ItaliaArabia

Page 1

0529@2. .?A :B@2B: 5<:2 <3 A52 :6<AA2 3<B;1.A6<; ""# D2@A ;1 @A?22A ;2D F<?8 ;2D F<?8 B@. "" $ & DDD 0529@2..?A:B@2B: <?4 0<;A.0A-0529@2..?A:B@2B: <?4

SPECIAL THANKS I]^h Zm]^W^i^dc ldjaY cdi ]VkZ WZZc edhh^WaZ l^i]dji i]Z hjeedgi d[ i]Z [daadl^c\/ Sponsors 7j\Vii^ VcY BVm^h 8Ve^iVa Galleries 6\^Va 6gi <VaaZgn! 6ci^fjVg^jb AiY# ;^cZ 6cX^Zci 6gih <VaaZgn! 6ci^fjZ Eg^ci Gddb! 6gi HeVXZ! 6nnVb <VaaZgn! 7Vggn AVlgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! <VaZg^Z AV]jb^ƒgZ! <VaaZg^V 9É6giZ AÉ>cXdcigd! <VaaZg^V AV IdggZ 6giZ BdYZgcV Z 8dciZbedgVcZV! <VaaZg^V IZ\V! <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! AdgZcoZaa^ 6giZ B^aVcd! EVhfjVaZ >VccZii^ 6gi <VaaZg^Zh! HVX`aZg <VaaZgn! HV[Vg`]Vc 6gi <VaaZgn! HeV^\]ilddY <VaaZg^Zh! OVbVaZ` 6gi <VaaZgn Private Collections HiVcaZn ? 6aaZc! CVYZg 6chVgn! HVaZ] 7VgV`Vi 6\^Va 6gi <VaaZgn ! GdYda[d 7Zk^aVXfjV! 6]bVY :a 9VWVV! AVnaV 9^WV! ;VW^d 8VgVeZooV <jiijhd 6gX]^k^ <jiijhd ! BVgXd VcY =naYV BVgX]Zii^ <VaaZg^V 9É6giZ BVgX]Zii^ ! C^XdaV 8Vbe^\a^! Da^kZg =dVgZ! GZcVid B^hhV\a^V! H]ZglZi H]VĂ’Z =VhhVc HV[Vg`]Vc ! =Vb^Y IVkV`da^ 6gi d[ EZghZeda^h Archives, Foundations, Libraries 6gVW >bV\Z ;djcYVi^dc! 6gX]^k^ <jiijhd! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn! Aj^\^ 7Zk^aVXfjV =^hidg^XVa 6gX]^kZ d[ 6cX^Zci LZVk^c\ B^aa! >iVa^Vc 8jaijgVa >chi^ijiZ! CVhhZg 9 @]Va^a^ 8daaZXi^dc d[ >haVb^X 6gi! GjWZaa^ =^hidg^XVa 8daaZXi^dc KZc^XZ! CZl Ndg` EjWa^X A^WgVgn We would also like to thank the following individuals: B^X]VZa 7ZX`ZgbVc! A^cYhZn 7Zg[dcY! HiVcaZn 7ddgbVc! 7ZcZY^Xi 8VgiZg! B^X]ZaZ 8]VbeZi^Zg! 9ZWW^Z 9^X`^chdc! 6aVcV :hedh^id! ;ZYgV ;ViZ]! 8aVnidc @^g`^c\! B^X]Za @^g`aVcY! <ZbbV AjbaZn! 6ccZ BV^hdcc^Zg! <da^ BZi\]VaX]^! :g^X GdX]Z! EVg^ H]^gVo^! :YlVgY Hjaa^kVc! GdmVcZ OVcY 9Zh^\c Wn 9ZbZigV <Zdg\^dj Â? 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjb '%%6aa g^\]ih gZhZgkZY# Cd eVgi d[ i]Z XdciZcih d[ i]^h Wdd` bVn WZ gZegdYjXZY ^c Vcn [dgb Wn Vc ZaZXig^X dg bZX]Vc^XVa bZVch ^cXajY^c\ e]didXden^c\! gZXdgY^c\ VcY ^c[dgbVi^dc hidgV\Z dg gZig^ZkVa l^i]dji lg^iiZc eZgb^hh^dc [gdb i]Z 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjb#

8gdhh 8jaijgVa 9^Vad\jZ/ I]Z :ggdg d[ IZggdg4 I¬a ;¦agVi] 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjb =dbZ d[ i]Z B^diiZ ;djcYVi^dc

L^i] i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc >iVa^V 6gVW^V! i]Z 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjb Zc\V\Zh ^c V Y^hXjhh^dc VgdjcY V i^bZan hjW_ZXi ^c V ldgaY ^cXgZVh^c\an bVggZY Wn ^ciZgcVi^dcVa iZch^dch# >cYZZY! bjX] ]Vh WZZc lg^iiZc dc \adWVa^oVi^dcÉh heVlc^c\ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XdcÓ^Xih# HVbjZa =jci^c\idcÉh hZb^cVa i]Zdgn dc Èi]Z XaVh] d[ X^k^a^oVi^dchÉ &..( Y^k^YZh i]Z edhi"8daY LVg ldgaY dgYZg Vadc\ egZYdb^cVci XjaijgVa VcY gZa^\^djh \gdjeh/ LZhiZgc! Dgi]dYdm! AVi^c! Bjha^b! =^cYj! VcY H^c^X! eajh hZkZgVa di]Zg hjW\gdjeh VcY hd"XVaaZY adcZ Xdjcig^Zh# I]Z cjbZgdjh XdcÓ^Xih i]Vi ]VkZ ZgjeiZY h^cXZ i]Z [Vaa d[ i]Z >gdc 8jgiV^c ]VkZ Y^k^YZY i]Z ldgaY [dg ]Va[ V XZcijgn! VeeZVg^c\ id XdggdWdgViZ =jci^c\idcÉh i]Zdgn# I]Z lVgh VcY hjWhZfjZci WgZV`"je d[ Nj\dhaVk^V! i]Z WViiaZh WZilZZc EV`^hiVc VcY >cY^V! X^k^a lVgh ^c i]Z [dgbZg Hdk^Zi Jc^dc hjX] Vh 8]ZX]cnV VcY <Zdg\^V VgZ Vaa gddiZY ^c XjaijgVa"gZa^\^djh XdcÓ^Xih# Bdhi cdiVWan dkZg i]Z eVhi YZXVYZ! i]Z XdcÓ^Xi WZilZZc Bjha^bh! ZheZX^Vaan 6gVW Bjha^bh! VcY Cdc"Bjha^bh hZZbh id WZ VXXZaZgVi^c\# =jci^c\idc Viig^WjiZh i]^h XdcÓ^Xi id i]gZZ [VXidgh ZcYZb^X id 8]g^hi^Vc^in VcY >haVb Va^`Z/ i]Z WZa^Z[ i]Vi dcZÉh dlc gZa^\^dc ^h i]Z Æg^\]iÇ dcZ! ViiZbeih d[ b^hh^dcVg^Zh id XdckZgi Æcdc"WZa^ZkZghÇ! VcY VXi d[ YZÒc^c\ i]Z ejgedhZ d[ ]jbVc a^[Z ^c iZgbh d[ V iZaZdad\^XVa e]^adhde]n# 6XXdgY^c\ id i]Z i]Zdgn! i]ZhZ [VXidgh egZkZci eZVXZ[ja Xd"Zm^hiZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z ldgaYÉh i]gZZ Ydb^cVci gZa^\^dch# I]Z ViiVX`h dc HZeiZbWZg &&! '%%& XViVejaiZY jcYZgan^c\ iZch^dch id i]Z bVhh bZY^V VcY ^cid i]Z XdchX^djhcZhh d[ bV^chigZVb 6bZg^XV VcY i]Z LZhiZgc LdgaY Vi aVg\Z# 7ji ^h i]^h XdcÓ^Xi gZVaan V cZl e]ZcdbZcdc4 I]Z LZhi ]Vh [ZVgZY l]Vi ^i XjggZcian eZgXZ^kZh Vh :VhiZgc V\\gZhh^dc ZkZg h^cXZ >haVb ZmeVcYZY ^cid HeV^c VcY i]Z DiidbVc :be^gZ ^ckVYZY :VhiZgc :jgdeZ# =dlZkZg ^i lVh Vahd i]Z LZhiZgc LdgaY i]Vi bVYZ bdcjbZciVa Xdcig^Wji^dch id i]^h XdcÓ^Xi Vh Zk^YZcXZY Wn i]Z >cfj^h^i^dc d[ i]Z 8Vi]da^X 8]jgX] VcY I]Z 8gjhVYZh# >cYZZY! Xdbbdc eZgXZei^dc Y^XiViZh i]Vi Y^kZg\Zci WaddYa^cZh hZeVgViZ i]ZhZ \adWVa Xdbbjc^i^Zh# 7ji ^h i]^h i]Z dcan igji]4 I]gdj\]dji ]^hidgn! XdbbZgX^Va igVYZ ]Vh egZX^e^iViZY XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Z# I]Z BZY^iZggVcZVc HZV! Vh i]Z WdYn hZeVgVi^c\ i]Z Bjha^b VcY 8]g^hi^Vc ldgaYh! ]Vh WZZc XgdhhZY ZkZg h^cXZ bVc`^cY ^ckZciZY hj^iVWaZ bZVch d[ igVchedgiVi^dc# >cYZZY! [gdb ÈI]Z :iZgcVa 8^in!É GdbZ! ^i ^h fj^X`Zg id Ón id Ijc^h^V! BdgdXXd! VcY di]Zg 6gVW Xdjcig^Zh ^c Cdgi] 6[g^XV i]Vc ^i ^h id Xgdhh i]Z 6aeh ^cid <ZgbVcn# Jchjgeg^h^c\an i]Zc! Zk^YZcXZ d[ XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Z VWdjcYh/ XdciZbedgVgn HeVc^h] ^cXdgedgViZh

bVcn 6gVW^X ldgYh! >haVb^X VgX]^iZXijgZ ^h \adg^ÒZY i]gdj\]dji Hdji]Zgc :jgdeZVc Xdjcig^Zh! VcY Z^\]iZZci] XZcijgn XaVhh^XVa XdbedhZgh! hjX] Vh BdoVgi! VYdeiZY 6gVW^X hZfjZcXZh VcY bZadY^Zh ^cid i]Z^g bVhiZge^ZXZh# ;^cZ Vgi^hih VcY XgV[ihbZc [gdb Wdi] gZ\^dch ]VkZ ^cÓjZcXZY dcZ Vcdi]Zg i]gdj\]dji i]Z XZcijg^Zh# I]^h ^bea^Zh i]Vi cZ^i]Zg gZa^\^djh cdg XjaijgVa Y^[[ZgZcXZh ^c]ZgZcian Zc\ZcYZgh XdcÓ^Xi0 gVi]Zg ^cY^k^YjVah YZhigdn Wj^aY^c\h VcY `^aa eZdeaZ X^i^c\ i]ZhZ Y^[[ZgZcXZh Vh Vc ZmXjhZ [dg i]Z^g VXi^dch# Hd l]Vi WZiiZg lVn id gZWZa V\V^chi i]Z eVi] aZVY^c\ id YZhigjXi^dc i]Vc Wn YZZeZc^c\ Xgdhh"XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Z4 L]Zc eZdeaZ [gdb Y^[[ZgZci lVa`h d[ a^[Z bZZi ZnZ id ZnZ VcY \Zi id `cdl dcZ Vcdi]Zg i]Zn VgZ bdgZ a^`Zan id \d [dgi] Vh [g^ZcYh ^chiZVY d[ VYkZghVg^Zh# >h ^i edhh^WaZ i]Vi i]Z ldgaY hj[[Zgh bdgZ [gdb ZcYZb^X ^\cdgVcXZ i]Vc [gdb V XaVh] d[ X^k^a^oVi^dch4

V kZgn i^bZan Zm]^W^i^dc# ItaliaArabia egdbdiZh eZVXZ[ja XdZm^hiZcXZ VcY d[[Zgh hj\\Zhi^dch dc ]dl id Wg^Y\Z eZgXZ^kZY XjaijgVa Y^k^YZh# >i ^h djg ]deZ i]Vi i]^h Zm]^W^i^dc l^aa aZVY k^h^idgh id ZbWVg` dc V _djgcZn id dkZgXdbZ i]Z^g egZ_jY^XZh! Xdch^YZg V cjVcXZY eZgheZXi^kZ WZ[dgZ hjXXjbW^c\ id adXVa hiZgZdineZh! VcY YZ[n i]Z b^heZgXZei^dc i]Vi XjaijgVa Y^[[ZgZcXZh VgZ ^chjgbdjciVWaZ#

