for all the levels is between 1850 and 2200 meters. Saklıkent, where the winter sports can be done between January and March, provides the privilege to ski in sunny and warm airs as a result of Mediterranean climate.

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Professional search and rescue teams and health experts have been assigned against the risk of accident and physical injury. TUBITAK National Observatory which is known one of the best observatories of Turkey is also at the top of Bakırlı Mountain. The science center where the sky researches are made via a giant telescope opens its doors to the visitors in the observation festivals organized between August and September.

A CLASSICAL OF WINTER: ULUDAĞ In winter, Uludağ is what Antalya means in summer for Turkey… A golden ski heaven for many years, Uludağ is named with 2.543 m height of top on the southwestern of Bursa. Being located 35 kilometers far from city center, this ski center is also the experience winter tourism region of Turkey in the same time. Opening its doors to tourism in 1940’s; this center is always the address for winter with world class ski paths, modern mechanical facilities, lux hotels and colorful life styles.

Being known the ski center of the world which is closest to sea, Saklıkent was established on the hillside of Bakırlı Mountain which is one of the summits of West Toros Mountains to which Antalya lies back..

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Located on two hills as Fatihtepe and Kuşaklıkaya, this center has been protected with the statute of national park.

It was built on 11.338 hectares of field. The lowest point under the sea level of the center surrounded with forests is at 1750 m and the highest point is at 2435 m. The field, where the hotels are located, is in the two thousand meters height areas. In this region, it is possible to do almost all the winter sports including snowboard and cross – country with the advantage of wide land structure of Alps. Ski paths may be impressed by the south and south western winds.

The snow depth may reach to two meters in January and February in the center that attracts great attention especially in semester and weekends in winter season. Uludağ has the facilities that are equally good with the rivals in Switzerland or French Alps in terms of accommodation, food, fun and sport clubs. There are many options from five stars hotels to the boutique mountain hotels decorated with antiques.

There are also the hostels well for students and as first class holiday villages with Jacuzzi and solarium… It is your choice…

WHITE FOR THREE SEASONS: PALANDÖKEN Having four thousands of historical accumulation, Erzurum attracts attention in winters especially with ski centers.

There are two brothers of ski center seen like accumulated in the north of Palandöken Mountain which is the roof of Eastern Anatolia. Konaklı and Kandilli ski centers were put into service in 2011 Winter Sports, the mother of ski centers in the city is still Palandöken. One of the biggest advantages of centers giving service with its quarter – century of experiences is its location as 15 minutes distant to city center. In this region, you can both ski and visit the rich historical and natural beauties dating back to Hittites, Seljuk, Roman and Ottoman in the same day. In Palandöken Ski Center, in addition to teleski and chair lift facilities, there are the emergency aid service, mobile clinic, gondola facility and snow plow giving service to guests.

The longest uninterrupted ski path of Turkey which reaches to 20 kilometers is also here. It has been registered that another 8 kilometers long of path starting from 3.100 m

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Travel

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5 P o p u l a r S k i C e n t e r s o f Tu r k e y

Being covered with snow approximately six months of a year, Sarıkamış is among the places where the winter continues for a longer time.

top and lowering down to the fronts of hotel is appropriate for international slalom events. Total length of interim paths having various degrees of difficulty is more than 20 kilometers. You must be experienced to use the difficult tracks that are found at higher than 2.500 meters. Another privilege of Palandöken is the extent of ski season. Starting in the middle of December in the region, the ski season can continue until April. There are many services offered such as four and five stars of hotels of center uniting the natural beauties with comfort, beauty and care centers and also shopping malls.

WHITE FOREST: SARIKAMIŞ Being covered with snow for approximately six months of a year, Sarıkamış is among the places where winter continues very long. Becoming one of the stops of Eastern Anatolia trips in recent years, this place within the borders of Kars gives service as a very well ski center. Being located on the dip slopes of naked hills, Sarıkamış Winter sports Center is known with its paths with different difficulty levels.

Having the teleski, chairlift, training club, health room,

snow plow and heliport; this center gives the privilege to its guests of skiing between forests. Sarıçam chair lift, longer than 5 kilometers is among the longest mechanical facilities of Turkey. Ski paths are always protected against the harsh winds because of the frequent forests. The winds generally blow from the south and west directions. It has been surrounded by the pine, beech and hornbeam forests reaching to the sky. In Sarıkamış, the ski paths have an altitude changing between 2100 m and 2635 m. Authorities suggests the dates between 15 December and 30 March as ideal ski season. In Sarıkamış attracting attention with its pure nature, there is a three stars hotel and several motels.

