Michael Wang’s Portfolio

Establishment 1955 - 1956

Nationalization 1967

Abandoned 1970

Historical meaning

Grade II Listed Status 2021 Demolition 2021

Dorman Long tower is a coking plant in the Dorman Long industrial zone. It is of great significance in British history, which is mainly reflected in the two directions of humanistic history and architectural development.

In human history, it is one of the symbols of the local coal and steel industries. It was once protected as a secondary protection, and then demolished due to high maintenance costs. In the more than ten years since it was built and put into use, it has not only provided coal for the South Bank coke oven, but also provided job opportunities for many local families. As a landmark building in the area, it symbolizes the steel spirit of unity. It serves as the heritage mark of Britain's greatest steel producer and a cultural symbol of self-confidence.

In the architectural development, it was built from 1955 to 1956 in the budding period of modernist architecture, and has a unique brutalist architectural style. It is an early work of modernist architecture and a typical case of early British brutalist architecture.

As an early work of modernism, it impacted the dictatorship's single aesthetic of architecture in the post-war period. It marks an important turning point for architecture to think and try to break through traditional architectural forms. Its design goes beyond pure functional design and it integrates the same type of functional space together, which is the most advanced coking plant at that time. Its excellent architectural design reflects that the architects' philosophical thinking and experimentation on architecture in the society at that time was the beginning of a flourishing architectural era. But its demolition also marked that the early works of British modernist architecture will disappear one after another.

Dorman Long Tower Photograph

Environmental Research - Climate

Compare the Daily Chance of Precipitation in Middlesbrough and Beijing

Compare the Average High and Low Temperature in Middlesbrough and Beijing

Conclusion

The climate survey uses a comparative method to compare Middlesbrough with Beijing. In the chart, it can be found that the annual temperature difference in Middlesbrough is between 36°F (2.2°C) and 58°F (14.4°C). The temperature difference in Beijing is very large between 17°F (8.3°C) and 88°F (31°C).

In terms of precipitation, the rainfall in Middlesbrough is relatively stable and abundant throughout the year. In Beijing, there are heavy rains in summer and very little precipitation in winter, and the air is dry.

Compare the Average Monthly Rainfall in Middlesbrough and Beijing

Through comparison, it could be found that the rainfall in Middlesbrough is average and stable, and the climate is comfortable without relatively extreme weather.

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Building Structure

Building Simulation Section Building Section Materials 1

Building Section Materials 2

Summary

It could be found from the building structure that there is a funnel structure inside the building. This structure is used for the transportation of coal. It is usually used as a storage for storing coal. When in using, the coal from the upper part of the building is affected by gravity and rolls down from the structure to the coal mine cart below. Coal trucks will transport coal to coal smelting workshops on the east and west sides.

In addition, the first and second floors of this building are equipped with functional spaces, such as control rooms, offices and other corresponding spaces. The tower is 56.0m high, with beam-column structure as the main structure. The internal column structure is 1.2m*1.0m after calculation and the thickness of the wall is 0.6m.

Image from - Bank, S. (2021). Dorman Long Tower South Bank, Teesworks. , (August), 1–66. https://www.teesworks.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Atkins-Dorman-Long-Tower-Report.pdf

Features of the Original Building

· It is one of the early architectural cases of Fauvism. The importance of saving this building will focus on the protection, preservation and reuse of the original structure.

· It contributed to the development of local industry. Its positive effect can be redesigned as an exhibition space.

· It used to be a resource-consuming building and produced pollution. It used to be a part of the old industrial consumption process.

· The original function of the building is the storage and transportation of coal.

· It has a funnel-shaped structure. The unique structure could be used in the subsequent design process.

· Its body scale for industry use might be inappropriate with public use. Its meaning will be explored in modern society.

Features of the Site

· Climate features

The rainfall in Middlesbrough is average and stable, and the climate is comfortable without relatively extreme weather.

· Negative influence of abandoned industrial area towards local community. The pollution and waste of land resources are formed over time.

Visions

· Preserving part of the features of Fauvism architecture. Designing on the basis of preserving the original building and industrial structure.

· Converting the original resource-consuming building into a sustainable and environmental building which could utilize the natural resources.

· Giving new functions to the tower to serve the community and local residents. Adding functional modules on the basis of the original building.

Concept

So we proposed a plan to redesign this building, and the key word is water:

The new dorman long tower could become a container or rain waters and utilize the water to serve in different function space inside the building, including history exhibition, library, vertical plantation, projection room, swimming pool, etc.

We hope these new building could attract more people to learn about the history here, provide oppurtunities for people to interact with collected water, enhance the community vitality, and achieve the purpose to revive the dormain long tower.

Precedents

Vertical Farm Interact with Water

Concept Plan 1

Concept Section

Concept Plan 2

Upper Vertical Farm - Librar

Upper Vertical Farm - Restauran

Bottom Public Space - Staircase

Bottom Public Space - Play Area

Trainline Highway Road

the Evolution of Existing Buildings

Hemingfield Colliery was developed in the mid 19th century Earl Fitwilliam of Wentworth. Coal production finished in 1920, and this shaft was retained as a pumping shaft and operated until 1989. Friends of Hemingfield Colliery purchased the site from UK coal in 2014.

City Analysis

Climate Analysis

Compare the Average Monthly Rainfall in Hoyland Nether and Beijing

Compare the Average High and Low Temperature in Hoyland Nether and Beijing

Compare the Daily Chance of Precipitation in Hoyland Nether and Beijing

Compare the Hours of Daylight in Hoyland Nether and Beijing

Conclusion

According to the characteristics of sunlight, it can be found that the duration of sunshine varies greatly, but the temperature changes throughout the year are small. It is concluded that the local sunlight intensity is low.

According to the monthly average and daily precipitation line graph, it can be found that there is precipitation throughout the year in this area. The precipitation in this area is between medium and heavy rain and is humid all year round.

Design Theory Derivation

Group 2

First, "how to experience water" needs to be defined. Here the experience is divided into five senses.

Group 3

Second, the five senses correspond to the five organs. Each organ's perception of water can be roughly classified.

Group 1

Third, the classified sensations can be achieved through more direct spatial functions.

Finally, different feelings are transmitted to the brain through the nerve center. The brain receives the different feelings of experiencing water and then intervenes in people's behavioral activities and cognition. So as to achieve the purpose of experiencing water.

Spatial Program

The existing building will serve as the basic functional space and the functional space related to history, such as exhibition space or educational space. This space can be flexible and changeable.

Auxiliary Function

First Step Following Step

The first phase was designed with a clear purpose. Build a new building and integrate the functions of the old one. Make it serviceable and attract visitors at the same time. The purpose of this phase is to increase the site's accessibility and attract residents and class visitors.

The existing building close to the road will serve as the entrance and reception.

The second stage is based on the fact that the first stage can attract a sufficient number of tourists to make the whole area come alive. The supporting services will be added in the second phase. Such as hotels and other service functions.

Reception Education & Exhibition

House

The twisty and dangerous route is one of the problems exposed by this site. The new building on the site will act as a safe passage connecting the three existing buildings and adding some functionality.

02 Center Point and Connecting Line

78° 78°

03 Building Volume

Find the three center points of the three buildings in the area and connect them with arcs. Then expand the arc to 12 meters to form a circular plane.

Push up the annular flat to form a ringshaped mass. At the same time, the terrain surveyed by the road will be dug down to the level of the lowland.

04 Cutting Volume

Cut out new building blocks. Make it fit with the existing building. Such a sleek and safe access to the new building that connects the existing building into the community is created.

Functional Intervention

New Building

The functions of public bathing, event space and spatial experience will be arranged in the new building. But there are also many problems in new construction. First as a building among the trees. Users will have a strong sense of separation between indoors and outdoors when using and visiting the building. As a small building that needs to be integrated into nature, it should enhance the interaction between indoor and outdoor. And reduce indoor space as much as possible to reduce carbon emissions in construction and use. So the second evolution is about to begin.

Following Step

In the subsequent evolution, some of the functions in the second construction period will be integrated. And make adjustments to the previous functional energy distribution.

Reception

Education & Exhibition

Auxiliary Function

Origin 04 Cut

In the second evolution, improvements will be made starting from the new building after the first evolution.

Cut out the roof near the mine structure. And cut out the corresponding ellipse around it. Connect with arcs between ellipses. Make its overall language more unified.

07 Structure

Add column point structures in new buildings. This structure acts as a support for the roof and as a frame for the windows.

02 Dividing 05 Staircase

The new building is cut by connecting the center of the arc to the corner of the existing building. The new building is roughly divided into four parts.

Stairs are added between the first and second floors, and various indoor and outdoor stairs enhance the flexibility of the building's circulation.

08 Reinforcement

Adding wooden frame structures to existing existing buildings enhances their stability and safety.

03 Remove 06 Segmentation

General removal of the middle section. Reduce the interior area of new buildings. To enrich the indoor space and outdoor space in the building.

Use transparent glass material to divide indoor and outdoor spaces. It not only improves the indoor lighting performance, but also enhances the interaction between indoor and outdoor.

09 Result

The new scheme improves upon the purely interior architectural scheme. Interweave indoor and outdoor functional spaces. While reducing the area of the indoor space, the outdoor space can also be used.

Overall View - No Material

Throughout the environment, the new building has increased open outdoor space. There are also more opportunities for visitors to interact with the environment. Because of the irregular roof, the basement part of the building can be planted with local plants or avoid cutting them down.

Visitors can experience different environmental changes by switching between different scenes in the building. Indoor humidity and temperature are artificially controlled while outdoor is naturally controlled.

The interior of the house on the ground floor utilizes the interior of the existing building. It is used as entrance reception, store display and indoor shower space on the second floor.

The exterior on the ground floor is the roof section of the new building. The entire roof connects the three existing buildings and serves as an outdoor public event space.

The ground floor is the highest floor of the existing building. It will be used as an office and rest space for employees.

The interior part of the basement rests on the underground part of the existing building and near the foundation. Used as isolated three areas. They are the basic functional area, the bar dining area and the internal dressing room of the shower area.

The outdoor part of the basement is connected to the indoor part of this floor and serves as a platform facing the natural direction. It has functional spaces for outdoor dining, outdoor events and outdoor hydrotherapy.

The outdoor traffic part is mainly based on stairs. The circulation lines connecting the outdoors through different staircases also become rich. Because the outdoor is an important transportation hub connecting the indoor space. Therefore, the rich outdoor east route also makes the paths to the indoor functional space become richer.

03 First floor - Internal 06 Transportation - External

Underground floor - Internal

Ground floor - Internal

Ground floor - External

Underground floor - External

dressing room

outdoor hydrotherapy

public event space

indoor showr space bar dining area outdoor events

store display functional area outdoor dining

entrance reception

The interior of the space is arranged along the arc to extend the interior at one time. From southwest to northeast are the equipment room and toilet, restaurant, dining bar service desk, hydrotherapy channel, and hydrotherapy centre.

The main route in the basement is accessed by the stairs on the ground floor. In the basement there is also a lot of flexible space circulation for visitors.

The main function of the ground floor is the office. It is on the top floor of the tallest existing building. In the office, employees can enjoy a quiet office environment, and can also observe the status of the reservoir in time.

Internal External

Visitors enter from the outdoors, and finally reach the end of the indoor environment through multiple environment switches.

Visitors will experience different spatial transitions in the building. Enhance visitors' perception of natural and artificial environments through indoor and outdoor visits.

External

Internal Internal Internal

First of all, the order of tourists visiting is from the natural environment to the artificial environment. Spatial properties have changed.