I]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ItaliaArabia Vg^hZh dji d[ i]Z a^[Z"adc\ Xdbb^ibZci d[ 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjbÉh [djcYZgh id [dhiZg Xgdhh"XjaijgVa Y^Vad\jZ# >i ^h i]Z BjhZjbÉh b^hh^dc id Zc[dgXZ V [jcYVbZciVa WZa^Z[ ^c ]jbVc g^\]ih VcY id Xjai^kViZ gZheZXi [dg i]Z ldgaY Vi aVg\Z# I]Z ldg` d[ 6WhigVXi eV^ciZg ?ZVc B^diiZ! [ZVijgZY ^c i]Z eZgbVcZci XdaaZXi^dc! ZbWdY^Zh 86BÉh Xdbb^ibZci id XdchigjXi^kZ XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Z# 6WhigVXi 6gi! Veian YZhXg^WZY Vh i]Z Ò\jgVi^dc d[ i]Z hdja! ^h V jc^kZghVaan VXXZhh^WaZ [dgb d[ ZmegZhh^dc# 6h hjX]! ^i ^h VWaZ id WgZV` i]gdj\] XjaijgVa WdjcYVg^Zh id [dgb V igjan \adWVa aVc\jV\Z# >c i]^h lVn! ^i ^h h^b^aVg id bjh^X0 VcY a^`Z bjh^X! idiVa^iVg^Vc gZ\^bZh i]gdj\]dji ]^hidgn! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ aZVY Wn =^iaZg VcY AZc^c! ]VkZ [Zai i]gZViZcZY Wn ^ih ediZci^Va id Wg^c\ eZdeaZ id\Zi]Zg VcY XdchZfjZcian [dgW^Y ^i ^c ViiZbeih id Xdcigda edejaVi^dch# ;dg egZX^hZan i]^h gZVhdc i]Z 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjbÉh eZgbVcZci XdaaZXi^dc [dXjhZh dc 6WhigVXi 6gi# ;dg h^b^aVg gZVhdch! 86B WZa^ZkZh i]Vi Zmeadg^c\ i]Z dc\d^c\ gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ldgaY"XaVhh >iVa^Vc VcY B^YYaZ :VhiZgc Vgi^hih ^h V ldgi]n ZcYZVkdg# I]Z gZbVg`VWaZ lVn i]Vi i]ZhZ bVhiZg eV^ciZgh aZVgcZY [gdb dcZ Vcdi]Zg l]^aZ hi^aa YZkZade^c\ ^c jc^fjZ lVnh gZ[jiZh =jci^c\idcÉh [ViVa^hi^X k^Zl# ;jgi]ZgbdgZ! ^i hj\\Zhih i]Vi V [gZZ"Ódl^c\ ZmX]Vc\Z d[ ^YZVh VcY V higdc\ cZildg` Xdbeg^hZY d[ ^cY^k^YjVa ]jbVc XdccZXi^dch XVc igVchXZcY Y^k^h^kZ Y^[[ZgZcXZh# >c i]^h he^g^i! i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ItaliaArabia hZZ`h id egdbdiZ XjaijgVa jcYZghiVcY^c\# <^kZc idYVnÉh eda^i^XVa Xa^bViZ l^i] ^ih egZedcYZgVcXZ d[ _djgcVa^hi^X hZchVi^dcVa^hb VcY bZY^VÉh Zmead^iVi^dc d[ XjaijgVa VcY gZa^\^djh XdcÓ^Xih! ^i ^h *

;gdb E^ooV id E­iV/ 6 AVhi^c\ IVaZ d[ 8jaijgVa :cXdjciZgh WZilZZc >iVan! 6gVW^V VcY EZgh^V HVb 7VgYVdj¬ 8jgVidg 8]ZahZV 6gi BjhZjb =dbZ d[ i]Z B^diiZ ;djcYVi^dc

L]^aZ > edcYZg i]Z XjggZci hiViZ d[ i]Z ldgaY! VcY i]Z Vgih [dg i]Vi bViiZg! 9^X`ZchÉh ed^\cVci ldgYh dXXjg id bZ Vh bdhi WZÒii^c\/ Æ>i lVh i]Z WZhi d[ i^bZh! ^i lVh i]Z ldghi d[ i^bZh! ^i lVh i]Z V\Z d[ l^hYdb! ^i lVh i]Z V\Z d[ [dda^h]cZhh! ^i lVh i]Z ZedX] d[ WZa^Z[! ^i lVh i]Z ZedX] d[ ^cXgZYja^in! ^i lVh i]Z hZVhdc d[ A^\]i! ^i lVh i]Z hZVhdc d[ YVg`cZhh! ^i lVh i]Z heg^c\ d[ ]deZ! ^i lVh i]Z l^ciZg d[ YZheV^g! lZ ]VY ZkZgni]^c\ WZ[dgZ jh! lZ ]VY cdi]^c\ WZ[dgZ jh½Ç& I]Z nZVg lVh &-*. VcY i]Z iVaZ lVh i]Vi d[ ild X^i^Zh# DcZ ]jcYgZY VcY Ò[in nZVgh aViZg! i]Z eadi i]^X`Zch# I]Zc! Dg^ZciVa^hb lVh ^c"kd\jZ# IdYVn! :YlVgY HV^YÉh Wdd` dc i]Z hjW_ZXi ^h gZfj^gZY gZVY^c\ ^c ]jcYgZYh d[ jc^kZgh^i^Zh VcY ]Vh WZZc igVchaViZY ^cid bdgZ i]Vc i]^gin aVc\jV\Zh# >c i]Z b^Y"c^cZiZZci] XZcijgn! e]did\gVe]n lVh i]Z cZl ÆhX^ZcXZÇ VcY! VXXdgY^c\ id 7VjYZaV^gZ! lVh bZVci dcan id V^Y i]Z bZbdgn d[ i]Z eZ^cigZ"Vgi^hiZ# Cdi bjX] aViZg! LVaiZg 7Zc_Vb^c lVh aVbZci^c\ VgiÉh adhi VjgV#' IdYVn! ^bV\Zh Wn i]Z a^`Zh d[ 6YVbh! GVn VcY BVeeaZi]dgeZ ]VkZ XdbZ id g^kVa i]Z X]Z["YÉÃjkgZh d[ Vc V\Z adc\ \dcZ VcY i]^h nZVg bVg`h i]Z [dgi^Zi] Vcc^kZghVgn d[ ?d]c 8V\ZÉh ÆCdiVi^dchÇ# >c i]Z &-*%Éh GdhV 7dc]Zjg! igdiiZY i]gdj\] EVg^hÉh VWViid^gh YZXaVg^c\! Æ> lVh [dgXZY id gZXd\c^oZ i]Vi i]Z Xadi]^c\ d[ bn hZm lVh V XdchiVci Wdi]Zg# I]Vi ^h l]n > YZX^YZY id hda^X^i i]Z Vji]dg^oVi^dc id lZVg bZcÉh Xadi]^c\ [gdb i]Z egZ[ZXi d[ eda^XZ### I]Z Ze^i]Zih d[ ^bWZX^aZh ]VkZ cZkZg Wdi]ZgZY bZ###Ç( IdYVn! i]Z \jZg^aaV \^gah VgZ hi^aa kZgn bjX] l^i] jh# LZ! a^`Z i]dhZ l]d XVbZ WZ[dgZ jh! ]VkZ ^c]Zg^iZY i]Z ig^jbe]h VcY YZheV^g d[ i]Z eVhi# 6h lZ Xdci^cjZ id hZZ` djg eaVXZ ^c i]Z egZhZci! lZ aVWdg id aZVkZ WZ]^cY V aZ\VXn ldgi]n d[ idbdggdl# >c i]^h egdXZhh d[ bZiVbdge]dh^h! lZ VgZ Vi dcXZ ejg\ZY VcY YZhZXgViZY! Ójc\ [gZZ VcY ]ZaY WVX`! ^che^gZY VcY Y^h^aajh^dcZY/ ÆlZ ]VkZ ZkZgni]^c\ WZ[dgZ jh! lZ ]VkZ cdi]^c\ WZ[dgZ jh½Ç 6cY nZi! Vh i]Z ]dgYZh egZhh [dglVgY! i]Z gVc`h \Zi i^\]iZg! VcY XdbgVYZh VcY ZcZb^Zh g^hZ VcY [Vaa h^YZ Wn h^YZ# L]Zc OdaVÉh egdiV\dc^hi :i^ZccZ AVci^Zg! [gdb <Zgb^cVa &-** ! ÓVh]Zh i]gdj\] bn b^cY! > XVc i]^c` d[ cd WZiiZg ^bV\Z id YZhXg^WZ ]^b i]Vc 8djgWZiÉh ÆHidcZ 7gZV`ZghÇ &-). # 8djaY i]Z Òghi ^cYZeZcYZci hVadc d[ &-,) ]VkZ bViZg^Va^oZY l^i]dji i]Z hXVcYVa^o^c\ HVadc YZh GZ[jh h i]Vi egZXZYZY ^i ^c &-+(4 LdjaY HjggZVa^hb ]VkZ YZkZadeZY ^c i]Z hVbZ lVn ]VY 7gZidc cdi hijY^ZY ;gZjY4 8djaY i]Z h]^[i d[ i]Z XjaijgVa Ze^XZciZg [gdb EVg^h

+

id CZl Ndg` ]VkZ WZZc edhh^WaZ lZgZ ^i cdi [dg i]Z HZXdcY LdgaY LVg4 L]Vi ^h K^YZd 6gi l^i]dji EV^` VcY K^daV dg EZg[dgbVcXZ Vgi l^i]dji i]Z ]VeeZc^c\h4 LdjaYcÉi 76B WZ *#- b^aa^dc YdaaVgh h]dgi ]VY ^i cdi WZZc [dg i]Z hiVjcX] 8Vi]da^X^hb d[ <^ja^Vc^4 6cY hd dc VcY hd [dgi]½ >c ^cigdYjX^c\ ]^h edejaVg I]Z Hidgn d[ 6gi <dbWg^X] YZXaVgZh! ÆI]ZgZ ^h cd hjX] i]^c\ Vh 6gi# I]ZgZ VgZ dcan Vgi^hih#Ç) >c hd Yd^c\! ]Z gZ[dXjhZh i]Z XdgZ d[ Vgi ]^hidgn [gdb XaVhh^ÒXVi^dch VcY egdXZhhZh id i]Z Vgi^hi! i]Z egdYjXZg# I]jh! <dbWg^X] YgVlh djg ViiZci^dc idlVgYh i]Z Y^kZgh^in d[ XdciZmih VcY [jcXi^dch d[ Vgi"egdYjXi^dc i]gdj\]dji ]^hidgn# ;dg XZcijg^Zh! Vgi^hih [gdb V l^YZ kVg^Zin d[ XjaijgZh ]VkZ ^ciZgVXiZY XdchiVcian i]gdj\] igVYZ! eVigdcV\Z! iZX]cdad\^XVa VYkVcXZbZci VcY Y^eadbVi^X gZaVi^dch! ZkZc b^a^iVgn XVbeV^\ch½# ÆCd bVc ^h Vc >haVcYÇ* egZVX]Zh i]Z ?VXdWZVc EdZi ?d]c 9dccZ ^c Æ9Zkdi^dch jedc :bZg\Zci DXXVh^dchÇ &+)' # Cd 6gi^hi ^h Vc ^haVcY Z^i]Zg# KVg^djh Vgi [dgbh! Vadc\ l^i] i]Z \Zd"XjaijgVa Xa^bViZh i]Vi [dhiZgZY i]Zb! ^cÓjZcXZ ZVX] di]Zg idYVn _jhi Vh i]Zn ValVnh ]VkZ# I]Z Vgi^hi^X XdckZg\ZcXZh WZilZZc >iVan VcY i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi ZmZbea^[n i]^h e]ZcdbZcdc VcY ]VkZ aZVY id i]Z ZbZg\ZcXZ d[ cZl igZcYh ^c Vgi i]Zdgn VcY egVXi^XZ# ItaliaArabia ^h i]Z k^hjVa gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ i]^h adc\" hiVcY^c\ igVY^i^dc# I]Z ]^hidg^XVa a^c`h WZilZZc >iVan VcY i]Z AZkVci VgZ cjbZgdjh! Y^kZghZ VcY Vh VcX^Zci Vh i]Z H^a` GdVY# I]Z Òghi edhi">haVb^X 6gVW ^cÓjZcXZ ^c >iVan WZ\Vc ^c i]Z hdji] Vh ZVgan Vh +*' 8:! l]^X] bVg`h i]Z Òghi 6gVW ViiZbei! aZY Wn BjÉVl^nV] >Wc =jYV^_! id ZmeVcY ^cid i]Z LZhiZgc BZY^iZggVcZVc gZ\^dc# =dlZkZg! cdi jci^a i]Z hZXdcY fjVgiZg d[ i]Z c^ci] XZcijgn! lVh Bjha^b gZ^\c ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^c H^X^an! l]ZgZ ^i lVh bV^ciV^cZY jci^a i]Z aViZ ZaZkZci] XZcijgn# Jchjgeg^h^c\an i]Zc! ^c .,' 8: >Wc =VlfVa YZhXg^WZY EVaZgbd Vh Æi]Z X^in d[ i]gZZ ]jcYgZY bdhfjZhÇ + ^c ]^h Wdd` 6a ÄBVhVa^` LV 6a"BVbVa^`! ;^\# & dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci \Zd\gVe]^XVa igZVi^hZh d[ i]Z iZci] XZcijgn# 9ZXVYZh aViZg! YZhe^iZ i]Z CdgbVc gZ" XdcfjZhi! VeegZX^Vi^dc [dg! VcY ^cXdgedgVi^dc d[! >haVb^X XjaijgZ VcY i]Z 6gVW^X aVc\jV\Z ^cid Xdjgi V[[V^gh VcY YV^an igVchVXi^dch! gZbV^cZY ^ciVXi# >c &&*)! 6gVW XVgid\gVe]Zg 6a">Yg^hh^Éh bVe! ÆI]Z IVWjaV Gd\Zg^VcVÇ ;^\# ' ZbZg\ZY [gdb i]Z Xdjgi d[ Gd\Zg >> d[ H^X^an! l]dhZ XdgdcVi^dc bVciaZ ;^\# ( WZVgh 6gVW^X ^chXg^ei^dch l^i] i]Z ]Z\^gV YViZ d[ *'- &&(( 8: #

;^\# &/ >Wc =Vlfa! @iVa 6a"BVhVa^` LV 6a"bVbVa^`

;^\# '/ I]Z IVWjaV Gd\Zg^VcV! V VcX^Zci ldgaY bVe YgVlc Wn 6a">Yg^h^ [dg Gd\Zg >> d[ H^X^an ^c &&*)#

;^\# (/ 8dgdcVi^dc bVciaZ d[ Gd\Zg >># >i WZVgh Vc ^chXg^ei^dc ^c 6gVW^X l^i] i]Z =Z\^gV YViZ d[ *'- &&((Ä()