Once you come here, we suggest you to visit the historical and natural wealth of Kars. Having a surprisingly impressive appearance under snow, this city has the Baltıc architecture dating back to the period of hegemony of Russia. Ani Remnants in 45 km distant to the eastern border are also worth to see. In addition, you can flavor your Sarıkamış trip by tasting the gruyere cheese and the meals cooked with goose meat that are the tastes special to this region.

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FAMILY 53

Ersin BİÇER

Strategy Development Department

e-State

As a Social State Application

>> WHAT IS E-STATE?

E-state is a model offering the services of state via electronic media digitally. In this era where the information and communication technologies develop rapidly, e – state applications come to the forefronts. The importance of e-state applications is understood very well day by day and the interests of states to e – state projects are getting increased. In Open Days event organized in Belgium in 2015, e – state project were evaluated and the importance, advantages and disadvantages were negotiated.

WHAT IS THE RELATION WITH SOCIAL STATE? It is easy for people to access the public services who live especially in big cities when compared to the other regions.

Citizens who live distant to big cities and especially live in rural areas have some difficulties in accessing the public services. For small and medium size regions (cities, towns, etc.) e – state services are the attraction centers. E –state services become prominent in removing the disadvantage of such regions in accessing the services offered by state.

Adding the “e-“ to “state”, in other words, digitalizing the services as much as possible, is actually an important issue.

This is similar to the situation of banking services that cannot be conducted entirely without “e-” and thus, it is not possible to continue without “e” when it comes to state.

Social state is the one producing all its services in a manner ensuring the access of all the citizens. When it is assessed in this scope, e – state is very beneficial and useful tool in ensuring easy access. In the conditions when there is the need for repeated information within the scope of services

offered by various institutions, e – state applications come to the forefront in terms of decreasing bureaucracy and paperwork. In today’s world, many institutions provide the opportunity to access the services via e-state. A smooth e – service flow should ensure the offering of all the steps electronically.

Integrated Social Assistance Services Project within the scope of Ministry of Family and Social Policies has been also entered into the life with similar approach. The entire process starting from the application of person for social assistance to the transfer of social aid to the bank account has been continued in electronic environment. When it is assessed from this point of view, in addition to being a well e –state application of Integrative Social Assistance Services Project, the “social state” application also becomes prominent. (various information, especially the identity information and residential information may be demanded from various institutions repeatedly). Within the scope of this application, there is no document requested from citizen except for the identity card. Information regarding the services offered by other public institutions during the

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social assistance process can be obtained from electronic environment. Thanks to this way, the obligation to collect document for citizens have been removed.

In institutionally – offered e –state applications, the next step is a structuring in which all the services that may be needed by a citizen during the entire life can be accessed digitally and in which all the services from the birth to death can be monitored electronically. In such a structuring, inter – institutional data traffic is seen. This problem can be solved by ensuring the circulation of metadata, not the data. In other words, each institution has to store its own data within its own body and the data exchange should be ensured with metadata, which means the keywords. The application of “Republic of Turkey Identification Number” used in our country would be the best solution for being used in inter– institutional data exchange as it is unique for each citizen.

Social Assistance Information System (SOYBIS) used by the Ministry of Family and Social Policies is the best example to be given in this topic. Information collected through SOYBIS are stored in the body of related institutions (12 service information offered by 8 institutions) and the information flow among institutions is ensured via Republic of Turkey – Identity Number.

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF E – STATE APPLICATIONS? Despite of the developed technology, infrastructure and the cheapening of raw materials, increasing and spreading technical data; some public institutions have an instable approach against e-state applications. There are two reasons of the instability. The first one of these reasons is the problem of needing giant structures emerging with digitalization of all the services offered by public institutions.

Such structures are the projects that have difficulty in ensuring harmony with changing conditions and management. Changing of processes or emerging of new processes in implementation of project and the situation of not to meet the need for information in various disciplines may cause the failure of project.

Technology

>

e-State As a Social State Application

The second one is the fear of not to ensure the security in services offered in electronic platforms. The disadvantages such as the security of personal data, misuse of shared information or access of unauthorized person are the biggest barriers in front of e – state projects.

These barriers can be exceeded when the situations of ensuring the chance for simplifying the processes, for reducing the bureaucracy and paper works ad increasing the transparency and efficiency in services are taken into consideration regarding e –state application.

