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! ! City-making: the Politics of Urban Form LSE Cities Programme
May 4, 2011 Sofia Asteriadi
! Reconfiguring Moscow’s strategic plan: Towards a networked diversity
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
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Contents' I. Developmental'Priorities' II. Site'presentation' III. Planning'Policies' IV. Key'Stakeholders' V. Strategic'Plan' VI. Key'Deliverables' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! London!School!of!Economics!and!Political!Science! SO465:!City:making:!the!Politics!of!Urban!Form! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
Reconfiguring!Moscow’s!strategic!plan:! Towards!a!networked!diversity! ! The' Committee' for' Architecture' and' Urban' Planning' of' Moscow' and' Transportation' and' the' Department' of' Development'of'Road'and'Transport'Infrastructure'call'for'design'proposals'to'respond'to'the'objectives'cited' by' this' brief.' Architects' and' planners' in' coordination' with' the' Basmanny' District' Council' are' required' to' address' a' twofold' vision' for' the' Kurskaya' Metro' Station' and' the' surrounding' area.' The' first' focuses' on' local' scale'and'the'second'links'the'first'stage'design'solution'to'a'widerHscale'scenario'including'the'specific'area'in' relation'to'the'city'of'Moscow,'expecting'to'constitute'a'base'for'similar'future'interventions.''The'project'aims' at' integrating' sustainable' transport' solutions' to' urban' form' and' urban' planning.' In' doing' so,' designers' are' required' to' address' the' multifaceted' production' of' the' postmodern,' postindustrial' landscape' through' a' different' perspective' and' reincorporate' a' locality' into' the' circuits' of' global' capital' that' shape' Moscow' today' (Deckha,2003:'34).!Further'cooperation'with'professionals'from'different'disciplines'is'encouraged'if'needed.' !
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Background!Indicators!
Moscow,' the' capital' and' largest' city' of' the' Russian' Federation' is' situated' in' the' Central' Federal' District' of' European'Russia.'It'has'a'population'of'10.5'million'(2010)'and'is'third'in'size'after'London'and'St.'Petersburg' in' terms' of' its' spatial' extent' (1,081' km2' in' Moscow' versus' 1,700' km2' in' London' and' 1,390' km2' in' St.' Petersburg)'(Shanin'et'al,2006:'66).' The'city'concentrates'about'8%'of'the'country’s'economic'active'population'and'its'economy'provides'a'20%'of' Russia’s' GDP1.' It' constitutes' the' main' political,' cultural,' scientific' and' financial' centre' of' Russia.' Due' to' its' particular' socioHeconomic' context,' Moscow' is' the' least' typical' city' of' the' Federal' state,' an' exemplar' and' a' highly'unique'case'of'urban'development,'since'many'new'phenomena'in'Russia'appear'to'start'here'(Shanin'et' al,2006:'66).'
History!! The'Red'October'Revolution'of'1917'resulted'in'the'creation'of'the'Soviet'Union'and'the'Bolshevik'government' took'the'lead'from'the'Tsarist'autocracy.'Moscow'became'the'Capital'city'five'years'after'that'date,'it'developed' to'an'industrial'center'and'its'population'surged.'Within'a'century'it'transformed'to'the'largest'European'urban' agglomeration,'creating'an'urgent'need'for'investment'in'housing'and'infrastructure'(Rudolph'&'Brade,2005:' 135).' Mikhail' Gorbachev’s' Perestroika* and' glasnost* in' 1985' shook' the' already' tenuous' foundations' of' Soviet' rule;' Soviet'Union'came'to'an'end'on'New'Year's'Eve'1991.'2'The'country'is'now'a'federation'and'semiHpresidential' republic,'wherein'the'President'is'the'head'of'state'and'the'Prime'Minister'is'the'head'of'government.'
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Map$in$the$middle:$the$grey$colored$areas$represent$Moscow’s$industrial$sites.$$ th
Source:(Lecture!by!Dr(Tatiana(Mikhailova,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering(
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!Lecture!by!Fran(Tonkiss,!LSE!Cities,!30th!March!2011,!at “Strelka”!Institute!of!Media,!Architecture!and!Design! !Sigrist,!Peter!(2010),!!‘Transitional!Landscapes’!in(Polis:!http://www.thepolisblog.org/2009/06/transitionalVlandscapes.html!
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
Governmental!structure!and!administrative!divisions! The' city' of' Moscow' is' administratively' separate' part' of' the' Moscow'Oblast.'It'is'headed'by'the'mayor'who'is'appointed'by'the' Russian' President.' Its' entire' area' is' divided' into' ten' administrative' districts' (Okrugs)' each' of' which' incorporates' 125' local'areas'(upravas).'There'is'a'representative'for'the'city'as'well' as' executive' and' judicial' authorities.' The' legislative' public' authority' H' the' Duma,' consisting' of' 35' deputies,' is' elected' by' Muscovites' every' 4' years.' The' executive' authority' is' the' Moscow' urban' administration' is' supervised' by' the' mayor,' who' also' appoints'Prefects'of'the'city'districts3.''
Source:(Strelka>Institute(of(Media,(Architecture(and( Design>ps>city.net(
The' characteristic' radialHcircle' planning' that' defines' the' city’s' $ development'until'today'began'to'show'as'early'as'the'12th'century'when'the'city'was'founded.'Following'the' medieval' principles,' the' Kremlin' walls,' the' Garden' Ring' road' and' the' small' railway' line,' served' as' the' city's' circular' defense' boundaries' at' some' point' in' history.' The' Moscow' Automobile' Ring' Road' (MKAD)' has' been' Moscow'city’s'boundary'since'1960'albeit'the'contemporary'city'includes'a'number'of'territories'outside'the' MKAD.'The'main'Moscow'subway'line,'the'Ring'Line,'and'the'Third'Automobile'Ring,'which'was'completed'in' 2005,'also'maintain'a'circular'form.4'
Economy! The'recent'political'background'of'Russia'led'to'its'contemporary'transitional'economic'state.''Today'Moscow' is'a'service'economy'(70%'services'H'30%'manufacture5).'Inflation'rate'stands'on'an'average'of'10%'annually6' and' it' is' projected' to' stay' high' in' 2011' due' to' increases' of' regulated' tariffs' (i.e.' water' and' electricity)7.' Moscow’s' GDP' is' more' than' twice' that' of' Russia' as' a' whole.' The' city' concentrates' the' major' service' and' administrative' sectors' of' the' country' and' many' international' retailers' are' already' operating' in' Moscow.' Commercial'real'estate'investment'rose'by'24%'in'2010.'However,'the'supply'of'retail'space'remains'modest' for'the'size'of'the'city'(288sq'm'shopping'centre'stock/1000'inhabitants).'8'
Population! Moscow'is'a'city'of'high'rates'of'inequality'and'social' stratification.'A'percentage'of'about'60%'of'families' have'a'monthly'income'of'less'than'$100'per'capita' and' live' in' poverty! (Krasheninnokov,2003).' Yet,' Muscovites'have'one'of'the'highest'income'levels'in' Russia' ($' 1,528' per' capita' per' month' vs.' $' 612' for' the'rest'of'Russia9).'' The'population'is'not'expected'to'grow'significantly' the' following' years' (estimated' average' growth' 2H3' million/20years)(Krasheninnokov,2003).' Interestingly,' it' is' an' aging' population' (21%' pensioners)' and' the' proportion' of' people' above' working'age'rises'steadily.'10'' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3
!Wikipedia:!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow! 4 !Wikipedia:!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow!! 5
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Source:(Strelka>Institute(of(Media,(Architecture(and(Design>ps>city.net(
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!Lecture!by!Dr(Tatiana(Mikhailova,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! th !Lecture!by!Dr(Aleksandr(Vysokovsky,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! 7 !Jones!Lang!Lassale“Russia!Retail(Market!Overview”:! http://www.joinricsineurope.eu/uploads/files/RussiaRetailMarketExpressQ22009ENG.pdf! 8 !Jones!Lang!Lassale“Russia!Retail(Market!Overview”:! http://www.joinricsineurope.eu/uploads/files/RussiaRetailMarketExpressQ22009ENG.pdf!! 9 !Jones!Lang!Lassale“Russia!Retail(Market!Overview”:! http://www.joinricsineurope.eu/uploads/files/RussiaRetailMarketExpressQ22009ENG.pdf! 6
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! ! There' are' 1.74'million' foreign' migrants' registered' in'Moscow' today,' and' rates' of' internal' migration' remain' stable,' despite' the' toughened' migration' laws.' There' are' important' numbers' of' illegal' and' undocumented' workers.'In'Moscow,'the'administrative'system'called'propiska'(permission'to'nonHMuscovites'to'live'and'work' within'city'limits)'is'still'valid'as'opposed'to'other'Russian'cities,'although'not'strictly'executed'nowadays.11'
Housing!! During' the' vast' urbanisation' of' the' Soviet' Era' there' was' a' shortage' of' housing' in' the' city' which'is'yet'to'be'solved.'There'is' still' critical' proportion' of' neglected' housing' blocks,' built' in' mikroregions* in' the' form' of' communal* apartments,* to' accommodate' mass' production' and' distribution' of' housing.' At' present' day,' demand' remains' at' Moscow’s$apartment$blocks$ high' levels' as' well' as' rent' prices' and'a'significant'amount'of'population'lives'in'deteriorated'buildings.12'
Urban!Environment!! Moscow' is' situated' on' the' banks' of' Moskva' River.' There' is' a' great' amount' of' public' parks,' many' of' them' historic,' established' to' resolve' the' social' and' environmental' problems' that' came' with' rapid' urban' industrialization.' There' is' a' Nature' Management' and' Environmental' Protection' Department' of' the' City' Government,' responsible' for' preserving' a' balance' between' the' lost' natural' sites' and' the' newly' developed' green'spaces.'Levels'of'air'pollution'are'high'mainly'due'to'traffic,'industries'and'office'density'within'the'city' centre.13''
The!urban!context! Today' the' legacy' of' the' 1935' Masterplan' together' with' the' prefab' largeHscale' housing' blocks' build' during' the' Soviet' Era' are' Moscow’s' urban' structure.' A' structure' that’s' proven' to' be' so' strong' that' has' resisted' the' assault' of' Capitalism' since' the' early' 1990’s.' The' administrative' and' the' main' business' nodes' are' concentrated'in'the'city'centre'up' to' the' present' day,' while' residential' density' is' increasing' as' moving' towards' the' periphery' and' this' mode' of' expanding' is' prevailing'' (Bertaud'&'Renaud,1995).'