Hydrotherapy Restaurant Equipment Room & Toilet

Changing Room

Bar / Restaurant / Open Kitchen

Massage Room & Shower Exhibition / Education / Office Reception

Ground Floor Basement

External

Material Research - Carbon Fiber

In new buildings, the supporting structure is mostly columns and loadbearing walls. In order to reduce safety hazards, finding a sustainable and environmentally friendly roofing material became the primary goal. During my research, I found out that carbon fiber can be used as a floor support structure to connect to the column points.

Such materials not only reduce construction costs, but also reduce the weight of new building roofs, and are also emerging sustainable materials.

For the 2021 Venice Biennale, the Fiber House designed by the University of Stuttgart uses a carbon fiber structure as a major architectural component. The entire second-floor space is supported by two central column points. Its carbon fiber structure is modular. This feature is more conducive to mass production.

The fibrous wall and ceiling elements were manufactured using the coreless, robotic winding process developed by the project team, which allows for locally load-adapted design and alignment of the fibers, thus enabling an extraordinary lightweight construction: The codecompliant, load-bearing fiber structure of the upper floor weighs just 9,9 kg/m². The wall elements are even lighter.

For the fabrication of a load-bearing floor element, less than two percent of the component volume is required as material volume. This extremely low material consumption coupled with the very compact, robotic production unit could in the future make it possible to carry out the entire production on-site without a significant amount of noise or waste, not only during the initial construction process, but also during expansion or conversions. As a result, architecture built using this method will remain adaptable and flexible in the long term.

Image from - University of Stuttgart - Maison Fibre ( https://www.icd.uni-stuttgart.de/projects/maison-fibre/ )

Material Research - Fiber Cement Cladding & Sandstone & Rain Filter

Sandstone

In order to distinguish the new building from the old building. The new building will be presented in a light grey exterior colour. In order to adapt to the local rainy climate and to prevent lightcolored building materials from corroding or getting dirty. Here fiber cement was chosen as the façade material for the new building.

Compared with ordinary cement facade, fiber cement facade is more corrosion-resistant and corrosion-resistant. In the installation section, fiber cement can be prefabricated into panels to be installed on the building surface. It also saves labor costs.

Sandstone is a common local building material. Because of the climate, the local sandstone walls are greatly affected by rain and wind. At the same time, sandstone is a natural material with unstable physical properties. Therefore, the local sandstone walls basically have potential safety hazards.

Although sandstone is not a good solution locally as a support structure. However, the texture formed by the tempering of wind and rain is a unique local characteristic. So this broken sandstone can be collected as a decorative wall is an option.

Rain Filter

Rainwater is part of the compositional water experience in the new building. Collecting rainwater for filtration, disinfection and use is an important part. The ductility of carbon fiber in the building structure can be built into the roof for rainwater collection and transportation systems, and in part of the support structure, the back space can still have built-in rainwater filtration and disinfection systems.

Through research, it can be found that filtering rainwater is very complicated. Especially filtered rainwater should be used for showering or drinking. Simple filtration of rainwater can replace non-potable water, such as toilet water. This saves drinking water consumption. To filter to the same quality as drinking water requires sufficient space and equipment.

Image from - Archdaily ( https://www.archdaily.com/ )

Image from - KSB Conpany ( https://www.ksb.com/en-global )

Fiber Cement Cladding

Roof Structure & Rainwater Recycling System

Roof Carbon Fiber Structure Block

Roof Carbon Fiber Structure Block

Divide the roof of the new building into a 2m*2m square. These square areas will serve as spaces for carbon fiber structural modules. The middle section of each carbon fiber module can accommodate drainage lines.

Roof Rainwater Harvesting System

The entire roof can collect rainwater by setting up water troughs. Rainwater is transported to the water filter through water pipes. It is then sent to the reservoir next to the building through the water filter.

Collection and Filtration Systems

1. Collect rainwater from the roof to the internal water pipes of the carbon fiber structure.

2. Install rainwater filters in post points with sufficient space inside. Implement the first filter.

3. Pre-embed the water ditch and water separator below the column point.

4. Drain clean water into the reservoir.

5. The water is transported to the equipment room for filtration and disinfection.

6. Transport to restaurant and shower room for use.

Building Overview

Filters and sterilizers can be placed in the equipment room. So that the final rainwater filtration can meet safety standards.

Equipment Room

Surface Material

Carbon Fiber Structure Basement Ceiling Drain Pipe Fiber Cement Cladding

Office

The office is on the quietest and most private floor. Employees can also better observe the entire area.

Reception

The reception desk functions as an entrance and a transportation hub beside the street. Visitors can get to the space they want through different routes at the front desk.

Restaurant

The restaurant can be divided into indoor and outdoor. The capacity of the restaurant remains unchanged while reducing the interior space.

Hydrotherapy

The spa area is divided into indoor and outdoor. You can take a bath outdoors and rest and shower indoors.

D - S-A 1 D S-A 3 D - S-A 4 D - S-A 2

New Building Roof

Structural Reinforcement

Stainless Steel Mesh Guardrail

New Building Ground Supporting Structure

1 : 50 1000mm 3000mm 9000mm

S - A 1:100 Section Drawings

Existing building interior drawings 3

+ 3700.00

Office

Existing Building Section

Shop

Existing Building Roof ± 0.00 + 500.00

Existing Foundation

Existing Foundation Existing Foundation

+ 7300.00 - 2000.00 - 5000.00

Weighing Frame

D - S-A 1 1:10 Detailed technical drawings

Existing building interior drawings

Wooden Floor

Existing Building Section

D - S-A 2 1:5 Detailed technical drawings Existing building interior drawings

Outdoor Outdoor

Indoor Indoor Indoor Indoor

D - S-A 3 1:5 Detailed technical drawings

Existing building interior drawings

D - S-A 4 1:5 Detailed technical drawings Existing building interior drawings

+ 7300.00

+ 3700.00

Building Roof

Aisle

Existing Building Roof New Building Platform

Massage Room Staircase

Stainless Steel Mesh Guardrail

New Building Foundation

Supporting Structure

1 : 50 1000mm 3000mm 9000mm

+ 500.00

± 0.00 - 2000.00 - 5000.00

Existing Building Section Public Shower Aisle Changing Room

Existing Foundation

S - B 1:100 Section Drawings

New building wall and roof structure drawings 4

Cement Board

Rleveling Layer Rleveling Layer

Window

Window Cement Board

Carbon

Insulation

Street Perspective - Entrance Street Perspective - Highway

Architectural Perspective - Public Square Lowland Perspective - Architecture

Architectural Perspective - Reception

Lowland Perspective - First Floor Office

Architectural Perspective - Restaurant Lowland Perspective - Bar

Architectural Perspective - Outdoor Bath Lowland Perspective - Massage Room

BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

03 Built Environment Analysis Report

Site and context for simulation and analysis

Introduction

Analyzing the architectural environment and carrying out a simulation demonstration is a very important and necessary research and design process. Any of the surrounding factors will affect the work and decision-making of the architect. This report will analyze the natural factors of the Art Tower and its surrounding buildings from multiple perspectives. It will be researched through geographic location, the influence of the sun on the site, conceptual models, energy analysis and so on. It will be subdivided into nine sections. At the end, a series of analysis conclusions and design schemes will be drawn.

Scene photos

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be found from the photos of the scene that the building closer to the Art Tower does not exceed 5 stories. The foundations of buildings over five floors are very low. In this way, the height of the surrounding buildings can be reduced to highlight the height of the Art Tower.

Brief of traffic arteries

A bridge hole connects the schools on both sides of the road (Brook Hill). It has a very important traffic function. Therefore, pedestrians can pass under the bridge, and vehicles can pass on the bridge. These two modes of transportation do not interfere with each other.

Elevation analysis

This site is composed of sloped terrain and building communities. The Art Tower is the tallest building in this area. The surrounding buildings of the Art Tower will affect its light-receiving surface. Therefore, marking the surrounding buildings can effectively analyze these characteristics.

It can be found from the elevation that the art tower is located at a higher geographical position, and most of the building foundations on the south side are lower than the art tower. This shows that even if the buildings on the south side of the Art Tower have a certain height, they will not seriously obstruct the light and vision of the Art Tower.

Observing the topographic elevation map, we can find that the entire building complex is located on a slope. The characteristic is that the northwest is high and the southeast is low. Therefore, the architect used the characteristics of the terrain to plan the current architectural community.

Site solar analysis and design (2/1)

Seasons sunlight analysis - Plane analysis

In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the sun is strong in summer and the sun's angle of incidence is large, so there is plenty of sunlight in this area.

The first three pictures are the contrast of morning, midnight and evening, and the fourth picture is a comprehensive analysis.

(Summer)

Because the light in the spring and autumn are roughly the same, the light analysis in the spring and autumn is combined and studied. Through the longitudinal comparison, it can be found that the light intensity in the spring and autumn seasons is lower than that in summer, and the sunshine time is shorter than that in summer. Many shadows appeared during the 12 hours of simulation. This means that the sun has set.

(Spring & Autumn)

In winter, the angle of incidence of the sun is the smallest of the year. This can also be judged by the long shadow. Therefore, no matter how low a building is, there will be a long shadow. Winter is the season when buildings interact closely with each other.

Comprehensive analysis of sunlight

Twelve light simulation pictures have been collected and sorted out. The time for the twelve pictures is from 7:30 to 18:30. Each picture is separated by one hour. Combining these twelve pictures together can find a general rule: in summer, the light-receiving surface and time of the conceptual building in the red frame are the largest. There is light from different angles almost throughout the day.

In the spring and autumn seasons, through the longitudinal comparison, it can be found that the light in the spring and autumn on the site of the concept model is medium intensity and sunshine time. It lasts the longest in a year. Therefore, the light in the spring and autumn seasons can be given priority in architectural design, and then summer. Because the light in winter is complex and changeable, winter can be considered at the end.

(Spring & Autumn)

Observing the comprehensive winter illumination map, we can find that although the illumination of the conceptual model location is sufficient for the other three seasons, there is still light passing through the gaps in the surrounding buildings during the day. This shows that the conceptual model will receive a certain amount of light in winter. (Winter)

(Winter)

(Summer)

Site solar analysis and design (2/2)

In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light fosummer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this a

In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this asummer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this a

In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition,

In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition, the In summer, because of the long sunshine time in summer, this area is affected by the light for a long time. In addition,

Incident solar radiation analysis (2/1)

Option A Option B

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Figure 041 : Option A 3/15 - 6/15

Figure 047 : Option B 3/15 - 6/15

Figure 045 : Option A 3/15 - 12/15

Figure 051 : Option B 3/15 - 12/15

Figure 042 : Option A 6/15 - 9/15

Figure 048 : Option B 6/15 - 9/15

Figure 043 : Option A 9/15 - 12/15

Figure 046 : Option A 3/15 - 12/15

Option A summary

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Figure 049 : Option B 9/15 - 12/15

Figure 052 : Option B 3/15 - 12/15

Option B summary

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Figure 044 : Option A 3/15 - next year 6/15

Figure 050 : Option B 3/15 - Next year 6/15

Incident solar radiation analysis (2/2)

Option C Option D

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Figure 053 Option C 3/15 - 6/15

Figure 059 : Option D 3/15 - 6/15

Figure 057 : Option C 3/15 - 12/15

Figure 063 : Option D 3/15 - 12/15

Figure 054 Option C 6/15 - 9/15

Figure 060 : Option D 6/15 - 9/15

Figure 055 Option C 9/15 - 12/15

Figure 058 : Option C 3/15 - 12/15

Figure 061 : Option D 9/15 - 12/15

Figure 064 : Option D 3/15 - 12/15

Option C summary Option D summary

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Figure 056 Option C 3/15 - Next year 6/15

Figure 062 : Option D 3/15 - Next year 6/15

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Energy analysis: conceptual model (1/2)