The first of these disadvantages which is the largeness of projects may be the difficulty which can be solved in the easiest way. The thing to be done is to initiate the services for primary fields instead of entirely digitalizing the whole services; this can facilitate the management of project by creating the structure as parts. Thanks to this way, the structure may be organized in a more flexible manner and it would be easy to answer the needs changing in time.

An example of this situation has been experienced in the Integrative Social Assistance Services Project. The project has been implemented as parts and thus, the needs emerging in time (General Health Insurance and the service modules regarding the aids given to widow) have been included in the project.

Great projects are also the structures including many disciplines. This is a load which cannot be handled only by software or program developers alone. The issues such as work flows, service delivery criteria, determination of process which may be skipped or which should not be skipped cause the need for separate specialties. Such type of projects should be implemented by a team and an authorized person from related fields has to be included in this team.

In this way, the great structures can be divided into parts and they can become easy to be handled by a team.

Being another barrier in front of e-state projects, security problem can be solved with a series of precautions easily.

First of all, the legal base to prevent the problems regarding the confidentiality of personal data and misuse of this

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data should be provided. There is a draft law issued in our country in this regard and the rules for data sharing and legal infrastructure have been started to be applied.

The second step of data security should be ensured via precautions to be taken within the scope of project. Some of the definite precautions may be listed as given below: • • • •

Preventing the unauthorized people from accessing the data Ensuring the controlled access to data Ensuring security in data transfer Limiting the data to be shared

Integrative Social Assistance Service Project has a wide range of information about family investigations of persons, social security records, address information and being the owner of title deed or vehicle. There are some kinds of precautions taken to ensure data security in such a system.

These models can be categorized as given below under the titles mentioned above: Preventing the unauthorized people from accessing the data: •

•

•

Login to the system is provided with a user name and password. A person to obtain the user name has to be the personnel of institution at first. Users cannot access to all the data and they can access to the data restricted in line with their authorities.

In addition, the password has the combination of lower case and upper case letters and numbers and also it is changed in regular intervals.

In addition to the user name and password, the security level has been increased to upper level by using tokens ensuring single use codes.

Ensuring the controlled access to data •

It is allowed to access the data base only via predefined computers. Thus, the access of computers out of the network to the system can be prevented.

Ensuring security in data transfer •

Data has been shared among institutions through the encrypted and secured connections. Thus, it can be

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transferred from one institution to another in internet traffic in an encrypted way and it can be protected against leakage in network.

Limiting the data to be shared and preventing the misuses •

•

•

•

Before obtaining the information about someone within the system, a petition of person should be taken as this information can be used during the process of making application for social assistance.

All the inquiries and transaction made on the system have been recorded and audited in regular or random way.

In addition to the precautions taken on the ground of data base, there are also precautions taken in personal grounds and information except for the address and the residential district of person cannot be seen by foundations.

In inter-institutional data share, the entire database is not opened for exchange and only the information required by the other institution or the result information created by General Directorate of Social Aids can be opened. (For example, not the family investigation showing the socio - economic condition of person but the decision given by the board of trustees of foundation can be given).

INVESTIGATING THE MODEL APPLICATIONS Investigating the successful model applications is a method used with the aim of creating similar models and similar processes. Investigating the failed model applications is generally forgotten or neglected. However, in terms of gaining lessons from previous mistakes and preventing the repetition of same mistakes, the step of conducting investigations on failed models is as much important as the ones on successful model. While the Integrative Social Assistance Services Project implemented by General Directorate of Social Aids was in the process of planning, information about successful e –state applications in public had been collected from UYAP (National Judiciary Informatics System) and a road map on data security,

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Technology

information sharing and processes was created. In addition, a project which failed before and which was tried to be implemented with the aim of automation of services was investigated as a sample mode. So, the successful result had been achieved without making the same mistakes thanks to this way.

The Ministry of Family and Social Policies is in the process of starting a great project with the aim of digitalizing all the services delivered by the Ministry. The software project to be implemented with the name of “Family Information System” is the one with which the Ministry aims at conducting all its services in an electronic environment and through this project, all the processes shall be transferred to electronic platforms and this project shall be used effectively in the process of data collection, data tracking and policy development. The prominent issues found useful with the aim of taking lessons from previous mistakes and continuing with the previous successes are given below: • •

• •

• •

•

roject should be modular.

P Project should be written not as a whole, but as parts in line with the prioritized service fields. Thanks to this way, a project which is easy to be managed and which can comply with the changing conditions and service models can be created.

