A Christian Daughter of India by First Fruits Press

A CHRISTIAN DAUGHTER OF INDIA A NARRATIVE OF HOLY SERVICE AND THE MAKING OF HISTORY

ALFRED S. DYER

A CHRISTIAN DAUGHTER OF INDIA A Narrative of Holy Service and The Making of History

Alfred S. Dyer

9781648170225 A Christian daughter of India: a narrative of holy service and the making of history. By Alfred S. Dyer. Published in the U.S.A. by First Fruits Press, 2020. Digital version at http://place.asburyseminary.edu/firstfruitsheritagematerial/196 First Fruits Press is a digital imprint of the Asbury Theological Seminary, B.L. Fisher Library. Asbury Theological Seminary is the legal owner of the material previously published by the Pentecostal Publishing Co. and reserves the right to release new editions of this material as well as new material produced by Asbury Theological Seminary. Its publications are available for noncommercial and educational uses, such as research, teaching and private study. First Fruits Press has licensed the digital version of this work under the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/. For all other uses, contact: First Fruits Press B.L. Fisher Library Asbury Theological Seminary 204 N. Lexington Ave. Wilmore, KY 40390 http://place.asburyseminary.edu/firstfruits Dyer, A. Saunders (Alfred Saunders) A Christian daughter of India : a narrative of holy service and the making of history / by Alfred S. Dyer. Wilmore, Kentucky : First Fruits Press, ©2020. 1 online resource (132 p. :port.) : digital Reprint. Previously published: London : Ch i ia W ke De , [1914?]. "Slightly revised edition of "A Christian heroine of India""--Foreword. ISBN: 9781648170171 (paperback) ISBN: 9781648170225 (uPDF) ISBN: 9781648170188 (Mobi) OCLC: 1201307808 1. Dunhill, Hellen E. 2. Women missionaries India--Biography. 3. Woman's Christian Temperance Union of India. I. Title.

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921

First Fruits Press The Academic Open Press of Asbury Theological Seminary 204 N. Lexington Ave., Wilmore, KY 40390 859-858-2236 first.fruits@asburyseminary.edu asbury.to/firstfruits

A CHRISTIAN DAUGHTER

A NARRATIVE HOLY

SERVICE

AND

THE

:By ALFRED

INDIA,

of OF

MAKING

OF HISTORY .

S. DYER.

formerly of London and Bombay .

"We live in deeds, not years; In feelings, not in figures on a dial; We should count time by heart-throbs; He most lives who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best."

ionMn: CHRISTIAN

WORKERS'

22, Paternoster

DEPOT,

Row, E.C.

who for more than thirty-five years has been my able and devoted colleague in Christian work ; AND

Uo our manr frtenM tn 3-nbta, our fellow-labourers

for Goo, who delight to call

that fair land their home.

FOREWORDS. This

volume is a slightly revised

Christian

edition of "A

Heroine of India," the alteration in the title

having been made at the suggestion of the subject of

It is believed that a widening number

the Qiography. will find

pleasure

KING'S Daughter their

fruitful

in becoming

acquainted

with

the

to whose acts of holy service and

results

these pages are devoted.

The

narrative necessarily touches momentous problems affecting Christian

work and national life in India.

connection,

not

hope

my twenty

Indian

that

a few readers years'

In this

will find surprises. knowledge

matters

will help others to view them in their proper

perspective,

to the furtherance

of the Kingdom of Goo

and the highest welfare of India's people.

ALFRED

DYER.

ILLUSTRATIONS. Miss Helen E. Dunhill

Frontispiece.

Miss Dunhill in the earlier period of . her missionary career Street scene in Bangalore, South India, Miss Dunhill's home, and the city of many years of her Christian work Mrs. Sara R. Wright, President of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Canada -

Facing page 8

" 29

Mrs. Sara F. Tracy, another of Miss Dunhill's foremost Canadian coworkers

An Emblem of Britain's policy in the East•

Pandita Ramabai, of India

,, 59

•

Miss Soonderbai H. Powar, Principal of the Zenana Training Home, • Poona, Western India • Crawford Market, the market in Bombay

largest

,, 60

public

Licensed Opium Stall in the Null Bazaar (public market), Bombay -

,, 97

THE HEROINE AND HER PEOPLE.

tbt Jllttrtd Bv PASTOR

motto.