Option A Option B

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Figure 065 : Option A model

Engineering factors

Figure 067 : Option A Model history

Wall factors

Figure 070 : Option A WWR - Western walls

Window factors

Figure 073 : Option A

Window shades - West

Figure 068 : Option A Wall construction

Figure 066 : Option A Benchmark comparison

Engineering factors

Figure 069 : Option A Roof construction

Wall factors

Figure 071 : Option A WWR - Southern walls

Figure 072 : Option A WWR - Eastern walls

Figure 078 : Option B Model history

Figure 076 : Option B model

Figure 077 : Option B Benchmark comparison

Figure 081 : Option B WWR - Western walls

Window factors

Figure 074 : Option A Window shades - South

Figure 075 : Option A Window shades - East

Figure 084 : Option B Window shades - West

Figure 079 : Option B Wall construction

Figure 080 : Option B Roof construction

Figure 082 : Option B WWR - Southern walls

Figure 083 : Option B WWR - Eastern walls

Figure 085 : Option B Window shades - South

Figure 086 : Option B Window shades - East

Energy analysis: conceptual model (2/2)

Option C Option D

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Engineering factors

Figure 087 : Option C model

Figure 088 : Option C Benchmark comparison

While analysing the site, visiting and photographing the important surrounding buildings, researchers can find the common characteristics through the surrounding buildings, that is, the buildings around the Art Tower are not too high. This feature is mainly affected by the building floor and geographical location. It can be f

Engineering factors

Figure 089 : Option C Model history

Wall factors

Figure 092 : Option C WWR - Western walls

Window factors

Figure 095 : Option C

Window shades - West

Figure 090 : Option C Wall construction

Figure 091 : Option C Roof construction

Wall factors

Figure 093 : Option C WWR - Southern walls

Figure 094 : Option C WWR - Eastern walls

Figure 100 : Option D Model history

Figure 098 Option D model

Figure 099 : Option D Benchmark comparison

Figure 103 : Option D WWR - Western walls

Window factors

Figure 096 : Option C Window shades - South

Figure 097 : Option C Window shades - East

Figure 106 : Option D Window shades - West

Figure 101 : Option D Wall construction

Figure 102 : Option D Roof construction

Figure 104 : Option D WWR - Southern walls

Figure 105 : Option D WWR - Eastern walls

Figure 107 : Option D Window shades - South

Figure 108 : Option D Window shades - East

Energy analysis: building model (1/2)

Conceptual model raw energy analysis Southern Northern Western Eastern

First of all, the original energy analysis of this building model shows that the energy consumption is high and the utilization rate is low. This adjustment is based on the various factors of the windows of this building. It first debugs for WWR, glass and shades. After this, it will be summarized and further debugged.

WWR

Figure 002 Building model

Window shades

Figure 005 : Building model

WWR - Southern walls

Figure 006 : Building model

WWR - Northern walls

Figure 007 : Building model WWR - Western walls

Figure 008 Building model WWR - Eastern walls

Figure 003 Raw energy analysis

Benchmark comparison

Figure 004 : Adjustment energy analysisw Benchmark comparison

Adjustment energy analysisw

The commissioning reduced energy consumption by approximately 100 kWh/ ㎡ /yr. Although the overall energy consumption has dropped significantly, it is still not ideal. More adjustments are still needed after the energy consumption is reduced to the pass line in the debugging of the windows. In the subsequent commissioning, it will continue to adjust the data of other factors based on the current data, and strive to obtain sustainable buildings with lower energy consumption.

Window glass

Figure 009 : Building model Window shades - South

Figure 010 : Building model Window shades - North

Figure 011 : Building model Window shades - West

Figure 012 Building model Window shades - East

Figure 013 : Building model Window glass - South

Figure 014 : Building model Window glass - North

Figure 015 : Building model Window glass - West

Figure 016 Building model Window glass - East

Energy analysis: building model (2/2)

Analysis purpose

By comparing the above data, it can be found that the connection between building energy consumption and windows is close. Here, the second adjustment will be adjusted for a series of related factors such as construction, roof, wall, sunshine system and so on. After that, it will come to a relatively complete conclusion.

Figure 017 Building model

Figure 018 Raw energy analysis

Benchmark comparison

Analysis summary

Figure 019 Adjustment energy analysisw Benchmark comparison

Figure 020 : Building model Wall construction

Figure 021 : Building model Roof construction

Figure 022 : Building model Infiltration

Figure 023 Building model Lighting efficiency

After conducting a series of building-related commissioning, it can be found that the energy consumption of the building has dropped from more than 300 kWh/ ㎡ /yr to less than 160 kWh/ ㎡ /yr. It has been reduced by about half. This shows that the impact of building construction and other aspects on building energy consumption is greater than the impact of windows on it. Therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to the construction process and related factors in the process of designing a building. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the building.

Figure 024 : Building model Daylight & occupancy contorls

Figure 025 : Building model Plug laod efficiency

Figure 026 : Building model HVAC

Figure 027 Building model Operating schedule

Figure 028 : Building model Panel efficiency

Figure 029 : Building model PV - Payback limit

Figure 030 : Building model Pv - Surface coveage

Daylight simulation and visualisation (1/3)

Analysis season

In the seasonal analysis, it can be found that the classroom on the south side of the bright map receives the greatest impact from sunlight. This is true throughout the four seasons. Every season can reach 6-12 light intensity area.

The following is a detailed analysis of the specific time of the day in each season at 9:00 am.

Analysis time

034 : Spring season Figure 031 Light color bar Figure 033 Light color bar Figure 035 : Summer season Figure 036 : Autumn season Figure 037 : Winter season Figure 038 : Spring noon

Figure

: 00 am

Daylight simulation and visualisation (2/3)

Analysis description

The following is a light analysis for the stereoscopic viewing angle. The object of analysis is the discussion classroom on the south side of the third floor. In this part, the simulation time will be selected as 12 noon. Test at the strongest time of the day to fill the gaps in the full text of the research. Two forms of rendering analysis and illluminace analysis are used here. In this way, two different indoor light intensity reports can be obtained. And divided into four seasons, attacking four groups of image information.

Spring Summer Autumn

Simulation renderings

Figure 042 : Spring smulation renderings

15/3 12:00 am

Illuminace analysis

Figure 046 : Spring illuminace analysis

15/3 12:00 am

In the spring analysis, it can be found that the indoor light intensity is very strong. Because the effective angle of the sun's incident angle gradually changes to a large angle, the indoor sunlight coverage area in spring is considerable. This shows that indoor light is relatively sufficient in spring.

Figure 043 : Summer simulation renderings 15/6 12:00 am

Figure 044 Autumn simulation renderings 15/9 12:00 am

Light color bar

0.0 lux 4000.0 lux 2000.0 lux

Winter

Figure 047 : Summer illuminace analysis 15/6 12:00 am

In summer, the sun's incidence angle changes to its maximum. Therefore, the indoor closing area is the smallest in the four seasons. However, through the rendering, it can be found that the indoor natural light brightness has not diminished, and the outdoor ground is the brightest in the four seasons. This is because the sun has the strongest intensity in summer. The ambient light formed by the reflection of sunlight from the surrounding buildings is also particularly strong. This is the characteristic of summer.

Figure 048 Autumn illuminace analysis 15/9 12:00 am

In the fall, because of the large to small changes in the angle of incidence of the sun, the indoor sunlight coverage has increased. In addition, the sunlight coverage in autumn is obviously larger than that in spring. This feature can be summarized in the design recommendations and conclusions. Because of the same reason as in spring, the indoor light is as bright in autumn.

Figure 045 Winter simulation renderings 15/12 12:00 am

Figure 049 Winter illuminace analysis 15/12 12:00 am

In winter, although the direction of the sun's incidence is unstable, it can be found from the two simulations that the figure of the sun reaches the smallest throughout the year, and the indoor illumination range is the largest throughout the year. It can be found that the indoor shadow in the rendering image is the longest, and the brightness distribution in the illuminace simulation image is the most even. Subsequent design should consider the problem of excessive indoor brightness in winter.

simulation and

(1553.44 -409.56 122.90) 3.60 263.50 2191.50 737.80 880.70 10.70 84.60 4.70 3.30 90.90 5.80 (1554.44 -409.56 122.90) 2.20 158.50 1717.60 476.10 568.50 22.80 72.50 4.70 12.40 81.80 5.80 (1555.44 -409.56 122.90) 2.10 155.40 2045.20 616.50 696.30 18.80 75.20 6.00 10.70 81.80 7.40 (1556.44 -409.56 122.90) 1.70 122.80 667.50 289.40 325.50 25.50 73.20 1.30 15.70 82.60 1.70 (1557.44 -409.56 122.90) 1.40 101.80 1240.20 405.80 485.40 28.20 68.50 3.40 16.50 79.30 4.10 (1558.44 -409.56 122.90) 1.50 108.80 1061.70 472.20 549.80 26.20 71.80 2.00 16.50 81.00 2.50 . . . . . . . . . . (1560.44 -413.56 122.90) 2.30 167.50 1293.30 321.50 296.50 16.10 82.60 1.30 9.10 90.10 0.80 (1561.44 -413.56 122.90) 3.90 283.90 2078.30 808.40 801.40 8.10 86.60 5.40 2.50 92.60 5.00 (1562.44 -413.56 122.90) 4.40 324.20 3492.80 929.00 921.40 8.70 83.20 8.10 3.30 89.30 7.40 (1563.44 -413.56 122.90) 6.00 444.00 4175.90 1420.10 1695.00 6.70 83.20 10.10 1.70 86.00 12.40 (1553.44 -414.56 122.90) 11.80 870.80 5584.90 1584.20 1854.70 4.00 85.20 10.70 1.70 85.10 13.20 (1554.44 -414.56 122.90) 7.30 535.30 4023.20 1372.10 1631.00 5.40 85.20 9.40 1.70 86.80 11.60 (1555.44 -414.56 122.90) 6.10 449.60 3383.60 929.60 1087.30 6.70 85.20 8.10 2.50 87.60 9.90 (1556.44 -414.56 122.90) 4.70 346.60 3149.90 923.80 1071.10 7.40 86.60 6.00 2.50 90.10 7.40 (1557.44 -414.56 122.90) 5.00 366.00 4359.30 1284.30 1480.40 6.70 85.20 8.10 2.50 88.40 9.10 (1558.44 -414.56 122.90) 3.60 268.20 2433.30 769.50 916.90 10.70 84.60 4.70 3.30 90.90 5.80 (1559.44 -414.56 122.90) 4.70 344.10 3459.30 920.50 1033.40 8.10 85.20 6.70 2.50 90.10 7.40 (1560.44 -414.56 122.90) 5.20 379.30 3618.30 871.00 886.00 8.10 85.20 6.70 3.30 90.10 6.60 (1561.44 -414.56 122.90) 5.00 367.20 3240.80 925.90 867.30 7.40 85.90 6.70 3.30 90.90 5.80 (1562.44 -414.56 122.90) 7.10 520.80 3884.80 1291.50 1215.20 4.70 85.90 9.40 1.70 89.30 9.10 (1563.44 -414.56 122.90) 8.40 621.40 4650.00 1489.60 1543.40 4.70 81.90 13.40 1.70 84.30 14.00 (1553.44 -415.56 122.90) 11.00 807.90 3805.10 1522.00 1789.60 4.00 87.20 8.70 1.70 87.60 10.70 (1554.44 -415.56 122.90) 10.40 764.90 6486.50 1731.40 1983.60 4.00 79.20 16.80 1.70 78.50 19.80 (1555.44 -415.56 122.90) 7.50 548.60 5153.00 1431.50 1660.10 4.70 83.20 12.10 1.70 84.30 14.00 (1556.44 -415.56 122.90) 5.40 396.40 4417.90 1290.30 1461.40 7.40 83.90 8.70 2.50 88.40 9.10 (1557.44 -415.56 122.90) 6.70 490.50 5793.40 1523.20 1818.50 5.40 81.20 13.40 1.70 81.80 16.50 (1558.44 -415.56 122.90) 8.70 639.20 6982.30 2136.00 2550.80 4.70 79.90 15.40 1.70 79.30 19.00 (1559.44 -415.56 122.90) 5.60 413.10 4381.70 1200.50 1341.30 6.70 83.90 9.40 1.70 87.60 10.70 (1560.44 -415.56 122.90) 5.50 403.70 4559.60 1255.20 1079.80 7.40 85.90 6.70 2.50 91.70 5.80 (1561.44 -415.56 122.90) 8.20 600.40 7294.20 2081.20 2307.50 4.70 74.50 20.80 1.70 74.40 24.00 (1562.44 -415.56 122.90) 9.20 680.20 5754.90 1512.40 1692.50 4.00 82.60 13.40 1.70 83.50 14.90 (1563.44 -415.56 122.90) 9.40 692.50 4063.50 1290.20 1487.60 4.00 88.60 7.40 1.70 89.30 9.10

Average 4.4 320.4 2777.1 871.5 966.6 13.7 80.1 6.2 7.6 85.4 7.0

Conclusion

Through three sets of different image testing methods, it can be found that the areas with high light intensity in this classroom are mainly concentrated on the south side and the areas near the windows. The interior design can arrange the positions of tables and chairs according to this feature. Ten different image analyses were listed in the form of a matrix and the average value was finally retained. After comparing the different units and types, the same conclusions as above were found.

