Oceanarium, Puthu Vypin

Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin

OCEANARIUM IN PUTHU VYPIN

BY ARYA RAKESH CAT16AR31 Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture at College of Architecture Trivandrum.

Under the guidance of

Prof. Anand D K

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AUGUST 2021.

C.A.T COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM Mulayara P.O, Thiruvananthapuram.

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OCEANARIUM IN PUTHU VYPIN,SPACE FRAME,PUTHU VYPIN

Submitted by

Arya Rakesh CAT16AR31

Under the guidance of

Prof. Anand DK

B. ARCH. THESIS August 2021

C.A.T COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM Mulayara P.O, Thiruvananthapuram This thesis is the property of the institution and the author and shall not be reproduced without prior permission.

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© 2021 Arya Rakesh. All rights reserved. © 2021 College of Architecture Trivandrum. All rights reserved.

The author hereby grants to C.A.T, permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.

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C.A.T COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM Mulayara P.O, Thiruvananthapuram.

Arya Rakesh B.Arch. Thesis 2021 Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin

APPROVAL The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as B.Arch. Thesis, a prerequisite to the B.Arch. Degree program, for which it has been submitted.

It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusions drawn therein, but approve the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies as to the requirement laid down in the academic programme.

Thesis Guide

Thesis Committee Chairperson

Head of the Department

Ar. Anand D K

Ar. Neena Thomas

Ar. Bijey Narayan

Designation

Professor

Professor

Date:

Date:

Date:

Internal Examiner Date:

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External Examiner Date:

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CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Miss ARYA RAKESH has worked under my supervision on ‘Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin’ towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture of APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY. This is her original work and can be submitted as a B.Arch. Thesis report.

Thiruvananthapuram

Ar. Anand D K

August 2021

Designation Prof.

Signature:

Date:13.08.2021

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DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Thesis titled “Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin” was carried out by me during the year 2021 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture of APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY. This Thesis is my own effort and has not been submitted to any other University.

Thiruvananthapuram

ARYA RAKESH

August 2021 Signature: Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me great pleasure and satisfaction in submitting this thesis report on “Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin”. In the endeavour of preparing this thesis report, many people gave me a helping hand. So, it becomes my duty to express my regards to them.

On the outset of this thesis, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude Mr. Jayakumar, the principal, who gave me the opportunity to work on this topic and made me present my views on the topic through the paper.

I would like to express my special gratitude to my guide, Ar, Anand DK, as he has been continuously helping me put these ideas into something concrete, far above the level of simplicity.

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OCEANARIUM IN PUTHU VYPIN

BY ARYA RAKESH

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE AT COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM.

ABSTRACT

Keywords: oceanarium,marine species

Oceans are the most significant feature of earth. Approx. 70% of the surface is covered with water. These oceans are home for numerous living species. A large portion of earth’s biodiversity is living in the oceans. It contains the largest animals to have lived on earth. Humans are unaware of the marine life and threat they are facing.

Climate change is a major factor affecting the environment in various ways. The lack of awareness about the marine environment, pollution of water bodies, uncontrollable human activities should be addressed and marine parks and oceanarium etc. offers a helping hand in that. It is important for the people especially the future generations the importance of conserving.

Kerala, popularly known as “Gods own country” officially declared Kerala as an industry in 1986. Kerala offers a wide variety of tourism and most of them are natural/cultural based. Govt. of Kerala is in an effort to promote tourism and awareness about Marine environment proposed projects about marine life and bio-diversity.

THESIS GUIDE: AR. ANAND DK DESIGNATION: PROF.

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CONTENTS OCEANARIUM IN PUTHU VYPIN

1

OCEANARIUM IN PUTHU VYPIN,SPACE FRAME,PUTHU VYPIN

2

1.1

Introduction

11

1.2

Aim

11

1.3

Objective

11

1.4

Need of Study

11

1.5 Scope

12

4.1 Secondary case studies

34

4.2

42

Primary case studies

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Oceans are the most significant feature of earth. Approx. 70% of the surface is covered with water. These oceans are home for numerous living species. A large portion of earth’s biodiversity is living in the oceans. It contains the largest animals to have lived on earth. Humans are unaware of the marine life and threat they are facing.

Climate change is a major factor affecting the environment in various ways. The lack of awareness about the marine environment, pollution of water bodies, uncontrollable human activities should be addressed and marine parks and oceanarium etc. offers a helping hand in that. It is important for the people especially the future generations the importance of conserving.

Kerala, popularly known as “Gods own country” officially declared Kerala as an industry in 1986. Kerala offers a wide variety of tourism and most of them are natural/cultural based. Govt. of Kerala is in an effort to promote tourism and awareness about Marine environment proposed projects about marine life and bio-diversity.

1.2 Aim To design an oceanarium for promoting recreational and tourism activities in Kochi by infusing education and awareness programme.

1.3 Objective  To exhibit, maintain, and propagate a general collection of aquatic life  To educate the impact of problems faced by the marine life and to give awareness of conservation techniques to public through video or film presentation etc.  To provide research facilities dedicated to preserve the marine life and  To provide entertainment and recreational facilities.

1.4 Need of Study The purpose of the Oceanarium is to provide an active ecological education facility for India. The Aquarium centre will accomplish active education in the following ways:   

First, through the display of large numbers of interacting species of aquatic life in tanks immense enough that natural habitats, ecological processes, and natural group behaviour of these species may be observed in a surrealistic manner.

Second, with the creation of an environment that both allows and encourages visitor

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



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participation within the aquatic centre through visual, audible, and emotional involvement.

Third, by providing the recreational aspect of viewing exhibits and displays of aquatic life processes through logical uni-directional circulation patterns.

Fourth, by emphasizing the association with water as an ecological, life giving, and renewable resource rather than simply a display media. This means that the public will be encouraged to recognize display facilities beneficial interacting ecological processes.

Conclusively, the new Aquarium will demonstrate that the abundance of life on the earth is highly dependent on the proper conservation of water and its natural resources.

1.5 Scope India has the biggest coastline in the world. But the people living in it doesn’t have a proper knowledge about it.Oceanarium creates awareness about vast ocean and it its potentials.

It creates job opportunities and help in bringing common people more involved with marine life 1.6 Methodology

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY 2.1 Oceanarium Building Typology: Institutional,Assembly Classification: Design based (Govt. proposed) An oceanarium can be a marine mammal park as well as a large scale aquarium presently on ocean habitat with marine life. An aquarium simulates a water habitat; for instance a river, sea or lake but only the submerged area of the natural habitats. “Establishment where collection of living aquatic plants and animals are exhibited or studied”.

Oceanarium, saltwater aquarium for displaying marine animals and plants, particularly oceanic, or pelagic, fishes and mammals. It serves as a centre for public entertainment and education and scientific study. Most oceanariums are located in coastal areas.

The world’s first large oceanarium, now known as Marine land, was completed in 1938 near St. Augustine, Fla., U.S The current biggest oceanarium in the world is the Chimelong Ocean Kingdom with its seven salt and fresh water aquariums, totalling 12.87 million gallons.

2.2 Oceanarium vs Aquarium

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Oceanarium is comparatively a better option in every aspect to meet the growing demands of the level of amusement that people expect from such facilities and also at the same time it facilitates to educate the viewers.

2.3 Zones of Aquarium:  ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES  EDUCATION FACILITIES  FUN AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES  RESEARCH AND LABORATORIES 2.3.1 ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES

An “underwater aquarium” is the primary factor of an oceanarium.

AN UNDERWATER AQUARIUM   

An underwater aquarium is not an ordinary aquarium but it provides its visitors with a unique and fascinating environment.

An underwater aquarium contain large coral and reef tank, many acrylic tank like sea life, variety of fishes, reptile, amphibians, and sea plant.

It also includes a long acrylic tunnel so the visitors can see the marine world very closely

ACRYLIC TUNNEL    

The acrylic tunnel will be a nearly 100m long path.