,

>i lVh ]Z l]d Xdbb^hh^dcZY V cjbWZg d[ CZVg :VhiZgc Vgi^hih id ZmZXjiZ i]Z XZ^a^c\ d[ i]Z 8VeZaaV EVaVi^cV ^c EVaZgbd! l]^X] YZe^Xih Vc VggVn d[ YVcXZgh VcY ^chigjbZciVa^hih! bVcn d[ l]db VgZ eaVn^c\ i]Z ĂˆdjY# AjiZ #, 6YY^i^dcVaan! i]Z eZg^dY d[ Gd\Zg >>Éh gZ^\c l^icZhhZY egd[jhZ igVchaVi^dc d[ cdiVWaZ 6gVW bZY^XVa! Vhigdcdb^XVa VcY e]^adhde]^XVa bVcjhXg^eih Wn bV_dg Ă’\jgZh hjX] Vh >Wc H^cV 6k^XZccV ! >Wc 6WWVhh 6a"BV_jh^! >Wc Oj]g VcY hZkZgVa di]Zgh! [gdb 6gVW^X ^cid AVi^c# 6bdc\ i]ZhZ iZmih lZgZ VcX^Zci <gZZ` lg^i^c\h! egZhZgkZY dcan ^c 6gVW^X Yjg^c\ :jgdeZÉh Æ9Vg` 6\Zh!Ç i]Vi i]Z 6gVWh gZ^cigdYjXZY id :jgdeZVch! i]jh aVn^c\ i]Z hZZYh [dg i]Z =jbVc^hi GZcV^hhVcXZ ild XZcijg^Zh aViZg# BdgZdkZg! i]Z Vgi^hi^X ]Zg^iV\Z VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa g^X]cZhh d[ KZc^XZ gZbV^c i]Z WZhi ZmVbeaZ d[ ]^hidg^XVa i^Zh WZilZZc >iVan VcY i]Z AZkVci# HZi l^i]^c Vc ZmeVchZ d[ Zi]ZgZVa Zbei^cZhh! ^i hig^`Zh ^ih WZ]daYZg Vh Vc Zmdi^X eaVXZ Wjghi^c\ [dgi] [gdb i]Z 6gVW^Vc IVaZ I]Z I]djhVcY VcY DcZ C^\]ih# ;dg XZcijg^Zh! KZc^XZ h]VgZY i]Z 7noVci^cZ VZhi]Zi^X! Vahd ^c]Zg^iZY Wn i]Z DiidbVc :be^gZ# I]gdj\] i]Vi a^c`! ZaZbZcih d[ i]Z <gZXd"GdbVc igVY^i^dc [djcY i]Z^g lVn ^cid i]Z Vgi VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ Wdi] edlZgh! [jgi]Zg^c\ i]Z XdckZg\ZcXZ d[ i]Z^g k^hjVa ]Zg^iV\Zh# I]gdj\]dji i^bZh d[ lVg VcY eZVXZ! VcY d[iZc Yjg^c\ g^kVag^Zh heVlcZY Wn _ZVadjh^Zh! eVigdch VcY Vgi^hih d[ Wdi] GZejWa^X VcY :be^gZ XdbeZiZY V\V^chi ZVX] di]Zg# =dlZkZg! ^c egVXi^XZ! i]Z ^cĂ“jZcXZ d[ ZVX] h^YZ dc i]Z di]Zg lVh bdgZ egd[djcY i]Vc Z^i]Zg lVh egZeVgZY id VX`cdlaZY\Z# I]^h bVc^[ZhiZY ^ihZa[ ^c i]Z Vgih d[ eV^ci^c\! VgX]^iZXijgZ! VcY ZheZX^Vaan iZmi^aZh# ;^\jgZh ) * I]Z KZcZi^Vc lZVkZh! V hnbWda d[ lZVai] VcY gZĂ’cZY iVhiZ! lZgZ hd XdkZiZY Wn i]Z DiidbVc HjaiVch i]Vi i]Zn WZXVbZ hiVeaZ Ă’mijgZh ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY d[ gdnVa edgigV^ih# ;^\# + 6adc\h^YZ KZcZi^Vc"DiidbVc gZaVi^dch! i]Z 8gjhVYZh! WZ\^cc^c\ Vi i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z ZaZkZci] XZcijgn! Wgdj\]i cZl lVkZh d[ igVkZaZgh# >c ]Zg Wdd`! I]Z 6gX]^iZXijgVa =^hidgn d[ KZc^XZ! 9ZWdgV] =dlVgY YZhXg^WZh i]Z h^ijVi^dc Vh [daadlh/ ÆI]ZhZ gZijgcZY l^i] V [jaaZg `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z ldgaY d[ >haVb! d[iZc WZVg^c\ l^i] i]Zb gVgZ dg^ZciVa bVgWaZh! egZX^djh ldg`h d[ Vgi VcY b^a^iVgn igde]^Zh addiZY [gdb i]Z Bjha^bh VcY [gdb i]Z lZV`Zc^c\ 7noVci^cZ :be^gZ# I^c\ZY l^i] ^ih Zmdi^X ZVhiZgc Ă“Vkdg VcY ZbWZaa^h]ZY l^i] hed^ah [gdb i]Z 8gjhVYZh! i]Z aViZ 7noVci^cZ VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ KZc^XZ gZkZVah V cZl hZa[ XdcĂ’YZcXZ VcY ^cY^k^YjVa^in#Ç- >c hdbZ XVhZh! igVkZaZgh gZ[ZgZcXZY >haVb^X VgX]^iZXijgZ -

Y^gZXian# ;^\# , =dlVgY Wg^aa^Vcian ^aajhigViZh i]^h ^c ]Zg Y^hXjhh^dc d[ i]Z VYY^i^dch bVYZ id i]Z 8]jgX] d[ HVciV ;dhXV! IdgXZaad/ Æ6YYZY ^c i]Z V[iZgbVi] d[ i]Z ;^ghi 8gjhVYZ! i]Z VgXVYZ hZZbh id WZ Vc dkZgi Vaajh^dc id i]Z 9dbZ d[ i]Z GdX` ^c ?ZgjhVaZb! i]Zc WZa^ZkZY id WZ i]Z IZbeaZ d[ Hdadbdc½Ă‡

;^\# )/ KZakZi KZcZi^Vc &+i] XZcijgn! &,. m +( Xb ;^\# */ g^\]i KZakZi DiidbVc! &+i] XZcijgn )% m ', ^c

k

;^\# +/ HjaiVc BV]bjY > d[ Ijg`Zn! &+.+"&,*)! d^a dc XVckVh! Ijg`^h] HX]dda! &-i] XZcijgn! Ide`Ve^ EVaVXZ BjhZjb! >hiVcWja! Ijg`Zn! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

I]Z ]^hidg^XVa XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc >iVan VcY i]Z :VhiZgc BZY^iZggVcZVc igVchXZcY i]Z 6gVW^Vc EZc^chjaV! Xgdhh^c\ ^cid i]Z ]ZVgi d[ EZgh^V# <VWg^ZaZ 8Va^Vg^Éh eV^ci^c\ Zci^iaZY ÆI]Z 9d\Z BVg^cd <g^bVc^ GZXZ^k^c\ i]Z 6bWVhhVYdg d[ EZgh^VÇ ;^\# - [gdb i]Z aViZ h^miZZci] XZcijgn! l]^X] cdl ]Vc\h ^c i]Z HVaV YZaaZ FjViigd EdgiZ Vi i]Z EVaVood 9jXVaZ! ^h dcZ d[ cjbZgdjh ZmVbeaZh ViiZhi^c\ id i]Z >iVad" EZgh^Vc VhhdX^Vi^dc# =dlZkZg! i]Z bdhi hijY^ZY ]^hidg^XVa Ò\jgZ l^i]^c i]^h XdciZmi gZbV^ch i]Z b^c^VijgZ eV^ciZg Bj]VbbVY OVbVc# HZci Wn H]V] 6WWVh >> &+)' Ä &++, id hijYn eV^ci^c\ ^c GdbZ! ]Z egdbja\ViZY i]Z aViZhi igZcYh d[ Xdbedh^i^dc VcY hinaZ l^i]^c i]Z HV[Vk^Y Xdjgi# 6XXdgY^c\ id Vc ZVgan Vgi^XaZ Wn H^g 8VheZg E# 8aVg`Z! ejWa^h]ZY ^c i]Z ?djgcVa d[ >cY^Vc 6gi! KDA K>>! &-.+! cjbWZg *,! ÆOVbVc XdjaY ]VkZ WZZc eVgi d[ Vc Zckdn d[ &' Vgi^hih hZci id GdbZ Wn i]Z H]V] ^c i]Z hZkZciZZci] XZcijgn# L]^aZ hdbZ Y^ZY! VcY di]Zgh XdckZgiZY id 8Vi]da^X^hb VcY gZbV^cZY ^c >iVan! OVbVc VYdeiZY i]Z 8]g^hi^Vc cVbZ EVdadÇ.! Wji gZijgcZY id >gVc# BVcn VXXdjcih d[ ]^h a^[Z! [V^i] VcY eZghdc! Vh lZaa Vh ]^h hina^hi^X gZhZbWaVcXZ id hdbZ d[ i]Z aZVY^c\ >iVa^Vc WVgdfjZ Ò\jgZh! bV`Z XaZVg ]^h Vhh^b^aVi^dc d[ >iVa^Vc Vgi^hi^X hZch^W^a^i^Zh# DcZ hig^`^c\ ZmVbeaZ d[ i]^h egdm^b^in ^c hinaZh ^h Zk^YZci ^c ]^h b^c^VijgZ d[ ?jY^i] l^i] i]Z ]ZVY d[ =dad[ZgcZh ;^\# . VcY V eg^ci d[ i]Z hVbZ hjW_ZXi Viig^WjiZY id <j^Yd GZc^! Wdi] [gdb i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z hZkZciZZci] XZcijgn# ;^\# &%

;^\# -/ I]Z 9d\Z BVg^cd <g^bVc^ gjaZY &*.*"&+%* GZXZ^k^c\ i]Z 6bWVhhVYdg d[ EZgh^V d^a dc eVcZa ! 8Va^Vg^! <VWg^ZaZ &*+-"&+(& ! EVaVood 9jXVaZ! KZc^XZ! >iVan! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

;^\# ./ ?jY^i] l^i] i]Z hZkZgZY ]ZVY d[ =dad[ZgcZh! h^\cZY Wn Bj]VbbVY OVbVc! >gVc! >h[V]Vc! X^gXV &+-% deVfjZ lViZgXdadjgh VcY \daY dc eVeZg0 bdjciZY Vh Vc VaWjb aZV[! ((#* m '& Xb! CVhhZg 9 @]Va^a^ 8daaZXi^dc d[ >haVb^X 6gi ^bV\Z$ Xdeng^\]i/ Cdjg ;djcYVi^dc# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z @]Va^a^ ;Vb^an Igjhi# ;^\# &%/ g^\]i <j^Yd GZc^! Æ?jY^i] l^i] i]Z ]ZVY d[ =dad[ZgcZhÇ! ZiX]^c\! dc aV^Y eVeZg ',+ bb m &-& bb! XdjgiZhn d[ HeV^\]ilddY <VaaZg^Zh >cX# Jeidc! BVhh#

I]Z c^cZiZZci] XZcijgn l^icZhhZY i]Z jcgVkZa^c\ d[ nZi Vcdi]Zg X]VeiZg ^c XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Zh WZilZZc >iVan VcY >gVc! l]^X] lVh i]Zc gjaZY Wn i]Z FV_Vgh/ A^i]d\gVe]n VcY Eg^cibV`^c\# I]^h gZaVi^kZan cZl Vgi [dgb lVh ^cigdYjXZY id i]Z Xdjgi i]gdj\] i]Z EZgh^Vc Xdjgi eV^ciZg HVc^ 6a"Bda`! l]d lVh hZci id GdbZ id hijYn GZcV^hhVcXZ eV^ci^c\! Wji ZcYZY je Y^hXdkZg^c\ VcY bVhiZg^c\ i]Z Vgi d[ a^i]d\gVe]n VcY eg^cibV`^c\#&% HZkZgVa di]Zg Vgi^hih [daadlZY ^c 6a" Bda`Éh [ddihiZeh VcY hddc i]Z igVY^i^dcVa ]VcY"lg^iiZc VcY ^aajhigViZY H]V] VcY IVg^`] CVbZ] WZXVbZ VkV^aVWaZ ^c eg^ci#&& ;^\# && ;^\# ,/ ;gdb I]Z 6gX]^iZXijgZ d[ i]Z =^hidgn d[ KZc^XZ! Wn 9ZWdgV] =dlVgY

;^\# &&/ H]Z^`] HVVY^ Y^hXdjgh^c\ l^i] C^oVb^ VcY ViiZcYVcih! =VĂ’o dc gZkZghZ d[ Wdd` XdkZg! FV_Vg HX]dda! &-+, .