Summarizing all the sunshine simulations, the range of sunshine in summer and winter is unexpected. In the subsequent design, it should be noted that the intensity of sunlight in summer is high, so indoors will be affected by strong reflections from outdoors. In strong contrast, the indoor brightness will become dim. In winter, because of the small incident angle of the sun, the indoor sunshine range is very large, but the length of time is not long. The indoor brightness will be higher, so attention should be paid to shading facilities.

0:[UDI] DF for CIE Overcast Sky

1:[UDI] Average Lux for CIE O. Sky

2:[UDI] Average Lux for Sunny Sky

3:[UDI] Average Lux for DA

4:[UDI] Average Lux for DA Occupancy

5:[UDI] % <100 Lux for DA

6:[UDI] % 100-3000 Lux for DA

7:[UDI] % >3000 Lux for DA

8:[UDI] % <100 Lux for Occupancy

9:[UDI] % 100-3000 Lux for Occupancy

10:[UDI] % >3000 Lux for Occupancy

Figure 052 : [UDI] Average Lux for CIE O. sky

Figure 051 : [UDI] % 100~3000 Lux for DA

Figure 050 : [UDI] DF for CIE overcast sky

Integrated shading design (1/2)

Analysis description

The first is the sun visor test. The original sun visor is built in to reduce the area. The efficiency and effect under this condition have been tested. In the follow-up other tests to compare and put forward optimization suggestions.

Figure 053 Summer simulation renderings

Summarize

Short-distance sun visors are not suitable for winter. Excessive light exposure in the room will have a negative impact on the students' strength in the study room.

Conclusion

First of all, to summarize the above conclusions, the optimization of the awning is necessary, otherwise it will have a negative impact on the classroom users. This time, based on the summer and autumn simulations, it can be found that there are problems with indoor lighting in the second half of the year. The area where sunlight enters the room is large and the light is too strong. A more reasonable shading design is needed. Therefore, another form of shading will be used for testing in the follow-up.

Integrated shading design (2/2)

Analysis description

The second form of shading uses movable shutters. I hope that this attempt will yield positive test and simulation results. The idea of using shutters is that the shutters also have a certain area of this when opened, which can provide such functions to a certain extent. This attempt hopes to use this feature to solve the winter lighting problem.

Summarize

The form of blinds can effectively solve the lighting problem in autumn and winter.

Conclusion

According to the effect picture and test picture, it can be found that the shutter scheme effectively reduces the dispersion and intensity of indoor light. There is no particularly dazzling light indoors in winter. Such renderings and illuminace diagrams can show that this attempt is relatively successful. The blind scheme can be adopted into the design.

Dynamic thermal performance (1/2)

Pre-analytical climate research

Before analyzing the Dynamic thermal performance, we should now conduct climate research and analysis on the city where the site is located, and select data from relevant climate websites for analysis here. After analyzing the local climate characteristics, enter the back to avoid the Dynamic thermal performance step.

Climate analysis conclusion

Based on the above analysis, we can find the basic characteristics of Sheffield's climate. It is characterized by super-intensity of sunlight and moderate weather, but there will be some periods of humidity because of the average and stable rainfall throughout the year. Therefore, the analysis of wet weather will be included in the subsequent analysis.

Figure

Annual analysis conclusion

After the subsequent analysis, wet weather is also included in the simulation test. Due to the local rainy weather, the humid environment simulation has become a factor that cannot be ignored.

The first simulation is the annual temperature of 205seminar, which includes dry air environment and humid air environment. Although the gap between the two is very small, each of them is indispensable.

In addition, the indoor air temperature and mean radiant temperature are also simulated. It can be found that in the simulation throughout the year, there will be a temperature increase in May. Although the temperature will drop in June, July and August are the hottest periods of the year. During this period the temperature exceeded 30°, but the temperature would not be higher than 35°.

Dynamic thermal performance (2/2)

Month segmentation simulation study

Combine the four temperature types summarized by the previous conclusions: dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, air temperature and mean radiant temperature. This page will be subdivided into the representative months of the four seasons, and the 15th of each month (that is, the middle day) will be selected for simulation analysis.

The 205 seminar was also analyzed and simulated.

Figure 077 : 205 seminar March data simulation

Figure 078 : 205 seminar June data simulation

Figure 079 : 205 seminar September data simulation

Figure 080 : 205 seminar December data simulation

Figure 081 : 205 seminar March 15 data simulation

Analysis purpose

Figure 082 : 205 seminar June 15 data simulation

Figure 083 : 205 seminar September 15 data simulation

Figure 084 : 205 seminar December 15 data simulation

Through comparison, it can be found that the temperature in summer and winter presents two extremes. The temperature in summer is high and the temperature difference between day and night is small, so the indoor temperature changes slowly, but the outdoor temperature changes greatly. The reason is the rising and setting of the sun. It can be found that the temperature starts to rise when the sun rises, and the temperature starts to drop when the sun goes down. Compared with winter, except for the large temperature difference between day and night, the temperature change characteristics are the same as in summer, and the temperature difference between day and night is large.

After comparing the temperatures in the spring and autumn seasons, we can find the transition period of the winter and summer changes in the spring and autumn seasons. The characteristics are also formed from the mutual change of two extremes.

Therefore, indoor thermal imaging is relatively suitable for users, which are used in large quantities during the day and idle at night. In addition, frequent use of the space by users will also increase the indoor temperature. Such unstable factors require further detailed investigation. So the current simulation ends here.

Simulation and analysis conclusions, design proposals

01 conclusion 07 conclusion

Through site investigation, we can discover the surrounding building environment, traffic conditions and key buildings. After accounting for the basic information, further in-depth research on the site and design can be carried out.

According to the problem of excessive sunlight exposure in 06, two designs of sun visors were tried. Finally, the form of shutters was selected. This form can effectively reduce the problem of excess sunlight. It is recommended to adopt this scheme in subsequent designs.

02 conclusion 08 conclusion

The optimal location of the new building in the site was determined through the sun exposure survey of the site plan. The location is in the area where the site receives the most sunlight. Through the rendering of the 3d model and the analysis of light and shadow, the characteristics of the lighting type and the change of seasons in this part are complemented. Determine the specific location of the new building.

First, the climate of this area was investigated, and then it was concluded that humid weather is necessary in the analysis. Secondly, the analysis of year, month and day was carried out in combination with four different temperature types. It is concluded that the temperature of this space is suitable for users.

03 conclusion Total broad conclusion

A detailed analysis was carried out through the heating condition of the toilet surface of the building. Then complete the rough lighting analysis in 03. From the color of the light-receiving surface and the participation of the marking points, a more accurate light-receiving degree can be analyzed. And through four experimental conceptual models to try the form of the new building, and compared in different form positions. Finally, the optimal building form and location are obtained.

04 conclusion

In this part, the energy consumption simulation is carried out for the conceptual model in 03, and four different models are analyzed according to the simulation situation. The best form in 03 is further supplemented. And analyze and get the optimal solution from the perspective of energy consumption.

05 conclusion

In this part, the energy consumption of the conceptual design building is analyzed using the energy consumption test and adjustment, and the energy consumption is reduced by adjusting the different parameters of the windows. After the first adjustment, all the remaining data were adjusted to minimize energy consumption as much as possible. The adjustment results can refer to the analysis data to optimize the design and construction process.

06 conclusion

In this part, the light inside a three-story south classroom in the new building is analyzed. First, analyze the four seasons of the plane. Secondly, it analyzes the rendering diagram and the light distribution diagram of the stereo perspective. Finally, the simulated distribution of other 10 different types of light is analyzed. Discover a series of problems and the advantages of this classroom.

The PART 1 report focused on the analysis of the site environment and location, and made a variety of attempts for the architectural form. Appropriate venues were selected through light research in different seasons and dates. Through the attempt and analysis of the conceptual model, a high-quality solution was obtained. The optimal solution was selected through testing and adjusting the energy consumption of the conceptual model.

The PART 2 report focused on analyzing the lighting problem of a classroom inside the building and providing solutions. Through the adjustment of all the data, the new building has reached the lowest energy consumption. The analysis of indoor light found the problem of excessive sunlight in winter. In the follow-up sun visor test, a solution was put forward: It is recommended to adopt the design of blinds. At the same time, the dynamic thermal conditions inside the classroom are also analyzed. It provides a powerful reference for subsequent use.

THE ISSUE OF REFUGEES IS AN ISSUE OF WIDESPREAD CONCERN TO ALL SECTORS OF SOCIETY, AND DUE TO THE MOBILITY OF REFUGEES AND THE INCOMPLETENESS OF INFORMATION IT IS DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE THE SIZE OF THE REFUGEE POPULATION WORLDWIDE. 2015 UN STATISTICS STATE THAT THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 15.5 MILLION REFUGEES WORLDWIDE (DEVICTOR AND DO, 2017 PP.355-369). THIS NUMBER IS PREDICTED TO INCREASE EVEN MORE TODAY DUE TO THE EFFECTS OF WAR AND NATURAL DISASTERS. REFUGEES ARE A TYPE OF POPULATION MOVEMENT, BUT THEY ARE FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FROM MIGRANTS. REFUGEES EMERGE MAINLY IN CONNECTION WITH CHANGES IN ETHNICITY OR NATIONALITY (HEIN, 1993, PP. 43-59) AND OFTEN CHOOSE TO GO TO A NEIGHBOURING COUNTRY AT A TIME OF MAJOR NATIONAL OR ETHNIC CHANGE AND TRY TO ADAPT AND INTEGRATE INTO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY.

NUMBER

OF REFUGEES IN UKRAINE THE NUMBER OF REFUGEES HAS ENTERED A PERIOD OF RELATIVE STABILITY AFTER A RAPID RISE IN THE PERIOD UP TO 2020. THIS WAS DUE TO THE INITIAL SUCCESS OF THE WORK OF GOVERNMENTS AND REFUGEE RELIEF ORGANISATIONS AROUND THE WORLD. HOWEVER, SINCE 2022, THE NUMBER OF REFUGEES HAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DUE TO THE OUTBREAK OF LARGE-SCALE WARS, WHICH HAS BROUGHT THE REFUGEE ISSUE BACK INTO THE FOREFRONT OF SOCIETY.