It should be implemented by an inter-disciplinary team.

As the project will be about various fields such as children, women, elders and human with disabilities, there should be an inter-disciplinary team working in the process of design. The process is related to many specialties from data input to data tracking, from warning mechanism to collecting statistics.

It should be user friendly.

Just like the other e – state projects, this one should not be deemed as a burden for the users. (Giving service within the body of Ministry, Assistance Information System is perceived as the one to which the repeated information is entered and thus, regular data input is not be provided.)

It should facilitate the works of users as much as

•

• •

• •

•

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e-State As a Social State Application

possible and entry of repeated information should be prevented; other information required for the service should be ensured from other institutions if possible.

(Information about a child of whom T.R. Identity No in entered can be taken automatically with the integration of MERNIS (Central Civil Registration System) and when the age limit is fulfilled, the employees can be warned automatically; education can be monitored through the integration of Ministry of National Education. The health conditions can be monitored with the integration of Ministry of Health.)

The processes should be ensured through this system as much as possible and the utilization of this system should be obligatory for service delivery. (Integration of periodical share calculations transferred to Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations with the number of families recorded in the Integrative Social Assistance Services Project has made the utilization of this system obligatory.)

Processes should be shortened.

Digitalization of services does not mean that all the manually conducted processes are transferred to electronic platform. The processes should be decreased as much as possible and the bureaucratic processes should be also minimized.

Data security should be ensured.

The security precautions used in Integrative Social Assistance Services Project should be used in Family Information System.

Data input and access authorization should be principle.

Each one of the users can only access to the portion that is under his / her authority.

The Family Information System shall be a milestone for ministerial processes, notably for the Family and Social Assistance Program. Thanks to this project, all the steps of service delivery shall be monitored by starting from the targeted applications and correct statistics shall be achieved when required; and also it shall be the resource in regional risk analyses and policy development processes.

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Dursun AYAN

General Directorate of Family and Community Services

MINISTRY OF JUSTICE MARRIAGE ORDINANCE

PUBLISHED IN 1926

>> Turkish Civil Code was accepted in 17 February 1926 and entered into force in 4 October 1926 after being published in 4 April 1926 dated Official Gazette. The text of which translated form is given below is the ordinance published in 1926 with the aim of organizing the marriage transactions pursuant to this law. The cover of the booklet found in our collection (it must be the first edition) was published on a green almond colored thick paper and the text was published on a useful thin paper with Arabic letters in line with the Turkish dictation. It has 11 cm x 17 cm dimensions.

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF JUSTICE DEPARTMENT OF LEGAL AFFAIRS MARRIAGE ORDINANCE Content [Index), Engagement, Marriage Transactions, Separation and Divorcing, Procedures to be implemented before Marriage Ankara, H창kimiyet-i Milliye Printing House, 1926

For the benefit of Republic of Turkey Price: five piasters

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I- ENGAGEMENT Enforcement of Civil Code adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey shall be initiated on October 4th, 1926 (4 TeĹ&#x;rin-i Evvel 1926). When the enforcement of law is started, Marriage Officers shall act in line with the instructions given below:

Article 1- Woman and man committing to marry each other shall be deemed engaged. The betrothed people may marry or may break off the engagement if they want. When the engagement is broken off, if there is a precondition to give compensation, this condition shall be executed.

However, if the engagement is broken off when there is no justified reason in obligation or when only one side is faulty, the damaged side shall have the right to claim compensation.

Article 2- The presents given by the engaged ones to each other or to their relatives may be taken back when the engagement is broken off.

II- MARRIAGE TRANSACTIONS

History

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Ministry of Justice Marriage Ordinance Published in 1926

the residence of man or woman shall be stated to the municipality of the community council. If the people to get married live in separate places, then the residence of man shall be stated to the municipality or the community council.

Article 6- Marriage Officer shall keep a marriage book.

Each page of this book shall be numbered with figures and letters and shall be stamped with the stamp of court judge or magistrate. There shall be no scraping and erasure in the book.

Article 7- Woman and man older than the age of eighteen can get married without permission of their parents.

Article 8- Woman who turned the age of seventeen but not the age of eighteen can only get married when her parents or her guardians give required permission. Woman and man who turned the age of fifteen but not the age of eighteen can only get married in extraordinary conditions upon the decision of magistrate. The conscious man and women under seizure can only get married upon the permission of their guardians.

