Art in Transit 2.0
Documentation Book
Art in Transit 2.0 Final Semester
AY/2015-16
Lung Capacity Challenge Interactive Public Installation
Professional Diploma Program
Aseem Achintya
CONTENTS
Project Overview
Early Research and Process
Air Pollution, Breathing and Lungs
Final Project: Spirometer Installation Bibliography and References
Project Overview
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The Art in Transit project looks at the nature of Bangalore through the Metro Rail Transit System and inquires how experience, memory and fantasy invent this city, that like many others is in a state of transition. For a student of Contemporary Arts Practices, Art in Transit offers an oportunity to work on public space art works. This provided me with the oportunity to explore the differences and similarities in the creative processes of Art for the White Space and Art for the Public Space. This is the second edition of the Art in Transit Program. The rst edition worked at the Peenya Metro Station, while the second edition has students working on the Cubbon Park and Vidhan Soudha Metro Stations of Bangalore.
Top: Cubbon Park Metro Station Site Left: Cubbon Park Exit Right: Chinnaswamy Stadium Exit
Top: Vidhan Soudha Metro Station Site Left: Vikasa Soudha Exit Right: High Court Main Gate Exit
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Site Analysis Cubbon Park runs along the sites, with busy intersections and roads like KR Circle, Corporation Circle, Nruputhanga Road, Kasturbha Gandhi Road, circling it.
To understand the context of the Metro Station site, research was conducted on the Namma Metro Project site surroundings. Assigned to a route going from the High Court exit down Nruputhanga Road, and turning onto Kasturbha Road at Corporation, thus circling Cubbon Park, I observed the traf c volume and the mutliple Administrative of ces of the Karnataka Government along Nruputhanga Road. These Bildings included the State Police Headquarters, Reserve Bank of India, Magistrate Courts, and many of ces. Also featuring on Nruputhanga road was a YMCA Complex, St. Martha’s Hospital, Vishveswaraya College of Engineering and the Government Science College.
Vidhan Soudha and Cubbon Park are both massively important to the recent history of Bangalore: the park’s formerly of cial, popular street name comes from the previous owner of the land, Mark Cubbon, who was the British Commissioner of the State of Mysore during the rule of the British East India Company (1830s). Of cially, the park is known as Chamarajendra Park, even to write that here, I just googled to check the real name. such is the popularity of the name and its connection to India’s past. Vidhan Soudha, on the other hand, was built in the late 1950s, more than a century later, while the administration of independent India was taking root. The timing is important, as this is the administrative building of Karnataka State. It is stated to be the largest Legislative Building in the country. Another important thing about this building is the mixture of indian and western styles of architecture.
Visiting the area several times over the ensuing weeks gave me an insight into the kind of audience that we would be making art work for. There are many kinds of people who would go to a metro station: public transport users looking to get across major portions of a city without having to deal with the hassle of traf c. In the context of the Cubbon Park and Vidhan Soudha Metro Stations, those who use public transport would include the students of the Government Science College and Vishveswaraya College of Engineering, low level and a percentage of mid level employees of the government of ces, Hospital staff and visitors, legal clients, Cubbon Park’s maintenance staff( maybe) and leisure visitors to Cubbon Park. This does not include tourists, because they are an obvious part of any public art audience, and Lawyers, because since most have to move quickly between courts, their of ces and client meetings, most of the lawyers operating in the area travel by motorbike. The following pages are photos from the Site Context Exercises.
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Site Visit
Underground Metro Construction Site Cubbon Park and Vidhan Soudha Metro Stations
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Site Visit
Documentation of Nruputhanga Road
1. Sugarcane Juice Vendor 2. Fruit Vendor 3. Signage about Girl Child 4. KR Circle onto N. Road 5. Tea Stall inside Public Works Of ce Compound 6. Nandini on N. Road 7. Old Architecture 8. Vehicle Parking at Mahistrate Courts
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Site Visit
Important Buildings and This One Guy
1. Seal at RBI Gate 2. Vidhan Soudha 3. YMCA Building 4. Lone ower vendor in the entire area
Site Visit
Architecture - Old and New Styles
The tiny yellow building with the old architecture style looks like the newest building of the three, tucked between two mammoth Government of ce buildings that represent the Modernist era, with straight lines and simple shapes.