GROUPS NOT RECEIVING RELIEF

1.NEED BASIC SUPPLIES SUCH AS FOOD AND DRINKING WATER

2.NEEDS A PLACE TO STAY AND IT CAN SUPPORT MORE PEOPLE WITH LIMITED FUNDS.

3.PSYCHOLOGICAL REASSURANCE

COMPOSITION OF THE WORLD'S REFUGEES

GROUPS OF KIDS

1.NEED THE WARMTH OF FAMILY AND FRIENDS

2 NEED FOR ACCESS TO EDUCATION

3.PSYCHOLOGICAL REASSURANCE

SINGER (2010, P. 285) MENTIONS THAT ONLY 2 PER CENT OF THE WORLD'S REFUGEES HAVE BEEN PERMANENTLY RESETTLED. THIS MEANS THAT MANY REFUGEES ARE CURRENTLY STILL ON THE MOVE AND ARE UNABLE TO SECURE THE MOST BASIC OF LIVELIHOODS.THE WORLD'S REFUGEES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR CATEGORIES, THE FIRST AND MOST NUMEROUS BEING THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN TURNED AWAY BY OTHER GOVERNMENTS AND ARE UNABLE TO RECEIVE RELIEF, MOSTLY FROM AFRICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST. THE SECOND GROUP IS THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED BY OTHER COUNTRIES BUT ARE UNABLE TO INTEGRATE INTO THE SOCIETIES TO WHICH THEY HAVE MIGRATED DUE TO LANGUAGE OR RELIGIOUS FACTORS. THE THIRD GROUP ARE CHILDREN WHO HAVE LOST THEIR FAMILIES IN WAR. THE FOURTH GROUP IS THOSE WHO HAVE BECOME REFUGEES AS A RESULT OF A SUDDEN OUTBREAK OF WAR OR NATURAL DISASTER AND WHO HAVE A GOOD EDUCATION OR SKILLS TO EARN A LIVING.

GROUPS NOT RECEIVING RELIEF

1.NEED BASIC SUPPLIES SUCH AS FOOD AND DRINKING WATER

2.NEEDS A PLACE TO STAY AND IT CAN SUPPORT MORE PEOPLE WITH LIMITED FUNDS.

3.PSYCHOLOGICAL REASSURANCE

GROUPS OF SKILLED PEOPLE

1.NEED A CHANCE TO SHOWCASE THEIR SKILLS

2.PSYCHOLOGICAL REASSURANCE

3.OPPORTUNITIES FOR SKILLED WORK

I NEED..

THE DIFFICULTIES

FACED BY REFUGEES

&%#*@... WHAT YOU MEAN？

THE NEED FOR HOUSEHOLD GOODS

LANGUAGE BARRIERS

RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES WHO IS HE?

WHERE WILL WE BE TOMORROW？

FEAR OF THE UNKNOWS

PRESSURE FROM THOSE AROUND YOU

INTEGRATING REFUGEES INTO THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES IS DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE AS REFUGEE POLICY IS A DISTORTED POLICY IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD (GAMMELTOFT-HANSEN AND TAN, 2017). HE ADDS THAT THIS IS MAINLY DUE TO THE FACT THAT THESE SYSTEMS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY TRYING TO DETER REFUGEES RATHER THAN ACTUALLY ACCEPT THEM, AS EVIDENCED BY THE VIOLENCE THAT REFUGEES ARE OFTEN SUBJECTED TO.THE QUESTION OF HOW TO HARNESS THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE REFUGEES THEMSELVES IS ANOTHER ISSUE, WHICH MEANS THAT THE NEXT STEP IN THE PROCESS IS TO ENABLE THEM TO BECOME SELF-SUPPORTING AND LEAVE REFUGEE STATUS. THE MOST CRITICAL FACTOR IMPEDING THIS PROCESS IS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA OF THE REFUGEES. MOURNING IS A TRAUMA THAT AFFECTS REFUGEES GREATLY, AS THEY ARE OFTEN VULNERABLE TO THE LOSS OF FAMILY AND FRIENDS DUE TO WAR OR NATURAL DISASTERS, WHICH CAN CAUSE THEM TO ENTER A STATE OF ANGER OR LOSS (VOLKAN, 2018). HE ALSO NOTES THAT THIS STATE IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO OVERCOME COMPLETELY. PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THIS STATE OF DEPRESSION FIND IT DIFFICULT TO GO ABOUT THEIR NORMAL LIVES. IN ADDITION, UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE FUTURE ALSO MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR REFUGEES TO INTEGRATE INTO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY.

BETTER SHELTER

PV SYSTEM AND PORTABLE LAMP UV AND HEAT RESISTANT POLYMER PLASTIC

HIGH RESISTANT DOOR AND HINGES WITH LOCK

POLYOLEFIN FOAM PANELS TREATED WITH FIRE RETARDANT AND UV PROTECTION

POLYOLEFIN FOAM PANELS TREATED WITH UV PROTECTION

INTRUSION PREVENTION WINDOW WITH MOSQUITO NET AND SHADE MADE OF UV AND HEAT RESISTANT POLYMER PLASTIC.

CARDBOARD BOXES DESIGNED FOR EFFICIENT STORAGE AND SHIPPING IN TRUCKS AND CONTAINERS FROM WAREHOUSE TO LAST MILE DELIVERY.

HIGHT ADJUSTABLE, FLOOD PREVENTING TARPAULIN MADE OF WOVEN HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FIBRES.

BETTER SHELTER IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED DESIGN MODEL FOR REFUGEE CAMP HOUSING BUILDINGS. ITS MODULAR AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN REDUCES THE DIFFICULTY OF ERECTION AND DEPENDENCE ON ENERGY NETWORKS, AND IT COSTS ONLY 1,755 DOLLAR TO PRODUCE, TRANSPORT, AND ERECT (BROWNELL, 2020, P. 73). IT SEEMS THAT THE BASIC NEEDS OF REFUGEES CAN BE MET BY THE DESIGN OF REFUGEE CAMPS, AND ALTHOUGH THE CURRENT NUMBER OF CAMPS DOES NOT MEET THE NEEDS, THE EFFORTS OF THE VARIOUS REFUGEE RELIEF AGENCIES WILL MAKE THIS SITUATION CHANGE IN THE FUTURE.

POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

4 GROUPS OF REFUGEES CURRENT SOLUTIONS POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

GROUPS NOT RECEIVING RELIEF

THE DIFFICULTIES OF REFUGEES

GROUPS NOT RECEIVING RELIEF

GROUPS OF KIDS

GROUPS OF SKILLED PEOPLE

HOUSEHOLD GOODS LIVING SPACE SKILLS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SPIRITUAL HEALING

REFUGEE RELIEF ORGANISATIONS

BETTER SHELTER OUR DESIGN

ONLY 2% OF THE WORLD'S REFUGEES ARE PROPERLY RESETTLED, MAINLY DUE TO THE LIMITED FUNDS AND STAFF AVAILABLE TO GOVERNMENTS AND REFUGEE RELIEF ORGANISATIONS. TO ALLEVIATE THIS SITUATION THE DESIGN TEAM HAS PROPOSED A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION TO THE REFUGEE PROBLEM. THE MAIN POINT OF THIS PROGRAMME IS CAREER TRAINING， EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALING FOR REFUGEES WHO HAVE ALREADY RECEIVED ASSISTANCE, SO THAT THEY CAN QUICKLY ESCAPE FROM MENTAL STRESS AND LEARN LIVING SKILLS. THIS WILL ENABLE THIS GROUP OF PEOPLE TO LEAVE THEIR REFUGEE STATUS AND START A NEW LIFE. THE REFUGEE RELIEF ORGANISATIONS CAN THEN HELP MANY MORE PEOPLE. THE DESIGN TEAM'S PROPOSAL IS FOR A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PUBLIC SPACE THAT CAN BE ADAPTED TO ALL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, OFFERING EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING AND SKILLS TRAINING. THE SPACE CAN BE EXPANDED ACCORDING TO THE DEMAND OF THE USER.

LIFE IN AFGHANISTAN

ON NICE NIGHTS PEOPLE CHOOSE TO SLEEP ON THE ROOF TO KEEP COOL AND COMFORTABLE. THE ROOFS ALSO SERVE TO DRY CEREALS. IN ADDITION, CHILDREN FLY KITES ON THE ROOFS.

MOST OF THE LIVING SPACES ARE UNFURNISHED AND OFTEN A BLANKET CAN REPLACE THE TABLE AND BED. THE DIFFERENCE IN SITTING AND SLEEPING HABITS AND THE LACK OF FURNITURE GIVE THE ROOMS A PRO-TERRESTRIAL CHARACTER.

WORSHIP IS THE NAME GIVEN TO A RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY THAT MUSLIMS PERFORM EVERY DAY. WORSHIP IS ONE OF THE FIVE DEEDS, AND IS AN IMPORTANT DAILY ACTIVITY FOR MUSLIMS.

THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT HAS RECENTLY BECOME A POPULAR ACTIVE IN AFGHANISTAN, AND THE COUNTRY'S NATURAL BEAUTY IS MAGNIFICENT. THE FOOD IS MAINLY BARBECUE AND PASTA. WHEN THE WEATHER IS GOOD, THE INHABITANTS LIKE TO GO CAMPING. BUT THE LARGE NUMBER OF POST-WAR WIDOWS AND ORPHANS HAS EXACERBATED THE REFUGEE PROBLEM.

LOCATION OF THE EXPLOSION

IN THE LAST SIX MONTHS ALONE THERE HAVE BEEN DOZENS OF VIOLENT INCIDENTS, IN AFGHANISTAN

MAJOR EVENTS IN AFGHANISTAN

BRITAIN WAGED THREE WARS AGAINST AFGHANISTAN, IN 1839-1842, 1879-1880 AND 1919, AND ALL THREE BRITISH INVASIONS WERE DEFEATED BY THE AFGHAN PEOPLE. THIS WAS A GREAT DISGRACE TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE OF THE TIME.

THE UNITED STATES USED THE OCCASION OF COUNTER-TERRORISM TO LAUNCH THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN AGAINST THE TALIBAN GOVERNMENT AND AL-QAEDA IN AFGHANISTAN. ALTHOUGH THE US OVERTHREW THE TALIBAN REGIME AND KILLED OSAMA BIN LADEN THROUGH THE WAR, AFGHANISTAN WAS PLUNGED INTO A LONG PERIOD OF WAR

THE SOVIET UNION SENT 100,000 TROOPS TO OCCUPY AFGHANISTAN OUTRIGHT. ALTHOUGH THE SOVIET UNION QUICKLY TOOK OVER THE CITIES OF AFGHANISTAN, IT CONTINUED TO BE MET WITH RESISTANCE FROM THE AFGHAN PEOPLE. THIS LED TO THE SOVIET UNION BEING MIRED IN AFGHANISTAN FOR 10 YEARS AND HAVING TO WITHDRAW ITS TROOPS AFTER PAYING A HEAVY PRICE.

A COACH EXPLODED AND OVERTURNED ON A MAIN ROAD IN THE ABU BOUMA DISTRICT OF FARAH PROVINCE, KILLING 34 PEOPLE, INCLUDING WOMEN AND CHILDREN. THE INJURED HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO HOSPITAL, SOME IN SERIOUS CONDITION, AND THE DEATH TOLL IS LIKELY TO RISE.

A CAR BOMB EXPLOSION WAS LAUNCHED IN WESTERN KABUL AT 9AM. SHOTS WERE STILL BEING FIRED AT THE SCENE AS OF THAT DATE AND THE DEATH TOLL IS UNKNOWN.

THE DEATH TOLL FROM THE WEDDING BOMBING IN WESTERN KABUL HAS RISEN TO 80, ACCORDING TO MEDIA REPORTS. AS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED, 63 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND MORE THAN 180 INJURED IN THE BOMBING.