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Top$left:$concentration$of$employment$in$ proportion$to$the$distance$from$the$city$centre$ Bottom$left:$industrial$areas$in$proportion$to$the$ city$centre$ Source:(Strelka>Institute(of(Media,(Architecture(and(Design> ps>city.net$
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!Moscow!International!Portal:!http://www.moscow.ru/en/government/lifein_moscow/social_experience/migratory_policy/!!!!! !Moscow!International!Portal:!http://www.moscow.ru/en/government/lifein_moscow/social_experience/migratory_policy/!!!!
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!Lecture!by!Dr(Tatiana(Mikhailova,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! !Moscow!International!Portal:!http://www.moscow.ru/en/government/lifein_moscow/social_experience/environmental_capital/!!
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
Transportation!! An' extensive' transit' network' which' includes' four' international' airports,' nine' railroad' terminals,' and' the' Moscow'Metro,'serves'the'Moscow'city'region.'The'city’s'overland'routes'are'covered'by'buses,'trolleyHbuses,' trams,' and' routeHtaxis' along' with' the' Metro' network' and' a' short' monorail' line.' Moscow’s' metro' system' is' articulated'by'182'stations'and'it'is'recognized'as'a'landmark'due'to'the'richness'of'its'Stalinist'Design.14'A'30%' of'citizens'use'the'metro'services'for'their'daily'commute15'(maximum'number'of'passengers'per'day:'9554,'7' thousand).'' Moscow’s'centralised'Road'network'is'deeply'connected'with'the'city’s'urban'development.'It'is'the'heart'of'its' everyday'rhythm'and'the'main'functional'network.'Borrowing'from'Weber'(in'Scott,1998:'75),'Russia’s'transit' network' is' based' on' a' ‘layout* designed* “to* serve* the* government* and* the* cities* and* lacking* a* network* of* supporting*thoroughfares*…*popular*habit*or*need.*Administrative*highways*…*were*made*for*troops*to*march*on* and* for* tax* revenues* to* reach* the* treasury.”* For* anyone* wanting* to* travel* or* move* goods* between* A* and* B,* however,*things*were*not*so*simple.*Just*as*all*documents*had*to*‘pass*through’*the*official*legal*language,*so*too* did*much*of*the*commercial*traffic*have*to*pass*through*the*capital’.' The'rise'of'motorization'started'occurring'during'1980s,'when'people'were'encouraged'by'Gorbachev'to'move' out'of'large'cities.16''It'was'due'to'increasing'automobile'ownership'that'Moscow’s'green'belts'were'massively' inhabited'(French,1995:'159H172).' The' transport' system' was' inefficiently' financed' and' sharply' reduced' during' the' perestroika' years' because' of' limited' funding;' in' early' 1990’s' problems' started' to' become' apparent.' Motorization' rates' are' continuously' increasing.'At'present'it'stands'at'300cars'per'1000'inhabitants'relatively'to'100c/p'in'the'previous'decade'and' it'is'expected'to'reach'the'number'of'500c/p'in'the'following'years.'17''' Traffic'congestion'and'choked'transport'infrastructure'have'become'pervasive'in'modern'Moscow.'There'exist' heavy'transport'flows'on'the'main'ringHroads.'The'main'causes'of'traffic'problems'are:' • Underdeveloped'and'nonHeffective'road'network' • Extensive'use'of'private'cars'' • Lack'of'bus'lanes'and'parking'charges' • Lack'of'coordination'between'the'authorities' • High'population'density'in'the'periphery'' ' ! Photos$of$Moscow’s$Ring$ ! ! ! !
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Road$and$subway$ $ Bottom:$the$distance$one$ has$to$travel$due$to$the$ network’s$inefficiency$
Source:(Presentation!by!Dr(Tatiana( th Mikhailova,!28 !March!2011! atMoscow(State(University(of(Civil( Engineering(
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!Wikipedia:!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurskaya_%28Koltsevaya_Line%29!! th !Lecture!by!Dr(Aleksandr(Vysokovsky,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! 16 !Sigrist,!Peter!(2010),!!‘Transitional!Landscapes’!in(Polis:!http://www.thepolisblog.org/2009/06/transitionalVlandscapes.html! 17 th !Lecture!by!Dr(Aleksandr(Vysokovsky,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! 15
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
Political!Context!&!ownership!! The' transformation' towards' a' market' system' has' been' a' gradual' process' which' started' in' 1991.' The' land' market' remains' immature' and' the' limits' between' private' and' public' ownership' are' not' yet' clarified.' The' property'right'is'limited,'available'to'nonHcommodity'housing'which'cannot'be'freely'bought'and'sold'on'the' open'market.' 18' The'municipality'retains'ownership'of'all'land'which'can'be'leased'for'49'years;'therefore'the' underselling' of' city’s' property' is' prevented.' 19Hence,' there' is' a' dualism' resulting' from' the' coexistence' of' marketisation' and' central' planning,' which' creates' a' unique' institutional' context' for' urban' development' and' growth'management.'Although'some'aspects'of'capitalism'have'been'allowed'to'operate,'the'market'system'is' mainly' controlled' by' the' central' government.' The' old' planned' system' and' new' market' system' coexist' (Zhao,2011).'! Since'the'collapse'of'the'Soviet'Union'Moscow'experienced'a'construction'boom.'Moscow'is'a'typical'example'of' how' mobile' capital' transforms' cities;' a' city' ‘‘planned’* by* developers* and* financiers* with* political* connections”* (Scott,1998:'145).''Thus,''organised'and'managed'by'the'central'authority,'major'redevelopment'projects'of'the' capital'become'products'of'political'aspirations'supporting'the'image'of'Moscow'as'a'‘world'city’'and'a'part'of' the'global'economic,'capitalist'community'(Pagonis'&'Thornley,2000).' !