Article 3- Marriage Officer shall be mayor or deputy officer assigned by the mayor in places where there are municipal organization and community council in the country sides.

Article 9- Those who are already married at the time of

Article 4- Marriage Officers shall be responsible for

Article 10- It is forbidden to get married among the people

accepting and declaring the transactions of people to get married, for investigating the objections preventing the marriage and for giving the announcement record, leading the marriage ceremony and giving the marriage certificate.

Article 5- To implement the marriage transactions,

denunciation cannot get married unless there are reasons such as death or divorcing. given below: a-) Ancestors and descendant b-) Siblings c-) Uncles and aunts d-) Ancestors and descendants of wife and husband and

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Ancestors and descendants of husband and wife h-) Adopted child and adoptive parent and also one of them with the others husband and wife

Article 11- Marriage shall be made in marriage offices or in the place where the community council convenes in public.

However, when it is understood that there are the excuses of people to get married preventing them to arrive at the marriage office or community council with a report, then the marriage can be made in another place.

Article 12- Marriage shall be made in the presence of two witnesses older than eighteen years old by the mayor or the deputy mayor in municipality or the headman. Women can also be witnesses like men. The people to get married shall be present in person during the marriage. The deputies shall not be accepted. Marriage officer shall ask them whether they want marry each other. When they accept, the officer denounce that the marriage is completed with their consents and issues the marriage document, then submits this document after signing it. No other people other than the marriage officers shall sign the marriage registry. The ones who do not know to read or write can use their own stamps.

Article 13- Marriage Officer shall record on the identity cards of wife and husband that the marriage has been completed and notifies the civil registry bureau this situation in writing.

Article 14- The cleanliness of the place where the people convene for marriage shall be taken into consideration and this place shall be cleaned before desponsation.

Article 15- Marriage Officers, the people to get married and the witnesses and those to be present during the marriage ceremony should wear their elegant and formal clothes.

III- SEPARATION AND DIVORCEMENT

Article 16- Separation and divorcing transactions shall be conducted before the judge. The separation and divorcement transactions to be made in other manners

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shall not be valid. Following the execution of Civil Code, the statements of “I divorced you� shall not mean the divorcements and separation. Either wife or husband can file for divorce.

IV- PROCEDURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BEFORE MARRIAGE

Article 17- Marriage shall be made with declaration. The declaration means that the man and women to marry shall notify this situation to the marriage officers. Since the execution date of Civil Code, there is no need to get the marriage permission document from the Court. The man and woman to marry shall declare their applications for marriage directly to the marriage officer or they shall write down their decisions on this issue with their signatures of stamps and they make this paper attested by two witnesses and then this paper shall be submitted to the Marriage Officer.

Article 18- The ones to get married shall be obliged to show the documents given below to the Marriage Officer or to attach them to the petition for declaration. These documents shall be memorized in the Marriage Office. a-) Identity Card b-) Residence Paper c-) The document showing the permission of parents or guardians when it is required to get their permission When the permissions of parents are required, consents of both father and mother should be taken. If one of them gives permission and the other one does not give permission, the marriage shall not be made. However, if only one of them is the protector, then the consent of this one shall be valid. d-) Certificate of decease h-) Divorce decree These certificates shall be demanded from the ones who had married before but became single because of the reasons such as death or divorce.

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History

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Ministry of Justice Marriage Ordinance Published in 1926

Article 19- As the marriage of those whose marriage

Article 24- The right of objection shall belong to the

is illegal is not acknowledged, these marriages shall be cancelled ex officio with the provision of judge and with the aim of preventing such situations, Marriage Officers shall ask for all the documents stating whether there is any condition to prevent the marriage from the applicants.

mother, father, guardian, divorced wife or husband, heirs, the ones who have the marriage certificate with the person to get married, the ones who have the right of alimony on the person to get married and the prosecutors.

Article 20- Marriage Officer shall write down the

state their opposition to the Marriage Officer who makes the denunciation or shall write down this objection and deliver this paper to the Marriage Officer after signing and sealing the paper. Marriage Officer shall immediately record this objection and if this objection is made verbally, then the Marriage Officer shall get the signature and seal of the one who made objection and then shall approve the paper himself. If the Marriage Officer deems the objection fair, the marriage shall be rejected but if he deems the objection not fair, a copy of objection shall be notified to the ones to get married at the end of denunciation period. The people to get married can assert that this objection is not fair within ten days following the date of notification in line with procedure regarding the notification. After such an assertion, the Marriage Officer shall record this claim in the book of marriage and then, he calls the one who made objection or send a copy of objection properly to ask whether he / she insists on his / her objection. On the condition that there is the insistence on this objection, he / she shall have the right to file the rejection of marriage within ten days following the date of notification or announcement.

denunciation given by the ones to get married in the marriage record book and if the denunciation is given verbally, then the signatures or stamps shall be taken and the Marriage Officer shall confirm this situation, too.