Acrylic tunnel should be made of a semi-circular acrylic through which the visitors can see the marine lives very closely The acrylic tunnel will be 4 m high and 2m wide.

Acrylic tunnel half path way can have a conveyor belt so that the visitors move around particularly desirable slow speed.

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS    



The sidewalls are made up of concrete, nearly 3 feet high. The AC ducts are fixed on the side walls.

The tunnel is made out of semi-circular acrylic glass, a special kind of glass mostly used for display tanks and tunnel nowadays.

The glasses heated at a certain temperature and is curved as required. These panels are then fixed over the concrete wall with the help of clamps and sealant glues.

Each acrylic panel is about 1m in length and is joined with the help of of a special marine sealant, or are welded together, or joined with a metal strip tightened by nuts and bolts.

The thickness of the glass depends upon the quantify of the tank and therefore the water handrails are provided at both ends for safety and luxury.

AQUARIUM DISPLAYS

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  

Aquarium display in ocean contain fishes, reptile, invertebrates and amphibians and many wide variety of species.

Aquarium display is arranged with different size and form that adds interest to the visitors. Aquariums display is designed with new methods and techniques.

Also the circulation area for the visitors is such as long as it doesn’t follow the same route or straight line ,but the interest to manoeuvre around is enhanced with curved pathways and ranging widths of the corridor .This not only breaks the continuity but also saves the visitors from following an equivalent route .

The aquarium display have the following galleries: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Coral Reef Tank Ocean Tank Touch Pool Seashell Display Fossil Library Invertebrate’s section An Undersea garden VR Experience

1. Coral Reef Tank  A coral or reef tank is an oceanarium that prominently displays live corals and other marine invertebrates as well as fish that play a role in maintaining the tropical coral reef environment.  Beautiful golden and diamond travel lies, tarpon, squirrelfish and rainbow runners can be seen. There are also lots of smaller fishes, which orbits the impressive central rockwork.

2. Touch Pool  Touch pool means the visitors can physically touch the harmless marine species with their bare hands, touch and stroke the banded-bamboo sharks and feel their rough textured skin as they glide past one ‘skin.  Blue-spotted stingrays, turtles, nodular sea stars, banded-bamboo sharks and porcupine puffers, all harmless creatures.  All the harmless creatures are keeping in normal pool with desirable temperatures. 

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3. Seashell Display  Showcases more than 100 species of seashells from all over the world, in all sizes, shapes and shades, this gallery also consists of large shell models to add interest and variety.

4. Fossil Library  The remains or impression of pre historic plants and animals embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form.  This gallery is made to discover the fossils, with its interesting documentation and informative, the fossil library provides with an educational environment.

5. Invertebrate’s section  Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.  Specially built tanks for peculiar tiny sea creature.

6. An undersea Garden  Undersea consist of many sea colour, coral and reef and coral fishes. It will have a central coral reef tank with a corridor around it for the visitors to move around.

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7. VR Experience VR can bring the real world to the virtual, and is in the process to revolutionize aquariums. It provides a unique perspective on how sharks and other marine animals move through water.

2.3.2 EDUCATION FACILITIES The oceanarium also provides the visitors with the educational facilities including entertainment and knowledge about the underwater world. In addition to formal education, informal education for visitors seems a major mission especially to enhance environment awareness, encouraging people to adopt environmentally responsive behaviour.

The following educational facilities are generally provided: 1.

2.

3.

4.

An Aqua Museum The Fishing History The Fishing Object Exhibition Area Discovery Lab

1. An Aqua Museum  A museum that is based on marine life providing an entertainment and educational facilities to the visitors.  An aqua museum containing fishes, crabs, reptiles, amphibians, seaweed and sea plants etc.  The museum has a display of unusual and not so common marine animals and some interesting features about them, like sea horse, sea dragons, octopus etc.  It gives a full informative knowledge about the marine life and how it is conserved and utilized.

2. The Fishing History  The fishing history department has fishing information on the evolution of the fishing and techniques.  It gives information on various marine life and fishes found earlier.

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3. The Fishing Objects  The fishing department has the fishing information and guidelines about fishery  Information about the people who goes for fishing, how fishing should be carried out and what object, material,clothing and even what kind of food is given to the particular species of fishes to net them.

4. The Discovery Lab  From the discovery lab, visitors, students and oceanographers get information about the behaviour of different sea animals and fishes and even get to touch and feel them.  Research lab is open for students and oceanographers, small part of lab for visitors who wants to see the lab.

2.3.3 FUN AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 1. Turtle Pond 2. Crocodile Pond 3. Marine Mammal Pool

1. Turtle Pool Visitors can see turtles very closely. Turtle is a very humble and shy animals .They come out of water for air and food. Visitors can see turtles in their natural habitat and take photographs.

The pond is placed inside the institution. The turtle pond is filled with sand, rock, pebbles, seaweed, plants and corals so the turtles move around freely.

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Crocodile Pond visitors can see the crocodiles closely. Sea crocodile is a very wild and aggressive animal. They come out of water for air, maintaining their body temperature and hunting. Visitors can see sea crocodiles in their natural habitat and take photographs.

The pond is placed inside the institution. The sea crocodile pond is filled with sand, rock, pebbles and plants so the turtles move around freely.

3. Marine mammal Pool Oceanarium and some of the large scale aquarium train Bottle Neck Dolphin, Beluga whale and Orca or Killer Whales. 

o o o o o o o o o o



o o o o o o

Bottle Neck Dolphins: Very social and playful mammals, bottlenose dolphins form friendships that last decades hunting, mating and protecting each other. They like to surf in the waves and wakes of boats and swim through self-made bubble rings.

Scientific name: Tursiops Higher classification: Oceanic dolphins Mass: Common bottlenose dolphin: 150 – 650 kg Length: Common bottlenose dolphin: 2 – 4 m, Burrunan dolphin: 2.3 – 2.8 m, IndoPacific bottlenose dolphin: 2.6 m Gestation period: Common bottlenose dolphin: 12 months, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin: 12 months Diet: Carnivore Group Name: Pod Average Lifespan: 45 to 50 years Size: 10 to 14 feet Weight: 1,100 pounds

Beluga Whale: Belugas are extremely sociable mammals that live, hunt and migrate together in pods, ranging from a few individuals to hundreds of whales. Their bulbous forehead, called a "melon”, is flexible and capable of changing shape.

Lifespan: 35 – 50 years Mass: 1,400 kg (Adult) Length: 4.2 m (Adult) Scientific name: Delphinapterus leucas Trophic level: Carnivorous Gestation period: 14 – 15 months

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

o o o o o o

 

Orca /Killer Whales: Orcas (also known as killer whales) are marine mammals. They belong to the sub-order of toothed whales but are also the largest member of the dolphin family.

Speed: 56 km/h (Maximum, Swimming) Scientific name: Orcinus orca Trophic level: Carnivorous Lifespan: Female: 29 years (In captivity), Male: 17 years (In captivity) Mass: Male: 3,600 – 5,400 kg (Adult), Female: 1,400 – 2,700 kg (Adult) Length: Male: 6 – 8 m, Female: 5 – 7 m

Capacity of the mammal shows has to be more than 100 people at a time. Different dolphin carried out at different time.

Dolphin pool is of two kind, one is a performers pool and second is smaller pool in where dolphins actually live but it is not visible from outside, both of the pools are connected and are divided by a gate or shutter.

2.3.4 RESEARCH AND SERVICE FACILITIES The project oceanarium also covers the research side. An oceanarium doesn’t have very big research centres of its own but has proper services administrative sections to completely understand and conserve the marine life.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Quarantine Areas Research and Laboratories Service Floor Water Container and Pump System

1. Quarantine Areas  These are the areas where the marine animals are kept right after they are brought.

An environment is given to the animals to adjust to the type of water used in the aquarium for the displays.

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



The animals are kept in these quarantine areas until they adapt to the living and feeding habits. If fishes suffer from any diseases then they are taken the quarantine room. These are further divided into several areas and variety of other large and tiny tanks are kept here so that the varied species are taken care of differently and if water in one quarantine tank becomes poisonous, then it won’t spread and it will be contained only in that tank not affecting other species.