The!new!Masterplan!of!Moscow!(2025)! The' new' Masterplan' of' Moscow' Development' up' to' 2025' –' a' ‘Masterplan' for' necessity’,' is' an' updated' version' of' the' last' Masterplan' for' the' city' –' the' ‘Masterplan' of' opportunities’.' It' is' the' fourth'in'the'history'of'Moscow'(the'first'was'in'1935,'the'second'in' 1971,'third'in'2005)'and'still'in'a'process'of'transformation.'The'main' purpose' of' the' reconfiguration' was' to' set' a' basis' for' a' more' coordinated' developmental' strategy' and' eliminate' the' factors' that' brought' the' city' to' the' brink' of' infrastructure' crisis' within' the' new' economic'conditions.'20! Main'objectives'of'the'new'Masterplan'21:' ! Preservation' of' the' historical' heritage.' Maintenance' and' preservation'of'historic'parks'and'green'spaces.'Setting'of'limited' zones'for'new'developments.'' ! Decentralization,' economic' and' territorial' restructuring.' Integration' of' the' city' and' the' periphery' within' 3' phases,' which' include:'redistribution'of'social'infrastructure'(social'and'cultural' amenities),'development'of'new'business'centres'in'the'periphery' and' creation' of' a' green' belt' between' the' third' and' fourth' ring' road.'' ! Demolition'and'reconstruction'of'old'residential'areas' ! Renewal' of' fixed' production' assets,' and' promotion' of' highHtech' industries,'large'scientific'centers'and'technology'parks' ! Transportation' maintenance' and' increase' of' accessibility.' Extension'and'construction'of'new'underground'lines'and'creation' of'a'fourth'ring'road'' Bottom$left:$map$of$the$proposed$redevelopment$(no.$5B7$on$map)$and$ preservation$(no.$2$and$4$on$the$map)$sites$by$the$Masterplan$of$Moscow.$$ Source:(Moscow(City’s(official(site:( http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.mos.ru/autho rity/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcity%2Bgovernment%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divnsu& !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVoMcMTS5MXf6JkDkgwELGHf42rA( 18
!Lecture!by!Dr(Tatiana(Mikhailova,!28th!March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering(! !Lecture!by!Dr(Aleksandr(Vysokovsky,!28th!March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! 20 th !Lecture!by!Oleg(Bayevski,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! 21 th !Lecture!by!Oleg(Bayevski,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering! 19
SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
Key!Challenges' The' New' Masterplan' (2025)' deals' in' many' ways' with' contemporary' problems' of' Moscow,' yet' it' is' focusing' narrowly' on' economic' development.' It' fails' to' establish' a' strategic' vision' based' on' a' new' image' of' the' city,' necessary'to'direct'local'and'regional'strategies'and'create'a'new'identity.'It'also'lacks'the'aspirations'for'growth' and' is' merely' dealing' with' functional' disabilities' characterising' the' current' administrative' system,' without' developing' a' detailed' strategy.' To' the' present' day,' the' city' and' the' city' region' of' Moscow' operate' as' different' entities'and'the'role'of'municipalities,'planning'and'transportation'authority'is'uncoordinated.'There'is'a'lack'of' management' and' of' a' detailed' designation' of' funding' resources,' tools' and' actors' for' its' objectives' to' be' achievable.' Limits' between' private' and' public' ownership' are' not' legitimately' clarified.' The' second' part' of' the' Masterplan,' concerning' private' development,' is' yet' to' be' detailed' and' approved.' At' the' moment' the' state’s' mechanisms'is'operating'under'previous'legislations,'constituting'remainders'of'the'socialist'era.'22Quality'of'life' is' limited' and' existing' crucial' social' and' economic' problems' of' the' everyday' citizens,' either' natives' or' immigrants'remain'unsolved.'' Modern'Moscow’s'sociopolitical'context'could'be'likened'to'a'field'of'conflict,'the'same'way'the'city’s'landscape' remains''a'‘wreckage'of'many'miscarried'experiments'in'authoritarian'social'planning’'(Scott,1998:194).'The' city’s'urban'morphology'is'based'on'a'centralised'pattern'which'is'weak'(Pacione,2009:276),'meaning'the'main' business'uses'that'are'concentrated'in'the'city'centre'are'not'followed'by'a'balanced,'mixedHused'development.'' Hence,'residential'areas'are'denser'outside'the'city'centre'and'''''the'transportation'system'is'not'developed'to' accommodate' actual' needs.' The' key' challenge' is' to' reconfigure' its' previous' norms' and' patterns' of' growth,' connect'and'coordinate'its'fragmented'parts'on'the'urban'field'and'integrate'its'social'capital.'That'would'set' the'scene'for'an'evolution'that'is'stable'and'effective'in'the'long'run.*
Developmental!Priorities! Use' a' ‘dialectical’' approach' to' create' a' new' vision' for' the' city,' combining' its' past,' present' and' future.'
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Connect'its'differences'in'an'effective'way,'using'its'true'assets.' Support'and'implement'a'mixedHused'developmental'pattern.'Transform'the'urban'landscape'to'interplay'
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natural,' cultural' and' economic' processes.! This' would' contribute' to' the' concentration' of' diverse' activities' within'the'city'centre'and'reinforce'the'importance'of'the'traditional'downtown.'In'addition'it'will'diminish' the' existing' highHlevels' of' commuting' from' the' city' fringe' to' the' centre,' along' with' all' negative' consequences'(i.e.'pollution'and'traffic'congestion)! Develop'a'highHcapacity'transport'system'capable'of'meeting'public'needs'and'fully'integrated'to'the'urban'
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morphology'and'developmental'approaches.'' "
Integrate'economic'growth'with'social'policy,'population'welfare'and'citizen’s'everyday'life.'
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Increase' quality' of' public' spaces' and' integrate' them' to' city' life' by' treating' them' as' means' to' reinforce' collective'identity.' Move'towards'a'flexible'and'adaptive'governance'and'an'integrated'policyHmaking'including'various'fields'
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and'levels.' Create' possibilities' for' a' wide' range' of' interest' and' stakeholders' to' interact.' Establish' new' roles' and'
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relations'between'public'and'private'sectors'and'create'a'platform'for'meaningful'public'involvement.' ' ' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 22
!Lecture!by!Dr(Aleksandr(Vysokovsky,!28th!March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering!
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
II.
Site!presentation!
Kurskaya' Metro' station' is' situated' on' the' northHeastern' part' of' the' Moscow' Garden' Ring' Road.! Administratively,' it' belongs' to' the! Basmanny* District' of' the' Central' Administrative' Okrug.' It' is' on' the' Koltsevaya'Line,'between'Komsomolskaya'and'Taganskaya'stations.'The'station'operates'since'1938.'Kurskaya' station'is'named'after'the'Kursky*Rail*Terminal,'adjacent'to'the'station’s'north'large'vestibule.'The'rail'terminal' serves'both'the'ring'and'radial'stations'and'it'is'connected'to'the'metro'through'a'circular'underground'lobby' which' extends' to' a' big' glazed' building' next' to' the' metro' station’s' main' entrance.' 23.' Both' are' located' in' a' distance'of'about'100'meters'from'the'Ring'Road,'longwise'a'side'road'accommodating'traffic'from'and'to'the' Ring'Road.' Contrary' to' the' luxurious' and' historic' atmosphere' of' the' subway,' the' outside' image' of' the' site' is' a' mix' of' deteriorated' open' spaces,' occasional' parking' lots,' neglected' historic' buildings' and' housing' blocks' and' impersonal' contemporary' constructions.' There' is' a' second' direct' metro' station' entrance' to' the' Ring' Road,' through'the' ‘Atrium’'shopping'mall'which'is'built'on'the'islet'formed'by'the'Ring'and'the'side'road.' An'open' market'(consisting'of'small'kiosks,'low'buildings'and'temporary'constructions)'is'located'on'the'south'besides' the'railway'lines'and'close'to'a'small'park'suspended'by'a'monorail'line.'A'large'open'parking'site'is'situated'on' the' north;' an' old' apartment' block' on' the' opposite' side' of' the' ring' road' is' accessed' by' a' subway' passage.'Bus'and'trolleyHbus'stations'exist'on'either' side'of'the'ring'road.'''
Threats!and!Opportunities!' Neighbourhood+scale+ Apart' from' transportation' nodes,' urban' stations' are' urban' places' which' can' act' as' city' landmarks,' enhance' local' community' life' and' accommodate' the' public' realm.' Stations' can' transform' to' commercial' or' cultural' centres'and'activate'creatively'urban'neighbourhoods'by'linking'local'and'metropolitan'needs.' Inherited'from'the'Socialist'planning'principles,'the'planning'of'public'spaces'around'the'Kurskaya'Stations'is' schematic,'without'taking'into'account'the'location'and'its'actual'demands'(Engel,2006:'226).'The'surrounding' landscape'and'land'uses'are'totally'fragmented'and'parking'spaces'dominate,'occupying'vital'public'space.'The' shopping' mall' stands' in' the' middle' of' the' site,' defining' its' character' to' a' great' extend,' as' one' of' the' modern' developmental' projects' that' merely' serve' in' fundHraising.' Its' function' as' well' as' the' spaces' around' it' seem' disconnected'from'the'neighbouring'areas.' Citizens'complain'about'the'lack'of'city'design24'and'the'new'Master'plan'fails'to'meet'these'expectations.'An' inclusive' planning' policy' aiming' at' combining' quality' and' functional' needs' is' essential' to' encourage' public' participation.'For'instance,'the'local'open'market'in'Kurskaya'Station'could'be'treated'as'a'part'of'the'public' realm'and'its'existence'as'an'opportunity'to'reinforce'local'trade'and'service'provision.'Green'spaces'around' the'station,'could'transform'to'attraction'sites,'truly'integrated'to'the'landscape.'Life'‘at'the'back’'of'the'Ring' Road' could' offer' opportunities' for' recreation,' peacefulness' and' social' exchange,' as' opposed' to' the' busy' and' noisy'street.''' Problems' as' low' frequency' of' buses,' severe' disturbance' between' pedestrians' and' traffic' flows' and' transfer' distances'are'apparent'both'close'to'the'station'and'the'surrounding'area.'Focusing'on'transport'solutions'on' local'scale'is'an'opportunity'to'encourage'the'use'of'public'transport.'Increasing'the'existing'road'network'and' widening' highways' is' not' the' most' effective' measure' of' a' policy' aiming' to' reduce' traffic' and' private' car' ownership.' By' observing' and' measuring' flows' and' activity' at' local' stations,' problems' as' the' above' could' be' addressed.' Moreover,' a' site' redevelopment' of' this' kind' provides' opportunities' for' designers' to' reconsider' coordination' between' different' actors' the' site' accommodates.' The' site' concentrates' private' investors,' small' scale' traders,' metro' and' railway' authorities' as' well' as' a' mixture' of' diverse' communities' and' flows.' It' is' a' representative' spaceHsample'of'the'contemporary'city'of'Moscow.''Thus,'it'provides'opportunities'to'recommend'alternative' spatial' design' and' planning' solutions' against' the' homogeneity' of' the' actions' proposed' to' address' different' issues,'until'today.' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23
!Wikipedia:!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurskaya_%28Koltsevaya_Line%29! !Lecture!by!Dr(Aleksandr(Finogenov,!29th!March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering!