Provided that there is no condition preventing the marriage as a result of investigation made on the documents given above, the Marriage Officer shall declare the marriage. The duration to declare the marriage is fifteen days. There shall be no transaction made before the ending of this period.

Article 21- The denunciation shall be made by posting the bill in the neighborhood where the people convene and in the city hall. In the denunciation paper, the names and surnames, ages, residential addresses of people to get married and the venue of marriage ceremony shall be written. The denunciation shall be made both in the neighborhood of the people to get married and in the place of registry.

Article 22- Marriage Officer shall complete the marriage immediately if it is demanded by the ones to get married provided that the denunciation period is terminated without any objection and shall give them the denunciation document stating that the denunciation was made.

Article 23- There may be the objections against the decision on marriage made within the denunciation period.

The objection has to be related with the conditions that the ones to get married are younger than the marriageable age or there are the problems between the ones to get married which prevent marriage. No other objection except for these ones shall be accepted.

Article 25- The ones who have the right of objection shall

Article 26- If the marriage has been denunciated in the neighborhoods other than the registered place, the execution of the procedures and notification transactions given in Article 25 shall be based on the consent of Marriage Officer working in that place. Provided that there is an objection made within the marriage process, such Officers shall issue a document stating the objection and send this document to the municipality of community council of the place where the marriage shall be made and shall notify this condition to Marriage Officer provided that there is an objection.

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Article 27- The ones who get the announcement document can marry before the Marriage Officers in any place in Turkey within six months following the date of certificate.

However, if there is the time passed more than six months or if a problem preventing the marriage after the certification emerges, then the marriage shall not be made. There is the need to make an application to Marriage Officer after six months.

Article 28- Provided that the Magistrate gives the permission, the durations given for the files of announcement, objection and rejection of marriage and stated in the law can be shortened and the marriage can be made without announcement. This power of Magistrate is found written in the Law. Article 29- Prosecution Office shall initiate a prosecution for the ones who issue an agreement for the ones who are prohibited from marrying despite of being informed about such a condition, who reject the application for marriage except for the legal reasons or who give or take the marriage certificate without executing the legal conditions, who implement the marriage procedures without taking the certificate of marriage paper and who implement the religious ceremony; then the punishments given in the Criminal Code shall be executed.

Article 30- The notifications and correspondences for marriage between municipalities and community councils

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or between community councils of two villages can be made via intermediaries.

Article 31- This ordinance shall be published in all places via gazettes and announcement instrument and also the copies in sufficient numbers shall be submitted to municipalities, civil officers and especially to the community councils and also shall be declared to the villages through them.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Article 1- Provided that the municipalities and community councils who are demanded to get one copy of law text, send the receipt after paying twenty liras per treasury subdivisions; this text shall be delivered to them (by the Ministry of Justice).

Article 2- According to the samples prepared by the Department of Airplane Community (Tayyare Cemiyeti Vek창leti), the books and registrations and all the other documents given in this ordnance shall be delivered to all the related offices.

Out of reference to this, it has been required to suggest that both for the execution of all the transactions and for the participation in state services, the books and other documents can be provided against their prices from the center and offices and they shall be protected by the related Officers and by the headman in village with attention.

Minister of Justice Mahmud Esad (Bozkurt)

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Prof. Dr. Üstün DÖKMEN

Personal Development

>

Egocentrism - Selfcentredness

EGOCENTRISM

SELFCENTREDNESS

In the sentence of “Human is the center of universe”, there would be a third hidden meaning which was not implied by the wise person saying this sentence. This meaning is that: Human beings are egoist; they deem themselves as the center of world and think that everything is for their service and they can exploit them as they want >>

Human has communication with one side, he is social and helpful but he is also egocentric on the other side; he does not evaluate the events from the viewpoint of other people and cannot show empathy. If a person acts in an egocentric manner and fails putting himself into the other’s shoes and comprehending their perception; I want to name this condition as “ignoring the self” (as similar to the word “unappreciative”). When a person acts in an egocentric manner; pays attention to his / her own viewpoint and fails in understanding the viewpoint of others; the problems may emerge. Here are some examples: Examples of egocentric manners: A manager shouts at an employee who made a mistake. If we ask to the manager about the reason of such a manner, the answer would be like that most probably: “He/she makes me angry. I would not shout if they can do their work well”.