If a fish is dead, it is taken to the quarantine area where there is a morgue. The are kept in the morgue so as to send the fish to the lab to find out what is the cause of the death.

2. Research and Laboratories Research occurs within the field and it is carried out in partnership or independently.

Research: Husbandry, life cycles, reproduction, behaviour, autecology and fish pathology.

Research with collaboration with universities and research centres increase the research potential in scientific discipline such as ecology, genetics, physiology and biochemistry.

At the aquarium, research is ongoing in the aquarium labs and with the display of marine animals, can be carried out by graduates and staffs.

It will comprise of the subsequent labs:     

General labs(chemistry, biology) Wet lab Primary productive labs Geological acoustic survey room Electronic tab

3. Service Floor To market basic research altogether fields of the aquatic environment and supply comprehensive and technical support to the general public on all aspects of the marine and water environment.

The mission of the aquarium service floor is to conserve aquatic life through display and interpretation, education research and protect. Aquarium staff and volunteers are involved within the creation of marine protected area, wetlands re

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2.4 Classification of Aquatic Life The aquatic biome can be broken down into two basic regions, freshwater (i.e., ponds and rivers) and marine (i.e., oceans and estuaries), and there is an intermediary category of brackish water.

2.4.1 Freshwater Regions The freshwater region includes inland bodies of water called ponds, lakes, wetlands, rivers and streams. Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration—usually less than 1%. Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e. ocean). Freshwater regions are also categorized as tropical and cold climate. It can be further subdivided into two categories 2.4.1.1 Coldwater Coldwater fish are fish such as goldfish, koi, and other members of the carp family that are able to survive in cold water temperatures.

2.4.1.2 Tropical Tropical species include Bichirs and reedfish, Catfish, Cichlids, Cyprinids, Gobies, Killifish, Labyrinth fish, Loaches and related cypriniformes, Neotropical electric fish, Puffer fish, Rainbow fish, Spiny eels, Sunfish etc.

2.4.2 Saltwater Regions Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth‘s surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. They have salt concentration of ~3%. Marine algae supply much of the world‘s oxygen supply and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for the land.

Saltwater includes species of Angelfish, Anthias, Batfish, Blennies, Boxfish and blowfish, Cardinal fish, Clownfish, Dart fish, Dragonets, Eels, Flatfish, Frogfish, Lionfish, Parrotfish, Pseudochromis, Rabbit fish, Rays, Scorpion fish, Seahorse, Squirrelfish, Sharks, whales, Snappers, Triggerfish etc.

2.4.3 Brackish water or briny water Water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.

2.5 Types of Aquarium Tanks

2.5.1 TANKS WITH DIORAMIC BACKGROUND The word dioramic means with scenery. A dry diorama i.e. a lighted scene is created behind the wet tank. The light also is carefully selected to avoid the noticeable transition from wet COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM

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tank to the dry tank diorama. It is usually noted that when tanks are decorated with corals, it becomes difficult to clean the corals regularly. Without regular cleaning the corals tend to grow algae on them giving them a dirty look.

2.5.2 OCEAN SHORE TANK This is a tank that replicates the ocean shore, complete with sand, waves and the shoe animal life. Wave machines are utilized here to produce waves so as to create a natural effect.

2.5.3 GIANT OCEAN TANK It is generally a free standing cylindrical tank, 50 feet in diameter and around four stories high with all windows all the way up and down. It has a depth of 25 feet of water. In this 20,000 gallons of salt water live sharks, sea turtles, stingray, moray eels and other marine animals.

The giant ocean tank is a large basket of glass and concrete. Compression rings to support the outward pressure of 22 feet of water tie down its precast concrete columns together. The glass windows surrounding the sand are 54 inches wide and 74 inches high. At the bottom of the tank where the pressure on each panel approximates to 15 tonnes, the glass is 3 1/2 inches thick and is made of four laminations. Glass fibre piping is used for the piping purpose to meet the enormous pressure of water. The circulation of this tank contains 200,000 gallons of water. The sand is piled up into a slope, then the rocks are buried deep into the slope of the piled up sand, then the rocks hold the bank in its place and prevent it from collapsing. Rocks or the compositions of rocks are used as a focal point for the fishes to rest. However a number of such elements should be avoided, as shy fishes prefer to go and hide behind them thus deterring their view.

2.5.4 SHARK CHANNEL OR TUNNEL The shark tunnel or channel should be torroidal in shape or circular ended to allow for the large turning radius of the sharks. The minimum width should be 24 ft. and a depth of 7 ft.

2.5.5 CORAL REEF TANK These tanks represent the tidal zone of the oceans. They can go higher to depict the mid and the bottom zone. Though the coral reef tank can be constructed fully in glass the technical and the constructional aspect need to be detailed out precisely. A full glass coral tank requires specific maintenance. To avoid this, R.C.C. tanks can be used such that it is punctured at different levels thus providing the view of the different strata of the coral reefs.

The coral tank is designed so as to give the visitors a feeling of being in water and

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observing closely the corals without the slightest fear of the above mentioned dangers. A tunnel could be created so as to enable the visitors to have a deeper look at the coral formations. Minimum depth required in the tank is 15ft. (4.5mts).

Conditions required for coral development: 1. Corals are confined to clear water less than 4000ft (122Mts) deep in nature.

2. The temperature should not go below 65 degrees F. (18 degrees C).

3. The water should have abundance of plankton to provide a food supply for the corals.

2.6 Aquarium tank shapes The aquarium display tanks can have different shapes according to the requirements: 2.6.1 RECTANGULAR BLOCK TANKS: These types of tanks are suitable for small fishes or invertebrates living in shoals and measuring 0.3 to 0.8m. In length the size of the tank depends on the number of exhibits to be displayed in it. Usually for proper maintenance, tank capacity is restricted to 1500 to 2000 gallons (6750 to 9000 litres).

Advantages: Since the form of the tank is rigid it can be grouped to form a row; this type of layout is economical and saves on space. Tank with a height of 0.6m needs to be arranged by the height of the visitors looking at the centre of the tank. Larger heights must have a proper viewing window distance maintained from the viewing tank.

Disadvantage: Since the arrangement is in a single row it tends to be repetitive and monotonous and hence lead to museum fatigue.

Figure 1 Rectangular block tank

2.6.2 SLOPING SIDEWALL TANKS: In these tanks the sidewalls are tilted to an angle, the maximum being 45 degrees so as to COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM

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avoid the fishes from going out of the vision of the viewers.

Advantages: Due to the angle of the sidewalls feeling of spaciousness is created as the walls go out of the visual field of man. This sort of an arrangement facilitates better viewing. In all glass construction, side of the tank should be limited to the glass size, fabricated to the required specification.

Fibreglass can be used in such cases. It is completely inert, light, readily altered, drilled and can resist water pressure to a certain limit larger size tanks are possible with the help of concrete for large size species.

Disadvantage: The main disadvantage is that the spacing of these tanks needs some considerations if it is to be made economical. Also the total volume of the tank is restricted to 2000 gallons.

Figure 2 Sloping side wall

2.6.3 ROUNDED SIDE TANKS: In this case the sides are rounded to prevent the aquarium from looking like concrete tanks with rigid forms. They help often to break the monotony. These are helpful especially for the sharks that are incapable of sharp or abrupt turns.

Figure 3 Round side tanks

2.6.4 OCEANARIUM TANKS: Fishes, when swimming, tend to go in circles, especially fish of large size like the sharks and dolphins. Thus the tank can be circular, oval or doughnut shaped as shown earlier.