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Top:$Plan$of$the$Kurskaya$Metro$station$and$the$surrounding$area.$The$station’s$entrances$are$marked$in$red.$$ Photos$from$left$to$right:$Metro$entrance$next$to$the$railway$station,$the$‘Atrium’$Shopping$Mall$from$the$Ring$Road$ and$photos$of$the$area$around$the$station:$the$dominating$parking$lots,$the$market$and$the$monorail$line$
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! ! + + + + + + + The$Basmanny$ District$in$relation$to$ Moscow$City$$
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! Kurskaya' Station' constitutes' an' integral' part' of' the' wider' transport' network.' As' such' it' can' be' treated' as' an' opportunity' to' enhance' its' overall' efficiency.' Apart' from' increasing' the' station’s' functionality' and' quality' of' services,' a' further' contribution' would' be' to' establish' multiple' levels' of' interdependence' and' contribute' towards'reconfiguring'the'correlation'of'transport,'developmental'patterns'and'urban'morphology.'Since'a'city' should'be'understood'as'a'physical'and'functional'whole'(Hillier,'2007),'these'relations'should'be'bidirectional.' Thus,' focusing' at' the' wider' scale' is' equally' important' and' creates' opportunities' to' facilitate' existing' connections'and'encourage'cooperation'between'different'parts.' The' Basmanny' District,' where' the' station' is' situated,' accommodated' many' state' institutions' (high' schools,' ministries,'hospitals)'during'Soviet'times;'many'of'them'located'in'old'gentry'houses.'Today,'it'is'considered'to' be'one'of'the'prestigious'central'areas'of'the'city,'attracting'postHindustrial'activities'(Gritsai,1997:'371).'The' history' of' the' area' is' closely' associated' with' the' development' of' Russian' culture,' science' and' art.' There' are' many' green' spaces' within' its' territory' as' well' as' tributaries' of' the' Moscva' River.' However,' it' remains' a' complex' of' industrial' enterprises' located' in' small,' lowHvalue' buildings;' and' historic' and' residential' areas' of' deteriorated' or' vacant' buildings' (66%' of' the' building' stock)' requiring' renovation' and' restoration.25' Sport,' education'and'recreation'are'on'offer'throughout'the'district,'without'these'individual'areas'being'in'any'way' brought'together.'A'mixture,'for'example,'of'residential'areas,'businesses'and'public'spaces,'which'would'have' led'to'the'vitalising'of'streets,'barely'exists'(Engel,2006:'230).' The' prevailed' planning' process' so' far' is' devoid' of' any' social,' environmental' and' cultural' stance.' In' order' to' follow' a' decentralised' policy,' the' New' Masterplan' proposes' new' centralities,' primarily' made' of' commercial' hubs,'spread'all'over'the'city'by'relying'on'the'existing'transport'network.'Yet,'it'does'not'consider'integrating' the'local'particularities'within'this'developmental'plan.'A'multiHdirectional'approach'could'lead'to'alternative,' more'effective'and'sustainable'scenarios.'
Opportunities!! " " " " " "
Link!local!to!metropolitan!developmental!goals! Link!transportation!to!urban!planning! Focus!on!local!scale!and!Increase!quality!of!life! Enhance!diversity!and!competitiveness! Link!numerous!actors!and!public!to!the!urban!scene! Reconfigure!planning!and!existing!policies!!
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!Basmanny!District!official!site!(translated):! http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.basman.ru/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcity%2Bgov ernment%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divnsu&rurl=translate.google.com!!
SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
III.
Planning!policies!
Kurkaya!Station!plans:'According'to'the'future'plans'for'the'area'around'Kurskaya'station,'there'is'the' provision'of'additional'infrastructure'and'engineering'implementations'to'address'traffic'problems'and' pedestrian'circulation.'As'seen'on'the'municipality’s'maps'for'next'redevelopment'stage,'a'brief'summary'of'the' interventions'goes'as'follows:'A'pedestrian'bridge'will'be'placed'opposite'the'station'to'facilitate'movement' across'the'Ring'Road'and'extended'parking'spaces'around'the'station'will'accommodate'passengers.'New' social'and'cultural'amenities'are'planned'for'the'near'future,'based'on'the'needs'of'the'district’s'population.'A' significant'number'of'the'latter'will'be'constructed'on'plots'around'the'station,'after'the'demolition'of'existing,' neglected'housing'stock.'In'addition,'authorities'define'the'limits'of'the'interventions'to'take'place'as'well'as' the'historic'buildings'and'green'spaces'to'be'preserved.'26'' Regulations'imposed'by'the'Federal'State'to'the'district'should'be'consulted'in'preparation'of'planning' proposals,'as'the'site'at'is'governmentHowned.'' Relevant'legal!documents'followed'by'the'district'administration27:' • • • •
Article'11'of'the'Law'"On'privatization'of'housing'stock'in'the'Russian'Federation"'' '04.07.1991' “Federal'Law'on'access'to'information'on'the'activities'of'the'state'and'local'government'“'09.2.2009' “The'Law'of'the'Charter'of'the'City'of'Moscow”/'28.06.1995' “On'the'organization'of'rest'and'recuperation'of'children'in'Moscow'in'2011'and'subsequent'years”/' 15.02.2011'
City! –! scale! transport! plans:' One' of' the' main' objectives' of' the' New' Masterplan' to' increase' the' efficiency' of' the' road' network' and' transportation' system.' According' to' its' primary' aims,' the' total'length'of'Moscow'roads'is'to'grow'by'50%'to'6,000'km.'and' pedestrian' bridges' are' to' be' placed' to' facilitate' pedestrian' movement.' By' 2025,' the' length' of' the' Moscow' metro' system' is' planned' to' be' increased' by' 68.7' km' and,' in' the' long' run,' local' authorities'are'planning'to'make'it'twice'as'long'as'the'existing.'In' addition,' metro' is' to' become' part' of' a' larger' transport' system' consisting' of' express' lines,' mini' lines,' and' lightHrail' metro' with' railway' connections.' Special' attention' will' be' given' to' the' development' of' green' transport' –' trolleybuses' and' trams.' 28' The' action' plan' of' the' Moscow' City' Government' consists' of'seven' sections'that'briefly'cover'the'following'issues29:'the'construction' of'roads,' bridges' and' car' parks,' traffic' control,' public' transport' system' management' and' the' establishment' of'a'single' body' for' the' management' and' development' of' a' longHterm' transport' strategy.' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 26
!Basmanny!District!official!site!(translated):! http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.basman.ru/page/24&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcit y%2Bgovernment%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divnsu&rurl=translate.google.com!! 27 !Basmanny!District!official!site!(translated):! http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.basman.ru/page/21&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcit y%2Bgovernment%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divnsu&rurl=translate.google.com!! 28 th !Lecture!by!Oleg(Bayevski,!28 !March!2011!at!Moscow(State(University(of(Civil(Engineering!/!“Controversial!building!plan!–! death!sentence!to!Moscow?”,![Online],!Available:!!http://rt.com/news/primeVtime/moscowVcontroversialVbuildingVplan/'! 29 !Moscow!International!Portal:!http://www.moscow.ru/en/government/lifein_moscow/economic_experience/stopper/! !
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! Development*plans*of*Basmanny*District** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Kurskaya*Metro*Station*in*relation*to*the* Basmanny*District* Provision*of*social*and*cultural*facilities** Proposed*plan*for*the*construction*of*additional** parking*space(red*color=new/black*colorEexisting)* Plan*of*shortEterm*transport*development,* construction*or*roads*and*bridges* Plan*of*the*public*transport*lines*of*the* Basmanny*district*and*walking*distances* between*stations*and*subways*
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! ! $ 6. 7.