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Early Research and
Process
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During our initial site visits, we got sense of the area, we also did research on the food available on the streets in the area:
From my memories of childhood, where i would listen to my grandparents tell me the stories of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, of Akbar and Birbal and others, remembered that street vending has always been a part of India’s society. The nature of the street vendor has also been similar to those observed all around Cubbon Park: they hang around the popular public hotspots of the city, where people would be interested in their wares, snacks to pass time or a fruit bowl or cool juice to feel refreshed. This is in contrast to the food culture i have observed in a mall, where patrons are shopping or sitting and Dining or going to the cinema that nowadays seems to present in all new malls. Here, people prefer, in general to not stand around, let alone move while eating their meals. As for the vendors and the food culture that are present in the of ce buildings along Nruputhanga Road, some of these intersect. For the sake of this argument, let us include the High Court area in the same space. Around the corner from the magistrate courts and at the high court are major footfall of pedestrian traf c in the form of lawyers and park-goers, as this is where Cubbon park meets the administrative section of Bangalore. Here the same kind of street vendors are present: Fruit Bowls, Coconut water or Sugarcane juice, chaat and bhelpuri, peanuts and a few Hopcom stalls (one at Corporation circle and several inside cubbon park). The of ce buildings have their own canteens. However, many of these canteens regulate their patrons based on class. Such that the of cials and the workers do not eat at the same canteen. sometimes, there is no canteen for the lower class. At Nruputhanga road, there is a nandini dairy that serves snacks, tea and coffee, yet there is another stall nearby where one can see that the patrons are visibly poorer than at the bakery. I focused upon the difference in the clientele and the choice of location of these vendors, as I went into the eld on a sunday, when the of ces and courts are closed.
On that day I also had the second encounter that pushed me to choosing Parking problems as my initial area of research. As I was speaking with the man sitting at the former parking lot, inside my mind, I was picturing what would happen to the park area around the corner, and cringing at the notion of the park being used to accommodate the vehicles. I hate being right in these situations, but the laziness of the urban human and our disregard for anything beyond our immediate life left me seething.
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The situation is that the Horticulture Department in charge of Cubbon Park had denied a request from the advocates several months in advance, stating that the lawyers can use the available spaces and or nd alternatives like the nearby YMCA compound or Bannappa Park. However, life goes on so the matter was forgotten about and when the time came to make the new building, which Mr. Mahantesh Murgod (Deputy Director of the Horticulture Department at Cubbon Park) told me in a short, unrecorded (upon his request) interview, is to be a multilevel car park (i'm not sure whether I need to verify this information), the old parking was a construction site, where do the lawyers park their vehicles? In the nearest convenient open space of course!
There were vehicles parked all over the greens at the Corporation Circle end of Cubbon Park, the wall between Cubbon Park and the Magistrate Courts was broken to make access easier. In the end, as the articles state, a section of the park is being used to park twowheelers, while the cars are parked along the road leading to the Karnataka State Central Library. While this is a temporary arrangement, the construction will take a year, by which time people will have become accustomed to using the space for parking. While the new coverage gave suf cient facts about the matter, I brie y spoke to Mr. Mahantesh Murgod (Deputy Director of Horticulture, Cubbon Park) about it, where he gave me his of cial press statement. When I raised the topic of encroachment of the park, mentioning the Save Cubbon Park Campaign and Bimal Desai’s activism in the late 90s and the early 2000s, Mr. Murgod echoed my concern that the ‘temporary’ parking would become permanent as the lawyers would get accustomed to using the space. It is a subtle way of slowly encroaching nature.
Right: the new parking space, a section of the park greens.
Re ection of Field Experience: During one of my visits to Cubbon Park for the research, as I was observing traf c with a growing heaviness, a large tourist bus pulls up at the park entrance. These buses are not allowed to park on the inner roads of the park, so the guard was trying to stop the bus from entering. His fearful attempts to bar a gigantic bus from pushing the gate open and mowing him down failed. The bus driver insisted that he is merely driving through the park, but a few minutes later, I came across the bus parked along with another on a road within the park, taking up half the road width.
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I discovered a long war between the Park and Vehicles wanting to use the park, for driving through and/or parking.