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2.7 Construction Material for tank Ideal tanks are those that are least costly, light in weight, readily altered or moved, inert in the seawater, with hard and smooth materials among other things. Though there are many materials available for tank construction, no currently available materials from which tanks may be produced have quite all the foregoing desirable features. The different construction materials are as follows: 2.7.1 FIBERGLASS: For small tanks containing about 2000 gallons of water fibreglass or plastic, impregnated plywood seems to be a good choice. Fibreglass is completely inert, light weight and can be readily altered or diluted fibreglass is probably the most practical supporting material for all but the largest tanks since it is lightweight, strong, does not deteriorate and can be easily fabricated into any shape. Adhesives for sealing the tank include epoxy resins, polyvinyl chloride, silicone rubber and neoprene.

2.7.2 GLASS: Sheets of polished plate glass up to 6m in length can be used. As a thumb rule ¼ inches or 6mm. Thickness of the glass for 12 inches or 30 cm of depth could be allowed.

Therefore water that is 24 inches deeper requires ½ inches thick glass and 36 inches deep requires ¾ inches thick glass. For an extra safety margin ½ inches should be increased.

2.7.3 Acrylic: Acrylic is the very versatile, can be shaped into dome, and can be shaped into dome and cylindrical sections. Dome windows that project into the tank can provide an intimate fish eye view of the aquarium. Cylindrical tanks can provide attractive features, particularly effective when housing shoaling fish; tunnel forms also, provide a unique underwater experience.

Acrylic can be separated but is a good insulator to cope with temperature differences that would otherwise promote considerations. Acrylic can be assembled with millions, sealant joints or with bonded joints. The latter can create an almost invisible joint, but due to lack of structural mullions would require the panels to be designed to a higher degree of safety. Panel sizes range from window panels 24ft long x 8ft high and 8 inches thick to tunnels 65ft long 5ft radius.

2.8 Water Systems

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There are three basic types of water systems: open, closed and semi-closed.

2.8.1 OPEN WATER SYSTEMS: In open systems the water flows through the aquarium once and is discarded. This provides water quality comparable to that of the natural environment and there is no build-up of toxic metabolic wastes; however, temperature control and pumping are usually costly and filtration often is necessary. Hence an open system is not preferred.

Figure 4 Open water system

2.8.2 SEMI-CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS: Semi closed are the same as closed systems except that there is a constant connection to the water supply and the problem of dissolved wastes is controlled by the regular addition of new water; this system is more economical than the open type in terms of temperature control and pumping.

Figure 5 Semi-open water system

2.8.3 CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS: Water is continuously re-circulated in closed systems and is only renewed periodically.

Metabolic wastes must be treated since they are not continuously flushed from the system.

An important problem is that ammonia must be rapidly removed or transformed because it is harmful even at very low concentrations. In the aquarium the bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrite reside primarily in the filter material and a slow sand filter with a large surface area is usually provided to ensure their abundance. Plant growth in the aquarium, especially in

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marine systems are not usually sufficient to utilize the entire nitrate produced by bacteria from nitrite. Although some aquariums have operated many years with a minimum of water renewal, it is normally necessary to replace from 1 to 10 % of the water per month to maintain a low level of nitrates. The use of charcoal in both fresh water and seawater system helps to slow down the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes. Metabolic wastes also cause an increase in the acidity of water. Carbonate compounds are commonly used to maintain an optimal level of acidity, particularly when water renewal is infrequent.

Figure 6 Closed Water System

ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS 1. Unless aquariums can be built near a dependable source of water, which is unpolluted, disease free and clear closed water systems become necessary.

2. Completely closed system in which water is added only to make for the loss by evaporation.

3. The closed system, which has some flows through.

4. The site selection need not be dictated by unavailable fresh water source.

5. Environmental control of various parameters such as salinity, temperature and photoperiod.

6. Ease of monitoring as storage is in reservoirs.

7. Convenience of sampling.

8. Convenience of continuous visual monitoring.

9. Ease of maintaining several systems simultaneously.

10. Preferential selection of the biota without the danger of contamination of the water by the plank tonic forms.

Natural water is subject to seasonal temperature fluctuations and may be subjected to nature’s effects as storms, floods etc. it may be carry various parasites, pollutants are also taken care of in a closed water systems.

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By equipping a closed water system with good aeration and an efficient biological filter the two most serious problems-ammonia toxicity and the change of the ph levels can be greatly reduced.

The following parameters have to be agreed to: 1. 500 litres of cultured water are needed by per kg of animals.

2. Bed consisting of 2.5 mm grains of calcareous filter containing some magnesium shall be used. A flow rate of 80 litres per minute through each sq. m of the filter bed surface shall be maintained. Replacement of 25% of cultured water per month or in some cases 33% every fortnight. The lamp and the water surface will prevent damage and will cut down excessive losses due to evaporation.

4.Tank Dimension:

This is perhaps the most crucial factor in a tank,since it is the dimension which will keep fish apart as possible and give them the space to swim and flex their muscles-especially for cruise predetors.The tank should have a min of 5x adult fish body length (FL)as its long dimension with 20 cm of fish length being the bare minimum.A furthe0r 20-30% extra length should be added if the fish is a cruise predator(+30%) or extreme aggressive (+20%)or both(50%);factor of 1.3,1.2,1.5 respectively.If a fish is a poor swimmer,then we can get along with just 5x without any additional length despite the aggression factor.(factor 1 2.9 Lighting COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM

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The exhibition hall in which exhibit tanks are viewed through a glazed side should be kept dark enough so that the exhibits could be viewed clearly without reflection from the glass. As the tanks are being lit from the service area behind, they are seen as bright objects in a dimly lit room. Too great a brightness contrast however is unpleasant and causes eye strain. The best brightness in ordinary viewing would be in the neighbourhood of two to one, the object viewed twice as bright as its background. A contrast of five to one are considered to be good and ten to one allowable. The exhibit tank is beat lit from the top front. Lighting from the sides causes nervous disturbance to the fish specimens which are only used to light coming from above.

With most of the light coming from the top front of the tank, there is no undesirable silhouetting of the fishes when they swim to the front of the tank as would in the case bf light coming from the central top. As direct sunlight -is not necessary for the aquatic species and natural skylight is difficult to control and insulate against cold and heat, artificial lighting is essential. Any special species requiring sunlight can be given artificial ultra-violet rays, Wm fluorescent light is preferred to others in that they produce little heat, consumes little current and gives better light 13 distribution. The use of artificial light discourages the growth of blue algae* Salt water tanks need a light source of higher intensity* There are more suspended particles in sea water.

Besides biological reasons, the water therefore should also be clean for reasons of lighting.

.

2.10 Aquascape A proper and balanced use of the following will ensure the correct ambience for the tank inmates Sand: This should be fine enough for the fish to pick up their mouth, toss around, to forage in to, to rub against, and to lay eggs in, but not as small as to mall down. Even though only 1inch – 2 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM

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inch layer provides a base for the plants to grow, but it is needed more to create banks and terraces. Colors of the tank floor should be composed of non- toxic material.

Rocks/stones: Hard stones, which are devoid of lime, should be used. Other substitutes for rock are color crystal lamps, which may be translucent or opaque. The advantage of using rock is that if the rock is coated with the disinfectant then the circulating water is kept sterilized.

Substrate and Marine Floor: The covering of the aquarium base forms two important functions. Primarily, it is used as a part of a biological filtrated system; it forms a large surface area upon which nitrifying bacteria scan thrives and carry out their purifying activities. Secondly it is used by the fishes that can bury themselves in the substrate at night, burrow into it by the day, or swim through it in the search of food.

Coral sand and courser crushed coral are the ideal materials for this purpose. Use the coarser material to form the lower layers of plastic or nylon netting. The netting will prevent the burrowing fishes from exposing the sub gravel filter plate. The substrate should be sufficiently deep to allow efficient bio-filtration to occur. A depth of at least 5 to 7.5 cms is recommended, and the substrate can be sloped from the front to the rear of the aquarium to an even greater depth. All the viewpoints must be considered while selecting different plant species which will be planted. All chosen plants, possible, should represent the bio top and natural home of the marine species. At the same, allowance for the plants survival should be kept as several fishes eat pinnate leaves of many under water plants.

Relevant codes, standards and bye laws.