Map$of$Regional$Planning$Regulations$ Proposed$plan$for$the$redevelopment$of$ residential$areas$ 8. Plan$of$preservation$areas$and$cultural$heritage$$ 9. Plan$of$existing$industrial$sites$for$ redevelopment$$ 10. Proposed$plan$for$the$revitalisation$of$green$ spaces$ $
Source:(Basmanny(District(Official(site((translated):! http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.bas man.ru/page/24&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcity%2Bgovernm ent%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divnsu&rurl=translate.google.com(
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ShortBterm$(left)$and$longBterm$(right)$Moscow$ Metro$redevelopment$plans$and$line$extensions$
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Left:$Proposed$plan$for$the$development$of$the$existing$road$network$ Right:$Moscow$Ring$Road$and$the$adjacent$industrial$zones$
SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
IV.
Key!stakeholders!
To' the' present' day' the' following' departments' operate' independently' and' public' participation' is' nonexistent.' There'is'an'attempt'by'the'current'city'authorities'to'reorganize'sectors'and'increase'cooperation'potentials.'' Given'the'nature'of'the'project'scenario,'a'complex'coordination'between'the'following'departments'and'levels' of'power,'overcoming'administrative'and'regional'barriers'is'necessary.' Public:' o Residents'of'the'participating'Districts'and'commuters'from'all'social'groups'' ! Transport'authorities:'' o o o o o
The'Moscow'Metro'30' The'Russian'Railways'(RZD)31'' Ministry'of'Municipal'Services'(RSFSR)'[For'tram'and'trolleyHbuses]' Ministry'of'Motor'Vehicle'Transport'and'the'regional'Ispolkom'32[For'buses'and'other'motor'vehicles]' Metro'Property'and'Land'Use'Department'
' Private'developers:' Atrium'Mall'(Kurskaya'Metro'Station)'private'developer' Relevant'private'investors'within'the'project'implementation'plan' ' Municipality'(district)33:' o o
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The'Basmanny'district'chief'council,'the'commission'council'and'the'subdivisions,'including:' • The'Division'of'Construction,'Reconstruction'and'Land'Use' • The'Social'Department' • The'Department'of'consumer'market!and'use'of'nonHresidential'premises'[including'categories'of'I' and'II'of'trade'as'small'retail'trade'and'domestic'services]' • Department'of'Social'Welfare! The' council' and' subdivisions' of' the' neighbouring' districts' participating' in' the' project' in' case' the' proposed' implementation' plan' exceeds' the' limits' of' Basmanny' District.' [These' could' comprise' the' Tagansky,* Krasnoselsky,* Sokolinnaya* Gora* (Falconer* Hill),* Sokolniki,* ' Preobrazhenskoye* and' the' Zamoskvorechye*'District'Councils]''
' Moscow’s'central'government'(land'owner)34:' The'Central'City'Council'and'its'subdivisions'emphasizing'the'Departments'of:' • Transportation'and'Development'of'Road'and'Transport'Infrastructure' • Housing'and'Public'Works'City'of'Moscow'(Moscow'DZhKHiB)' • Natural'Resources'and'Environment' • Urban'planning'policy'in'Moscow' • Road'and'Bridge'Engineering'in'Moscow! • Trade'and'Services'of'Moscow' ' ' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! o
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!Moscow!Metro!official!site:!http://engl.mosmetro.ru/![Metro!Land!Use!Department:! http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=550]! 31 !Russian!Railways!Official!site:!http://eng.rzd.ru/!!! 32 !Crouch,!Martin!(1979)!‘Problems!of!Soviet!Urban!Transport’,!in!Soviet!Studies,!Vol.!31,!No.!2,!p.!231V256! 33 !Basmanny!District!official!site!(translated):! http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcity%2Bgovernment%26hl%3De n%26prmd%3Divnsu&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&u=http://www.basman.ru/&usg=ALkJrhiGt1v2sbhey9klJwZZV vFBDgGuow!! 34 !Official!Server!of!the!Moscow!City!Government!(translated):! http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dmoscow%2Bcity%2Bgovernment%26hl%3De n%26prmd%3Divnsu&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ru&u=http://www.mos.ru/&usg=ALkJrhi5PSq3LXKdLUzQsRNCWQrnftJwaA!!
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
V.
Strategic!Plan!
' Participants'are'recommended'to'suggest'solutions'by'critically'considering'the'Masterplan'of'the'city' of' Moscow' for' 2025;' they' are' required' either' to' partially' follow' existing' policies' and' strategies' by' complementing' them' when' it' is' needed,' or' to' oppose' constructively' to' the' above' framework,' so' as' new'suggestions'are'both' offering'solutions'and'introducing'alternative'views'to'the' ongoing'urban' political'strategy.'In'any'case,'submitted'design'proposals'are'expected'to'address'the'main'principles' highlighted'in'the'brief.' Spatial!Interventions!! ' Local!scale:!
Designers' are' required' to' think' of' uses' stations' could' accommodate.' Focusing' on' Kurskaya' Metro' station' they' are' asked' to' propose' an' aspired' layout' of' development.' The' station' should' be' seen' primarily'as'an'urban'space'and'a'part'of'the'city'rather'than'just'a'transport'node;'a'space'that'can' accommodate'the'public'realm'and'become'a'successful'investment'in'the'long'term!(Trip,2007:'1H2).' It' is' crucial' that' the' area' revitalization' is' based' on' the' needs' of' nearby' communities' and' reinforce' their'local'characteristics'by'linking'them'at'the'same'time'to'metropolitan'needs'and'functions.' In' order' to' maximize' the' possibilities' of' social' capital,' the' station' should' be' seen' as' a' place' of' civic' engagement,'offering'a'real'sense'of'place'and'meaning'for'the'public.'The'public'realm'includes'not' just'the'transit'system'but'also'the'environments'associated'with'it'(Kenworthy,2006:'69).'The'station' should'offer'possibilities'to'enhance'local'trade,'to'provide'employment'opportunities'and'become'a' node'of'diverse'social'groups'and'activities'promoting'community'cohesion.' As' mentioned' before,' Kurskaya' Metro' Station' is' a' place' dominated' by' traffic' and' parking' lots,' a' private'shopping'mall'totally'separated'from'its'environs'and'a'mix'of'segregated'activities'resulting' in'a'space'where'limits'between'private'and'public'are'either'undistinguishable'or'ineffectively'linked.' The'project'is'seeking'to'achieve'solutions'that'are'based'on'the'following'qualities'(Kenworthy,2006:' 79)':'' • • • • •
Permeability'–'providing'access,'alternative'routes,'and'have'a'clear'definition'between'public' and'private'places' Variety'–'providing'a'range'of'uses'available'to'offer'experiential'choice'at'various'times' Legibility' –' offering' a' wide' level' of' interpretation' through' street' function,' landmarks' and' diverse'land'uses' Robustness'–'maintaining'the'flexibility'to'be'used'for'a'variety'of'purposes'over'a'long'period' of'time'and'adjust'to'changes' Visual' appropriateness–' offering' rich' design' solutions' that' adapt' to' the' streetscape' can' be' interpreted'easily'by'different'people''encouraging'social'interaction'
' District!scale:!
This' stage' is' about' reconfiguring' the' official' planning' policy' for' Moscow' H' the' radioHcentric' scheme' that'was'imposed'onto'the'city'by'the'General'Plan'of'1935'and'reinforced'by'that'point'onwards.'The' aim' is' for' designers' to' address' the' Kurskaya' station' area' as' a' part' of' a' hypothetic' redevelopment' project' that' includes' the' whole' district.' Yet' the' limits' of' the' implementation' plans' are' open' if' supported'by'the'proposed'scenario.'' In'order'to'reach'a'considerable'solution,'it'is'essential'that'a'vision'for'the'area'be'introduced'and' followed:' while' defining' areas' for' new' redevelopments' and' their' uses,' residential' blocks' to' be' preserved'or'rebuilt,'or'redesigning'open'spaces.'Designers'may'choose'a'sequence'of'keyHsites'that' constitute' potential' for' architectural' interventions,' albeit' being' adapted' at' the' same' time' to' the' environment'and'the'local'needs.''
SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
The' station’s' immediate' environs' consist' of' an' industrial' zone' in' decline.' The' riverbanks' of' the' Moskva' tributary' as' well' as' many'of'the'green'spaces'are'vacant'sites,'ferociously'colonized' by' new' commercial' clusters' or' separated' by' monoHrail' lines' that'are'fragmenting'their'potential'unity.'' Proposing' unconventional' models' of' development' are' of' great' importance.' Linking' fragmented' parts' or' preserving' oppositions' to' introduce' variety' is' an' example.' A' linear' development'along'the'river'could'also'be'an'alternative.'Mixed' used'outcomes'with'distributed'opportunities'will'be'preferred.' It'would'be'crucial'to'consider'the'potential'of'expanding'these' developmental' ‘corridors’' to' a' part' of' the' city' region' and' enhance'vitality'to'deteriorated'areas.'Priority'will'be'given'to' solutions'that'can:''' o Be'inspirational'' o Be' adaptive' to' change' and' create' potential' for' further' development' o Introduce'an'alternative'pattern'of'development' o Improve' quality' of' life' and' link' local' to' metropolitan' needs'
! Transportation:!