THEODORE

MONOD.

Q H, the bitter

shame and sorrow , That a time could ever be, When I let the SAVIOUR'Spity Plead in vain; and proudly answered, '' All of self, and none of Thee I '' Yet He found me; I beheld Him Bleeding on th' accursed tree; Heard Him pray: "Forgive them, FATHER!" And my wistful heart said faintly, " Some of self, and some of Thee ! '' Day by day His tender mercy, Healing, helping, full and free, Sweet and strong, and ah! so patientBrought me lower, while I whispered , " Less of self, and more of Thee ! " Higher than the highest heavens, Deeper than the deepest sea, LORD,Thy love at lai!t hath conquered; Grant me now my soul's petition" None of self, and all of Thee! "

CHAPTER

" I heard the voice of the LORD, saying, Whom shall I send, and who will go for Us? Then said I, Here am 6: 8. I, send me."-lsaiah

"~~~=;:;;:w ONE of self, and all of Thee." This holy climax to Pastor Theodore Monod's beautiful hymn, well portrays the ideal of a life which has been a blessing to many in East and West. Left an orphan in India with a small competence, Helen E. Dunhill was brought in her school days to a knowledge of the LoRD JESUS CHRIST as her SAVIOUR. In her young womanhood she responded to a request to join the staff of an English Missionary Society as a self-supporting worker. In this relationship she laboured for eighteen years. The city of Bangalore in South India was the chief scene of her activities ; but the Kolar Gold Fields and places near were occasionally visited.

A Sister in time of Plague.

She was a pioneer. "As far as I know," she says in reply to a question, "I was the first labourer thrust out to enter Zenanas in Bangalore, with its population of about 200,000. One house was opened to the Gospel, then 500, including non-caste homes." gradually Eventually eight Indian Biblewomen and a number of Anglo-Indian and Eurasian workers, joined her in this and other labours. It is a blessed vocation to bear glad tidings for Time and Eternity to women compulsorily secluded by social custom, burdened with the special sorrows and the hopelessness of Hinduism or Mahometanism ; and to be a sister to hearts yearning for sympathy and love. What those special sorrows are, only a few · in other lands are aware. The daily lot of many is partly revealed in the apt words of one of them : " It is like that of a frog in a well. Everywhere there is beauty, but we cannot see it; it is hid from us. " The sisterly Christian woman who remained at duty 's post amid the panic, terrors, and awful scenes of bubonic plague, with its great harvest of death, could not be otherwise than beloved. In those sad times,

Miss

HELEN

DUNHILL

In th e ea rli er period of h er Missiona ry career.

An Incident in Family History.

she says, "non-Christians were stirred to read the 91st Psalm every day." No wonder, as they beheld her fearlessness and safety. It was natural that co-operation with her had a charm to Eurasian young women of devout and consecrated character; and none knew better than herself the spiritual potentialities of her own class. Yes ; her own class . In the far past there had been this incident in her family history. Her great-grandfather was a Scotchman, who, in days when many Scotch and English men went to India to make a . permanent home there, chose an Asian for his wife. At that period the number of British women were few who braved the (often) six months' voyage to that far land. Her father, a merchant in India, married an Englishwoman. Thus, while loving India and its people with a particular fervour, Helen E. Dunhill is not Indian in the technical sense. To use her own words, she is " one of the one hundred thousand standing between the European and the Asiatic. " And she is far from alone in illustrating that within the Eurasian community are possibilities of saintliness and service not out of keeping with the character of their Apostolic prototype, Timothy ,

Important positions filled by Eurasians.

the Apostle Paul's "own son in the faith," but by natural birth a Euro-Asian.* There is much lack of information in Britain concerning the Eurasian portion of India's people. Many occupy prominent positions in mercantile, professional, and religious life. A few fill responsible offices under Government with ability and honour. Some rejoice in honourable ancestry. Others have long surmounted the disadvantages of their descent. In Church life, many, if not most, of what are termed English congregations in the large cities and towns, would be small indeed except for the Eurasian element. Eurasian families are often the chief supports of churches, financially and spiritually. They are lay-preachers, elders, deacons, Sabbathschool superintendents and teachers, and in various unmentioned posts of Christian service are the warm friends and invaluable coadjutors of pastors and missionaries. An increasing number fill the two lastnamed positions. To give two illustrations from one sex only. Few missionaries are held in higher esteem for their work's sake * Acts 16:

Eurasian Christian Nobility Illustrated.

than Miss Grace Stephens, of Madras, better known in America than England on account of working in connection with an American Society. In the same category is Dr. Anna M. Dunn Gordon, of Mungeli, who on her marriage relinquished an official medical post with over five hundred pounds a year, where direct spiritual work was barred, to become the help-meet of a missionary of Eurasian family-a family of which two other brothers and two sisters are similarly engaged in the LORD'S work. As further indicating the spiritual force and resources, when rightly developed, of the community which Miss Dunhill delights to call her own, two additional examples may be given of sacred service. The late Wallace J. Gladwin, an American citizen, an advocate of the simple life and of self-supporting or Pauline m1ss10nary labour in India, found an admirable wife and helper from one of the best Eurasian families of Western India. He was an observant man. One of his ministries was to discover specially needy spheres for Christly effort, and then insufficiently occupied workers to fill them. By Pauline m1ss10nary work he meant Christian ministry, supported

Pauline Missionary Labour.

on the material side as the Apostle Paul supported his, for instance, at Corinth, by working at his occupation as a tent maker. (Acts 18: 1-4.) Nearly thirty years ago an unfilled sphere existed at the great gateway of India, the city of Bombay, for a motherly Christian woman to interest herself in ,the welfare of British sailors and soldiers, where Satan's traps were numerous and their counteractives inadequate. In answer to the prayers of the Glad wins, Mrs. Joanna Briggs, a Eurasian widow, came to Bombay and commenced the desired work, supporting herself by keeping a Temperance Hotel. A Temperance Hall opened m connection with the hotel furnished a safe and blessed place of resort for men longing for decent company, mnocent recreation, or (frequently) for motherly kindness, sympathy, and counsel. Many who have here found the greatest of all gifts, even Salvation by JESUS CHRIST, will bless her through all eternity for what she has been to them. Far away upon the seas or on distant shores, as they think of her daily life of quiet service and unostentatious heroism (the mother of other women's boys), rough

A Work~a~day

Saint.

men made tender by Divine love utter the name of Joanna Briggs softly and reverently m prayer. Christian work for such men 1s more than it appears on the surface. Ungodly Europeans, whether seamen, soldiers , or representatives of European mercantile houses, or otherwise, when in contact with Eastern life are agents of Satan, and a shame to the Christian name, as large Eastern ports and cities sadly testify. But when converted they are a power for good instead of for evil. Thus a woman like Joanna Briggs is a fellow-labourer in a special sense with the foreign missionary and Eastern Christian. Another of Bombay's inhabitants, Mrs. Gladwin's aunt, the late Miss Matilda Miles, was for saintliness and the Pauline spirit , without a superior. Right down to the end of her life at an advanced age (in 1905), she preferred to occupy a humble dwelling in the midst of others of the same class, and continue to earn her livlihood by the making and sale of food delicacies much used in Eastern homes, although her well-to-do relatives would have felt honoured to provide for all her needs. While ministering, in the

Qualifications and Responsibility.

widest sense, among the lowly and the fallen, she thus laboured with her own hands to supply her necessities. Successive pastors of her church grew enthusiastic when her name was mentioned. Not as a term of disrespect but of affection, she was widely known as "Aunty" Miles. She was an aunt to everybody who needed sympathy and such help as she could give. One of the latest interests of the beautiful life of Mrs. Jemima Luke, authoress of "I

think when 1 read that sweet story of old,"

was the Missionary Training Home for Eurasian young women conducted by Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Ward, then at Madras, now at Coonoor, South India. On the final page of the narrative of her life, it is pointed out that "these young women in large numbers are already on the spot, are unaffected by the climate, and are intellectually capable." To this might be added that they are almost invariably acquainted with one or more Indian languages in addition to English, and therefore can go to work at once, without the long and difficult process of language acquisition necessary m the case of the foreign missionary.

II.