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Bimal Desai is a key gure in the preservation of Cubbon Park. However, as the articles on the previous page indicate, the matter did not end in 2007, when the courts ruled in favor of the Public Litigation against a new parking lot on Cubbon Park grounds. Thousands of cars drive through Cubbon park on any weekday. If half the visitors to Cubbon park bring their own vehicles, the number of vehicles parked, on the penultimate roads of the park, on any weekend is still in the hundreds. Namma Metropolis, a documentary on the bangalore metro, focused effectively on the civic agitations and poor attitude of the authorities during the construction of the metro and development of Bangalore. The poor attitude towards environment and the shitty administration really left me blind, to this project, with rage. Very effective editing in the lm, I must say. Perhaps I should explain why I was angry. I have been concerned about the environment since childhood. Even while watching cartoons, cutting of forests would bother me. During my time in school I saw Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth, BBC’s Planet Earth Series, read poems like On Killing a Tree by Gieve Patel and had a great rst Environmental Studies teacher.
In recent years this has been compounded by works such as Hayao Miyazaki’s Pom Poko, Princess Mononoke and Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind. All of these and many more works have in uenced my approach to the project, projecting a beautiful sense of peace in being with nature and a horri c environmentalist perspective on humanity’s acts. Even the course I took last semester, Not Just Green, left me in reverence of nature.
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Watching Namma Metropolis was not just a key incident in my journey for the course, but also in my life. I had by that point adopted a perspective that longed for a situation like the one described in Nausicaa: Great forces of Nature are slowly wiping out humanity, chasing them away, while secretly regenerating Her reclaimed property. Below is the re ection I wrote after watching Namma Metropolis.
Tree Root with Concrete Residue near the Cubbon Park Entrance
‘Namma Metropolis as a Tipping Point’ - Re ection There had been talk in class abut a possible screening of Metropolis right from the rst day. As I had already missed a screening of the lm during the course "Art of Documentary Cinema" under Shai, I was aware of the importance of the role played by directors and the decisions they make when presenting a work of documentary cinema. However, as witnessed by Arzu in class, the lm had still left me visibly distressed. In retrospect, it was a probably a good thing that happened, as I seemed to have reached a stage where I was unable consider the project from perspective that would result in a potential growth.
My key in uence, the visual placed above of the tree root, depicting the rise of man made concrete jungles still persists. Along with the parking situation that has occurred, made me comment on an observation about human nature that we always consider the situation in a small picture, usually revolving around our material desires and the most convenient way to get by.
Sometimes, these small picture perspectives end up as major illnesses, with people wasting their hard earned money on a major health issue they could have prevented while wasting their retirement on hospital runs and hoping to tick off a few things on their bucket lists. For example, the volume and variety of breathing and health related issues have been increasing rapidly in even the rst world countries, yet most of us humans are individually engaging in daily activites that further mess up their surrounding environment: driving across short distances that could be traversed leisurely on foot.
Today's society does not allow one much time for leisure, yet even during our downtime, we engage in activites that consume more resources than we need. reference to Abhayraj Naik's essay on Street Vending, page 6, where he speaks about E. F. Schumacher's neverending problem of production and suggested answer from Mahatma Gandhi that the world had enough for everybody’s needs but not for anybody’s greed. Returning to the lm, Our Metropolis, I saw that the directors have exploited in their audiences an inherent dislike towards beauracracy. This is made clear through noting what audiences this lm has been screened to. I'm quite sure that if this lm was to be considered for a screening within the legislative or corporate sectors, it would generally be thrown right out the window, maybe even banned. One plays a very dangerous of social politics when you use people to make a point.
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I visited Bombay on family business late in January, despite it being meant to be used to give my mind a short break from the project, I learned something new towards it on the way to Bombay and on the way back!
Before I elaborate on that, some context on what I was thinking in the aftermath of Namma Meropolis: A chat with Abhayraj Naik, who wrote about Indian street vendors’ legalities, lead me to question the point of making a hue and cry of the matter. Public protests and strikes only end up getting in the way of the people who are already insensitive to the matter. Perhaps, I thought, It is better to make them more sensitive. But how? Public awareness campaigns are generally ignored. Now, the re ection from my surprisingly useful trip to Bombay:
‘Hope’ - Re ection On my trip to Bombay I met a man from Bangalore, who said Bangalorre metro is doomed. He also added that the intention was correct, but the constant delays and problems were killing the project. However, An article about Bangalore by Mahesh Dattani that I read on my return journey higlighted to me the potential for the metro.
In the article Mahesh Dattani is quoted as saying: “I am glad for the people who use the metro though. They probably get a taste of what it used to be like to breathe clean air, and not be suffocated by an army of vehicles that pollute more than they help commute.” I believe that if the metro can possibly hope to keep up with the times, technologically speaking, the problems arising due to the beauracracy and the general public resentment should be acknowledged and considered for a major long term solution. However the elds that which this solution could arise are probably law or policy making and implementation.