This manager evaluated the event only from his/her own aspect and acts in an egocentric manner. He/she does not think that the employee would make a mistake accidentally and that the employee does not like to being shouted especially before other people. If this manager does not notice that the employee is disturbed because of such a manner, then it can be told that the manager is egocentric and thus, he/she cannot show empathy (if the manager knows that the employee is disturbed because of such a manner but does not pay attention to this; then this manner cannot be defined as egocentric. But, then what could be?

Are we wrong in thinking that the manager acts in sadist manner and likes to torture someone?)

We can see in conflict partially that people act in an egocentric manner. Anyway, I want to ask several questions to my readers to define /show the egocentrism in a better way: 1. Question: How carrion for several days smells in a warm weather?

2. Question: How high quality of lotion smells?

3. Question: Is olive oil well for health?

Please continue reading after answering these questions.

I think you answered the first question as “It smells bad”.

Here, I think that such an answer is the result of egocentric viewpoint because the carrion does not smell bad; there is nothing bad on the carrion. Carrion smells bad for the living creatures eating fresh meat, human beings, and lions. Same carrion smells good for hyena and vulture.

I think your answer for the second question is “The lotion smells good”. Similarly, there is no goodness in this lotion that is valid for everyone; this may smell

http://mayadns.com/upload/images/ud.jpg

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There is nothing bad on the carrion. Carrion smells bad for the living creatures eating fresh meat, human beings, and lions. Same carrion smells good for hyena and vulture. disgusting for some animals and they may run away from this lotion.

Probably, your answer for the third question is “Yes, olive oil is good for health”. This answer is the product of egocentric perspective, too. Olive oil would be good for human beings but even a drop of olive oil may kill some insects (I don’t want to say the name of these insects”.

Here, as it can be seen from the examples given above, we put ourselves in the center when we look at the world and we think in an egocentric manner. We have created a parallelism between our language and the thinking system.

While we say that “Carrion smells bad and the lotion smells good”, we ignore the other living creatures other than us. We do the same while we say that “My ideas are the most correct ones” (I do the same from time to time); but we should not forget that.

Lotion smells good for us; olive oil is good for health of human beings. This information is not just valid for all the creatures.

We can categorize the egocentrism in three groups. These groups are physical, mental and emotional.

PHYSICAL EGOCENTRISM… FOR WHO… When we ask an address in the street, at least the half of all the people would say “Follow the way in the left side and turn right” or similar sentences without using their hands. The one who says this sentence means the left side according to himself / herself. Actually, you should go to the right side but as you have been instructed to as “left side”, you may go the left side as a wrong direction (this is not just the case seen in our country; this is almost the same in almost everywhere in the world). This mistake in directions is caused because of the egocentrism of person who gives directions. The one giving the directions does not put himself/herself into the shoes of other person and thinks and acts in egocentric manner from physical aspect.

When you ask many people living in İstanbul “Where do you live?”, they give the answer of “In the opposite side”. The ones living in

Anatolian side are also the same. The ones living in Rumelian are also the same. There would be many people who help you in parking your car. There is a voice saying “Come, Come, Come, Right, Left Turn the wheel…” I have never understood to which side I should turn the wheel? Please look at the world map. Europe is in the north, upside. The reason of this situation is that; the ones developing the geography, mathematics of geography lived in Europe. There is no upside or downside of the world in space; however, when you make a globe in the earth, it would be well for human beings to put their own countries in the upper side. If the geography had been developed by Aborigines; Australia would be on the upper side of world map now. (Aborigines were calling themselves as “Real people”; probably Western people think the same thing for themselves.”)

A last word regarding the physical egocentrism: World is not as you see. Carrion would smell bad for “you” and the world seems to you in this way. A wise in Ancient Greek had stated with a great instinct that “There is no color of objects; color is in the light”. I think that this is what matters: An object comes with definite wavelengths to our eyes; our mind interprets this and perceives this as “red”. There is no color in the objects; the color is in our mind. Thus, a dog or a bee does not see the world just like us. World is not as we see it.

We can see that a steady wall is full. However, one in ten thousand of wall has been filled by atomic nucleus and electrons; there is a great gap in atoms. 999 of ten thousand of wall is empty. We see it full.