The'underlying'purpose'within'the'above'process'is'to'rethink' the'notion'of'mobility'in'urban'space'and'the'way'networks'of' communication' are' created.' A' mixedHuse' developmental' pattern'should'be'followed'by'a'network'that'is'as'Scott'claims' (1998:' 73)' a' “physical* image* of* the* actual* movements* of* goods* and* people* along* routes”.* It' is' a' pattern' of' nonHrandom' movements,' reflecting' “the* ease* of* travel”' and' “the* location* of* important* resources* and* ritual* sites”' (Scott,1998:' 73H74).' A' successful'solution'would'include'an'implementation'plan'of'an' effective' network,' by' integrating' pedestrian' movement' and' land' use' with' the' transportation' system.' Designers' are' also' encouraged' to' propose' new' forms' of' transit' (i.e.' fast' or' light' transport' systems)' or' additional' stops' on' the' current' lines' if' they' believe' the' existing' network' does' not' accommodate' the' areas’'actual'needs.' On'small'scale'implementation'plan,'designers'should'focus'on' creating' a' safe' and' comfortable' environment' and' make' transport' services' more' effective' so' as' to' contribute' to' Top:$Map$of$green$spaces$in$ reducing' the' use' of' private' vehicles.' The' volume' and' flow' of' relation$to$the$road$network$and$ passengers,' transit' distances' and' bus' frequency' are' aspects' Basmanny$District.$$ designers' should' address' and' accommodate' successfully' Bottom:$Historical$map$of$the$ landscape,$green$spaces$and$rivers$ demonstrating' the' traffic' problems' directly' in' two' or' three' Source:(‘Polis’:( dimensions' (Jiancong' et' al,' 2006:' 97).' Of' high' importance' http://www.thepolisblog.org/2010/01/urbani would'be'to'consider'creative'and'alternative'ways'of'planning' sm>under>stalin.html( and'design'implementations'to'minimize'the'need'for'excessive' and'ineffective'infrastructure'(i.e.'underground'crossings'vs.'pedestrian'bridges).'Most'importantly' they'should'adjust'design'implementations'to'the'needs'of'disadvantage'groups'with'lower'access' to'cars'(i.e.'disabled'people,'elderly'and'children)'(Hinea'&'Griecob,2003:'300).' ! !
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A'successful'proposal'should'seek'to'ease'the'gap'between'the'geography'of'travel'and'the'geography' of'transportation'facilities;'adapt'the'urban'shape'so'as'to'become'more'transit'supportive'and'adjust' their' transit' services' to' deliver' customers' closer' to' their' destinations,' minimize' waits' and' expedite' transfers.' It' is' essential' to' introduce' a' built' form' and' a' mobility' environment' where' transit' is' a' far' more'respectable'way'of'traveling'(Cervero,1998:'3H30).' Moscow'is'a'city'with'separate'bus,'tram'and'railway'authorities.'Maintenance'agencies'also'belong'to' another'department.'The'railway'lines'within'the'city'limits'are'regulated'by'another'authority'than' these'of'the'cityHregion.'Considering'the'unnecessary'complexities'the'above'scheme'implies,'careful' attention' should' be' given' to' successfully' coordinating' local' and' transportation' authorities' and' systems'of'maintenance'to'regulate'usage'of'all'networks.'' Proposing' solutions' to' the' general' current' transport' legislation' scheme' is' required' to' link' to' the' metropolitan'scale.'These'would'include:'an'appropriate'legislative'system'for'parking'management,' fuel'taxation,'integrated'ticketing'and'environmental'policy.'Proposals'about'congestion'charging'are' also' important' if' designers' think' they' can' be' supported' by' the' current' network' shape' or' the' alternative'one'they'propose.' Social!Policy!! Successful'suggestions'should'introduce'an'integrated'framework'for'a'policy'strategy'mainly'based' on'accommodating'social'needs'and'promoting'community'cohesion.'It'should'primarily'include'the' following'steps:'''' o The' reorganisation' of' the' data' bases' and' collective' procedures' of' every' district.' Focusing' on' the'districts'that'participate'in'the'proposed'planning'implementations,'a'successful'proposal' would' take' into' account' a' detailed' structure' of' the' local' population.' Hence,' the' social' policy' departments' of' the' local' municipalities' should' cooperate' in' collecting' the' relevant' data' to' address'local'problems,'maximizing'value'contributed'to'both'mission'and'the'bottom'line.' o An' active' involvement' of' all' district' employees' in' governance' activities' is' indispensible' throughout' the' planning' process.' A' close' collaboration' with' the' designers' that' promotes' creative' problem' solving,' greater' acceptance' of' decisions' made,' and' a' more' trusting' work' environment' is' crucial' for' a' successful' result.' Participants' are' required' to' build' a' common' ground'through'participatory'governance,'in'order'to'meet'the'project’s'requirements.'''''' o Conventional' as' well' as' innovative' means' of' communication' (i.e.' website,' regular' eH newsletters,' free' travel' alerts,' weekend' closure' emails)' need' to' be' adopted' both' to' facilitate' the' data' selection' process' and' offer' opportunities' for' public' involvement' and' survey' conducting' about' the' project.' Locals' should' be' allowed' to' submit' feedback' commenting' on' project'progress.'' o Central'municipalities'are'encouraged'to'call'for'voluntary'participation'in'data'collection,'or' interview'procedures'and'integrate'public'participation'as'much'as'possible.' o All' the' involved' parts' are' encouraged' to' make' the' proper' arrangements' to' facilitate' cooperation'throughout'the'project.'“Planning*for*the*future*of*the*city*is*a*visionary*‘debate*and* decide*process,*not*a*‘predict*and*provide’*computerRdriven*process”*(Kenworthy,2006:'68).' Financial!policy! The'project'is'seen'as'an'opportunity'to'reinforce'the'economic'performance'of'the'city'along'with'the' social' livability.' It' supports' the' fact' that' new' investments' and' employment' creation' are' maximized' through'innovation,'creativity'and'the'uniqueness'of'the'local'environment'and'culture,'as'well'as'the' environmental'quality'and'effectiveness'of'the'city’s'public'space'and'transit'system.'To'facilitate'the' above'processes'designers'should'introduce'a'financial'strategy'framework'wherein:' o Participating' departments,' both' private' and' public,' cooperate' in' raising' revenues' and' management'of'funding.' o There' are' suggestions' for' reconfiguring' official' land' use' and' ownership' issues' which' are' currently' matters' of' regulatory' reform.' In' order' to' facilitate' new' largeHscale' investments,' a'
SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
strong' legislative' basis' addressing' companies’' registration' and' purchase' or' rent' is' needed,' to' make'the'picture'of'location'more'stable'in'time.'Less'centralised'and'bureaucratic'procedures' are'required,'too'(Gritsai,1997:367).'Yet,'revenues'from'leased'land'should'also'be'used'directly' to'address'local'needs,'public'spaces'maintenance'and'small'scale'investments.'' o Supporting' smallHscale' trading' and' mixedHused' uses' is' also' of' high' importance.' Apart' from' being'necessary'to'address'social'cohesion'and'support'lowHincome'groups'and'immigrants,'it' adds' to' generating' investments' in' longHterm.' It' also' facilitates' global' links' as' humanHscale' centers'and'diverse'cultural'and'entertainment'facilities'attract'globally'mobile'jobs'linked'to' the'new'information'economy,'enriching'potential'for'growth'(Newman'et'al.1999).' o Taxation'of'unrented'residences'and'unused'spaces'is'used'as'a'means'to'address'the'problem' of'the'large'proportion'of'vacant'spaces'the'city'centre'is'facing'and'could'also'offer'solution'to' current'housing'problems.' o A' transport' revenue' implementation' plan' that' is' detailed' and' ' effective,' mitigating' social' inequalities'(it'may'include'charges'for'traffic'congestion;'bridge'tolls;'car'parks;'parkHandHride' facilities;'higher'taxes'on'emissions)''' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ! !
Source:(Strelka>Institute(of(Media,(Architecture(and(Design>ps>city.net((information(and(pictures(shared( by(Anna(Trapkova)(
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VI.
Key!deliverables!