Sometimes, the original plans itself are carefully planned and thought out, but many things get in the way: the dynamics of a living breathing city. One cannot simply cordon off a certain area and put it into a ‘medically induced coma’ while giving it an upgrade.
The article by Mahesh Dattani, and discussion in class about even the sentiment of Ekta Mittal, who wasnt against the idea of the metro, but against the way with which it was implemented, I see a glimmer of hope for the environment, but all this seems to hang onto the hope that the metro gure out to keep their technology updated.
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Air Pollution Breathing and Lungs
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Mahesh Dattani’s Article in the Vistara in- ight magazine pointed me towards Air Pollution. Vehicle traf c in any area is a direct contributor to negative changes in the air quality. In any major Indian city, the abundance of privately owned vehicles consist of atleast half the vehicles on the streets. Imagine the extent of the pollution caused merely by the vehicles that pass through Cubbon Park, cars, autos, buses, minivans etc. As Mr. Dattani suggests, the metro provides for a transit environment with less pollution, but the conveniences of a private vehicle are lost. This implies that the more people use the metro to commute instead of their cars, the cleaner air they get to breathe is two-fold: one, by using the metro, the air conditioner in the stations and the trains will constantly be spewing out fresh clean air; two, hopefully, the vehicle traf c will reduce signi cantly enough that their contribution to air pollution goes down. There are also the added advantages of the traf c snarls being reduced and the better mood due to less traf c and cleaner air. Who knows, perhaps Bangalore can save itself from becoming like Delhi, now famous in the world for being the most polluted city on the planet, where the second phase of the Odd - Even Campaign is due this month.
Vehicles contribute to the Ambient air pollution in the form of these pollutants: • Particulate matter • Hydrocarbons • Nitrogen Oxides • Carbon Monoxide • Sulphur Dioxide Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are also emitted, these are contributing to the global warming problem.
As the WHO article snippet on the facing page indicates, Air Pollution is not a laughing matter. It is a legitimate Global Threat to both the Environment and to Humans. It is obvious that air pollution has a physiological impact on the breathing aparatus of any animal or human, however, one tends to overlook the psychological implications of breathing clean air. Why do travel magazines and adverts have non-urban, low pollution, Nature abundant locations taking up a majority of the places they recommend? The air in these places is cleaner, so while breathing one inhales more oxygen, thus the entire body can generate signi cantly higher energy. This directly affects the person’s mood and their overall physiology.
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I explored the work of Nils Volker, which talks about garbage, and Green Cloud which is a brlliant large scale installation using live data. However, to reach the audience in a public spae of transit, I wished to make the work more personal. Obsessed with the concept of breathing, I looked into the lung. This eventually led me to the Spirometer, but I spent a while trying to gure to a way to avoid preaching about Air Pollution.
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A drawing of one of the ideas I came up with. Sensors would read the amount of different pollutants in the ambient air and a device would translate them into colored dots across the visible spectrum. This would be displayed on a transparent screen on the pavement at the street level. This was a little farfetched, but it helped generate ideas based along using live data of the ambient air quality and translating it into interference of sound or a visual. However, these ideas were still a bit preachy.
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Final Project: Spirometer Installation
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I migrated from Air pollution to spirometry and lung diagnostics due to its visible impact on the human lungs. I looked into how it was determined that air pollution is doing damage. The images are two articles I found describing extremely carefully monitored long term studies performed on large groups of people. There was a problem with this. If I were making a point about air pollution to my audience, one that I observed as having little concern about their environment. I saw little point in conducting a long term, scienti c study for a Contemporary Arts Project. However, the desrie to say something about the environment kept me thinking that I should convince people that something was not right about the very air they were breathing.
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I looked into the long term effects of lung capacity, and found that studies had been conducted to measure the lung capacity of large study groups. However these tests were conducted over long periods of time, and with extensive study of the factors that could affect their results. While I mulled this over, I came across the Spirometer. The DIY methods and videos I found on the internet were very useful. I bought a Romson’s Incentive Spirometer to examine how it works. (Photo on facing page).