Herāt

SNOWFALL

CONCLUSION

THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRAWN FROM THE ANALYSIS OF FOUR CITIES IN AFGHANISTAN:

1. THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT IN THIS AREA IS LARGE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, BUT THE AVERAGE DAYTIME TEMPERATURE IS WARM THROUGHOUT THE YEAR

2. THERE IS RAIN IN THE AREA, AND THE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL IS CONSIDERABLE.

3. THE AREA GETS SNOW FOR MORE THAN A QUARTER OF RAINFALL IS CONSIDERABLE.3. THE AREA GETS SNOW FOR MORE THAN A QUARTER OF THE YEAR, AND IT SNOWS A LOT.

4. THE SHORTEST ANNUAL AVERAGE SUNSHINE IN THIS AREA IS USUALLY ABOUT 10 HOURS.

TO SUM UP, THE DESIGN PROPOSAL SHOULD CONSIDER THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELTER FROM RAIN AND SNOW, DAYTIME USE, AND BREATHABILITY

MATERIAL RESEARCH

GABION NET

IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE COST OF THE FOUNDATION, THE MATERIAL OF THE FOUNDATION WILL USE LOCAL STONE OR OTHER HEAVY OBJECTS AS COUNTERWEIGHT THE GABION NET IS SUCH A FOUNDATION STRUCTURE. ADDING DIFFERENT LOCAL WEIGHTS TO THE GABION MESH STRUCTURE HAS REACHED THE COUNTERWEIGHT STANDARD FOR BUILDING FOUNDATIONS. IN THE DESIGN PROPOSAL, THE GABION NET CAN BE CUSTOMIZED WITH STEEL FRAME. ITS OUTER FRAME EXISTS AS A MODULAR UNIT THE INTERNAL COUNTERWEIGHT MATERIAL CAN BE REPLACED ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS.

LOCAL STONE BUILDING FRAGMENTS WATER BOTTLE

TIMBER STRUCTURE

IN ORDER TO MAKE THE BUILDING STRUCTURE MORE FLEXIBLE AND LIGHT, THE MAIN STRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING WILL BE MADE OF WOOD. COMPARED TO THE COMMON REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE, THE TIMBER STRUCTURE IS LIGHTER AND DISMANTLED. ACCORDING TO THE SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBILITY IN THE DESIGN PROPOSAL, THE WOODEN STRUCTURE IS SUITABLE FOR THIS DESIGN PROPOSAL.

REINFORCED CONCRETE TIMBER STRUCTURE

STEEL FRAME

THE STEEL FRAME SERVES AS THE MAIN SUPPORT IT WILL HOLD THE WEIGHT MATERIAL INSIDE.

LOCAL MATERIAL - RATTAN WEAVE

500 kg/m² IRON NET

THE WIRE MESH REINFORCES THE STEEL FRAME TO PREVENT SPILLAGE OF THE INTERNAL MATERIAL.

IN THE DESIGN PROPOSAL, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE CONSTRUCTION COST OF THE WALL, THE WALL WILL ADOPT A MODULAR DESIGN. THE WALLS CONSIST OF SUPPORTING FRAMES AND LOCAL MATERIALS. LOCAL MATERIALS ARE WOVEN INTO THE WALLS AND FASTENED TO THE FRAMES OF THE WALLS. IN THIS WAY, THE CONSTRUCTION COST IS REDUCED BY CONFORMING TO THE LOCAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT.

200mm CONCRETE SLAB: WEIGHT 75 kg/m² 170*80mm TIMBER STRUCTURE: WEIGHT 23,7 kg/m² incl. 27mm TIMBER FLOOR: WEIGHT WALL FRAME LOCAL MATERIAL

STRUCTURE RESEARCH

PRELIMINARY PHYSICAL MODEL

FINAL PHYSICAL MODEL

PHYSICAL MODELLING PROCESS

PROPOSAL CONCEPT

MODULE SPACE - BASIC TYPE

MODULE SPACE - DEVELOPMENTAL

THE SQUARE IS THE MOST BASIC FORM OF BUILDING MONOLITH. PUTTING TOGETHER THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE SQUARE IS AN EXPRESSION OF THE FLEXIBILITY OF THIS DESIGN PROPOSAL. IT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS SUBSECTION TO EVOLVE THIS BUILDING UNIT IN ORDER TO MAKE THE MODULAR BUILDING DESIGN MORE FLEXIBLE.

IN THE CASE OF THE SQUARE BUILDING BLOCKS, IT CAN BE OBSERVED THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF BUILDING FACADES ARE OCCUPIED. THIS AFFECTS MANY OF THE BUILDING'S CONDITIONS OF USE, SUCH AS ENTRANCES AND EXITS, WINDOWS TO THE OUTSIDE, INTERIOR DAYLIGHTING, ETC. TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS AN INCREASE OF THE BUILDING FACADE IS ONE WAY.

THE CUBE BUILDING IS SOLVED BY INCREASING THE NUMBER OF FACADES OF THE BUILDING BLOCKS. THE BUILDING BLOCKS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO HEXAGONAL BLOCKS.

WHEN PUT TOGETHER THE HEXAGONAL BLOCKS HAVE MORE FACADES THAN THE BASIC TYPE. IN ADDITION, THE FACADE FACING THE EXTERIOR HAS MORE WAYS OF ACCESS, MORE LIGHTING SURFACES AND MORE WAYS OF STITCHING.

ONCE THE BLOCK FORM HAS BEEN DEFINED, THE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE HEXAGONAL COLUMN ARE DIVIDED INTO MODULES. THE DIVISION OF THE INTERNAL SPACES IS ALSO DETERMINED BY THE MODULES.

DEVELOPMENTAL - MODULAR EVOLUTION 1 DEVELOPMENTAL - MODULAR EVOLUTION 1

ROOF

FIRSTLY, DIVIDING THE HEXAGONAL PRISM INTO TWO PIECES, ROOF AND FLOOR. USING A CENTRAL COLUMN TO CONNECT AND SUPPORT THE ROOF AND FLOOR. FORMING A PUBLIC SPACE OPEN AROUND IT.

CENTRAL COLUMN

DEVELOPMENTAL - MODULAR EVOLUTION 2

ROOF DIVIDING LINE

SECONDLY, CONNECTING AND DIVIDING THE ROOF AND FLOOR ALONG THE CORNERS OF THE REGULAR HEXAGON INTO SIX ISOSCELES TRAPEZOIDS OF THE SAME SHAPE. EACH SHAPE IS AN ELEMENT.

FINALLY, INSERTING THEM ON THE CENTRAL COLUMN STRUCTURE IN A UNIT OF A FLOOR MODULE, SPACES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS CAN BE OBTAINED. THE INTERIOR SPACE CAN BE DIVIDED BY CONTROLLING DIFFERENT INTERIOR HEIGHTS.

FLOOR MODULES

FLOOR DIVIDING LINE

FLOOR

THE SMALLEST PROTOTYPE THAT CAN PROVIDE FOOD, EXERCISE OR LEARNING SPACE FOR THE COMMUNITY AND MEET BASIC COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS

THE SAME SIZE AS THE SMALLEST PROTOTYPE, BUT AT A HIGHER HEIGHT FOR MORE FUNCTIONS, WITH THE INSERTION OF WOODEN PANELS AS RESTING PLACES, AS WELL AS PLACES FOR TALK AND WORK.

BY USING A THICKER FOUNDATION, THE PROTOTYPE IS MADE LARGER AND COULD BE USED AS STORES FOR SUPPLIES, AND THE LARGER AREA ALSO ALLOWED FOR MORE FUNCTIONS.

AS THE LARGEST PROTOTYPE, IT CAN BE FLEXIBLY COMBINED WITH LOCAL CUSTOMS TO MEET SPECIAL NEEDS, SUCH AS THE NEED FOR PRAYER ROOMS FOUND THROUGH RESEARCH ON LOCAL RESIDENCES.

THE ISSUE OF REFUGEES HAS BEEN A WIDESPREAD CONCERN IN COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD. ONLY 2 PER CENT OF THE WORLD'S REFUGEES ARE PROPERLY RESETTLED. THIS SITUATION HAS RECENTLY BEEN EXACERBATED BY NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE SUDDEN OUTBREAK OF WAR. COUNTRIES AND ORGANISATIONS AROUND THE WORLD SUCH AS UNHCR HAVE BEEN WORKING TO ALLEVIATE THE REFUGEE PROBLEM, BUT THE LACK OF FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES HAS PREVENTED MOST REFUGEES FROM RECEIVING ASSISTANCE. THE BETTER SHELTER SYSTEM IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST REASONABLE PROVIDER OF HOUSING FOR REFUGEES. THE BETTER SHELTER SYSTEM IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST REASONABLE PROVIDER OF HOUSING FOR REFUGEES, PROVIDING THE BASIC NEEDS OF REFUGEES AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE COST.

THE DESIGN TEAM ANALYSED THE PROBLEMS OF THE REFUGEE CAMPS AND CAME UP WITH SOLUTIONS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A SUSTAINABLE REFUGEE SOLUTION. THE DESIGN TEAM PROPOSED A FLEXIBLE SOLUTION. IT IS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PUBLIC SPACE IN A REFUGEE CAMP THAT PROVIDES EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT. THIS SERVICE CAN ACCELERATE THE SELF-EMPOWERMENT OF REFUGEES AND THE OVERCOMING OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO THEIR EVENTUAL LIBERATION FROM REFUGEE STATUS. THIS APPROACH ACCELERATES THE REFUGEE CYCLE AND ALLOWS LIMITED FUNDS AND STAFF TO SUPPORT MORE REFUGEES.

FLEXIBILITY IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN THIS DESIGN PROJECT, FLEXIBILITY IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN DESIGN, AS IT REQUIRES SWITCHING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS. THE SCALE OF THE SPACE CAN CHANGE WITH THE FUNCTION. IN ADDITION，THE MODULAR DESIGN IS SCALABLE AND CAN BE ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT CAMP SIZES. WE HAVE ALSO ADAPTED THE DESIGN TO SUIT DIFFERENT CLIMATIC SITE CONDITIONS, WITH LOCAL NATURAL MATERIALS AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT CONSTRUCTION IN DIFFERENT DESIGN SITES. THIS RESULTS IN A FLEXIBLE DESIGN PROJECT.

Brownell, E., 2020. Better Shelter. MATTERING PRESS, p.73.

Devictor, X. and Do, Q.T., 2017. How many years have refugees been in exile?. Population and Development Review, pp.355-369.

Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. and Tan, N.F., 2017. The end of the deterrence paradigm? Future directions for global refugee policy. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), pp.28-56.

Hein, J., 1993. Refugees, immigrants, and the state. Annual review of Sociology, 19(1), pp.43-59.

Singer, P., Singer, R. and Gibney, M., 2010. The ethics of refugee policy. Population and political theory, 3, p.285.

Volkan, V.D., 2018. Immigrants and refugees: Trauma, perennial mourning, prejudice, and border psychology. Routledge.

WEBSITE www.unrefugees.org.uk/ www.bettershelter.org/rhu/ www.zh.weatherspark.com/countries/AF www.gooood.cn/a-lively-link-the-design-of-a-bridge-in-maoshi-town-of-guizhou-china-by-fu-yingbin.htm

05 Midpoint Station

Project Time : From May 5, 2019 to September 27, 2019

Project Venue : Shunyi District, Beijing

Building Area : 957m2

Long-distance cycling is a very popular sport that requires strong physique and patience, but also full of challenges and difficulties. This is definitely the best choice for those who like to surpass themselves.

But its difficulty also increases as the distance traveled. Endurance competition is the most important part of the whole exercise. For cyclists, a lot of exercise makes them more experienced in physical distribution and emergency response. In contrast, beginners are struggling to cope with these challenges.