Designers'are'expected'to:' o Highlight'and'gather'detailed'data'of'the'districts’'land'uses,'built'environment'characteristics' and' physical,' cultural' and' social' assets' (i.e.' diagrams' of' survey' data,' assets' and' deprivation' maps' and' plans' of' traffic' and' pedestrian' flows).' This' would' serve' as' the' necessary' basis' for' designers' to' work' on' social' needs,' match' the' supply' of' land' uses' on' the' supply' of' transport' systems'(Donaghy'et'al,'2005:'117),'and'create'a'visionary'approach.' o Provide'a'clear'spatial'vision'that'aligns'their'aspiration'for'the'station'area'through'a'1:200' design'plan' o Link'the'station'area'plan'to'a'wider'scale'proposal'through'a'1:5000'and'1:2000'master'plan' o Include' plans,' sections' and' perspectives' to' their' spatial' implementation' proposals' and' demonstrate'an'understanding'of'the'relations'between''landHuse'and'transport'uses'on'site,' that'simultaneously'represent'use'values'aligned'to'the'strategic'vision' o Spatially' represent' ways' of' encouraging' spontaneous' activities' on' public' spaces' and' ‘open’' possibilities'for'development.'In'that'sense'an'analysis'of'how'the'spatial'strategy'can'absorb' change'(i.e.'density,'land'use'changes'and'occupancy)'over'time'is'necessary.'' o Propose' an' implementation' plan' of' additional' measures' addressing' transportation' problems' (i.e.'integrated'ticketing,'car'park'charging'etc)' o Provide' a' contract' strategy' that' sets' clear' limits' between' public' and' private' ownership.' One' that'encourages'private'investment'by'also'establishing'a'framework'of'cooperation'between' authorities' and' developers' in' order' to' sustain' local' and' social' capital' assets' and' enhance' community'productivity'and'participation.' o Compose'a'financial'strategy'effective'in'obtaining'long'term'investment'and'supportive'of'the' strategic' plan' vision.' Incorporate' financing' options' and' land' leasing' components' and' specify' revenue'and'allocation.' o Produce'a'cost'benefit'analysis'and'ensure'public'utility'by'including'social'and'environmental' analysis.' o Propose'a'detailed'time'line'and'project'management'plan.'' ' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Source:(‘Oredu’:!http://edu.objectivereality.org/en/media/PlaceOfOrigin/ma_nevskiy/( ((( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
BIBLIOGRAPHY! (
Bertaud,!A.!&!Renaud,!B.!(1995),!“Socialist!Cities!without!Land!Markets”,!in!Journal(of(Urban(Economics,!Vol.!41,!No.! UE961097,!p.!137V151! ! Cervero,!Robert!(1998),!The(Transit(Metropolis:(a(global(inquiry,!Washington!D.C.:!Island!Press! ( Deckha,!Nitin!(2003)!‘Insurgent!Urbanism!in!a!Railway!Quarter:!Scalar!Citizenship!at!King’s!Cross,!London’,!in!ACME:( An(International(E>Journal(for(Critical(Geographies,!2!(1),!p.33V56! http://www.acmeVjournal.org/vol2/Deckha.pdf![15V04V2011]! ! Donaghy,!K.,!Poppelreuter,!S.,!Rudinger,!G.!(2005),!Social(dimensions(of(sustainable(transport:(transatlantic( perspectives,!Aldershot!:!Ashgate! ! Engel,!Barbara!(2006)!“Public!space!in!the!Blue!Cities!in!Russia”,!in!Progress(in(Planning,!No!66,!p.147–239.![Online]! Available:!www.elsevier.com/locate/pplann,![10V02V2011]! ! French,!R.!A.!(1995),!Plans,(pragmatism(and(people:(the(legacy(of(Soviet(planning(for(today's(cities,!London:!UCL! Press! ! Gritsai,!O.!(1997)!“Business!services!and!restructuring!of!urban!space!in!Moscow”,!in!GeoJournal,(Vol.!42,!Issue!4,!p.! 365–376.! ! Hillier,!Bill!(2007)!Space(is(the(Machine:(A(Configurational(Theory(of(Architecture,(Electronic! Edition![1st!paperback!ed:!1996],!UK:!Space!Syntax![Online],!Available:! http://www.ninsight.at/ak_stdb/SpaceIsTheMachine.pdf,![Accessed:!12!Dec!2010]! ! Hinea,!J.!&!Griecob,!M.!(2003),!“Scatters!and!clusters!in!time!and!space:!implications!for!delivering!integrated!and! inclusive!transport”,!in!Transport(Policy,!No!10,!p.!299–306! ! Kenworthy,!Jeffrey!R.!(2006),!“The!ecoVcity:!ten!key!transport!and!planning!dimensions!for!sustainable!city! development”,!in!ENVIRONMENT(&(URBANIZATION,!Volume!18,!No!1,!p.67V85! http://eau.sagepub.com/content/18/1/67!,![03V04V2011]! ! Krasheninnokov,!A.!(2003),!‘The!case!of!Moscow,!Russia’,!in!Understanding(Slums:(Case(Studies(for(the(Global(Report( on(Human(Settlements,([On!line],!Available:!http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpuVprojects/Global_Report/pdfs/Moscow.pdf,! [03V02V2011]! ! Newman,!P!W!G.,!Kenworthy,!J.!R.!!&!F.!!Laube,!F.!(1999),!“The!global!city!and!sustainability!–!perspectives!from! Australian!cities!and!a!survey!of!37!global!cities”,!in!Brotchie,!J,!Newton,!P.,!Hall,!P.!and!JDickey,!J.!(editors),!East( West!Perspectives(of(21st(Century(Urban(Development:(Sustainable(Eastern(and(Western(Cities(in(the(New( Millennium,!Ashgate,!Aldershot,(England,!pages!327–354! ! Pacione,!Michael!(2009),!Urban(geography:(a(global(perspective,!London;!New!York:!Routledge!(3rd!Ed.)! ! Pagonis,!Thanos!&!Thornley,!Andy,!(2000)!‘Urban!Development!Projects!in!Moscow:!Market/State!Relations!in!the! New!Russia’,!in!European(Planning(Studies,(Volume!8,!No.!6,(p:!751V766! ! Rudolph,!Robert!&!Brade,!Isolde!(2005),!“Moscow:!Processes!of!restructuring!in!the!postVSoviet!metropolitan! periphery”,!in!Cities,!Vol.!22,!No.!2,!p.!135–150! ! Scott,!James!C.,!(1998)!Seeing(like(a(State:(How(Certain(Schemes(to(Improve(the(Human(Condition(Have(Failed,!New( Haven:!Yale!University!Press! ! ! !
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! ! Shanin!Ζ.!M.,!A.,!Sobolev!Ζ.!N.!&!Volkova,!L.!(2006),!“Gated!communities!of!the!Moscow!green!belt:!newly! segregated!landscapes!and!the!suburban!Russian!environment”,!in!(GeoJournal,!Vol.!66,!No!1V2,!p.!65V81! ! Trip,!Jacob!J.!(2007)!What(Makes(a(City?(Planning(for('Quality(of(Place’:(The(Case(of(High>Speed(Train(Station(Area( Development,!Netherlands:!Delft!University!Press!! ! Jiancong!W.,!Shaokuan!C.,!Yuqiang,!H.,!Liping!G.!(2006),(‘Simulation!of!Transfer!Organization!of!Urban!Public! Transportation!Hubs’,!in!JOURNAL(OF(TRANSPORTATION(SYSTEMS(ENGINEERING(AND(INFORMATION(TECHNOLOGY,! Volume!6,!Issue!6,!p.!96V102! ! Zhao,!Pengiun!(2011)!“Managing!urban!growth!in!a!transforming!China:!Evidence!from!Beijing’,!in!Land(Use(Policy,! Vol.!28,!Issue!1,!p:!96V109![Online],!Available:! http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/30451/description#description,![02V04V2011]! ( (
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! !
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS!! !