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The rst picture is a drawing by Amitabh. He made this as an example for an interactive installation. This got me thinking along the lines of imitating a spirometer to make an engaging interactive installlation. I thought perhaps if I tried to do something engaging, I would be able to get through to the audience. To the right of Amitabh’s drawing is a visualisation for a large scale installation. One of the early methods suggested for imitating a spirometer was the use of a piezoelectric fabric. However, it was unfeasible and I began exerimenting with an Arduino kit instead, using the website www.instructables.com for help.
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int l0=3; int l1=4; void setup() { pinMode(l1,OUTPUT); pinMode(l0,OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(l1,HIGH); digitalWrite(l0,LOW); delay(500); digitalWrite(l0,HIGH); digitalWrite(l1,LOW); delay(500); } Basic Control Circuit Above is a simple circuit that is used to control 2 LED Bulbs, one Green, one Red. The code dictates that the LEDs will blink alternately, each blinking approximately every second. This circuit is a simple demonstration of how one can use an arduino to control a series of fans, for example. The next problem I needed to solve was taking an input. A simple analogRead() function can be used to take in an input from the input jacks on the arduino (A0, A1, A2 etc). How could I imitate a spirometer? While researchig about spirometry, one thing was aparent, the lung capacity is measured by exhaling into a measuring device. In the spirometer I bought, the three cylinders had 600cc/sec, 900cc/sec and 1200cc/sec written on them. From this I learned that I should measure the force of the breath. For that, a ex sensor could be used. Upon testing a ex sensor, using the code below, it was de ecting when we blew wind on it. int in=A0; int value=0; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { value=analogRead(in); Serial.println(value); delay(250); }
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int in=A0; int fan=3; int flex; int out;
void setup() { pinMode(fan,OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { flex=analogRead(in); Serial.println(flex); out=map(flex,750,1023,0,255); analogWrite(fan,out); delay(100); }
While using a breadboard is alright for testing, once a circuit is nalised, it is better to make a permanent, soldered version of it. The Above photograph is the most simpli ed form of my circuit, takes an input from the ex sensor and sends an output to the unused sockets. This circuit is sending the output via a 200 ohm resistance and through an NPN transistor to a small dc motor. I adapted this circuit from an instrcutables page showing how to control a dc fan using a potentiometer. This circuit allows me to control the speed of the fan by bending the ex sensor.
This circuit is basically taking an input from the ex sensor, stage 1, and sending an output to a fan, stage 2. For my project, the ex sensor would need to activate 3 fans, one to move the ball in each of the three chambers of the imitated Romson’s Spirometer. To decipher at what amount of ex will each fan activate, the fan being used will be turned onto the spirometer, and the amount of time taken for each ball to reach maximum displacement will be recorded. The same fan will then be used onto the ex sensor and the ex at the 3 times will be recorded. This will be repeated atleast 20 times and a set of mean value determined to calibrate the ex sensor to the output fans.
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Above: DC Motor with fan and mount designed to blow air onto a 2.5 inch diameter pipe, which has a ex sensor inserted via a cut in the middle (right).
The above attempt was unfortunately non functional, as the fan was too weak to affect the spirometer. I acquired a stronger fan, an exhaust fan with a 7-8 inch diameter blade and a strong 2800 rpm.
This is an attempt to create an enclosed environment where only the breath (simulated by fan or not) would affect the ex sensor.
However, this fan was heavy, and to reduce the overall size I removed the top and made a box around it. This box is not closed from the back, allowing intake. The next item to acquire is a funnel like device so that the fan can be attached to the spirometer and the pipe with the ex sensor inside it.
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Bibliography and
References
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1. First paragraph. Quoted from the project brief.
2. Map images of Metro sites. Screenshot from googlemaps.
3. Cubbon Park naming. http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/cubbon-park.html http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/cubbon.htm 4. Vidhan Soudha construction and architecture.
http://kla.kar.nic.in/vds.htm http://www.bangaloreindia.org.uk/tourist-attractions/vidhan-soudha.html
5. Article in print. “Confusion prevails over parking in Cubbon Park�. Times of India (Bengaluru Edition). 19 January 2016.