In the long process of riding, the serious consequences caused by the lack of experience of beginners are endless, and the damage is weak and life-threatening. This led to the design of the "Midpoint station".

The “Midpoint Station” empowers abandoned buildings by retrofitting old buildings and providing convenience and protection to beginners when they need to rest or replenish. Minimizing the accidents that occur in the future is the role of the “Midpoint station”.

Long-distance cycling is a popular sport in the world, and there are countless lovers. Although some areas already have perfect routes and perfect medical insurance. However, most other areas lack the necessary conditions for these rides.

In the long-distance cycling process, the experience of beginners is far less than that of proficient players. Because beginners can't reasonably distribute power, they will get tired in the middle and the middle of the ride, and riding in a tired state is extremely dangerous.

Long-distance bicycle riding preparation

Therefore, long-distance cycling is a sport that needs to be fully prepared for novices. When the preparation is insufficient and the supply point is not found, there are many dangers and even threats to life.

A large number of junior cycling enthusiasts can't keep this long ride, so they need to add moisture and rest. A 10 to 15

Research

Especially for the primary enthusiasts, these seven conditions are essential in the long cycling, and the seven conditions in the remote suburbs cannot be met.

There are eight buildings in the site, and one of them will be renovated.

For the novice rider, the rest of the journey needs rest, and the function of the transformation should include the rest function and the function of providing replenishment.

Because it is located in the transportation hub, the people need to rest at night, so the function of the transformation must have accommodation.

Overnight crowd

The entire area was abandoned because it was not used by people and became lifeless. It is the design goal of this program to use a renovation of the building to attract people to the area and reinvigorate the entire area.

Building 2 is the closest to the entrance, and convenient transportation is good for crowds and vehicles.

The transformation direction of Building 2 is the combination of bicycle club and youth hostel.In this way, the anger of the entire area is improved, paving the way for the renovation of other buildings.

The entire Building 2 provides venues and equipment for the Imaging Department.

After the relocation, the original versatile teaching building became deserted, leaving no equipment and materials available in the classroom.

Original structure

Building 2 is the most external building on the entire campus, with a total of six floors. These include the first five levels of teaching space and the sixth floor storage room. The building structure is a frame structure.

Teaching NO.2

Teaching NO.3

Teaching NO.4

In the whole frame structure, the joints of beams and columns are the key to bearing. The individual beams are moved up and down in the wrong position. When the force is changed and the original column structure is strengthened, it can be stabilized in the whole system.

Staircase composition Barbed wire case

The central location of the entire building is an outdoor bike test ramp that runs through all floors. The entire ramp consists of four parts: stairs, bicycle lanes, protective barbed wire, and rest platforms. The ramp simulates the complex terrain of mountain bikes and winding mountain roads. A comprehensive practice and testing venue for cyclists. There are stairs for pedestrians to pass or for maintenance next to each group of ramps. There are also fences for protection around the ramps, each of which extends upwards up to the top.

Structural section

Provide travelers with hot drinks and rest areas such as coffee. Here you can reduce the fatigue and burden of cycling enthusiasts, which connects the infirmary, storage room and bathroom. It is a place for cycling enthusiasts to take a short break.

The repair center is the place to serve bicycles. It is connected to a bicycle parking lot, a bicycle fitting retail store and an outdoor test ramp. This will help bicycle enthusiasts to meet the needs of accessories and testing of modified bicycles.

Project Time : From July 2018 to August 2019

Project Venue : Beijing Central Academy of Fine Arts

Device size : 0 ~ 4m2

The cover of the courier module comes from my campus life. In campus life, I found two different problems: one is the waste of resources, and the other is the loss of express delivery. These two issues are contradictory.

But in the survey, we can find that there is a connection between these two issues. The connection between them is the material, and using modular design to achieve the same function for the same material is a good way to contact two issues.

The purpose of solving the two problems together is to end the vicious circle of waste of resources on campus and to root the concept of resource conservation on the hearts of teachers and classmates on campus.

Design source - from Earth Day to waste of resources

About Earth Day

Earth Day is a large-scale event with the theme of environmental protection. April 22 is an iconic festival every year. It is a summary of last year and an environmental strategy for the new year. Different countries in the world use different methods to save resources, clean up garbage, and develop clean energy.

Design source - waste of resources and type of garbage

Evolution of thinking

Earth Day is the largest environmental activity on Earth. It spreads the concept of environmental protection to the world. Waste of resources is a global issue. I will start my design from wasting resources.

According to Reuters reported on the 11th, according to the United Nations estimates, nearly 13 million hectares (about 32 million acres) of forests are cut down every year, equivalent to the land area of Greece or Nicaragua.

In addition, the phenomenon that resources can be treated as garbage is present in every city in the world.

Earth Day world events

For Earth Day, it is no longer a mere festival. It has gone through a long period of time from parade to a worldwide continuous large-scale event. The most common problem in Earth Day is the garbage problem, and the generation of garbage is accompanied by waste of resources.

Commercial art area Wangjing art area

art area Campus art area Comprehensive class university Art University

Untreated

It can be seen that the waste of materials in art universities is very serious.

In school life, we found that the courier of the Academy was scattered at the door, without the location of the express cabinet. So the problem with me is to reassemble the saved materials in the Academy of fine arts, so that we can receive the express function when assembling.

Because there is no courier site, express delivery is often piled up at the school gate waiting for collection, which leads to a serious loss of express.

Ganylord Nelson

Exhibition phenomenon - Material waste

After the exhibition was over, a lot of material waste was ushered in, which gradually formed a bad cycle of buying new materials and discarding them after a short period of use.

Art Gallery Area

The exhibition space has not been able to meet the needs of the school's project display.

No. 4 teaching building

Academic Building and Studios

No. 4 teaching building, close to the east gate with the most express delivery, makes the hall of the teaching building crowded and suitable for design and site selection.

The integrated materials are divided into five categories, of which wood is the most commonly used material. In the exhibition of the subject, most of the wooden boards were made into display stands. After the exhibition, the display stands were directly destroyed, resulting in a lot of wood waste.

If these materials were made into small units, each unit could be used to store express delivery. During the exhibition, you can form the required display stand, which can greatly reduce the waste of resources and increase the material life cycle.

Student Dormitory Design school

It can be found that this art school does not have a courier storage function, which causes a large amount of express delivery to accumulate outside the door, and there is a risk of losing the courier.

Since the frequency of use of the display stand and the courier is staggered by time, the recycled material is made into a detachable unit piece, which can be combined into a courier or display stand and made available.

Material integration

There is a lot of waste of resources in the school's display. The following will investigate the materials, select the most abundant materials for analysis and try to reuse.

Material sampling function

Single component design

The wooden boards are made into jigsaw puzzles. These puzzles can be combined into a "standard size" box, and then combined with a suitable size box express door.

Single component design

Puzzle "Standard size" box

f(x)=-1/16x+975 f(x)=32/5x-282

B2 ( 60,102 )

B1 ( 45,6 )

B3 ( 1200,900 )

End point Proximity point Size interval

Usage frequency

B5 ( 6000,600 )

x ( Area covered ) 0

After sampling and analyzing the dimensions of the stand, the two sets of functions are obtained by taking the facade area and the plane area of the stand as a function, so that the size of the platform can be calculated from the values between the two functions.

Material sampling function

L : 250mm

W : 200mm H : 350mm

By dividing the sampling of the seven booths into square boxes of the smallest unit, it can be found that the size of the small square box floats around two fixed sizes.

These two standard boxes are divided into single pieces, which can be spliced into different boxes for storing different expresses or displaying different works.

Express door

Size A

L : 250mm W 200mm H 200mm

Size B

L : 250mm W 350mm H 200mm

1

2 Display stand Express cabinet

The puzzle module can also be used in conjunction with the display stand.

The puzzles can be combined into several sizes of courier boxes, which are inserted into the slots and secured to the ceiling of the stairwell with a lifting structure.

At the beginning of the design, the lifting structure was placed behind the cabinet.

The telescopic structure applies the principle of the hydraulic rod structure. When the express delivery in the express cabinet is heavy, the weight rises, and the neutral makes the express cabinet descend and drops to the height of convenient use.

Similarly, after the express delivery, the express cabinet will rise.

After considering the stability of the courier cabinet, the lifting structure is placed on both sides of the cabinet.

Design demonstration - growth space

Gears can change the direction of structural displacement. The lower half is also equipped with a ring axle.

From a simple sliding device to a hydraulic sliding device, this device can move up and down according to the weight of the things stored in the cabinet. Each group of cabinets will drop with the increase of the express delivery, and finally drop to a suitable height.

Assembled demo

The set up express cabinet can collect the express delivery of the outdoor stack into the room. It is ideal for setting up stairwells without utilization. Even if the courier process is formalized, it can be guaranteed that the courier will not be taken away by outsiders.

Disassemble the discarded display stand and divided it into a jigsaw-shaped wooden board, and put the assembled courier cabinets into the slots one by one for use.

The assembled express cabinet can provide a semi-open space for the express delivery room. The size of this small space is directly proportional to the number of express delivery. In the absence of express delivery, the courier cabinet is closed and the students are free to pass.

07 Nauru Guanine Center

Project Time : From April 1, 2019 to July 20, 2019

Project Venue : Near Lake Budada, Republic of Nauru

Building Area : 216m2

The “Nauru Guanine Center” is a small building derived from the relationship between the Republic of Nauru and the guano. It exists as a space for the display and sale of cockles and their derivatives. Committed to improving the economic environment of Nauru and the economic situation of poverty.

The “Nauru Guanine Center” has the function of display and sale, as well as collecting cockles attached to the building surface and transporting them to the factory.

The guanine is made into a product with high profit and low consumption. This is much more economical than the current large-scale mining and export of phosphate rock in Nauru.

Therefore, the current model of mining and exporting of phosphate rock in Nauru is transformed into a model for collecting guanine, processing and selling products. It can reduce ecological damage and increase income. This is the mission of the “Nauru Guanine Center”.

Design source-from utopia to guanine

Utopia is an imaginary form, and there are many examples of failures in Utopia testing. Nauru is an example. Nauru was once the richest man in the Pacific, and the island’s inhabitants lived a carefree life. However, Nauru is now a poor country. Why is this so? I will start researching this country.

Nauru location

A roundabout road

International airport delivers fresh water to the country

A railway line connecting the airport to the factory

Coral reef island

International assistance is needed after the economic collapse.

Detention center

Conclusion: The relationship between Nauru and guanine

milk

Control Diplomatic Join the UN Detention center Independence Repairing

This shows that the guanine determines the wealth of Nauru. However, over-exploitation of phosphate rock mineralized by guanine will only cause ecological damage, and it will also cause environmental pollution in the process of mining phosphate rock. But there is another, more environmentally friendly way to bring economic benefits to Nauru.

7 8 9 10 11

Destroyed

years 1968 1970 1989 1999 2005 2008 1980

It is located in the southern hemisphere, the sun shines from the north.

Nauru is a tropical rainforest climate with 40% forests, 2438°C temperatures and an average annual precipitation of 1500 mm.

Nauru seabird species

Seabird predation

The ecosystem has been destroyed, the number of birds on the island has gradually decreased, and the phosphate resources on the island have gradually decreased, which has caused the economy of the entire island country to regress.

Industry status - Low profitability destroys ecology

The scarcity of freshwater resources in island countries can only be obtained through imports, while the state provides free fresh water to nationals, which also increases the economic burden of the national government.

The original industrial chain is single and cannot form a system.

Strategy - Changing the industry model

Nauru Guanine Center

Nauru’s economic model is industry, that is, mining of phosphate rock and export. The profitability in this mode is low and causes very serious pollution during the loading of phosphate rock.