This!paper!is!based!on!a!field!trip!to!the!city!of!Moscow,!organised!by!the!LSE!Cities!Programme!on!the!26thV31st! March!2011.!I!would!like!to!acknowledge!and!extend!my!gratitude!to!the!following!persons!and!organisations!that! have!made!the!completion!of!the!Lecture!Notes!possible:! ! Cities$Programme$ London!School!of!Economics!and!Political!Science! lse.ac.uk/collections/cities/! Institute$for$Architecture$and$Civil$Engineering$ Moscow!State!University!of!Civil!Engineering! National$Research$University$ Higher!School!of!Economics$ Strelka$ Institute!of!Media,!Architecture!and!Design! psVcity.net! ! Dr!Fran!Tonkiss! Fran!Tonkiss!is!Reader!in!Sociology,!and!Director!of!the!Cities!Programme.!She!joined!the!Department!at!LSE!in!2004,!and! previously!has!taught!at!Goldsmiths!College,!and!at!the!City!University,!London.!Her!research!and!teaching!is!in!the!fields!of! urban!and!economic!sociology.!Her!interests!in!urban!studies!include!cities!and!social!theory,!urban!development!and! gentrification,!urban!divisions!and!public!space.!In!economic!sociology,!her!research!focuses!on!markets,!capitalism!and! globalisation,!trust!and!social!capital.!Publications!in!these!fields!include!Space,!the!City!and!Social!Theory!(Polity,!2005),!and! Contemporary!Economic!Sociology:!Globalisation,!Production,!Inequality!(Routledge,!2006).!She!is!the!coVauthor!of!Market! Society:!Markets!and!Modern!Social!Theory!(Polity,!2001,!with!Don!Slater),!and!coVeditor!of!Trust!and!Civil!Society!(Macmillan,! 2000,!with!Andrew!Passey).!She!is!an!editor!of!the!British!Journal!of!Sociology,!and!a!member!of!the!editorial!board!of!Economy! and!society.! Dr!Suzanne!Hall! Suzanne!Hall!is!Cities!Programme!Fellow,!and!has!practiced!as!an!architect!and!urban!designer!in!South!Africa.!She!recently! completed!her!PhD!entitled,!‘A!Mile!of!Mixed!Blessings:!An!Ethnography!of!Boundaries!and!Belonging!on!a!South!London!Street’,! for!which!she!was!awarded!the!LSE’s!Robert!McKenzie!Prize!for!outstanding!performance!in!a!PhD!programme.!She!has!taught!in! the!Departments!of!Architecture!at!the!University!of!Cambridge!and!the!University!of!Cape!Town.!Her!projects!considering!the! role!of!design!in!the!context!of!rapid!urban!transformation!in!poor!and!racially!segregated!areas!have!been!published!and! exhibited!in:!the!Architectural!Review!(2007,!vol.221,!no.!324,!pp.!64V5);!and!‘Between!Ownership!and!Belonging:!Transitional! Space!in!the!PostVApartheid!Metropolis’,!as!part!of!the!2006!Venice!Architecture!Biennale!on!‘Cities,!Architecture!and!Society’.! As!an!urban!ethnographer!her!research!interests!include!ordinary!spaces!and!everyday!practices,!social!and!political!forms!of! inclusion!and!exclusion,!and!ethnography!and!visual!methods.!She!recently!coVedited!(with!Melissa!Fernandez!and!Cecilia! Dinardi)!Writing!Cities!(LSE,!2010);!and!her!chapter!on!‘Walworth!Road!V!World!Intersections:!Moving,!Pausing!and!Stopping!on!a! MultiVethnic!Street’,!is!included!in!S.!Dobson,!A.!Rooke!and!P.!Halliday!(eds),!Studying!the!City:!Methodology,!Experience!and! Politics,!London:!Palgrave!Macmillan.! ! Dr!Aleksandr!Vysokovsky! Aleksandr!Vysokovsky!is!Professor!at!Russian!Presidential!Academy!of!National!Economy!and!Public!Administration,!Head!of!the! Panel!for!Urban!Development!and!Planning!of!Russian!Union!of!Architects,!Director!for!Nonprofit!fund!“Reforms!in!Urban! Planning”!(Moscow).!His!area!of!expertise!and!interests!include:!problems!of!urban!planning!and!development,!legal!zoning!and! urban!built!form.!Aleksandr!Vysokovsky!participated!and!lead!projects!including:!Rules!for!Development,!Laws!and!Federal! Statutes,!General,!Strategic!and!Development!Plans!for!11!Russian!cities.! ! Oleg!Bayevski! Oleg!Bayevski!is!Deputy!Director!for!the!State!Enterprise!“Research!and!Design!Institute!for!Strategic!Plan!of!Moscow”,!Member! of!International!Academy!of!Architecture,!Emeritus!Architect!of!Russia.!Oleg!is!Principal!Architect!for!Strategic!Plan!of!Moscow! and!Group!Leader!for!the!City’s!Zoning!System.!Oleg!Baevski!completed!his!degree!in!Architecture!at!Moscow!Architectural! Institute!in!1978!and!has!been!working!Research!and!Design!Institute!for!Strategic!Plan!of!Moscow!since!1975.! ! Dr!Pedro!Ignacio!Alonso! Pedro!Ignacio!Alonso!studied!architecture!and!holds!a!MSc!in!Architecture!from!the!PUC!in!Chile!(2000),!and!completed!his!Ph.D! at!the!Architectural!Association!in!2007.!He!has!taught!at!the!AA!since!2005,!currently!as!Visiting!Tutor!at!the!‘History!and!
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SO465!–!Lent!term!2011!/!Sofia!Asteriadi! ! Critical!Thinking’!MA!Programme.!Between!2006!and!2009!Alonso!worked!at!Arup!Urban!Design!in!London!in!a!number!projects! in!Russia,!Azerbaijan,!and!Saudi!Arabia.!He!currently!teaches!theory!of!architecture!and!design!at!the!Catholic!University!in! Santiago.!His!publications!include!The!Ghost!Project,!in!‘AA/CC!Architectural!Association!City!Cultures!Research!Cluster’!(London:! Architectural!Association,!2010);!A!panel’s!tale:!KPD!and!the!Politics!of!Assemblage!(AA!Files!59,!London!2009);!and!Acronym!(AA! Files!57,!London!2008).!He!is!also!guest!editor!of!a!special! issue!of!the!Chinese!Magazine!New!Architecture!(no!129)!titled!Critical!Fabrications!(Huazhong!University!of!Science!and! Technology,!Wuhan,!April!2010).!Together!with!Hugo!Palmarola,!he!received!a!RIBA!Research!Trust!Award!for!his!ongoing!study! on!the!Soviet!KPD!system!and!the!politics!of!Cold!War!prefabrication;!has!been!awarded!with!a!Research!Grant!from!The!Getty! Research!Institute,!Los!Angeles,!California!(2010),!and!with!a!Fellowship!as!Visiting!Scholar!at!the!Canadian!Centre!for! Architecture!(CCA)!in!Montreal!(2011).! ! Yuriy!Milevskiy! Yuriy!Milevskiy!is!an!architect!and!urban!researcher,!he!holds!MEng!in!Architecture!and!Buildings!Design!from!Moscow!State! University!of!Civil!Engineering!(2005)!and!completed!his!MSc!in!Urban!Studies!at!University!Colledge!London!(2009).!His!research! interests!are!within!urban!studies!and!architectural!theory!and!include!questions!of!postVsocialist!city,!space!and!power,!urban! development!and!economics,!landscape!urbanism!and!complexity!science.!Yuriy!has!previously!worked!as!an!urban!designer!as! part!of!Arup!Urban!Design!in!London(2006V2009),!taking!part!in!projects!in!the!UK,!the!Netherlands,!China,!UAE!and!Russia.! From!2009!onwards,!he!has!worked!in!collaboration!with!an!international!research!project!based!at!Pontificia!Universidad! Catolica!de!Chile!studying!the!application!of!Soviet!prefabricated!building!technologies!in!Chile!and!Cuba.!From!2010,!he!has! worked!with!number!of!academic!institutions,!such!as!Università!IUAV!di!Venezia,!TU!Delft,!research!bodies!such!as!Center!for! Strategic!Research!(SaintV!Petersburg!)!and!independent!urban!experts!as!part!of!of!PostVSocialist!City!research!initiative.! ! Dr!Aleksey!Krasheninnikov! Aleksey!Krasheninnikov!is!Professor!at!Moscow!Architectural!Institute!and!Director!of!the!Center!for!Urban!Studies!and!Design.! He!joined!the!Department!at!MARCHI!in!1977!and!previously!has!worked!at!Research!and!Design!Institute!for!Strategic!Plan!of! Moscow.!His!research!interests!are!within!socioVspatial!aspects!of!urban!development,!postVsocialist!urban!housing!and!market! economy.! ! Oleg!Gusakov! Oleg!Gusakov!is!Partner!at!Griffin!Partners,!commercial!real!estate!development!and!management!company.!Oleg!has!over!16! years!of!real!estate!investment!and!development!experience.!He!has!established!and!managed!the!real!estate!group!for!Aton! Investment!Bank!and!Asset!Management!Group.!Here!he!raised!a!private!equity!fund!and!invested!it!fully!in!both!completed! property!assets!and!new!developments.!Having!began!his!career!as!a!construction!project!manager!with!Bovis!International,! during!the!1990s!Oleg!went!to!coVmanage!the!development!of!Moscow’s!most!significant!commercial!properties!including!AV class!mixed!use!development“Novinsky!Passage”!at!Novinski!Boulevard,!Sadovoe!Ring.! ! Dr!Tatiana!Mikhailova! Tatiana!Mikhailova!is!Assistant!Professor!at!New!Economic!School!where!she!teaches!Macroeconomics,!Industrial!Organization! and!Spatial!Economics.!Tatiana!joined!the!Department!at!NES!in!2008!and!prior!to!that!has!been!a!visiting!Lecturer!and! Researcher!at!Boston!University.!Tatiana!Mikhailova!completed!her!degree!in!Moscow!State!Institute!of!Electronic!Engineering! (1996),!she!holds!MA!in!Economics!from!NES!(1997)!and!Ph.D.!in!Economics!from!Pennsylvania!State!University!(2004).!Her! research!interests!include:!Urban!and!Regional!Economics,!Economic!Geography,!Economics!of!Transition,!International! Economics,!Industrial!Organization! .! Dr!Aleksandr!Finogenov! Aleksandr!Finogenov!is!District!Chief!Architect!for!NorthVEast!Administrative!District!of!Moscow.! (
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! s.asteriadi@gmail.com!