I]jh! Vh lZ eVhh i]gdj\] i]Z &-%%Éh! i]Z >iVa^Vc" B^YYaZ :VhiZgc XdccZXi^dc WZ\^ch id gZÓZXi i]Z aViZhi VYkVcXZbZcih ^c iZX]cdad\n# E]did\gVe]n [dgbZY i]Z cZmi a^c` ^c i]^h X]V^c d[ Vgi^hi^X XdckZg\ZcXZh# 6XXdgY^c\ id C^hhVc C# EZgZoÉh Æ;dXjh :Vhi!Ç i]ZgZ lZgZ VWdji ZaZkZc >iVa^Vc e]did\gVe]Zgh a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ VXgdhh i]Z AZkVci VgdjcY i]Z nZVg &-,%#&' I]Zn lZgZ egdWVWan i]Z aVhi d[ V lVc^c\ ÓdX` d[ Dg^ZciVa^hih! Wji WZXVbZ e^dcZZg^c\ YdXjbZciVgn"Vgi^hih l]dhZ ViigVXi^dc id i]Z AZkVci! l^i] ^ih cVijgVa WZVjin VcY bdcjbZcih! Zci]jhZY ZkZc i]Z ^cY^\Zcdjh edejaVi^dc VcY ]ZaeZY i]Zb gZXVeijgZ hdbZ adhi eVhh^dc [dg i]Z^g ]Zg^iV\Z# 6bdc\ i]^h \gdje! hZkZgVa Ò\jgZh hiVcY dji# ;Za^m VcY 6cid^cZ 7ZVid ]VY V hijY^d dc i]Z GjZ Yj Bjh`^ ^c 8V^gd [gdb Vh ZVgan Vh &-+'# <^VXdbd 7gd\^! l]d ZkZcijVaan WZXVbZ i]Z e]did\gVe]Zg d[ =^h BV_Zhin @^c\ JbWZgid > d[ >iVan! Vgg^kZY ^c i]Z =dan aVcY ^c &-+-# Jedc ]^h gZijgc id >iVan! ]Z d[[ZgZY i]Z EdeZ E^jh >M Vc VaWjb d[ ]dan eaVXZh ^c EVaZhi^cZ# L^i] Vaa i]Z Wjoo hjggdjcY^c\ e]did\gVe]n ^c i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi! ^i lVh dcan V bViiZg d[ i^bZ WZ[dgZ i]Z adXVah aZVgcZY i]Z igVYZ! l]Zi]Zg Wn VXfj^g^c\ i]Z iddah VcY igV^c^c\ [gdb i]Z ZmeVig^ViZ >iVa^Vc e]did\gVe]Zgh! dg Wn igVkZa^c\ id :jgdeZ i]ZbhZakZh# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! <Zdg\Z HVWdjc\^ [djcYZY HijY^d HVWdj\c^ ^c 7Z^gji ^c &-+(! VcY ldg`ZY i]ZgZ heZX^Va^o^c\ ^c edgigV^ijgZ VcY \ZcgZ hXZcZh# I]Z hidgn \dZh! ]Z aZVgcZY i]Z Vgi VcY X]Zb^hign d[ e]did\gVe]n [gdb ]^h Wgdi]Zg Adj^h! l]d ^c ijgc ]VY aZVgcZY ^i ^c GdbZ ^c i]Z b^Y &-*%Éh# ItaliaArabia ^cYZZY 6h Vc Zci^gZ b^aaZcc^jb d[ a^iZgVgn! eda^i^XVa! XdbbZgX^Va! VcY Vgi^hi^X ZmX]Vc\Zh lVh YgVl^c\ id V XadhZ Vi i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn! i]Z ldgaY Vh ^i lVh `cdlc lVh Vahd Xdb^c\ id Vc ZcY! cZkZg id WZ i]Z hVbZ V\V^c# =jbVc`^cY eajc\ZY ^cid i]Z ]dgg^ÒX <gZVi LVg! [daadlZY Wn i]Z ZkZc bdgZ \gjZhdbZ HZXdcY LdgaY LVg# I]Z eVgVY^\b d[ igji] WZ\Vc id h]^[i Vh i]Z igjbeZih d[ edhi"bdYZgc^in ajg`ZY VgdjcY i]Z XdgcZg# I]Z i]ZbZ d[ BVc kh# i]Z BVX]^cZ gZhdcViZY ^c V kVg^Zin d[ ZmegZhh^kZ bZY^V# ?d]c =ZVgiÒaZYÉh &.(* e]didbdciV\Z Æ=jggV] Y^Z 7jiiZg >hi 6aaZÇ ;^\# &' VcY 8]Vea^cÉh BdYZgc I^bZh &.(+ YZXdchigjXiZY bdYZgc bVcÉh hZchZ d[ WZigVnVa Wn iZX]cdad\n VcY XVeijgZY ]^h nZVgc^c\ [dg V a^[Z d[ dg\Vc^X h^bea^X^in# KZgidkÉh gZkdaji^dcVgn ldgYh! Æ> Vb i]Z bVX]^cZ i]Vi gZkZVah i]Z ldgaY id ndj Vh dcan > VadcZ Vb VWaZ id hZZ ^i½#Ç hZi i]Z hXgji^c^o^c\ idcZ i]Vi jcYZga^cZh bjX] ZVgan ilZci^Zi] XZcijgn e]^adhde]n VcY ÒcYh V bdji]e^ZXZ ^c eaVnh hjX] Vh @V[`VÉh ÆI]Z Ig^VaÇ &.'* VcY ÆI]Z 8VhiaZÇ &.' # 6gi^hi^X XdckZci^dch XgjbWaZY YjZ id i]Z \gdl^c\ &%

h`Zei^X^hb idlVgY i]Z ÆdaY ldgaYÇ VcY i]Z hZVgX] WZ\Vc [dg V cZl bZY^jb d[ ZmegZhh^dc XVeVWaZ d[ \d^c\ WZndcY i]Z hZbVci^Xh d[ a^iZgVgn VcVanh^h# 8dchZfjZcian! bdkZbZcih hjX] Vh 9696 VcY i]Z I]ZVigZ d[ i]Z 6WhjgY Wjg\ZdcZY l^i]^c i]Z k^hjVa VcY eZg[dgb^c\ Vgih gZheZXi^kZan# Hddc V[iZg! V ndjc\ ?d]c 8V\Z eaVnZY ]^h bjh^X VcY gZX^iZY ]^h edZign VcY dcan V [Zl nZVgh V[iZg i]Vi! CVb ?jcZ EV^` Vh`ZY ]^h h^ii^c\ 7jYY]V id heZV` VcY ZmeaV^c ]^h ZiZgcVa VgX]V^X hb^aZ id V k^YZd XVbZgV#

;^\# &'/ ?d]c =ZVgiÒZaY! =jggV]! Y^Z 7jiiZg ^hi ! &.(*

;^\# &(/ GV\]^W 6nnVY! I]Z CVi^k^in! &.+&! d^a dc lddY! ,* m ,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ;^\# &)/ g^\]i ;ZggjXX^d! ;ZggVoo^! >a IZkZgZ YV K^V G^eZiiV BZY^jb! D^a dc 8VckVh &.&*

;^\# &*/ H]Z^`] HVVY^ Y^hXdjgh^c\ l^i] C^oVb^ VcY ViiZcYVcih! =VÒo dc gZkZghZ d[ Wdd` XdkZg! FV_Vg HX]dda! &-+,

>c i]Z bZVci^bZ! hd bjX] lVh X]Vc\^c\ ^c i]Z :VhiZgc BZY^iZggVcZVc# DcXZ \gZVi! i]Z DiidbVc :be^gZ lVh gZaZ\ViZY id i]Z bVg\^ch d[ i]Z CZl LdgaY DgYZg VcY gZ[ZggZY id l^i] YZg^h^dc Vh ÆI]Z h^X`an DaY BVc#Ç :kZcijVaan i]Z :be^gZ lVh Y^hbVciaZY XdbeaZiZan VcY cZl 6gVW hiViZh ZbZg\ZY [gdb ^ih Vh]Zh# :VX] d[ i]ZhZ hiViZh! ^cXajY^c\ AZWVcdc! Hng^V! ?dgYVc! jcYZglZci V bVcYViZ e]VhZ Yjg^c\ l]^X] dcZ d[ i]Z k^Xidg^djh 6aa^ZY cVi^dch dkZghVl i]Z \gdli] d[ i]Z hd"XVaaZY ÆYZkZade^c\Ç Xdjcign ^cid V hZa["hj[ÒX^Zci! ^cYZeZcYZci cVi^dc# >c >gVc i]Z FV_Vgh lZgZ gZeaVXZY Wn i]Z EV]aVk^h! l]d lZgZ ^c i]Z^g ijgc dkZgi]gdlc VcY Zm^aZY Wn i]Z WZVgZgh d[ i]Z >haVb^X GZkdaji^dc# BZVcl]^aZ! >iVan lVh ign^c\ id VhhZbWaZ ^ih gZbcVcih jcYZg V cZlan YZXaVgZY gZejWa^X# >ih ;VhX^hi \dkZgcbZci V[Òa^ViZY l^i] CVo^ <ZgbVcn lVh YZ[ZViZY VcY V cZl Xdchi^iji^dc lVh eji ^cid Z[[ZXi# >c i]^h edhi " HZXdcY LdgaY LVg eZg^dY! V \gZVi YZVa d[ :jgdeZVc Vgi WdgZ HdX^Va^hi bVg`^c\h VcY i]Z igZcY bdkZY idlVgYh gZ^ckZci^c\ V aZhh hZci^bZciVa! 8aVhh^XVa igVY^i^dc! id ZmegZhh VZhi]Zi^X! a^ijg\^XVa! VcY eda^i^XVa XdcXZgch# >iVan lVh cd ZmXZei^dc VcY ^c i]Z YZXVYZ dg hd i]Vi [daadlZY! V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ Vgi^hih WZ\Vc id h]VeZ i]Z [VXZ d[ i]Z cZmi e]VhZ ^c >iVa^Vc k^hjVa Vgi# I]Z hVbZ XVc WZ hV^Y VWdji i]Z Vgi^hih ^c i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi# 9Zhe^iZ i]Z ^cXajh^dc d[ VgdjcY dcZ ]jcYgZY ]^hidg^XVa bVcjhXg^eih! b^c^VijgZh! XVgid\gVe]^X YdXjbZcih! bjh^XVa ^chigjbZcih VcY iZmi^aZh! i]Z Xgjm d[ ItaliaArabia a^Zh l^i]^c ^ih bdYZgc VcY XdciZbedgVgn Vgi hZaZXi^dc# 8^XZgd! i]Z GdbVc DgVidg! dcXZ gZbVg`ZY! Æ>[ > Yd cdi `cdl bn eVhi! > Vb [dgZkZg V 8]^aYÇ#&( L^i] 8^XZgdÉh ^ch^\]i ^c b^cY! i]Z gVc\Z d[ ]^hidg^XVa ZaZbZcih VhhZbWaZY ]ZgZ XdciZmijVa^oZh i]Z hidgn d[ ilZakZ Y^hi^cXi bdYZgc XdciZbedgVgn4 6gVW VcY EZgh^Vc bVhiZgh! I]ZhZ Vgi^hih VgZ egdiV\dc^hih ^c i]Z^g dlc g^\]i! Wji Vahd hZgkZ Vh XViVanhih i]gdj\] l]^X] i]Z bdYZgc VcY XdciZbedgVgn k^hjVa Vgih hXZcZ lVh jh]ZgZY ^cid i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi# Hi^aa! cd ]Zgd ^h XdbeaZiZ l^i]dji V

bjhZ! Vc dW_ZXi d[ V[[ZXi^dc! V kVa^Vci XdbeVc^dc! V hjeZg lZVedc! VcY hdbZi^bZh ZkZc V cZbZh^h# 6cY i]^h ^h l]ZgZ i]Z bdYZgc >iVa^Vc bVhiZgh ZciZg i]Z hidgn! WZhidl^c\ h^\c^ÒXVci hina^hi^X VcY $dg i]ZbVi^X ^cÓjZcXZ dkZg dcZ dg bdgZ d[ i]Z B^YYaZ :VhiZgc Vgi^hih! Z^i]Zg Y^gZXian dg ^cY^gZXian# Cd ]^hidgn d[ BdYZgc 6gi ^c :\nei XVc WZ XdbeaZiZ l^i]dji bZci^dc d[ GV\]ZW 6nVY &-.' Ä &.-( # HijYn^c\ Vi i]Z 6XXVYZb^V Y^ 7ZaaZ 6gi^ ^c GdbZ WZilZZc &.'* VcY &.(%! ]Z lVh ^c XadhZ XdciVXi l^i] ;ZggjXX^d ;ZggVoo^! l]dhZ fjVa^in d[ Wgjh] higd`Z! hZch^W^a^in d[ Xdbedh^i^dc VcY Xdadg eVaZiiZ aZ[i V h^\c^ÒXVci bVg` dc i]Z ndjc\ 6nVY# I]Z iZVX]ZgÉh ^beVXi dc ]^h hijYZci ^h fj^iZ VeeVgZci jedc V XdbeVg^hdc d[ 6nVYÉh CVi^k^i ;^\# &( l^i] ;ZggVoo^Éh >a IZkZgZ YV K^V G^eZiiV# ;^\# &) 8V^gd ]Vh ValVnh ]dhiZY V Xdch^YZgVWaZ cjbWZg d[ >iVa^Vc Vgi^hih! hdbZ h^cXZ 9VgW :a" <VbVb^o deZcZY Vc Vgi hX]dda d[ ^c &.%-# >c i]Z &.'%Éh! V h^oZVWaZ >iVa^Vc Xdbbjc^in gZh^YZY ^c 6aZmVcYg^V! ^cXajY^c\ Diidg^cd 7^XX]^ l]d [djcYZY Vc VXVYZbn ^c &.'.! <^jhZeeZ HZWVhi^ l]d Y^gZXiZY d[ i]Z 6iZa^Zgh d[ 6aZmVcYg^V [djcYZY ^c &.(*! VcY hZkZgVa di]Zgh#&) ;daadl^c\ i]Z gZkdaji^dc aZVY Wn 6WYZa CVhhZg &.*'! i]Z Ydb^cVci Vgi^hi^X hinaZ ^c :\nei h]^[iZY id V hdX^Va gZVa^hb# 6 cjbWZg d[ Vgi^hih [dgbZY l]Vi XVbZ id WZ `cdlc Vh ÆI]Z BdYZgc <gdje!Ç l]^X]! ^c i]Z ldgYh d[ dcZ d[ ^ih bZbWZgh! =VbZY DlV^h! XVbZ id\Zi]Zg WZXVjhZ! ÆLZ WZa^ZkZY i]Vi gZkdaji^dcVgn ^YZdad\n h]djaY WZ gZÓZXiZY ^c Vgi# LZ! i]Z <gdje! gZ_ZXiZY HjggZVa^hb WZXVjhZ ^i lVh ZhhZci^Vaan gZWZaa^dc! dg Vc Vgi l]^X] Y^Y cdi V^b Vi i]Z XdchX^djhcZhh d[ eZdeaZ Vi aVg\Z# ;dg jh! Vgi ZmegZhh^c\ i]Z :\nei^Vc ^YZci^in ]VY id WZ ViiVX]ZY id i]Z Zm^hi^c\ hdX^Va higjXijgZh! a^`Z aVWdg VcY i]Z [ZaaV]^cÇ A# @Vgcdj`Éh BdYZgc :\nei^Vc 6gi!'%%( # DlV^h Xdci^cjZh dc id YZhXg^WZ ]dl ]Z YgZl ^che^gVi^dc [gdb i]Z ldg`h d[ >iVa^Vc hdX^Va gZVa^hih/ ÆI]ZhZ Vci^"[VhX^hi >iVa^Vc eV^ciZgh \VkZ bZ i]Z XajZ > ]VkZ WZZc hZVgX]^c\ [dg# > `cZl i]Zc l]Vi > ]VY id YdÇ&*# 6XXdgY^c\an! i]ZgZ ^h V egdXa^k^in id \V\Z Dl^ZhhÉ ldg` Vadc\h^YZ i]Vi d[ <^jhZeeZ B^\cZXd# I]Z aViiZgÉh GVXXd\a^idgZ Y^ A^bdc^ ddoZh l^i] hdX^Va egdeV\VcYV ^c edgigVn^c\ V aZbdc XdaaZXidg ^c V ]Zgd^X! ZkZc hiVijZhfjZ bVccZg# 6X]^ZkZY i]gdj\] ^ih Y^V\dcVa Xdbedh^i^dc VcY Y^hidgiZY egdedgi^dch! ^i ZmjYZh V hZchZ d[ he^g^ijVa ]Zgd^hb V`^c id i]Vi [djcY ^c DlV^hÉh eV^ci^c\ I]Z HZVbhigZhh &.*& # I^Zh WZilZZc AZWVcZhZ VcY >iVa^Vc Vgi VgZ gVi]Zg ^cig^XViZ ^c cVijgZ! VcY! a^`Z bVcn i]^c\h i]ZgZ! hZZb ^cZmig^XVWan &&

