Zero emission’s port Prof. Nikitas Nikitakos Dept. of Shipping Trade and Transport University of the Aegean GREECE
Outlines • • • • • • •
Introduction Cold ironing systems Practical applications Implementation in several ports Port of Piraeus Use of floating wind turbines Conclusions
Introduction • Cold ironing
= connection of all ship’s electrical distribution systems with shore’s connection during ship’s port berthing .
• Traditionally during maintenance periods or in shipyards dry docking. • New ship’s emission control in port rules requiring electrical energy from shore.
Procedure 1/2 •
• • •
Connection to electrical grid and electrical energy transfer 20 100 kV to a local station when transformed to 6 20 kV. The electrical energy of 6 20 kV transferred from local station to port’s terminal station . There is a frequency conversion from 50 Hz to 60 Hz, depending ship’s type . Next distributed to all terminal’s electrical connections .
Procedure 2/2 • • • • •
For safety reasons special cable handling is required . The handling mechanism could be elctro hydrolic or electro mechanic . On board of the ship specific adaptation for connection is required . Depending on ship’s power the voltage is transformed to 400 V. The transformer usually is located in the engine room . The two systems are synchronized to work in parallel. . Finally electrical energy is distributed in all ship’s systems and diesel engines for electricity are shut down.
General arrangement
*
Practical problems • Frequency • Voltage ( /V on board) • Safety during HV cables handling • Several ship’s types berthing procedures
Electrical connection 1/2
Electrical connection 2/2
Cold Ironing Electrical Power Converter • • • • • •
Adjust voltage, frequency, and phase. Provide line isolation, harmonic cancellation, power factor correction.
Different ship’s types (Tankers)
Berthing
RO RO
Containers Bulk Carriers
Implementation in International Ports • • • • • • •
Göteborg, Lübeck, Zeebrügge, Kotka, Kemi, Oulu Juneau, Seattle Antwerp Port of Los Angeles Port of Long Beach San Fransisco, San Diego ...
Ro/ro and/or Ferries Cruise Container Container Container
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach
On board Cable Connection
Gothenburg
Port of Piraeus
Port’s activities
/ (TEU) 1600000
700000
1400000
1403408
1394512
1200000
1373138
600000
619400
500000
493414
1000000
400000
379589
800000 600000 400000 200000
694091
660461
460152
271811
211903
544110
266163
100000
368876
326078 293322
281511
281115
200000
443154
462240
300000
98474
0
0 2005
2006
2005
2007
2006
25.000.000 19.462.643
20.388.425
19.305.073
20.507.263
19.968.170
21.522.917
20.000.000 15.000.000 10.000.000 5.000.000
925.782
1.202.190
1.554.747
2005
2006
2007
0
2007
Reduction of ship’s emissions (Los Angeles)
Vessel Type
Port Call Port Calls per Year Average Est. Annual Average MW hr/year Frequency Hours in Hours Electric (days) Port Load (MW) Container ship 45 8 43 347 0.976 339 Tanker ship 15 24 30 734 1.33 976 Cruise ship 14 26 10 273 7 1,911 Emission Reduction Benefit (Tons per Year (TPY) per Vessel) Vessel Type PM10 (<10 m) NOx SO2 CO HC Container ship 0.56 5.49 4.59 0.41 0.15 Tanker ship 1.61 15.82 13.23 1.18 0.43 Cruise ship 3.16 30.96 25.91 2.32 0.84
Calculated gas emissions ǹțIJȠʌȜȠȧțȐ
ȀȡȠȣĮȗȚİȡȩʌȜȠȚĮ
ǼȞİȡȖİȚĮțȑȢ ǹʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢ ıİ kVA
1.500
12.000
ȂİIJĮIJȡȠʌȒ ıİ kW
1.200
9.600
ǻȚȐȡțİȚĮ İȜȜȚȝİȞȚıȝȠȪ ıİ ȫȡİȢ
8
ǹʌĮȚIJȠȪȝİȞȘ ǼȞȑȡȖİȚĮ ıİ kWh
9.600
76.800
ǼʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢ
9.586
902
ȈȣȞȠȜȚțȒ İIJȒıȚĮ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȝİȞȘ İȞȑȡȖİȚĮ ıİ kWh
161.299.200
ȈȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒȢ Nȅx (MT/kWh)
36,4 / 106
ȈȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒȢ Sȅx (MT/kWh)
25,3 / 106
ȈȣȞIJİȜİıIJȒȢ PM (MT/kWh)
1,3 / 106
ǼIJȒıȚĮ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ ȡȣʌȠȖȩȞȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ NOx
5.871
SOx
4.081
PM
210
MT
Proposals
THE ENERGY SOLUTION Technology
WINDTURBINES
WAVES
PV GEOTHERMICS
Electrical company
CONSUMPTION H2
BATTERIES (NEW TYPE)
TRANPORTATION
Solutions
Cell
Module
Room #1
String
# 2
Storage
ABB SVC Light with Energy Storage 5-50 W
# 2
#n
NAS Battery for Hitachi Automotive Systems Factory
Intelligent grid • Available systems – Floating windturbines – Photovoltaic s – Wave energy • New batteries • Control systems • Load’s control • Grid’s stability • RES penetration • Energy saving • Examples – Ydriada , Green island
Conclusions • • • • • • •
Energy security Smart grids for cold ironing Population close to coasts RES at sea Smart RES management Wind, sun and waves potential Environmental improvements
Thank you for your attention nnik@aegean.gr