Standards Sanitation/ Toilets: i)For Auditorium

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Museum

National Building Code Parking:  Each off-street parking space provided for vehicles shall be as follows:  For car, the minimum parking space to be 3m x 6m when individual parking space is required and 2.75m x 5m when common parking space is required. 

Space for scooter/ two-wheeler and bicycle not less than 1.25sq.m and 1.00sq.m respectively



Area for each equivalent car space inclusive of circulation area is 23sq.m for



Open parking, 28sq.m for ground floor covered parking and 32sq.m for basement.

Staircase/ Exit requirements: 

Minimum width of staircase for institutional building is 2m.

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

Minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 300mm for all buildings except residential.



Maximum height of riser shall be 150mm for all buildings except residential and the number of steps shall be limited to 15 per flight.



The minimum head-room in a passage under the landing staircase shall be 2.2m.



The minimum clear head-room in any staircase shall be 2.2m.

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CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDIES 4.1 Secondary case studies 4.1.1 Georgia Aquarium - Georgia Aquarium is a public aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.Officially opened to the public in 2005 -The Georgia Aquarium is home to several thousand species of saltwater and freshwater life in over 10 million gallons of water.

-Just a little over 6 million gallons of that water can be found in the aquarium’s primary exhibit, allowing it to be one of only two institutions in the world to house whale sharks.

Figure 7 Georgia Aquarium

4.1.1.1 Intension of the study   

To understand how the planning and circulation is done.

To learn different zones, the dimensions of the zones, corridor, area etc. of the zones and spaces.

To get an idea of the no of staffs.

4.1.1.2 Zones provided: 1. TROPICAL DIVERS: Escape to the tropics and engage your guests in the relaxing and intimate menu as they are mesmerized by one of the largest living reef exhibits in the world. 

AREA -1110 sq.m WIDTH OF CORRIDOR-6M NO. OF TANK - 11 CAPACITY -35 PERSON

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2. OCEAN VOYAGER: Enchant your guests with a voyage to the ocean floor. They will be captivated as tens and thousands of fish swim overhead and will marvel as they dine alongside the largest aquarium viewing window in North America. 

AREA - 2000 sq.m TUNNEL WIDE - 4M HEIGHT-6.5M THEATRE - 200 SQM CAPACITY OF THE VOYAGER-80 PERSON

3. OCEAN BALLROOM: The sophisticated ballroom provides a distinctive space for an intimate reception for 50 people in one of the sections or a reception for more than 500 people in the ocean ballroom. 

AREA - 23000sq ft (including pre function) DIMENSIONS-150X112M CEILING HEIGHT- 9 M RECEPTION-1200 BANQUET-1000

4. DOLPHIN CELEBRATION: Experience our newest addition and the biggest expansion to the date for the world’s largest aquarium. The new gallery includes a soaring, naturally -lit entrance lobby featuring an underwater viewing window of our playful dolphins. 

AREA - 2150 sq.m CORIDOOR WIDE - 4M HEIGHT- 9.5M THEATRE - 1050 SQM CAPACITY -100 PERSON WATER BODY- 300 SQ M

5. COLD WATER QUEST: Transport the guests to the Artic as they experience a reception or seating dinner among the chilly unknown. 

AREA -800 sq.m HEIGHT- 4.5M CAPACITY OF THE VOYAGER- 45 PERSON

6. CENTRAL ATRIUM: The large atrium has the provision for food and drinks. 

AREA - 2000 sq.m TUNNEL WIDE - 4M HEIGHT-6.5M THEATRE - 200 SQM CAPACITY OF THE VOYAGER-80 PERSON

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Figure 8 Georgia Aquarium Plan

4.1.1.3 Services The water pipe of 24” at 3m c/c on periphery and 62” at the bottom are installed.The lighting is done at the bottom and top using lamp.

4.1.1.4 No. of staffs More than 500 full time and part time employees and 2000 volunteer staff members keep the aquarium operating on a 7day a week schedule that also include an overnight stay and kids conservation education programme.

4.1.1.5 Natural Light This oceanarium has used the natural light well enough comparitively.The ocean voyager zone receives the light through the tensile roof used.Therefore, the can reduce the usage of natural light up to a limit.

4.1.1.6 Inferences: PLANNING: The high emphasized entrance makes the first space very interesting. The proper area distribution to diff areas makes the conditions less choric for the users. The panoramic view of all the zones from a single point keep the interest unbeaten.

BENEFITS OF HAVING A COMMON POINT: o There is less chance for the visitors to get confused of the route. o Amenities such as toilet,firstaid,canteen etc. can be accessed quickly. o Spill out spaces from atrium can be observed more by taking more

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time. o Close proximity between spaces can be maintained.

CIRCULATION: The presence of all the galleries and other on the same level makes the circulation none confusing for the viewers. The display of species are in ABCDABCD form.

VARIETY: Variety of fishes are displays here.The most spectacular species displayed are whale shark .Then beluga whales and dolphins are all displayed.

SERVICES: Use of closed filtration system helps the reduction in cost of the water treatment illumination done using different lights on the tank base helps to observe the marine life more prominently.

AESTHETICS: The structure is the combination` of the different forms to give complete justice to the functional aspects. The use of light at the external facade makes it more interesting to watch at night.

4.1.2 The Blue Planet, Denmark

The Blue Planet is Europe’s largest and most significant aquarium with an outstanding location on the shores of Oresund, only eight kilometres from the Copenhagen City Hall Square. At the tourism conference “A New Way to Grow” 2012, the Blue Planet was chosen as Denmark’s best lighthouse project within experience economy, because of its potential for growth, influence on regional development, innovation, realization as well as its uniqueness and ‘reason to go’.

Figure 9 Blue Planet

4.1.2.1 Intension of the study To study how the structure plays an important role in attracting people.

To study how concept is derived for the building with affecting functionality.

4.1.2.2 Concept The whirlpool concept originates in a narrative about water, and as an image, is at once both abstract and figurative. It stirs attention with its distinctive vortex blades, but at the same time, as a building, changes dramatically depending on viewing angle, distance and daylight conditions. From the air, almost entirely white, its contours are reminiscent of a starfish. From COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM

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the front, the building’s organic lines are evocative of silvery-grey waves or a vast sea creature, and on closer inspection, the facade patterning is reminiscent of fish scales. This is a building that invites interpretation.

Figure 10 Concept derivation of Blue Planet Aquarium

4.1.2.2 Functionality The five arms curl around a central foyer from which the public can access the exhibitions independently from one another. Each of the five arms which form the spiral houses a specific functional area. First arm accommodates a long arrival ramp and the entrance hall, Second houses an auditorium, an educational facility, and a cafeteria; the remaining three contain the permanent exhibition and accommodate, respectively, the sections dedicated to seas & oceans, to rivers & lakes, and to Danish cold waters.

Visitors reach the entrance by following the first and longest of the whirlpool's whirls, already starting in the landscape. With a smooth transition the landscape surpasses for the building, while the outdoor ponds mark the unique experience that awaits the aquarium visitors as they enter The Blue Planet: the whirlpool has pulled them into another world - a world beneath the surface of the sea.

4.1.2.3 Circulation A circular foyer is the centre of motion around the aquarium, and it is here visitors choose which river, lake or ocean to explore. By enabling multiple routes ,the risk of queues in front of individual aquariums is reduced.

4.1.2.4 Inference The building structure plays an important feature in this case. It can be interpreted differently from different angles and gives a freedom interpreting our own way. Concept derived from biomimicing an element of nature. Aluminium is used to get an organic plan. Although it is multi directional to reduce queues, the central foyer acts as a common point and reduces chances of getting lost.

Private/Public: More of public spaces. Private spaces are given along the peripheral of the building. Public space in the centre.

Hierarchy: The building zones are places acc. to the ascending order.

Symmetric/Asymmetric: The building is asymmetric in nature.

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Circulation: The circulation is multi-directional and has got a central atrium where the visitors are greeted.

Natural light: Natural light enters through the entrance portion and through the skylights.