a^c`ZY id eda^i^Xh# GZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]Z BZY^X^h VcY i]Z :b^gh d[ Bdjci AZWVcdc! ^c eVgi^XjaVg ;V`]g 6a"9^c 6a" BVÉVc^ &*,' Ä &+(* ! VgZ ZmiZch^kZan YdXjbZciZY ^c hZkZgVa ]^hidg^XVa Vh lZaa Vh gZXZci ejWa^XVi^dch gVc\^c\ [gdb i]Z 8]gdc^XaZh d[ 6]bVY 6a"@]Va^Y^ 6a"HV[VY^ Y# &+') VcY :j\ cZ Gd\ZgÉh AV IZggZ HV^cXiZ &+)+ ;^\# &* id BVjg^XZ 8] ]VWÉh AZ 8dhijbZ Vj A^WVc &.)( # Bng^VY Zc\gVk^c\h d[ i]Z :b^g ]VkZ Vahd WZZc bVYZ! hjX] Vh Da[Zgi 9VeeZgÉh Æ8VeijgZ d[ BjhiV[VÇ [gdb CVj`Zg^\Z 7ZhX]gnk^c\ kVc 6h^V &+,, VcY =Zcg^ 7dccVgiÉh X# &+)'"&,&& Æ:b^g ;ZX]ggZY^c Eg^cXZ YZh 9gjhZh!Ç l]^X] lVh [djcY Vi i]Z 7^Wa^di] fjZ CVi^dcVaZ ^c EVg^h# DcZ ejWa^XVi^dc ^c eVgi^XjaVg! I]Z 8dY^XZ BZY^Xd YZa GZ\^d 6gX]^k^d Y^ ;^gZcoZ! XdciV^ch hZkZgVa aZiiZgh XdcXZgc^c\ i]Z AZWVcZhZ Eg^cXZ VcY ]^h gZXZei^dc Wn 8dh^bd YZ BZY^X^ Vi i]Z EVaVood E^ii^ ^c &+&(# I]Z DiidbVc \dkZgcdg 6]bVY =VÒo Y^hXdkZgZY ;V`]g 6a"9^cÉh hZXgZi Vaa^VcXZ l^i] 8dh^bd &+! dgX]ZhigViZY ZVga^Zg Wn i]Z aViiZgÉh ;Vi]Zg! ;ZgY^cVcYd ># I]^h [dgXZY i]Z :b^g id hZZ` gZ[j\Z Vi i]Z BZY^X^ Xdjgi VcY XdchZfjZcian id gZh^YZ ^c i]Z VeVgibZci d[ EdeZ AZd M Vi i]Z EVaVood KZXX]^d# :kZcijVaan! ;V`]g 6a"9^c gZijgcZY id AZWVcdc ^c &+&-! Wg^c\^c\ l^i] ]^b hZkZgVa e]nh^X^Vch! Vgi^hih! VcY VgX]^iZXih l]dhZ ^cÓjZcXZ dc igVY^i^dcVa AZWVcZhZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY k^hjVa igVY^i^dch ]Vh WZZc i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ ^cfj^gn Wn hZkZgVa hijY^Zh dkZg i]Z aVhi [Zl YZXVYZh#&, BVcn nZVgh aViZg! 9VdjY 8dgb &-*% Ä &.(% WZXVbZ i]Z Òghi AZWVcZhZ Vgi^hi dc gZXdgY id hijYn ^c >iVan# =Z Y^Y hd jcYZg GdWZgid 7dbe^Vc^ Vi i]Z 6XXVYZb^V Y^ HVc AjXV ^c GdbZ [gdb &-,& jci^a &-,)# =^h ldg` ^h XdcÒcZY Vabdhi Zci^gZan id i]Z YZXdgVi^dc d[ X]jgX]Zh VcY a^ijg\^XVa Wj^aY^c\h# 6gdjcY i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! Vcdi]Zg AZWVcZhZ Vgi^hi! =VW^W Hgdjg &-+%"&.(- ! lVh igV^c^c\ Vi i]Z GZ\^d >chi^ijid Y^ 7ZaaZ 6gi^! Vahd ^c GdbZ# I]ZhZ e^dcZZg^c\ [dgVnh ^cid >iVn bVg`ZY i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ V cZl igZcY VcY [gdb i]^h ed^ci [dglVgY heZcY^c\ i^bZ ^c >iVan WZXVbZ V hdgi d[ Æg^iZ d[ eVhhV\ZÇ [dg cjbZgdjh AZWVcZhZ Vgi^hih# I]Z ldg` d[ EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc &.'+"&..( ! Vc 6gbZc^Vc"EVaZhi^c^Vc l]d bVYZ AZWVcdc ]^h ]dbZ [dg bVcn nZVgh! ijgcZY ]^h ViiZci^dc idlVgYh VWhigVXi^dc VcY ZmeZg^bZciZY V cZl aVc\jV\Z d[ gZYjXi^dc^hb# >c &.*+! ]Z ldc Òghi eg^oZ Vi i]Z >iVa^Vc 7^Zcc^Va l]^X]! ^cXajYZY V hX]daVgh]^e id hijYn Vi i]Z 6XXVYZb^V Y^ 7ZaaZ 6gi^ Y^ ;^gZcoZ# =^h eV^ci^c\ ÆJci^iaZYÇ &.., ;^\# &+ XVc WZ ^ciZgegZiZY Vh V hjWXdchX^djh gZk^h^i^c\ d[ i]Z iVWaZVj Ydg Zh VcY i]Z b^mZY bZY^V ldg`h d[ 7^VcXd! heZX^ÒXVaan! ]^h ÆIg^Y^bZch^dcVaZ &(Ç &.+% ;^\# &, # &'

<j^gV\dhh^VcÉh XdciZbedgVgn! 6gZ[ 6a"GVnnZhh &.'- a^kZY ^c ;adgZcXZ ^c i]Z &.*%Éh VcY i]Z &.+%Éh VcY h]VgZY V h^b^aVg V[Òc^in [dg \ZdbZig^XVa gZYjXi^dc VcY Ò\jgVa VWhigVXi^dc# =^h ÆJci^iaZYÇ d^a dc eVcZa! X# &.+% h]VgZh hig^`^c\ h^b^aVg^i^Zh l^i] hZkZgVa ldg`h Wn HZkZg^c^ hjX] Vh i]Z 9VcXZgh VcY 8dbbZY^V 9ZaaÉ6giZ hZg^Zh [gdb i]Z &.*%Éh# >c i]Z XVhZ d[ =jhhZ^c BVY^! W# &.(- i]ZgZ ^h V egd[djcY XdcÓjZcXZ d[ :jgdeZVc VcY >haVb^X hinaZh i]Vi ^h Vi dcXZ! WdaY VcY hjWiaZ# BVY^ hijY^ZY Vi i]Z 6XXVYZb^V Y^ WZaaZ 6gi^ VcY Vi i]Z 6XXVYZb^V Y^ HVc ?VXdbd ^c GdbZ ^c i]Z &.*%Éh# Dc dcZ ]VcY! ]^h ldg` gZXVaahV [gZZYdb d[ a^cZ e^dcZZgZY Wn <jiijhd VcY i]Z Xdbedh^i^dcVa ad\^X [djcY d[ IjgXVid# Dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! ]^h WZa^Z[ ^c V Y^k^cZ jc^kZghVa dgYZg ^c_ZXih ]^h ldg` l^i] eg^cX^eaZh d[ ]Vgbdcn i]Vi VgZ YZg^kZY [gdb i]Z VWhigVXi YZh^\ch d[ >haVb^X Vgi# I]Z XdVaZhXZcXZ d[ i]ZhZ ild hinaZh \^kZh g^hZ id V jc^fjZ VZhi]Zi^X bVg`ZY Wn V bZi^XjadjhcZhh gVgZan hZZc ^c di]Zg Vgi d[ i]Z gZ\^dc#&-

;^\# &+/ EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc! Jci^iaZY! &..,! d^a dc XVckVh! .% m +% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc

;^\# &,/ GZbd 7^VcXd! Ig^Y^bZch^dcVaZ cd# &(! &.+%! X]^cV hj eda^bViZg^Xd! +% m ).#* m * Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ GZcVid B^hhV\a^V

Hng^V dg Æ7^aVY 6a"H]VbÇ Vh ^i ^h `cdlc ]^hidg^XVaan! Vahd hZci ^ih h]VgZ d[ Vgi^hih id hijYn ^c :jgdeZ! Vai]dj\] i]Z^g igVkZah VgZ cdi Vh lZaa YdXjbZciZY# I]Z ild Vgi^hih gZegZhZciZY ^c ItaliaArabia VgZ Vbdc\ i]Z bdhi \^[iZY d[ i]Z^g \ZcZgVi^dc gZbV^c ^cÓjZci^Va# ;ViZ] 6a"BdjYVggZhh! l]d hijY^ZY Vi GdbZÉh 6XXVYZbb^V Y^ 7ZaaZ 6gi^ [gdb &.*) id &.+% igVchXZcYh i]Z Y^hi^cXi Y^hX^ea^cZh d[ Ò\jgVa VcY VWhigVXi eV^ci^c\ Vh lZ `cdl i]Zb! XgZVi^c\ Vc ZaVWdgViZ hinaZ i]Vi ]Vh! VXXdgY^c\ id >iVa^Vc Vji]dg VcY XjgVidg BVgi^cV 8dg\cVi^! ÆV hjggZVa^hi! [VciVhi^X kZ^c ^cÓjZcXZY Wn ^Xdch VcY XaVhh^XVa Vgi#Ç =^h ZVgi]n eVaZiiZ VcY YZchZ iZmijgZh! XdjeaZY l^i] Vc ^ciZgZhi ^c VcX^Zci [ZbVaZ YZ^i^Zh d[ adkZ VcY [Zgi^a^in! Va^\ch ]^b l^i] i]Z >iVa^Vc bVhiZg BVhh^bd 8Vbe^\a^# I]Z h^b^aVg^i^Zh VgZ hd VXjiZ i]Vi ^i aZVYh dcZ id hjheZXi Vc VXijVa ZcXdjciZg WZilZZc i]Z Vgi^hih! dg Vi aZVhi Y^gZXi hijYn Yjg^c\ BdjYVggZhhÉh nZVgh ^c GdbZ! l]^X] XdggZhedcY id 8Vbe^\a^Éh hiVn ^c i]Z X^in [gdb &.*& id &.+(# 6 [Zaadl hijYZci d[ BdjYVggZhh Vi i]Z 6XXVYZbb^V Y^ 7ZaaZ 6gi^! AdjVn @VnVa^ ^h Vcdi]Zg \Zc^jh l]dhZ hinaZ hZi i]Z idcZ [dg bjX] d[ i]Z Vgi egdYjXZY ^c i]Z gZ\^dc dkZg i]Z [daadl^c\ [Zl YZXVYZh# L]^aZ ^c >iVan! ]Z ldc hZkZgVa eg^oZh ^cXajY^c\ i]Z \daY bZYVa [dg [dgZ^\c Vgi^hih Vi i]Z GVkZccV 8dciZhi ^c &.*.# >c &.+%! ]Z lVh hZaZXiZY! Vadc\ l^i] BdjYVggZhh! id gZegZhZci Hng^V Vi i]Z KZc^XZ 7^Zcc^Va# =Z gZijgcZY id Hng^V i]Z [daadl^c\ nZVg id VhhjbZ V edh^i^dc Vh Vc Vgih iZVX]Zg Vi hZkZgVa 9VbVhXjh hiViZ hX]ddah# Id i]^h YVn! @VnVa^ gZbV^ch dcZ d[ Hng^VÉh bdhi XdcigdkZgh^Va Vgi^hih# 6]ZVY d[ ]^h bdhi d[ ]^h