WHAT CAN A WOMANDO?

tiaut no ; dlowsbiP Wifb tbt · Unfruitful Works of narkntsst but

Ratbcr Rtprout ~btm. EPH.

II.

F'ltntog-rapli by]

STREET

BANGALORE,

[ Del/e/o & Co.

CHAPTER " Go in this thy might,

II.

. • have not I sent thee?" Judges 6: 14.

A whole-hearted discharge of daily duty during the long period of work at Bangalore did not circumscribe Miss Dunhill's spirit to interest in that alone. It was a preparation as well as a service. She watched with deep and practical sympathy the holy war that others were leading against Governmental hinderances to the Gospel. She beheld with feelings almost too intense for expression, the sacrifice of souls to the gathering of revenue. Then, in the year 1900, an invitation came to her from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of India, to undertake the work of National Organizer. The necessity seemed urgent, .and her knowledge and qualifications providential. After prayer for guidance she was led to accept this unsalaried position of responsibility and activity for an interval, as in the LoRo's

An Opium Seller's Retort.

ordering, and, on her part, terminable at His bidding. In that spirit she travelled and organized in India, with many evidences of Divine approval, till needed to represent the National Union as a delegate at the World 's W. C. T. U. Convention at Geneva in June , 1903. From its commencement, the India W. C. T. U. has been largely in the hands of missionary women, British and American. It was instituted chiefly to help in opposing the two great foes to missionary work-the Liquor and Opium traffics. If Christians who send missionaries to India, were fully acquainted with the ravages of those traffics there, and their hinderance to the acceptance of the Gospel, lukewarmness upon the subject m the Christian Church would be dispelled . The scenes around her made the subject of this biography painfully conscious that the cita dels of Satan need attack with diverse weapons. Her new work, although different in form, was yet missionary in character. Referring to this she says: "I remember speaking to an old man in charge of an Opium Den in India: 'Oh, why do you sell this poison ? Look within at those poor victims ! ' He straightened his tall, thin

Auctioning

Liquor and Drug Licences.

figure, and answered with offended dignity, 'Why do you speak to me? Tell the Sircar [Government] to stop it.'" How well-informed missionary women have felt through many years, she instances by naming one of Canadian homeland, who on seeing in Bombay the large Government Opium Warehouse with a Crown and V. R. conspicuously displayed upon it, turned her head away in shame. This identification of Britain's sovereign, and particularly of the late Queen Victoria, with what the Chinese have commonly called "foreign dirt," is a sight that has caused a feeling of shame to many British Christians, including, on many occasions, the writer of these lines ; and a deeper sense of shame because in some instances the nominal religion of the British traffickers in Opium, has led the drug to be associated with the Name that is above every name. Among the administrative abuses upon which Miss Dunhill feels keenly, is the impetus given to the sale of intoxicating liquor and drugs by the auctioning of licences. The highest bidder is of course fertile in devices to recoup himself; and liquor dealers have been

What can a Woman Do?

known to tell a sober but ignorant populace it is the Sircar's orders that they should drink. In regard to the widening ravages of intoxicating liquor among a people once distinguished for sobriety, it was not long since shown from the statistics of twenty years that there had been an increase in the excise revenue of about two million rupees every successive year. * Indignant protest and opposition is essential from somewhere if the words of an eminent English ecclesiastic, that Britain found India sober and will leave her drunk, are not to be turned into fact. What can a woman do ? In the realm of the spiritual, not less than a man. When Mrs. Wightman, of Shrewsbury, wrote · her book " Haste to the Rescue," how could her mental vision have foreseen its large effect upon the cause of Temperance m India? At Oswestry, a young man, passing a bookshop when on a business visit from Liverpool, saw that volume. He bought it, read it over a glass of wine, and received so strong an impression of the importance of Temperance work that he took a blank leaf from his pocket-book, and there and * For fuller

particulars

on this head , see final Chapter.