Circulation: The spiral concept is inspired from the natural phenomena called the whirlpool.

The concept of bio mimicry is used here.

4.1.3 Shanghai Ocean Aquarium, China Date opened 2002 Location - Shanghai, China Land area - 20,500 m2 No. of species - more than 450 species Volume of largest tank - 2,200 m3 (580,000 U.S. gal) Total volume of tanks - 4,900 m3 (1,300,000 U.S. gal) Annual visitors - one million Building Area 20,000m² over 5 Levels System Type: Closed Recirculating System using artificial sea water Total Volume : 4,900 m³ 4.1.3.1 Intension of the study To study the vertical circulation and the zones provided.

To identify the marine exhibits and the acrylic panels that have been used and their areas and dimensions.

MARINE EXHIBITS

AREA

Coastal Reef, Kelp Cave, Shark Cove Coral Reef Aquarium Open Ocean Under the Amazon Australian Billabong Under the cold water Stream Penguin Encounter Chinese Alligator – Ancient Survivor Endangered Chinese Freshwater Fishes Various small marine and fresh water aquariums

2,200 m³ 700 m³ 330 m³ 240 m³ 217 m³ 110 m³ 100 m³ 25 m³ 65 m³ 19 in total10- 50 m³ typically

6.2 million gallons of water to fill open ocean tank.

54 inch dia piping 218 pumps to circulate 2,61,000 gallons per min(gpm) 25 mils of wiring 31 pump water motion system circulating 29,500 gpm 24 inch (60 cm) thick acrylic viewing wall

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34 saltwater and 11 fresh water tank holding 8 million gallons of water for 1,00,000 fishes.

4.1.3.2 Services 

Ground level constitutes the over alla service area of the aquarium with extra supporting area on each floor.



Water Supply - Water has been distributed to overhead PVC pipes needing atleast a free space of 3m above clear height Instead of direct sunlight, fluorescent tubes and large neon lamps are been used all the time.

The inner walls of the biulding have high accoustics.The walls are treated so that the sound of the water and and working staff does not travell outside.



 Water is only replaced from local sources only when required through evaporation.

4.1.3.3 Underwater Tunnel  The underwater tunnel located in the basement -longest tunnel in the world.Its length is upto 155m.  

The whole tunnel is made up of acrylic glass of 60 mm thickness.

Automated walkway is installed on the ground of the tunnel.

ACRYLIC PANELS

DIMENSION

Coastal Reef, Kelp Cave, Shark Cove 180° tunnel Coral Reef Aquarium -180° tunnel Open Ocean – Flat panel Under the Amazon – 180° tunnel Australian Billabong 1) Inclined 180° tunnel 2) Flat Panel Under the cold water Stream – 90° tunnel Penguin Encounter – Flat Panel Chinese Alligator – Ancient Survivor Cantilevered panels Endangered Chinese Freshwater Fishes Flat Panels

66.0 x 2.4mØ 23.0 x 2.4mØ 8.0 x 4.65 x 0.27m 12.0 x 2.4mØ 12.0 x 2.4mØ 9.0 x 1.6 x 0.08m 9.6 x 0.75mR 10 x 2.9 x 0.12m 5.0 x 1.83 x 0.07m 4.2 x 2.0 x 0.09m 3.0 x 1.4 x 0.07m

4.1.3.4 Common Amenities  Ticket counter is accessed from inside.  Most of the amenities are given in the first floor.  After buying tickets from the first floor, the visitors starts the tour by going to the third floor. From there, to the second and then to the basement  Grand entrance given.

4.1.3.5 Inference

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

Visitors enter into the building through the first floor.

The initial exhibits are provided in the third floor.

Then to the second.

The visitors reach the first floor again to use the amenities then finally to the basement where the visitors exit the building



PROS The exhibits are arranged vertically.Thus less carbon foot print.

First floor is just used for the entrance and the aminities thus acts as a meeting or common point.



CONS Vertical movement can be confusing for the visitors.

Souvenire shops are not provided in the exit area.Well planned vertical movement with escalators.Service floor given.No open theatres like dolphins shows etc are provided. .

Escalators are built in a such a way that it goes through the water. All the floor has followed one way circulation. It is less confusing for the visitors.

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4.2

Primary case studies

4.2.1 Taraporewala Aquarium ,Mumbai LOCATION : Taraporewala Aquarium,near Marine drive , Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road, 400002 SITE : 4369.5 sq.m TOTAL BUILT UP AREA : 1301.69 sq.m POPULATION Average population flow is : WORKING DAY= 2000 people per day DURING HOLIDAY= 3000 people per day Major age group visiting aquarium are students and small kids with their parents.

Tota area= 4369.5 sq.m,Area of building = 1301.69,Total no. of marine tanks = 16 Total no.of fresh water tank = 9, Total no.of small exhibition fish = 16 PARKING There is no parking space for visitor in Aquarium. Only staff parking is available.

People who are coming by car should park their car to nearby parking space which is away from aquarium.

AUDITORIUM The auditorium has the capacity of 47 seats. Films are projected mainly for kids such as marine life and technology, animation movies QUARENTINE ROOM Quarantine room size is 6.3m x 4.5m .Before new fishes are transferred in a display area ,the arrived fishes are brought into a quarantine area, because fishes need time to adjust in water temperature and water tank.

WATER CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system adopted for changing water in the display tanks is closed system. The same water is used over and again for a period of 1 month. After which new supply is taken. This helps to maintain the ph. and chlorine level in the water and is also less tedious.

In the main hall there are 18 tanks for marine/ salt-water specimens arranged in the U shape 3 tanks in centre displaying fresh water specimen. In all there are 66 tanks with glass frontage 11/4 inches thick. Capacity of each tank ranges from 1000-5000 gallons. Display and information board is on top of each tank which provides the visitor with information of the species in the tank. The hall is ventilated by exhaust fans the lighting is dim in the hall to highlight the specimen and display tanks which are more brightly lit up.

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CIRCULATION The 2 storied building has an aquarium related offices on ground floor. First floor has an administration and research department. Second floor is occupied entirely by the library.

Public circulation path for the aquarium is in inverted U- form with entry on the right side and exit on the left side. Service passage lines peripherally around the display tanks and remains visually and functionally independent.

LIGHTING The tanks are illuminated by normal tube lights which are hung about 1‘ to 1 ½‘ above the water level. The sloping roof above has glass skylight to admit natural light. The skylights were originally tinted pale blue (no longer) to prevent excessive growth of algae in the tanks.

4.2.1.1 Inference The ticket counter ,canteen ,office and the toilet is detached from the building.

Thus it will be very inconvenient for the users . The building facade and exhibits lack variety and creates less amusement for the visitors.

Service passage The service passage behind the displaytanks is about 1.2m higher than the public area. It is 1.5m wide with a water channel on its one side which takes the water from tank to the settling tank. Below the room containing pumps and compressors are two water reserve tank.

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The seawater reservoir is 3.3m by 14.0m by 4.5m while the fresh water reservoir 3.3m by 14m by 4.5m The reservoirs receive water from the filtration plant and from here the water is pumped continuously to the respective overhead tanks directly above the pump room. From here it is conducted to the exhibition tanks by gravitation. The piping used here is HDP (high density polymer) type.

4.2.1 VGP Marine Kingdom ,Chennai India’s first major aquarium.

The founder Ravinder says, Indian visitors would previously have travelled to other countries to visit a major aquarium. For example,Singapore,Malaysia and Thailand.

So he wanted to design an aquarium for the Indian audience.

FEATURES VGP Marine Kingdom,India’s first major public aquarium in Chennai.

The attraction covers 7,000 sq m and 3.5 million L,ranged over three levels with five different themed zones.The complex includes a restaurent ,educational facilities and exhibition areas.The aquarium will serve the dual purpose of entertainment and education with over 30 aquarium tanks,a walkthrough 70m tunnel and gardens.