XdciZbedgVg^Zh! [Zaadl Vgi^hih VcY XjaijgVa egVXi^i^dcZgh d[iZc ViiVX`ZY ]^h ldg`# IdYVn! ]dlZkZg! ]Z hiVcYh dji Vbdc\hi ]^h eZZgh VcY ^h aVjYZY dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi h^\c^ÒXVci bdYZgc Vgi^hih d[ i]Z B^YYaZ :Vhi# ItaliaArabia ldjaY WZ ^cXdbeaZiZ l^i]dji i]Z ^cXajh^dc d[ hdbZ d[ >gVcÉh cdiZldgi]n bdYZgc Vgi^hih l]d! a^`Z i]Z^g 6gVW XdjciZgeVgih! hijY^ZY Vi kVg^djh Vgi hX]ddah ^c >iVan# L]^aZ i]^h Zm]^W^i^dc [ZVijgZh ldg`h Wn EgVk^o IVcVkda^! ;VgVbVgo E^aVgVb VcY CVhhZg Dk^hh^! i]ZhZ VgZ XZgiV^can cdi i]Z dcan '%i] XZcijgn >gVc^Vc Vgi^hih l]d Zc_dnZY V iVhiZ d[ aV YdaXZ k^iV# BVgXd <gZ\dg^Vc! 7V]bVc Bd]VhhZhh! VcY BVchdjgZ] =djhhZ^c^ VgZ _jhi V [Zl di]Zgh l]d XdbZ id b^cY# >cYZZY! i]Z adc\hiVcY^c\ igVY^i^dc d[ Vgi^hih aZVk^c\ EZgh^V id ejghjZ Vgi^hi^X igV^c^c\ ^c >iVan Xdci^cjZY id egZkV^a i]gdj\]dji i]Z IlZci^Zi] XZcijgn# :Vga^Zg ^c i]^h ZhhVn! > ZaVWdgViZY dc i]Z ZmVbeaZ d[ OVbVc# =dlZkZg! XjaijgVa ZmX]Vc\Zh WZilZZc EZg^hVc VcY :jgdeZVc X^k^a^oVi^dch YViZ WVX` id i]Z i^bZ d[ i]Z <gZZ`h VcY :igjhXVch ^c i]Z H^mi] XZcijgn 78:# Hi^aa ^i ^h ldgi] h^c\a^c\ dji V eVgi^XjaVgan h^\c^X^Vci igVch[Zg d[ XjaijgVa VcY Vgi^hi^X egVXi^XZ Wgdj\]i VWdji ^c i]Z c^ciZZci] XZcijgn Wn i]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc d[ >iVa^Vc Wdd` ^aajhigVi^dc VcY eg^ci bV`^c\ id i]Z >gVc^Vc! VcY hjWhZfjZcian i]Z Zci^gZ B^YYaZ :VhiZgc! XjaijgVa b^a^Zj# FV_Vg gjaZgh Bd]VbbVY H]V] &-()Ä&-)- VcY CVhhZg 6a"9^c H]V] &-)-"&-.+ hZci XjaijgVa Zb^hhVg^Zh hZci id GdbZ! Vbdc\ i]Zb i]Z Xdjgi Vgi^hi HVc^ 6a"Bda` &-&)" &-++ # 6[iZg heZcY^c\ i]gZZ nZVgh ^c >iVan aZVgc^c\ VWdji GZcV^hhVcXZ eV^ci^c\ VcY Y^hXdkZg^c\ i]Z Vgi d[ a^i]d\gVe]n VcY eg^cibV`^c\! 6a"Bda` gZijgcZY id >gVc ^c &-*%# Jedc ]^h gZijgc ]Z ^cigdYjXZY i]ZhZ cZl ^aajhigVi^dc iZX]c^fjZh id i]Z gZ\^dc! aVcY^c\ ]^b i]Z edh^i^dc d[ 8]^Z[ d[ i]Z <dkZgcbZciVa Eg^ci^c\ =djhZ! l]^X] ejWa^h]ZY i]Z lZZ`an cZlheVeZg 9djaVi"Z :aa^nZ]"Z >gVc# HZkZgVa di]Zg Vgi^hih hjWhZfjZcian hijY^ZY a^i]d\gVe]n ^c GdbZ VcY WZ[dgZ adc\! Wdd`h ^aajhigViZY jh^c\ i]^h iZX]c^fjZ WZ\^c id ZbZg\Z ^c >gVc# DcZ hjX] ZmVbeaZ ^h B^goV BdiVaZW :h[V]Vc^Éh ^aajhigVi^dch ^c i]Z Wdd` IVg^`] CVbZ] @]jhgVkVc lg^iiZc Wn ?VaVa 6a"9daZ]# 6h i]Z cZl ejWa^XVi^dch aZci i]ZbhZakZh ZVh^an id bVhh X^gXjaVi^dc! [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ! aVg\Zg hZ\bZcih d[ i]Z edejaVi^dc \V^cZY VXXZhh id ^bV\Zh d[ Vgi l]^X] ]VY egZk^djhan WZZc VkV^aVWaZ dcan id i]Z eg^k^aZ\ZY [Zl# I]jh! i]Z hnhiZb d[ Vgi^hi^X eVigdcV\Z WZ\Vc id X]Vc\Z! Vj\bZci^c\ hdX^ZinÉh VlVgZcZhh d[ Æi]Z ^bV\ZÇ Vh V kZ]^XaZ [dg ^cY^k^YjVa VcY hdX^Va ZmegZhh^dc# 6XXdgY^c\an! V iZch^dc &(

YZkZadeZY WZilZZc i]Z ÆeZghdcVaÇ VcY i]Z ÆXdaaZXi^kZ!Ç i]Z ÆVXXZhh^WaZÇ VcY i]Z ÆjcViiV^cVWaZ!Ç WZXdb^c\ V YZÒc^c\ [VXidg d[ bdYZgc >gVc^Vc Vgi i]Vi ^h d[iZc h]gdjYZY l^i] Vc VbW^\j^in h^b^aVg id ^ih ]^hidg^XVa XjaijgVa egZb^hZh# I]^h ^h higdc\an Zk^YZci ^c i]Z ldg`h dc k^Zl ]ZgZ# IVcVkda^Éh VhhZbWaV\Zh VcY hXjaeijgZh VcY Dk^hh^Éh Ó^gin a^\]icZhh! YZhe^iZ ^ih XVaa^\gVe]^X gZ[ZgZcXZh! VcY E^aVgVbÉh \daYZc XdaaV\Zh! Vaa ZmZbea^[n i]Vi YZa^XViZ Zfj^a^Wg^jb WZilZZc [gV\^a^in VcY HigZc\i]! WZilZZc VXXZhh^W^a^in VcY Vadd[cZhh#

&

6h i]^h djiaa^cZ YgVlh id Vc ZcY! > ]deZ i]Vi ^i ]Vh ^chi^aaZY V \Zcj^cZ gZ\VgY [dg VcY V cZl! dg gZcZlZY! ^ciZgZhi ^c XjaijgZh Y^[[ZgZci [gdb djg dlc! ^c djg di]Zgl^hZ hZ\gZ\ViZY a^kZh# >[ Vcni]^c\! ItaliaArabia jai^bViZan XdcÒgbh i]Vi deZc Y^Vad\jZ VcY V i]^ghi [dg aZVgc^c\ cjgijgZ V XjaijgZ d[ ^ccdkVi^dc! l]ZgZ idaZgVcXZ ZchjZh# LZ VgZ a^k^c\ i]gdj\] i^bZh i]Vi VgZ ^gdc^XVaan bVg`ZY h^bjaiVcZdjhan Wn [jcYVbZciVa^hb VcY idiVa VeVi]n# I]Z Æeda^i^Xh d[ [ZVgÇ dcan aZVYh id V bdgZ hZkZgZ edaVg^oVi^dc d[ eZdeaZ! cVi^dch VcY i]dj\]ih! VcY id XdbWVi ^i! lZ cZZY cdl! bdgZ i]Vc ZkZg! id Xjai^kViZ V bZciVa^in d[ ]dcZhi Y^Vad\jZ# :VX] d[ i]Z cZVgan ild ]jcYgZY e^ZXZh dc Y^heaVn ^c i]^h Zm]^W^i iZhi^ÒZh id i]Z WZcZÒih d[ deZc b^cYZYcZhh# :VX] ldg` ZX]dZh i]Z XdchiVci hZVgX] [dg bZVc^c\ i]Vi YZÒcZh i]Z cVijgZ d[ djg ]jbVc^in# :kZgn eV^ci^c\ gZÓZXih i]Z ZiZgcVa jg\Z id WZadc\ id hdbZi]^c\ igVchXZcYZciVa! Wji Vahd id gZWZa V\V^chi Vaa hnhiZbh VcY fjZhi^dc Vaa cdgbh# :VX] d[ i]Z Vgi^hih gZegZhZciZY ]ZgZ b^ggdg djg ^cY^k^YjVa hZVgX]Zh [dg ]dbZ! WZ ^i V e]nh^XVa heVXZ dg Vc ^YZV#

+

>i ^h ^cYZZY i]Z WZhi d[ i^bZh VcY i]Z ldghi d[ i^bZh# 7ji i]ZgZ ^h ValVnh i]Z egdb^hZ d[ V cZl WZ\^cc^c\½

8]VgaZh 9^X`Zch! 6 IVaZ d[ Ild 8^i^Zh! H^\cZi 8aVhh^Xh! &..,

LVaiZg 7Zc_Vb^c! 9Vh @jchilZg` ^b OZ^iVaiZg hZ^cZg iZX]c^hX]Zc GZegdYjo^ZgWVg`Z^i/ HdcYZgVjh\VWZ 9gZ^ HijY^Zc ojg @jchihdo^dad\^Z! Hj]g`Vbde! '%%( '

6ci]dcn ;# ?Vchdc! =^hidgn d[ 6gi! ,i] :Y^i^dc! EgZci^XZ =Vaa 6gi! '%%+

(

:# =# <dbWg^X]! I]Z Hidgn d[ 6gi! E]V^Ydc EgZhh! '%%+

)

?d]c 9dccZ! 9Zkdi^dch Jedc :bZg\Zci DXXVh^dch! 6ci]dcn GVheV ZY^idg ! DJE! &.-, *

>Wc =VlfVa Wdgc JWVnY 6aaV] >Wc 6]bVY >Wc @]jgYVY]WV]! @^iVW 6a"BVhVa^` LV 6a"BVbVa^` 7^Wa^di]ZXV <Zd\gVe]dgjb 6gVW^Xdgjb ! 7g^aa! &--. <VWg^Za^! ;gVcXZhXd0 JbWZgid HXZggVid! <a^ 6gVW^ ^c >iVa^V# 8jaijgV! XdciVii^ Z igVY^o^dc^! <VgoVci^ HX]Z^l^aaZg! &..( ,

9ZWdgV] =dlVgY! I]Z 6gX]^iZXijgVa ]^hidgn d[ KZc^XZ! NVaZ Jc^kZgh^in egZhh! '%%) -

6# 6# >kVcdk! I]Z A^[Z d[ BjVbbZY OVb c/ 6 GZXdch^YZgVi^dc! >gVc! Kda# &,! &.,. .

N]VnV Od`V! OZcYZ\^ kV 6hVg"Z DhiVci HVc^ 6a"Bda`! BVg`Vo CVh]g 9VcZh]\V]^! '%%( &%

BV]h]^Y BdYVgZh! :jgdeZVc 6gi^hih ^c >gVc Yjg^c\ i]Z FV_Vg EZg^dY! <daZhVic =dcVg FjVgiZgan! Cd# &-! HjbbZg '%%, &&

C^hhVc C# EZgZo! ;dXjh :Vhi/ :Vgan E]did\gVe]n ^c i]Z CZVg ZVhi &-(."&--* ! =Vggn C# 6WgVbh! &.-&'

8^XZgd BVgXjh I^aa^jh ! Dc DaY 6\Z Dc ;g^ZcYh]^e Dc 9^k^cVi^dc AdZW 8aVhh^XVa A^WgVgn Cd# &*) ! &.'( &(

BVgi^cV 8dg\cVi^! >iVa^V >iVan/ 6gVW 6gi^hih WZilZZc >iVan VcY i]Z BZY^iZggVcZVc! H`^gV! '%%&)

A# @Vgcdj`! BdYZgc :\nei^Vc 6gi! 6J8 EgZhh! '%%*

&*

<jagj CZX^ed\jaj! BjfVgcVh/ 6c 6ccjVa dc >haVb^X 6gi VcY 6gX]^iZXijgZ! 7g^aa &..) &+

;gZ^Yg^X] GV\ZiiZ! 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c AZWVcdc/ i]Z AZWVcZhZ =djhZ Yjg^c\ i]Z :^\]iZZci] VcY C^cZiZZci] 8Zcijg^Zh! 8VgVkVc 7dd`h! &.,) &,

=jhhZ^c BVY^! I]Z 6gi d[ BVY^! HVf^ 7dd`h! '%%*

&-

&)

BdYZgc 8dciZbedgVgn 6gi Ldg`h

6YZa Za H^l^! 8VgVkVc! b^mZY bZY^V dc XVckVh eVhiZY dc lddY! '%%-! &)% m &,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc &-

6YZa Za H^l^! @VaVb! b^mZY bZY^V dc XVckVh eVhiZY dc lddY! '%%-! &)% m &,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc &.

6YZa Za H^l^! Jci^iaZY! B^mZY bZY^V dc XVckVh! &%% m '%%Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc '%

'&

<^jhZeeZ B^\cZXd! GVXXd\a^idgZ Y^ A^bdc^! &.*'! d^a dc XVckVh! XdjgihZn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ''

=VbZY DlV^h! I]Z IV^adg! &.*&! d^a dc XVckVh! ,' m *, Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc '(

GV\]^W 6nnVY! I]Z CVi^k^in! &.+&! d^a dc lddY! ,* m ,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc g^\]i

GV\]^W 6nnVY! I]Z bjh^X^Vch d[ jeeZg :\nei !&.,,! lViZgXdadg VcY hZkZc eZcX^ah! ,% m *%Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ')

GZcVid <jiijhd! HZb^cVidg^ Y^ HX^hb^! XVcid MMK>>>! ^c[Zgcd! 9^k^cV 8dbbZY^V! &.*."+%! ^cY^V ^c`! lViZgXdadg! dc eVeZg! ,( m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc '*

AdjVn @VnnVa^! Jci^iaZY! &.,(! d^a dc eVcZa! .+ m ,+ Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc '+

AdjVn @VnnVa^! Jci^iaZY! &.,(! d^a dc eVcZa! ,- m .- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ',

AdjVn @VnnVa^! Jci^iaZY! &.,)! d^a dc eVcZa! .* m ,* Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc '-

GZciVd <jiijhd! IZii^ Y^ 6aXVbd! &.,+! d^a dc XVckVh! .% m ,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc '.