6. Web Article. DNA India. 18 January 2016. http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/bengaluru-central/lawyers-turn-lawbreakers-illegallypark-vehicles-nrupathunga-road-82508
7. Web Article. Times of India. 21 January 2016. http://timeso ndia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Pay-park-created-at-Cubbon-Park/ articleshow/50664742 8. Web Article. Deccan Chronicle. 28 July 2015. http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150728/nation-current-affairs/article/bengalurucubbon-park-turns-top-parking-zone 9. Web Article. The Hindu. 25 May 2015. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ban-on-vehicles-brings-outcontrasting-sides-of-cubbon-park/article7242528.ece
10. Web Article. Indian Express. 4 December 2013. http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Stark-Reality-Cubbon-Park-toCarPark/2013/12/04/article1926136.ece 11. Web Article. Times of India. 5 July 2011. http://timeso ndia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Parking-allowed-inside-CubbonPark/articleshow/9104907 12. Web Article. India Today. 9 April 2007. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-enviornmentalists-opposed-parking-incubban-park/1/155939.html 13. Archived Article. The Hindu. 20 Jan 2003. http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/20/stories/2003012001410200.htm
14. Web Article. Scroll.in. 7 April 2015. http://scroll.in/article/718668/how-bengaluru-was-remade-and-unmade-by-the-metroa-new-documentary-has-the-story 15. Web Article. Bangalore Governance Observatory. 25 September 2015. http://www.bcity.in/articles/2015-09-25-civic-activism-will-it-help-improve-cubbon-park 16. Save Cubbon Park Campaign Petition Letter. Dated 30 January 1999.
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17. “An Inconvenient Truth” (2006). Documentary Film. Director: David Guggenheim. 18. “Planet Earth” (March-December 2006). Television Series. BBC.
19. “On Killing a Tree” (Published 1966). Poem (English). Gieve Patel.
20. “Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind” (1984), Princess Mononoke(1997). Animated Films. Director Hayao Miyazaki. 21. Vistara Airlines in ight magazine Vol2 Issue1 - January 2016; Pg 48
22. Web Article. The Washington Post. 12 November 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indias-capital-launches-emergency-plan-tocurb-dire-pollution/2015/12/07/709e89cc-9cd0-11e5-a3c5-c77f2cc5a43c_story.html 23. Web Article. The Express: Tribune. 30 December 2015. http://tribune.com.pk/story/1018628/smog-choked-delhi-gears-up-for-car-ban/
24. Web Article. India Today. 11 January 2016. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/city-air-cleaner-after-odd-even-drive-delhigovernment-green-bodies/1/566524.html
25. Web Article. News18. 22 Jauary 2016. http://www.news18.com/news/india/air-quality-worsened-rapidly-in-delhi-after-end-ofodd-even-scheme-study-1193279.html
26. Web Article. Times of India. 3 April 2016. http://timeso ndia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Public-transport-must-share-odd-evenburden/articleshow/51665885.cms 27. News Release. World Health Organisation. 25 March 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/ 28. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_polluted_cities_in_the_world_by_particulate_matter_concentration
29. Image from Web Article. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 12 Febuary 2016. http://news.ubc.ca/2016/02/12/poor-air-quality-kills-5-5-million-worldwide-annually/ 30. Air Pollution Research. http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/Pollution%20Control.htm 31. Vehicular Pollution Research. https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/automobile_emissions_control.htm
32. Artist Work. “One Hundred and Eight” by Nils Volker. http://www.nilsvoelker.com/content/onehundredandeight/ 33. Lung Anatomy Images.
http://reference.medscape.com/article/1898852-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1884995-overview
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34. Medical Studies on Impact of Air Pollution. http://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(10)00195-2/abstract http://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/8/645.extract
35. Spirometry Research and images. http://www.rtmagazine.com/2014/01/tech-insider-the-evolution-of-spirometry/ https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003853.htm http://cyclingscience.biz/blog/2015/02/22/spirometry/ http://clinicalgate.com/pulmonary-function-testing-equipment/
36. Incentive Spirometer Images and Instructions. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments_and_procedures/hic_Your_PreSurgery_Visit_to_the_IMPACT_Center/hic-how-to-use-an-incentive-spirometer http://www.shopclues.com/romson-respirometer-spirometer-respiratory-exerciser.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDgvhZjz0g8 39. Guytons Medical Physiology Textbook. Unit VII, Chapter 37.
38. Piezoelectricity and the Piezoelecric Effect. http://www.nanomotion.com/piezo-ceramic-motor-technology/piezoelectric-effect/ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/piezo.html 38. Arduino Instructions
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Blink http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/AnalogReadSerial http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/AnalogInOutSerial http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Basic-Tutorials-How-to-control-LEDs/ http://www.instructables.com/id/2-LEDs-Blinking/ http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-DC-motor-speed-control-potentiometer/ http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-use-a-Flex-Sensor-Arduino-Tutorial/
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