THE WIDE VARIETY OF SPECIES The aquarium features five concept zones with a mix of fresh and saltwater.The zones include rainwater,gorge,mangrove,coastal and deep ocean section.These reflect the creatures’ natural habitats.The freshwater fish are from mainland India.The marine fish which include sharks,rays and a whole multitude of species are from Indian ocean.In the marine zones,they are all from the neighbouring countries like Indornasia,Malasia etc.

The aquarium has recruited experienced professional curators and aquarists.They are responsible for maintaining the exhibits and take care of the fish.

FACADE AND INTERIOR THEMEING Concrete columns is used for the frameworks and glasses for the natural ventilation.A tensile membrane structure is used as a roof ,as they can economically and attractively span large distance.It has steel columns and beams.It uses cast and latex molds to reproduce habitats that are designed to replicate each species in their natural environment.

OBJECTIVES OF THE AQUARIUM EDUCATION COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TRIVANDRUM

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The aquarium will feature teaching labs. It will also have a classroom, set up for groups of visiting of visiting school children.It has 4D theatres and VR zones to observe the beauty of underwater habitate and destruction caused by the human activities and how it affects the sea ecology.

RESEARCH FACILITIES It only started a few years before,so are still testing and fine-tuning the research facility aspect and thus, the aquarium has recruited experienced professional curators and aquarists for processing research and development facilities.

CONSERVATION VGP Marine Kingdom is also home to some of the rarest and extinct aquatic species .Besides being a leisure and entertainment zone, our aquarium will be a place to conserve fauna that are on the verge of extinction.

SERVICES The life support system is within the exhibition area so easy to maintain and look after the species. These entry are biometric system and it could only operate by the staff members.

These services room contain filtration systems. Air supply, feeding room and quarantine tanks, so that if the species get sick it is immediately transferred to a private tanks and treated by the fish doctors. The sea water is brought up through the underground piping system and goes through several filtration processes before it reaches the exhibition tank and the water is circulated. This system is called closed water system.

4.2.1.2 Inference

LED Lights with less refractions are given. The shape of the tanks are mostly with cuved edges. No rectangular shaped tanks were places as they refraction phenomena which causes distraction for the viewers. A walkthrough 70 m tunnel with 2 million gallon water

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with over 30 aquarium tanks. Circulation is a bit confusing due to the level differences but it is uni directional.

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Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin

CHAPTER 5 SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS Puthuvype is a part of Vypin Island. It borders Vembanad Lake to the east, Arabian Sea to the west and South and Njarakkal to the North.The main thoroughfares in the area are Vypin-Munambam Road and LNG Terminal RoadThe junction market is the Goshree junction.It is also a fish market.The site can be accessed through ferry and by road. Traffic intensity is mostly seen in Goshree junction and road.LNG road has very less traffic.Pedestian intensity is in vypin road. Industries located to Puthuvypeen is mainly related to natural regasification project and petroleum projects.LNG Terminal at Puthuvype.The Kochi LNG Terminal of Petronet LNG Ltd is the first LNG terminal in southern India and the fourth LNG terminal of country. As per Government of India Census 2011 Puthuvype has a population of nearly 23,717 people.

SITE AREA:33 ACRES OWNERSHIP:GOVT. LAND(CONFIRMED FROM SEC MAP) CURRENT USE:UNUSED BARREN LAND UPCOMING PROPOSAL: OCEANARIUM ACCESSIBILITY

The site is accessible from the left entry point.The accessibity is blocked by the green zone in front of the site.

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ENTRY 1 PROS: Entry - exit points visible from the main road.Direct entry and exit to the main road.

The green area does not need to be disturbed CONS: Entry and exit given at close proximity, thus increasing the traffic conjunction at the points. Service road should also be provided through the same point which makes it congested.

ENTRY2 PROS: Entry and exit are through different points causing less congestion. Entry point through the green zone gives a sense of surprise and reduces the risk of congetion in the main road.

CONS: Green area is used for accessing the site.

VIEWS AND VISTAS

From the site, major views are to the feeder canal along the east edge, the green zone in the S-E edge and to north edge to another canal.

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From the site,major views are to the feeder canal along the east edge,the green zone in the S-E edge and to north edge to another canal.

SOIL TYPOLOGY: COASTAL ALLUVIAL Problems related to this type of soil is that :(a)it has low bearing capacity.(b)poor drainage condition as less water seepage.(soil thickness 5m,depth to clay 9.1m) INFERENCE: Ground condition is poor.Thus,raft or pile foundation is required while constructing.

To increase bearing capacity of soil: (a)GROUTING (b)COMPACTION OF SOIL HYDROLOGY The water flows from high to low lying areas.Most of the water gets drained to E and N of the site to the water body present.

INFERENCE: Rain water collection tank can be provided here as the site has a natural slope towards east.

Retention pond can be provided to collect rain water and reuse. Rain water collected can be used for the services such as water for landscape or toilets. By using a retention pond ,water can be collected as well as it can create significant changes in microclimate cooling and helps to create a scenary.

EDGE CONDITION

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CRZ RULE Mangroves, the ecologically sensitive ecosystem are categorized as CRZ IA. A protective buffer zone of 50m is provided around the mangrove ecosystemshaving an area of more than 1000m2 and are categorized as CRZ I. The CRZ landward limit along the backwaters, tidal influenced Rivers, its interconnecting canals/thodu and its tributaries is 50m from the High Tide Line or width of the waterbody,whichever is less.

NOISE CONTROL No major sound pollution.Noice are produces in the edges.But it does not affect the major portion of site due to large area. More plants should be planted along the edges of site as they absorb sound.Following steps can be used to reduce noise.

CLIMATOLOGY Kochi is 7m above sea level. The climate is tropical in Kochi. During most months of the year, there is significant rainfall in Kochi.The average annual temperature is 26.5 °C.The annual rainfall is 2882 mm ,June-Sept.

Since the airquality is poor in vypin ,inside recreational spaces should be provided.More trees and plants should be planted.

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The micro wind is from the northwest to south and the micro winds are from south west to north east.

INFERENCE:

VEGETATION Most of the species seen on the site are mangrove species.There are different tpes of mangrove species.Then the second spotted are are coconut trees.

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INFERENCE: Shading of buildings and open spaces through landscaping Roof gardens (or green roofs) Shading of vertical and horizontal surfaces (green walls) Buffer against cold and hot winds Changing direction of wind Use of local species for vegetation is highly recommended as they are accustomed to the variations in temperature, rainfall patterns and soil conditions for that region. It is preferable that architects should work with existing terrain of the site, natural topography and local species for appropriate landscaping. Trees help in controlling or enhance the micro climate.

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CHAPTER 6 RESEARCH AREA-SPACE FRAMES Definition a space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.

Space frame a three dimensional structure. Assembled linear elements are arranged to transfer the load. Take a form of a flat surface or curved surface. Designed with no intermediate columns to create large open area. History of space frame space frames were independently developed by alexander graham bell around 1900 and Buckminster fuller in the 1950s Buckminster fuller's focus was architectural structures; his work had greater influence. it was developed in California during the 1960s and introduced to the south African market in 1982, specifically developed for unstable soil conditions, the panels form a monolithic structure offering superior wall strength in which no cracking will occur design method space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix. The special characteristic of the stiffness matrix in an architectural space frame is the independence of the angular factors. If the joints are sufficiently rigid, the angular deflections can be neglected, simplifying the calculations.

MATERIALS Many materials are used for these space frames steel timber steel: this steel material which is used for the space frames sustain more load and carry tones of weight. This steel is mostly used in now-a-days in a long span structures and has to be maintained property.

Timber: this timber material is also used in the 19th century and by using this material the maintenance level is becoming very high.

Design methods members are fixed using connectors different types of connectors are: nodes connector triode tic connector tubal node connector hemispherical dome connector.

Load distribution the simplest form of space frame is a horizontal slab of interlocking square pyramids and tetrahedral built from aluminium or tubular steel struts. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

A space frames along-spanning three-dimensional plate structure based on the rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear elements subject only to axial tension or compression, even in the case of connection by comparatively rigid joints, the influence of bending or torsional moment is insignificant.