GZcVid <jiijhd! ;daaV Vaad hiVY^d! &.+*! d^a dc XVckVh! '.% m &*, Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc (%

;Vg\]Va^ 6WYZa =VÒo! 8aZdeVigV! '%%,! B^mZY BZY^V! '%% m '-% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc (&

=jhhZ^c BVY^! Jci^iaZY! '%%*! VXgna^X dc XVckVh! &)% m &)%Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc AdjVn @VnnVa^! Jci^iaZY! &.*%! d^a dc XVckVh! .& m &'% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ('

adlZg

GZcVid <jiijhd! 9dccV X]Z bVc\^V >ÉVc\jg^V! &.),! ^cY^V ^c`! lViZgXdadg dc eVeZg! (* m )- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ((

BVhh^bd 8Vbe^\a^! 8Vg^Vi^YZ! &.+%! -% m -% Xb! d^a dc XVckVh! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ()

BVhh^bd 8Vbe^\a^! 8dbedh^o^dcZ V BZYV\a^dc^! &.+'! -. m &&+ Xb! d^a dc XVckVh! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc (*

BVhh^bd 8Vbe^\a^! ;ZhiV 8VbeZhigZ! &.*-! &(% m &+& Xb! d^a dc XVckVh! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc (+

;ViZ] BdjYVgZh! Jci^iaZY! &.,)! b^mZY bZY^V dc XVckVh! &&% m ,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc (,

;ViZ] BdjYVggZh! LVYV 6a 6a^]V ;^ 7Z^gji! &.,+! bZVhjgZh ('% m &'%Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc (-

(.

;ViZ] BdjYVgZh! Jci^iaZY! &.+.! d^a dc XVckVh! &%% m &%% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc )%

;ViZ] BdjYVgZh! Jci^iaZY! &.,)! b^mZY bZY^V dc XVckVh! ,% m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc )&

;ViZ] BdjYVggZh! Jci^iaZY! &.*.! X]VgXdVa$eZcX^a! (* m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc

;ViZ] BdjYVggZh! Jci^iaZY! &.*.! X]VgXdVa$eZcX^a! (* m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc

adlZg

adlZg

;ViZ] BdjYVggZh! Jci^iaZY &.*.! X]VgXdVa$eZcX^a! (* m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc

)'

;ViZ] BdjYVggZh! Jci^iaZY! &.*.! X]VgXdVa$eZcX^a! (* m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc

)(

EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc! Jci^iaZY! X# &.-%! d^a dc eVeZg! &%% m ,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ))

EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc! Jci^iaZY! c#Y! eVhiZa! ,% m *% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc )*

EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc! IgVcfj^a^in! &.-%! d^a dc XVckVh! ,% m &%% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc )+

EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc! ;Zhi^k^i^Zh! &.-+! d^a dc XVckVh! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ),

EVja <j^gV\dhh^Vc! Jci^iaZY! &..,! d^a dc XVckVh! .% m +% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc )-

GZbd 7^VcXd! Ig^Y^bZch^dcVaZ cd# &(! &.+%! X]^cV hj eda^bViZg^Xd! +% m ). m * Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ GZcVid B^hhV\a^V ).

GZbd 7^VcXd! 8daaV\Z cd#&-! &.,'! iZXc^XV b^hiV hj iZaV! ,) m ). Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *%

=jhhZ^c BVY^! Jci^iaZY! &..*! VXgna^X dc eVcZa! &(% m &*% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *&

GZbd 7^VcXd! 9^hZ\cd cd#-! &.**! iZXc^XV b^hiV hj XVgiV! ++ m )- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ GZcVid B^hhV\a^V *'

=jhhZ^c BVY^! Jci^iaZY! YViZY '%%,! 6Xgna^X dc WdVgY! &'% m &'%Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *(

=VbZY DlV^h! Jci^iaZY! '%%+! &)% m &*% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *)

<^ja^d IjgXVid! G^ÓZhh^! &.,%! d^a dc XVckVh! ,% m &%% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ BVgXd VcY =naYV BVgX]Zii^ ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] <VaaZg^V YÉ6giZ BVgX]Zii^! GdbZ! >iVan **

<^ja^d IjgXVid! ;adgZVa! &.,(",)! d^a dc XVckVh! )% m ,% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ BVgXd VcY =naYV BVgX]Zii^ >c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] <VaaZg^V YÉ6giZ BVgX]Zii^! GdbZ >iVan *+

6gZ[ GVnZhh! Jci^iaZY! &..,! VXgna^X dc eVcZa! +% m +% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *,

6gZ[ GVnZhh! Jci^iaZY! &..,! VXgna^X dc eVcZa! +% m +% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *-

6gZ[ GVnZhh! Jci^iaZY! X#&.+%! d^a dc eVcZa! &-) m &&' Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc *.

<^cd HZkZg^c^! 7VaaZg^cZ! &.*)! dg^\^cVa Xdadg a^i]d\gVe]! &) m &% ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ EVhfjVaZ >VccZii^ 6gi <VaaZgn! HVc ;gVcX^hXd! e^"\VaaZgn#Xdb +%

<^cd HZkZg^c^! HZcoV i^idad! A^i]d\gVe] .-$&)%! (& m '( Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc! GdbZ +&

<^cd HZkZg^c^! AV 9VchZjhZ! &.**! dg^\^cVa Xdadg a^i]d\gVe]! '' m &* ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ EVhfjVaZ >VccZii^ 6gi <VaaZgn! HVc ;gVcX^hXd! e^"\VaaZgn#Xdb +'

<^cd HZkZg^c^! 8dbbZY^V YZaaÉ6giZ! &.*-! dg^\^cVa Xdadg a^i]d\gVe]! '* m &. ,$- ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ EVhfjVaZ >VccZii^ 6gi <VaaZgn! HVc ;gVcX^hXd! e^"\VaaZgn#Xdb +(

HZ^[ LVcan! Bjh^X^Vch! *) m ))Xb d^a dc =VgYWdVgY! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc +)

HZ^[ LVcan! 9VchZjhZ 6hh^hZ! d^a dc lddY! j$Y! ,) m ,' Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc +*

HZ^[ LVcan! Jci^iaZY! &.*%! \djVX]Z dc XVgidc! (' m )- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc adlZg aZ[i

HZ^[ LVcan! Jci^iaZY! &.*%! \djVX]Z dc XVgidc! (' m )- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc HZ^[ LVcan! Jci^iaZY! &.*%! \djVX]Z dc XVgidc! (' m )- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc ++

adlZg g^\]i

HZ^[ LVcan! Jci^iaZY! &.*%! \djVX]Z dc XVgidc! (' m )- Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc! XdjgiZhn d[ Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc +,

CVhhZg Dk^hh^! Bdi]Zg VcY 8]^aY! &.+,! VXgna^X dc XVckVh (& m (- ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! \^[i d[ i]Z Vgi^hi! &.,' +-

CVhhZg Dk^hh^! EZgh^Vc DYVa^hfjZ! &.+-! d^a lVh] dc XVckVh '- m (+ ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! \^[i d[ 6WWZn LZZY <gZn +.

6aWZgid BV\cZaa^! 6ii^ijYZ igVcfj^aaZ! &.)*! d^a dc XVckVh! &%% m -' Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ <VaZg^Z AV]jb^ gZ ,%

<^ja^d IjgXVid! ;adgZVaZ! &.,%",&! d^a dc XVckVh! +% m -% Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ BVgXd VcY =naYV BVgX]Zii^ ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] <VaaZg^V YÉ6giZ BVgX]Zii^! GdbZ >iVan ,&

6aWZgid BV\cZaa^! :Xg^ijgZ c (! &.+*! d^a dc XVckVh! +* m -& Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ <VaaZg^V IZ\V ,'

;VgVbVgo E^aVgVb! BdhfjZh d[ >h[V]Vc 7 ! X# &.+'! ^c`! lViZgXdadg! \daY VcY h^akZg eV^ci dc eVeZg! )* m () ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! \^[i d[ 6WWZn LZZY <gZn ,(

;VgVbVgo E^aVgVb! K^aaV\Z BdhfjZ! &.+'! ^c` hZVah ! lViZgXdadg! h^akZg VcY \^ai dc eVeZg! '* m &. ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! \^[i d[ 6WWZn LZZY <gZn ,)

6aWZgid BV\cZaa^! :cXdgZ cdXiVbWjaZ! &.)+! d^a dc XVckVh! &%% m -& Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ <VaZg^Z AV]jb^ƒgZ ,*

;VgVbVgo E^aVgVb! 8dai )*! &.+-! d^a dc XVckVh! *( m (. ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! \^[i d[ 6WWZn LZZY <gZn ,+

GZbd 7^VcXd! 8daaV\Z cd#&-! &.,'! iZXc^XV b^hiV hj iZaV! ,) m ). Xb XdjgiZhn d[ GZcVid B^hhV\a^V ,,

EVgk^o IVcVkda^! EdZi VcY i]Z =dg^odciVa 7ZadkZY! &.+( WgdcoZ! &* m ') ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ <gZn 6gi <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^in 6gi 8daaZXi^dc! \^[i d[ 6WWZn LZZY <gZn ,-

,.

IVeZËg^Zh q ;^\jgVa B±^[h

6ci^fjZ EZgh^Vc IZmi^aZ! H^a` 7gdXVYZ l^i] H^akZg i]gZVYh! HV[Vk^ 9ncVhin! &*%&"&,'' 69 H^oZ '% m &' ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb

6ci^fjZ EZgh^Vc IZmi^aZ! H^a` 7gdXVYZ l^i] H^akZg i]gZVYh! HV[Vk^ 9ncVhin! &*%&"&,'' 69 H^oZ '% m &' ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb

adlZg

adlZg

KZaajid IV\a^Vid DeZgVid AVcX^Vid BdhV^Xd! ZcY d[ M>M XZcijgn! [VWg^X! +% m +& Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ =^hidg^XVa 6gX]^kZ d[ 6cX^Zci LZVk^c\ B^aa Aj^\^ 7Zk^aVXfjV -'

KZaajid HdegVg^ood d XZhZaaVid! hZXdcY fjVgiZg d[ MM XZcijgn! [VWg^X! ,. m +& Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ =^hidg^XVa 6gX]^kZ d[ 6cX^Zci LZVk^c\ B^aa Aj^\^ 7Zk^aVXfjV -(

aZ[i

aZ[i

6ci^fjZ >iVa^Vc IZmi^aZ! H^a` 8ji KZakZi &*i] id &-i] 8Zcijgn! ') m ') ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb

KZaajid IV\a^Vid DeZgVid AVcX^Vid! hZXdcY ]Va[ d[ MM XZcijgn! [VWg^X! -' m *. Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ =^hidg^XVa 6gX]^kZ d[ 6cX^Zci LZVk^c\ B^aa Aj^\^ 7Zk^aVXfjV

g^\]i

g^\]i

He^Z\Za V[iZg! Eg^hhZ YÉ6kZccZh! 6gVWZhfjZh/ ]de^iVa Yj Bdg^hiVc/ hXjaeijgZh YZ aV \gVcYZ edgiZ ^ciZg^XjgZ M>>>Z# H^ƒXaZ # AÉ6gi 6gVWZ YÉVegƒh aZh bdcjbZcih Yj @V^gZ YZej^h aZ K>>Z h^ƒXaZ _jhfjÉV aV Ă’c Yj MK>>>Z eVg Eg^hhZ YÉ6kZccZh# c#Y# 8dadg a^i]d\gVe]# 6gi 6gX]^iZXijgZ 8daaZXi^dc! B^g^Vb VcY >gV 9# LVaaVX]! 9^k^h^dc d[ 6gi! Eg^cih VcY E]did\gVe]h! I]Z CZl Ndg` EjWa^X A^WgVgn! 6hidg! AZcdm VcY I^aYZc ;djcYVi^dch -)

<j^aaVjbdi! 6j\jhiZ 6aZmVcYgZ V[iZg! :j\ZcZ ;aVcY^c# EZghZeda^h# Edgi^fjZ cd# &# IVjgXVj V iZiZ ]jbV^cZ! kj YZ egdÒa# KdnV\Z Zc EZghZ YZ bb# :j\ZcZ ;aVcY^c! eZ^cigZ! Zi EVhXVa 8dhiZ! VgX]^iZXiZ! Zcigeg^h eVg dgYgZ YZ b! aZ b^c^higZ YZh V[[V^gZh ZigVc\ZgZh! YÉVegZh aZh ^chigjXi^dch YgZhhZZh eVg aÉ>chi^iji# c#Y# E6$>>! ea# -' :iX]^c\#6h^Vc VcY B^YYaZ :VhiZgc 9^k^h^dc! I]Z CZl Ndg` EjWa^X A^WgVgn! 6hidg! AZcdm VcY I^aYZc ;djcYVi^dch

-*

IVeZËg^Zh q ;adgVa KZ\ZiVa B±^[h

KZakZi NVhi^`! DiidbVc! &+i] 8#! GjWZaa^ KZc^XZ! &., m +( Xb! GjWZaa^ =^hidg^XVa 8daaZXi^dc! KZc^XZ! XdjgiZhn d[ GjWZaa^ =^hidg^XVa 8daaZXi^dc --

6ci^fjZ Ijg`^h] IZmi^aZ! DiidbVc 8ji KZakZi l^i] h^akZg i]gZVY# DiidbVc 9ncVhin &)*("&.''6#9! )% m ', ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb -.