MENTAL EGOCENTRISM Mental egocentrism is to think that people who are opposite to us perceive the world and events wrong and their way of thinking is also wrong but the way we perceive the world and think is the only truth. Physical egocentrism feeds the mental egocentrism. Assume that you help your children in

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his/her mathematic homework. He/she did not understand something that is very easy for you. You may say your child that “Dear, look it is very easy”; but you know that there is no bad thing in carrion, but it is dirty for us. Similarly, there is no difficulty or easiness in such problems; they are difficult or easy for us.

A story: Train to Menemen One of my friends narrated this story to me as a true story. The train departed from İzmir to Menemen. An old lady called the conductor and told him that “Son, please tell me when the train is about to arrive Menemen, please do not forget”. Then conductor had replied by saying “Ok, you can sleep dear lady, I will say you when we arrive at Menemen”. Then she slept. The conductor had forgotten this case and the train passed Menemen. After quite a long time, the conductor remembered that the lady was supposed to get off the train in Menemen and run tp the machinist. They had stopped the train and they got sad. It was not possible for the old lady to go back to Menemen alone at that time in the night.

Machinist had said “I can turn the train back to Menemen. No one can understand at this late time in the night. If there is someone who notices this, we can say that we had entered in wrong switch and then, they went back to Menemen in the darkness of night.

Conductor went near to lady and woke her up. “Lady, we arrived at Menemen”. The lady woke up, answered by saying “May God give you a long life”, opened her bad and took a pill. Then she slept again.

The conductor told him in a surprised manner “Won’t you get off ?”

The lady answered by saying “No, son. I went to doctor today and the doctor gave me two pills and told me to take one of them in BAsmane and the second one when you arrived at Menemen. I took my pill. Take care of yourself.” So, it is not possible to understand definitely what the people you talk want to say just by looking at the words or manners of that person.

However, it is not important not to make any mistake, what matters are to take lessons from mistakes (feedback) and to get experience.

Mental egocentrism is not just special for individuals. Societies also display this attitude. Many societies think themselves superior than everyone throughout the history. In science, and even in philosophy, it is possible to see this egocentrism. Many books written with the title of “History of World” or “History of Science” by

Personal Development

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Egocentrism - Selfcentredness

science people of Western world make reference only to the history and the science of the Western world. I give up! Maybe we have the same attitude. I was hearing this sentence during my childhood very frequently: “Sir, Western world reached to this level thanks to us. We had taken gunpowder, paper and compass from China and then, Western world learned these from us. If we were not doing alive, Western world would fall back.” Really, I give up!

EMOTIONAL EGOCENTRISM You may think that the person you make conservation is right, you can comprehend his/her point of view; but you should also understand what he/she fells. When you close yourself to the feelings of this person and notice only your own feelings, you act in the manner of emotional egocentrism. For example, some men deem their wives crying as meaningless and say “What do is the thing that make you cry now?”. When they say such a thing, they mean that there should be reasonable / modest causes for crying consciousness. In fact, just like the other emotional behaviors, crying is also the result of a subjective assessment. When a student says “I am getting bored because of studying my lessons” and when his/her parents reply by saying “We have never got bored while we were in your age; do not get bored, this is your future!; these statements are the products of emotional egocentrism.

Mother/father does not think of the existence of subjective emotions of child; he/she has no such feelings like that child and fails in showing empathy. If they give a simple message “You are getting bored because of studying your lessons” to that child, this message would be very different that egocentrism. You may worry that your child will not study when you say “You are getting bored because of studying”.

But well, he/she does not study even you say “Study your lessons!” anyway. At least, you can start to talk by saying “you are getting bored” with empathy and then the possibility to have a conversation with you child can increase. It is also useful to state this point at last in this issue. Physical, mental and emotional egocentrism are not totally independent from each other and they go on together. When you notice that you show one of these manners, the chance to minimize the others can increase.

Source text: Prof. Dr. Üstün Dökmen, KÜÇÜK ŞEYLER, Sistem Publication: Personal Development Series, First Edition: December 2004 İstanbul

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Family and Social Policy

Department of Training and Publication eydb.aile.gov.tr

Directorate General of Social Assistance

Directorate General of Family and Community Services

Directorate General of Services for Children

Directorate General of Services for Persons with Disabilities and the Elderly

www.aile.gov.tr

Directorate General on the Status of Women

Department of Veterans and Relatives of Martyrs