IN CONCLUSION

1 Ecological destruction in the industrial system of Nauru.

2 The gradual reduction of the habitat of seabirds.

3 Nauru countries lack fresh water resources.

The island country's industrial chain will increase resource utilization through building consolidation, transforming the original industry into a cosmetics manufacturing industry to increase economic efficiency and reduce consumption.

open view of

birds that

Here we replace the space of human and bird coexistence with "space A", display and sales space replaced by "space B".

Turn "space A" east, the field of view will be wider, and the sun can directly shine from the north to provide sufficient sunshine supply for birds.

Six planes are created in space B, and small planes are connected to each other between the planes on each side to make the moving lines more flexible.

Because there are many trees around the site, the entire space should be raised, and space A and space B should be tilted and connected by stairs.

Add a suitable roof to provide a choice for seabirds to inhabit. Integrate the patio with the roof to get the final shape. Leave Feeding Collecting guanine

of Symbiosis space section Sales space section

Add a step at the entrance while rotating the stairs connecting the two spaces. Pass Enter Exhibits Public space section

factory

The form of the bird's nest is embedded in the surface of the patio. Exhibition space section

Section

Lake view Roof rest Semi-open roof Open entrance

Project Time : From April 2019 to September 2019

Project Venue : Beijing Zizhuyuan Park

Device size : 6764.6m2

There is a phenomenon in Chinese society: illegal use of blind roads. In response to this phenomenon, I did an extended research and found that this is a huge and closely related social issuediscrimination against disabled people.

In order to understand the discrimination of disabled people, it is necessary to trace the roots to the population. Defects in the body or the spirit make the disabled and other people have a gap between them and others. Because of the physical or psychological differences, the two groups are gradually alienated. These people have their own opinions and discrimination is produced.

Then the stadium will gather these two groups of people through space design through the integration of sports for the disabled, so that these two groups of people can move in space. Develop each other's strengths in sports, enhance mutual understanding and eliminate misunderstandings and discrimination between people and people.

Social issues

Discrimination

In daily life, people with defects can be seen everywhere, physically and mentally. The proportion of people who are in the same society as a whole is also very large. This classification and grading also exists in such a large population, depending on the disability and disability level of different limb disability and varying degrees of disability.

Year-on-year proportion of disabled people in Beijing

Physical disabilities Hearing impairment Visual impairment Language disability Multiple disabilities Mental disability Intellectual disability Total population

-

the needs of people with disabilities

The most common social problem is discrimination, and discrimination against people with disabilities affects the heart and mind of such people. Negative emotions such as inferiority, anxiety, and autism are all caused by discrimination.

What can be done - Sports

As a disabled person, there is also the right to exercise in the same way as an ordinary person. Disabled people themselves are not defective groups. What ordinary people can do is that disabled people can also do it. Exercise is proof.

Physical disabilities

Three-level limb disorder

Joint amputation or missing limb

Three-level limb disorder

Mild dysfunction of the limbs

Three-level limb disorder

Humpback is greater than 70°

Three-level limb disorder

Dwarfism

Three-level limb disorder

Missing finger

Three-level limb disorder

Lower limbs unequal length greater than 5cm

The table shows that the number of disabled people in Beijing is very considerable, and the common disability is divided into two categories, one is not capable of acting, and the other is capable of acting. Each type of disability has a different level of disability. The vast majority of people with disabilities are capable of acting and self-care. They are classified as disabled because of a defect, but they have the same mobility as normal people. thought.

Visual impairment

Type of sports +

There are a wealth of sports programs to provide a healthy body and healthy mentality for the disabled, and most of them can participate in the same project. In a certain sense, the two groups do the same thing at the same time and do not affect the results due to crowd differences. Then the discrimination will be reduced until it disappears.

Design strategy - health problems for the disabled

Crowd contact

From the survey, it can be found that there is a gap between the general population and the disabled group. It is worth trying to get together the two kinds of people to do the same thing and eliminate the differences between the two groups through the process of doing things.

Regional connection In conclusion

Swimming pool

Blind goal court

Sitting vollryball court

Basketball court Fitness room Athletic track Chess site

Dressing room

Notice

Enhance the confidence and physique of disabled people through exercise. At the same time, sports are also things that people with disabilities can do, and the ability of many disabled people in sports is completely beyond ordinary people.

Gather

Use public sports venues to increase communication and understanding between the general population and the disabled. Moving under the same roof allows the two groups to understand and recognize each other more intuitively.

Assimilate into

It can be seen from the chart that the three functional spaces of the Dressing room, the coach lounge and the toilet are the most connected to other spaces.

The movements of the different groups of people are arranged separately on the second floor and underground according to the characteristics of the crowd.

Eliminate discrimination and prejudice that exists in both populations in the form of this common movement. At the same time, the facilities in the building are completely barrier-free infrastructure, and the same barrier-free facilities shared by ordinary people and people with disabilities are also subconsciously eliminating psychological barriers.

Coach lounge Reception

Toilet & Shower Staff office

Equipment & Storage

Sports area distribution

Direct adjacency Indirect adjacency

Disability levels are used to distinguish persons with disabilities with varying degrees of disability and to screen for sports types. Most sports are geared towards people with limited mobility and mobility.

Track and field Volleyball

100m runway 8.4m * 120m

Basketball court

Blind goal

Basketball court 18m * 31m

Volleyball court 9m * 13m

Fitness room 10m * 12m

Fitness Swim

Blind goal court 12m * 21m

Swimming pool 32m * 33m

Site selection

A survey was conducted for disabled people in Beijing, and the rehabilitation center for the disabled was used as a scope to identify rescue stations for the disabled. It was found that the rescue station on the west side was scarce but the rehabilitation center was concentrated on the west side, and the rehabilitation training for the disabled included a number of sports. This allows the rehabilitation center to be used as a reference to find nearby venues. Rehabilitation training for disabled people includes a number of sports.

Site selection

Disabled rehabilitation center

Disabled service center

Mapping research - Site comparison

Zizhuyuan Park

Site B

Site A Site B

Surroundings

Height difference Site section 4m 3m 2m 1m 0 Deep soil Rock Gravel Covered soil

Site A has a large height difference, complex rock formations, complicated construction and no foundation for construction. At the same time, the traffic is relatively inconvenient, belonging to a small park, and the supporting facilities are not complete, so it is not suitable for the most project sites.

Consideration

The choice of venue requires consideration of many factors related to people with disabilities, and accessibility and safe transportation are essential. All parks do not allow motor vehicles to enter, which creates conditions for traffic safety; all park designs take into account the activities of the elderly, which also provides a barrier-free basis. So the park is the best location.

Determining site selection

B Site B height difference

Surroundings

Explosion map

GF Transfer room

All stairs in the space are replaced by barrier-free slopes. The goal is to allow different people to use the same facilities, thereby reducing the labelling behavior of different groups of people. It is hoped that this form will alleviate or even eliminate misunderstanding and discrimination against disabled people.

Straight ladder

Entrance

LG Passage

Transfer room description

1 2 3 4

Reception Dressing room Transfer room Destination

Route description

Export

Volleyball

When the person passes, the gate opens and the pedestrian passes.

Transportation hub

Human flow line

Barrier-free staircase Straight ladder

Transportation hub

Change the route through the gate between the channels.

Destination: Basketball court.

Dressing room Dressing room

In this space, pedestrians can change channels by moving laterally to avoid collisions and interference with other pedestrians.

Walk along the ground to the destination.

Basketball

Convergence

Since the incoming path is divided into squares, the number of steps per person (ie, the number of grids traveling) is also different, and no interference or collision occurs at the intersection of the routes.

Just entering the transportation hub can change the passage.

Structure and materials

Roof structure analysis

The roof structure consists of the opposite parts. The most critical part is the connection and support of the roof steel frame structure in two different directions. The support inside the space is mostly shear wall. Build a roof or provide a fulcrum for the roof structure on the basis of shear walls and individual load-bearing columns.

Structural model Structural explosion map

GF Volleyball court

1F One hundred meter runway

GF Above the swimming pool

Most of the structures refer to the characteristics of the tenon structure, and the beams in different directions are inserted together through the slots, and the metal connectors are used for reinforcement.

Materials selection

1F Basketball court

Different woods are the most material, but the texture and color are similar, which makes the whole space more uniform, gives people a more direct feeling, and has a positive psychological impact on people who exercise in space.

LG Blind goal court

LG Fitness room

Polished wood

Stainless steel

Monochrome wall paint Light wood

09 MG Space

Project Time : From June 2020 to April 2021

Project Venue : Beijing 798 Art District

Device size : 170 m2

PS: Working in HVN Studio

MG Space is a private art gallery. as part of an old industrial area. It is very necessary to renovate this old house. The project is located in Beijing 798 Art District. Excellent artistic soil makes art and industry collide with new sparks. Rough architecture is intertwined with fine art. At the request of the client, a Bauhaus-style building was born.

Original Building Photos

Ground Floor Lobby Photo 1

Ground Floor Lobby Photo 3

Ground Floor Lobby Photo 2

Ground Floor Lobby Photo 4

Ground Floor Gallery Photo 1

Ground Floo Galleryr Photo 3

Ground Floor Gallery Photo 2

Ground Floor Gallery Photo 4

Exterior Wall Paint Sample

Ground Floo Galleryr Photo 6

Ground Floor Gallery Photo 5

Ground Floor Gallery Photo 7

New Building Exploded View

Stairwell Photos

Living Room Photo

Yerrace Photo

10 Graduation Project

Project Time : From June 2020 to April 2021

Project Venue : Beijing 798 Art District

Device size : 170 m2

PS: Working in HVN Studio

The study of industrial machinery and furniture design is to combine and redesign the existing industrial machinery structure and furniture. It may apply the principle of mechanical structure or apply the parts of mechanical structure. A single mechanical structural element, precise and reliable, has only one single purpose?

I don't think the use of this structure is single. Since it is so classic, why not use it and design it to make it applicable to a wider range of fields. At this point, I use my expertise and ability to combine mechanical structures with furniture, find their similarities and change the design.

The concept of machinery has been formed for a long time, and even modern machinery still has its unique definition. The word "machinery" consists of two Chinese characters, "machine" and "machinery". "Machine" - originally refers to the key parts of the part; "machine" - in ancient China, originally refers to a whole device or appliance. These two words are connected together to form the word "mechanical", which constitutes a general mechanical concept. Then furniture is an essential category of appliances and facilities for human beings to maintain normal life, engage in production practices and carry out social activities. The first thing they have in common is that both are related to humans and both are created by humans. This is true even in modern times, as with Le Corbusier's thesis "architecture is a machine for dwelling", so what is furniture? With these questions, I started to analyze and experiment on the fusion process of mechanical structure and furniture design.

11 Undergraduate Project: Waste Recycling

Project Time : From November 2016 to December 2016

Undergraduate works

Collect as much garbage as possible. Craft trash into usable furniture.

After collecting a lot of garbage, arrange and combine the garbage into new furniture. This is a rebirth of the material. It is believed that these materials will continue to be reborn through continuous creation.

08 Undergraduate Project: Paper Lanterns

Project Time : Five Days 2015

Undergraduate works

Reasonable imagination and creation are carried out under the material limitations of paper and the functional limitations of lamps.

Influenced by a large number of three-dimensional composition and architecture. Interspersing two cubes together is the simple idea and concept of this project. The entire assembly can emit light, and the light transmittance of the paper is used to achieve the effect of "the assembly suspended in the air".

12 Undergraduate Project: Architectural Analysis

Project Time : Ten Days 2015

Undergraduate works

An analysis of Tadao Ando's architectural work, Koshino Residence.

A 1:50 scale model of the building was restored during the analysis. Parts are known to be handmade. The model has also participated in large-scale exhibitions such as Wangjing Art Festival.

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