aZ[i

6ci^fjZ >iVa^Vc IZmi^aZ! >iVa^Vc Xji kZakZi# 6ci^fjZ Xji KZakZi l^i] <daY i]gZVY i]Z eViiZgc jc^i bZVhjgZh VWdji ,, m '- Xb B^Y &*i] 8Zcijgn! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZh6h6gi#Xdb XZciZg

6ci^fjZ Ijg`^h] IZmi^aZ# DiidbVc 8ji KZakZi l^i] h^akZg i]gZVY! DiidbVc 9ncVhin &)*("&.''6#9 8^gXV &**% H^oZ *& m ') ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb KZaajid IV\a^Vid DeZgVid! MK>> XZcijgn! [VWg^X! .% m *+ Xb 8djgiZhn d[ Bg# GdYda[d 7Zk^aVXfjVÉh Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc .%

g^\]i

BVg^Vcd ;dgijcn! 8diidc Eg^ci d[ :Vgan >iVa^Vc Xji KZakZi YZh^\c :Vgan &.%%Éh! *%Ç m '*Ç! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb .&

Bjh^X

aZ[i

I]Z <^Vci HVahVa! [gdb i]Z È@]VkVgcVbVÉ &+-+ kZaajb ! EZgh^Vc HX]dda! &,i] XZcijgn ! 7g^i^h] A^WgVgn! AdcYdc! J@! 7g^i^h] A^WgVgn 7dVgY# 6aa G^\]ih GZhZgkZY! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn g^\]i

6aaZ\dg^XVa Ò\jgZ d[ Bjh^X eaVn^c\ V ajiZ l^i] i]Z DaY IZhiVbZci Ò\jgZ d[ IjWVaXV^c WZadl hig^`^c\ Vc Vck^a l^i] ild ]VbbZgh! [gdb EVcZ\ng^X d[ 7gjo^d K^hXdci^ lg^iiZc Wn 7VgidadbZd YV 7dad\cV Y^ 7Vgida^ Ó#&(,) kZaajb ! >iVa^Vc HX]dda! &)i] XZcijgn ! BjhZZ 8dcYZ! 8]Vci^aan! ;gVcXZ! <^gVjYdc! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn deedh^iZ eV\Z

6 Bddg VcY V 8]g^hi^Vc eaVn^c\ i]Z ajiZ! b^c^VijgZ ^c V Wdd` d[ bjh^X [gdb i]Z È8Vci^\VhÉ d[ 6a[dchd M Èi]Z L^hZÉ &''&"-) kZaajb ! HeVc^h] HX]dda! &(i] XZcijgn ! BdcVhiZg^d YZ :a :hXdg^Va! :a :hXdg^Va! HeV^c! >cYZm! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn .)

.*

;^kZ 6c\Zah EaVn^c\ Bjh^XVa >chigjbZcih! aZ[i ]VcY eVcZa [gdb V ig^einX] [gdb i]Z 8]jgX] d[ HVciV BVg^V aV GZVa! CV_ZgV! X#&)-,".% d^a dc eVcZa ! BZba^c\! =Vch X#&)((".) ! @dc^c`a^_` BjhZjb kddg HX]dcZ @jchiZc! 6cilZge! 7Za\^jb! <^gVjYdc! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn .+

.,

8Vgid\gV¶^X 9dXjbZcih

=VgibVcc HX]ZYZa! 8dchiVci^cdeda^h! &).( CjgZbWZg\! =VcY XdadgZY! '& m . ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb jeeZg g^\]i

=VgibVcc HX]ZYZa! ;adgZcX^V! &).( CjgZbWZg\! =VcY XdadgZY! '& m . ^c 8djgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb

=VgibVcc HX]ZYZa! GdbV! ).( CjgZbWZg\! =VcY XdadgZY! '& m . ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb

adlZg g^\]i

g^\]i

<Zdg\ 7gVjc! 9VbVhXjh! jgWh cdW^a^hh^bV VY A^WVcjb bdciZb Idi^jh Hng^VZ BZigdeda^h/! &*-- 8dad\cZ! ]VcY XdadgZY! &) m &' ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb &%%

=VibVcc HX]ZYZa! 9ZhigjXX^d >]Zgdhda^bZ! &).( CjgZbWZg\! ]VcY XdadgZY! '& m &* ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb &%&

jeeZg aZ[i

;gZYZg^X` 9Z L^i! Cdk^hh^bV Zi 6XXjgVi^hh^bV idi^jh >iVa^VZ 8dgh^XVZ Zi HVgY^c^VZ 9ZhXg^ei^d### &+-% 6bhiZgYVb! =VcY XdadgZY! '' m &. ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb adlZg aZ[i 8dgcZa^h 9Z ?dYZ! CVida^Vb BdYZgc^ Y^Xjci iVb eVgiZb fjVb 6h^Vb b^cgZb VeeZaVjZgZ kZiZgZh½ IjgX^V IjgX^ 8^kZ >beZg^^ Ph]dlh 8negjhR! &*.( 6cilZge! '% m &* ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb

jeeZg aZ[i

;gZYZg^X` 9Z L^i! CdkV EZgh^VZ 6gbZc^VZ CVida^VZ Zi 6gVW^Z Ph]dlh 8negjhR! &+-%! 6bhiZgYVb! ]VcYXdadgZY! '' m &. ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb adlZg aZ[i

=Zcg^ GV^\cVjaY! BVg\Vi! &+'. EVg^h! ]VcY XdadgZY! &% m - ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb

g^\]i

7jn YZ BdgcVh! JhV\Zh! HX^ZcXZh! 6gih Zi BdcjbZcih YZ AÉ:\neiZ PAdlZg C^aZ 9ZaiVR! &,*+ EVg^h! ]VcY XdadgZY! ') m &) ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb &%'

g^\]i

?d]c IVaa^h! DkZgaVcY GdjiZ Id >cY^V! &-*&! AdcYdc! ]VcY XdadgZY! &( m . ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb &%(

6gX]­Z¥jgZ

jeeZg

9ZiV^a d[ bdhV^X YZXdgVi^dc dc i]Z IgZVhjgn! &(i]$&)i] XZcijgn gZhidgVi^dc d[ dg^\^cVa ZVgan 6WWVh^Y -i] XZcijgn Wj^aY^c\ e]did JbVnnVY BdhfjZ! 9VbVhXjh! Hng^V! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn adlZg

6 XdjginVgY! 6a =dh]! ^c i]Z ]djhZ d[ H]^Z`] HVYVi! 8V^gd! &-,( l$X dc eVeZg Wn ;gVc` 9^aadc &-'("&.%. ! Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc$! I]Z HiVeaZidc 8daaZXi^dc! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn &%+

jeeZg

I]Z dm hnbWda d[ Hi# Aj`Z! [gdb i]Z eZcYZci^kZ d[ i]Z X]d^g YdbZ bdhV^X YZiV^a Wn KZcZid"7noVci^cZ HX]dda! HVc BVgXd! KZc^XZ! >iVan! 8VbZgVe]did 6giZ KZcZo^V! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

jeeZg

adlZg

adlZg

9ZiV^a d[ V \VaaZgn VgX]! [gdb i]Z 8djgi d[ i]Z A^dch hijXXd Wn >haVb^X HX]dda &)i] XZcijgn EVaVXZ d[ i]Z 6a]VbWgV! <gVcVYV! HeV^c AVjgdh! <^gVjYdc! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

8Ve^iVa XVgkZY l^i] VXVci]jh aZVkZh! [gdb i]Z cdgi]"lZhi edgX] d[ i]Z 7Vh^a^XV hidcZ ! HVc BVgXd! KZc^XZ! >iVan! HVgV] Fj^aa! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn 8dajbc XVe^iVa! [gdb i]Z bV^c XdjginVgY! Wj^ai Wn i]Z HVVY^Vch ^c &*+* XZYVglddY VcY hijXXd ldg` Wn BdgdXXVc HX]dda! &+i] XZcijgn 6a^ WZc NdjhhZ[ BZYZghV! BVggV`Zh]! BdgdXXd! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

jeeZg

LZhiZgc >beZg^Va GdbVc BVgWaZ AZhhZcV e^aVhiZg XVe^iVa ^c i]Z 8dg^ci]^Vc dgYZg! =VYg^Vc^X dg 6cidc^cZ ZgV! 'cY XZcijgn 69! bVgWaZ! (, m *+ m &% Xb 8djgiZhn d[ 6ci^fjVg^b! AiY# ;^cZ 6cX^Zci 6gih <VaaZgn adlZg

I]Z 8dajbc d[ 6Xg^! ^c i]Z HVc BVgXd E^VooZiiV! KZc^XZ! >haVb^X"7noVci^cZ! E]did 8gZY^i/ ;gVcXZhXd Ijg^d 7d]b! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn &%,

;VXVYZ d[ =diZa G^hidgVciZ K^aaV 8gZhe^! AV\d YÉDgiV! &.i] XZcijgn e]did E^ZYbdci! >iVan! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn &%.

:Vgan E]±d\gV¶n

Egd[Zhh^dcVa e]did\gVe]Zg HVWdjc\^! <Zdg\Zh BVc aZVc^c\ dc WVajhigVYZ! AZWVcdc 7Z^gji! &-.%"&.%%! 8daaZXi^dc HjghdX`! NkdccZ Â?6gVW >bV\Z ;djcYVi^dc jeeZg g^\]i

Egd[Zhh^dcVa e]did\gVe]Zg HVWdjc\^ <# @g^`dg^Vc <# 9g# 6b^g HV^Y Za CVhgZYY^cZ! AZWVcdc 7Z^gji! &--%"&.%%! 8daaZXi^dc IVcdj`]^cZ! CVhgZYY^cZ Za Â? 6gVW >bV\Z ;djcYVi^dc adlZg g^\]i :WgV]^b AV]^_^# I]Z e^XijgZ lVh iV`Zc Wn i]Z [Vbdjh 6cid^cZ HZkgj\Z^cZ! &.i] XZcijgn EZgh^Vc e]did! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb &&'

Egd[Zhh^dcVa e]did\gVe]Zg HVWdjc\^! <Zdg\Zh HijY^d edgigV^i! AZWVcdc 7Z^gji! &-.%"&.%%! 8daaZXi^dc CVXXVX]Z! BVgXZaaZ Â?6gVW >bV\Z ;djcYVi^dc jeeZg g^\]i

Egd[Zhh^dcVa e]did\gVe]Zg 7dg\^dii^! 6! :\nei 6aZmVcYg^V! 8daaZXi^dc GVX]^Y! >hbV^a! Â?6gVW >bV\Z ;djcYVi^dc adlZg g^\]i

HVgYVg 7V`]i^nVg^! EZgh^Vc e]did! IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb &&(

<VaViV 7g^Y\Z dkZg i]Z <daYZc =dgc! >hiVcWja! X#&-.%! Wn HZWV] ?dV^aa^Zg Ă“#&---"&.*% ! Â?Eg^kViZ 8daaZXi^dc! I]Z HiVeaZidc 8daaZXi^dc! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

HdaY^Zgh! jcYZg i]Z XdbbVcY d[ <ZcZgVa 7VkV 7ZXXVg^h! ^c [gdci d[ i]Z 8Vi]ZYgVa! Yjg^c\ i]Z g^dih ^c B^aVc! +i]".i] BVn &-.- e]did Wn >iVa^Vc HX]dda &.i] XZcijgn Â?BjhZd Y^ Hidg^V YZaaV ;did\gVĂ’V ;gViZaa^ 6a^cVg^! ;adgZcXZ! 6a^cVg^! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn

adlZg

adlZg

EVcdgVb^X K^Zl d[ i]Z G^kV YZ\a^ HX]^Vkdc^ add`^c\ idlVgYh i]Z <^VgY^c^ EjWWa^X^ W$l e]did Â?8daaZo^dcZ CVnV"7d]b! KZc^XZ! >iVan! I]Z 7g^Y\ZbVc 6gi A^WgVgn &&)

6cdcnbdjh e]did\gVe]Zg! 8daaZ\Z YZh HdZjgh YZ HV^ci"?dhZe] YZ aÉ6eeVg^i^dc! AZWVcdc! &.(%"&.(.! 8daaZXi^dc @Vhh^g! =Zcgn! �6gVW >bV\Z ;djcYVi^dc &&*

8dkZg

6aZm^h =jWZgi ?V^aadi! :hiVh 9Z AÉ:begZ 9j <gVcY HZ^\cZjZ 9Zh IjgXh :c :jgdeZ! :c 6h^Z! Zi :c 6[g^fjZ Y^k^hZ Zc idjiZh hZ 7Z\aZgWZ\a^X! djg <djkZgcZbZcih0 dj hdci Vjhh^ gZbVgfjZhi aZh :hiViZh fj^ hdci Ig^WjiVg^Zh½! &+,* EVg^h! =VcY XdadgZY! (* m '' ^c# >ch^YZ XdkZg

6ci^fjZ EZgh^Vc IZmi^aZ! H^a` 7gdXVYZ l^i] H^akZg i]gZVYh! HV[Vk^ 9ncVhin! &*%&"&,'' 69 H^oZ '% m &' ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ IZmi^aZ6h6gi#Xdb 7VX` XdkZg

;gZYZg^X` 9Z L^i! CdkV EZgh^VZ 6gbZc^VZ CVida^VZ Zi 6gVW^Z Ph]dlh 8negjhR! &+-%! 6bhiZgYVb! ]VcYXdadgZY! '' m &. ^c! XdjgiZhn d[ 7Vggn AVlZgZcXZ GjYZgbVc 6ci^fjZ BVeh! lll#GVgZBVeh#Xdb >ch^YZ WVX` XdkZg

KZaajid HdegVg^ood d XZhZaaVid! hZXdcY fjVgiZg d[ MM XZcijgn! [VWg^X! ,. m +& Xb! XdjgiZhn d[ =^hidg^XVa 6gX]^kZ d[ 6cX^Zci LZVk^c\ B^aa Aj^\^ 7Zk^aVXfjV

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.