The forces are act only along the axis of the members are having tension of compression. a. Each member is acted upon by two equal and opposite forces having line of action along the centre of members i.e. every member of it is two force member. b. Members are subjected to tension/compression only. c. Forces are applied on joints only. d. Usually, simpler to calculate, more weight effective. e. The forces are acting along the axis of the member. In addition to transverse forces.

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f.

One or more than one member of frame is subjected to more than two forces. (multiple force members) g. At least one member is subjected to bending, shear or torsion. h. Forces may act anywhere on the members. i. Usually more simple to manufacture and to place in tight layout. Plain frames space frames

TYPES OF SPACE FRAME 1. Curvature classification Space plane covers • These structures are composed of planar substructures.

• The plane are channelled through the horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the diagonals.

Barrel vaults •This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch.

• Usually this type of space frame does not need to use Tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing Spherical domes • These domes usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and additional support from a skin.

2. Classification by the arrangement of its elements Single layer grid • All elements are located on the surface to be approximated Double layer grid • The elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a certain distance part.

• The diagonal bars connecting the nodes of both layers in different directions in space Triple layer grid • Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals.

• They are almost always flat. • This solution is to decrease the diagonal member’s length.

JOINTS : In a space frame, connecting joints play an important role, both functional and aesthetic, which derives from their rationality during construction and after completion. •since joints have a decisive effect on the strength and stiffness of the structure and compose around 20 to 30 percent of the total weight, joint design is critical to space frame economy and safety .

MEMBER: • Members are axial elements with circular or rectangular sections, all members can only resist tension or compression.

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•the space grid is built of relatively long tension members and short compression members.

A trend is very noticeable in which the structural members are left exposed as a part of the architectural expression CASE STUDY Heydar Aliyev Center The freeform structure of the project derives from the architectural design concept of modifying a single surface to adopt different functional requirements. The aim was to create a large column-free space giving visitors the opportunity of experiencing the fluidity of the interior. To achieve this, vertical elements are absorbed by the envelope and curtain wall system. The Heydar Aliyev Centre consists of 2 structural systems: Space Frame and concrete with a single movement joint Roof structure space frame The design of the space frame for the roof was a multi-step process, starting with the definition of a structural zone between the architectural free-form shapes of the inner and outer skins. Afterwards, the space frame was aligned with the structural design of the main structure. In the construction of this structure “space frame work” used in order to create the curved surfaces. First, body of the building was created. Then, space frame work was added on it. Lastly panel were placed on the frame work in order to create the surfaces.

Also, another interesting aspect of this structure is that a new column method which called “boot column” was used in the construction of the body. Boot columns are curved columns which are used for having bigger open spaces. Finally, the support forces and details were coordinated with the main structure The space frame enables the construction of this free form structure while offering significant savings in time throughout the construction process. the introduction of curved ‘boot columns’ to achieve the inverse peel of the surface from the ground at the west, and the cantilever beams ‘dovetails’ tapering towards the free end, supporting building envelope at the east. The substructure enables the incorporation of a flexible relationship between the rigid structural grid of the space frame and the free- formed exterior cladding seams which derive from complex geometry rationalization, architectural aesthetics and usage.

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Oceanarium in Puthu Vypin

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN PROGRAMME

USER CALCULATION The total visitors in Kochi city in a day is 7527 people (both domestic and foreign tourists).

Working hours - (9 am-7pm) = 3136 people in a day.

In an average, people are likely to spend a min of 2-3 hours in oceanarium = 627-900 people Circulating around the building.

People are likely to spend 15-20 min in one exhibit area (33-104 people) Additional 15 staffs in admin area and 30-40 supporting staffs RESEARCH PROVISION There are almost 15-20 scientist who are working in Centre for marine living resources and ecology.

Syllabus of marine biology for masters, thesis should be done which is basically a Research work and there are 20 students in one batch.Therefore,part rtime provision of Research labs are only needed.

In total, spaces should be designed for in total of 3200 people.

LANDSCAPE Site landscaping is very important, spaces such as :Parks, Mangrove forest, Soft cape furniture,Ponds,Work shop spaces,Stalls,Cycling track, Outdoor café, Water front activity areas etc. can be incorporated to enhance the design.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ZONES

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CIRCULATION

OPTION 1: In this circulation, grey line represent the circulation of the visitors and black is represented for staffs.

OPTION 2: The atrium acts in linking all the spaces together. If a person wants to access any space, they have to pass central atrium.

In comparison, spaces dispersed around the central atrium is more efficient as it allows a flexible movement for the visitors. All the amenities are provided in the central atrium.

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As per the case study, the ideal space distribution ratios are as follows. The visitors and fishes are main users of the oceanarium.

PROXIMITY As for the proximity, below given is the proximity chart curated from the analysis of the case studies.

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH Space frame is used in the oceanarium so as to achieve a large span covering without intermediate columns and to achieve spaces without compromising with the functions of the oceanarium.

In the grid system,Outer skin wall is supported by the boot columns.They are 15 x 15 cm curved colums that acts as primary support columns for the framework.They are given in 7000 m spacing.

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The boot column is connected to the ground with pile foundation as soil bearing capacity is less and due to large span.

Steps followed to create the form: Structural zones are identified and concrete body of the building is made. Windows are provided for the ventilation into the building. Space frame is created which acts as secondary support skeleton. Boot columns are provided in order to achieve the shape and large span.

Panels of glass fibre reinforced concrete are placed on the framework. Panels have lattice opening for the purpose of allowing light and ventilation into the building. Finally,the space frame is placed on top of the structure. Glasst panels are placed below the lattice panels.The panels are avoided in places where more sunlight is required.

Material used is glass fibre reinforced concrete. The panels are placed on the frame work.

Lattice type fenestrations are provided on the body of the panels so as to let the light and ventilation into the building. Lattice panels helps light and ventilation to get into the building.

Direct light through the glass panels and diffused light through the lattice panels.

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AREA COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

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SPECIES OF FISHES EXHIBITED AND AREAS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY -Karydis, Michael. (2011). organizing a public aquarium: Objectives, design, operation and missions.

A review. Global Nest Journal. 13.

Priede, Imants. (2017).

10.1017/9781316018330.

Deep-Sea

Fishes:

Biology,

Diversity,

Ecology

and

Fisheries.

https://nature-discovery.com/ https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/animals-used-for-touchpools.453154/#:~:text=Basically%20every%20brittle%20star%2C%20starfish,be%20found%20in%2 0touch%20pools.

Touch Exhibits for Aquatic Animals Best Management Practices for Touch Exhibits of AZA Accredited Aquariums Tag Words: AZA, Touch Exhibit, Aquarium Authors: Huseyin Dogu and Samm Wehman with Julie M. Fagan, Ph.D https://www.georgiaaquarium.org/animal-guide/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_fish_species

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Lévêque, Christian. (1997). Introductions of exotic fish species in tropical freshwaters: Purposes and consequences. BFPP - Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Protection des Milieux Aquatiques. 7991. https://issuu.com/abusafwan0/docs/abu_safwan_thesis_report https://crossleyarchitects.com/projects/shanghai-ocean-aquarium https://www.zunhaiacrylic.com/acrylic-jellyfish-tank.html https://www.oceanpark.com.hk/en/smartfun-pass/offers/world-attractions-fun-deals/shanghai-oceanaquarium%20%20%20 https://www.ausmarinescience.com/marine-science-basics/oceans-of-the-world/ https://www.scidev.net/global/features/ocean-science-development-sids-facts-figures/

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/bottlenose-dolphin https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/beluga#:~:text=Belugas%20are%20extremely%20sociable%2 0mammals,and%20capable%20of%20changing%20shape. Beluga whales

https://uk.whales.org/whales-dolphins/facts-aboutorcas/#:~:text=Orcas%20(also%20known%20as%20killer,found%20in%20every%20single%20ocea n. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale Killer whales

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