What

Women

have Done.

then drew up and signed a teetotal pledge. Over forty years of fruitful Temperance labour followed. That young man was William Sproston Caine, later known far and wide as a Christian statesman, and sometimes termed m Parliamentary circles, "The Member for India." It was a good day for India, when, following a tour in that country, Mr. Caine convened a meeting in London, on July 24th, 1888, at which the Anglo-Indian Temperance Association was born. The record of its growth is a bright page of history. It has helped to spread through India a network of total abstinence organizations; and with unceasing vigilance and activity has waged warfare against the mcrease of official incentives to the vice of intemperance. To the close of Mr. W. S. Caine's life, his wife was his noble co-adjutor; and is now, amongst her Christian activities, the Treasurer of the Anglo-Indian Temperance Association. What can a woman do ? No woman knows how much Goo is prepared to do by her. The Union Signal, of Chicago, the organ of the American W. C. T. U ., records that in

From Oeneva to Canada.

one of the States of the Union, when the subject of Prohibition was under discussion, a young bride induced her husband to change his vote in the legislature, and thus secured to the State its intoxicating liquor prohibitory law. In this State, larger in area than England, there has now been no legal public-house for twenty years, with splendid results, moral and material. Long after her action, this Christian woman wrote : " I feel wonderfully honoured that it was. ever in my power to strike such a blow for Temperance." If we work on the line of Gan's purposes "a little one shall become a thousand." May we not say reverently that every consecrated life helps Goo in some way to work out His grand arithmetical problems for human welfare? When at the close of the International Convention at Geneva in 1903, Mrs. R. C. Morgan invited Miss Dunhill to London, she regarded the invitation as SPIRIT .. prompted, believing that she had a much-needed message to British Christians. A remarkable succession of openings for the delivery of that me,ssage, both in the British Isles and Canada, delayed her departure for home till March, 1906; with what results will be presently seen.

III.

MAKING HISTORY.

I in tbtm,and ~bou in

mt.

JoHN 17: 23.

"I All All All All

them, and Thou in Me " Teach my heart, 0 LORD, to see the truth such words unfold, the depths of love untold, the whiteness-kept from sin, the joy of CHRIST within :

All the guidance by the way, All the power to do and say, All the doubts for ever gone, Willing service, bright with song, From the chains of bondage freeGOD in CHRIST and CHRIST in me . Ever-blessed SoN of GoD, May the flowing of Thy blood Cleanse a palace for Thy reign, Free from every spot and stain ; In my heart " Thy Kingdom come ; " In my life " Thy will be done. " A.S .D.

CHAPTER

III.

" I will go iii the strength of the LORD GOD."-Psalm

71 : 16.

THE visit of Miss Dunhill to Canada was a notable example of Divine guidance and answered prayer. The call came to her through Mrs. Edwards Cole, of Montreal, rather more than a year from her arrival in London from India. After a good opportunity of making Miss Dunhill 's acquaintance in Canada, Mrs. Ed wards Cole wrote in a monthly record of Christian work : " We all lost our hearts to her." That sentence suggests the subject of her remarkable influence, certainly not less used by Goo in private intercourse than on the platform. Her ministry is carried on everywhere. In a train or elsewhere, she is able to enter into conversation upon serious topics with fellow-travellers, without seeming in the least to intrude. Her manner is bright and pleasant. Her face talks as well as her lips. But it is the power behind the words, as seen in results, which is so impressive. The secret of this is unquestionably associated

An Effacement of Self.

with her humility-humility without timidity ; strong in her quietness and confidence ; an effacement of self; a daily life with the ideal of Galatians 2 : 20 :" Not I, but CHRIST, be honoured, loved, exalted; Not I, but CHRIST, be seen, be known, be heard; Not I, but CHRIST, in every look and action; Not I, but CHRIST, in every thought and word."

will be noticed that in writing " I live; yet not I, but CHRIST liveth in me, " the Apostle Paul states, not a theory, but an expe1'ience; and therefore a condition to which any disciple of CHRIST may attain. Because the power that produces the results is not human, how can such an experience be otherwise than inseparable from humility? In a life thus ~urrendered, "it is Goo which worketh in you, both to will and to do of His good pleasure." Miss Dunhill went to Canada in travail of soul through viewing Britain's Eastern policy in the light of Calvary. CHRIST died for the East not less than for the \Vest. It was when beholding in that light the effects in China of the British Opium traffic, that saintly Hudson Taylor termed it "the sum of villanies." She went to Canada in anguish

Prayer Remarkably Answered.

because her beloved country, India, under a rule that ought to be Christian, was ;made Britain's chief instrument m the enforced debauchery of China. Canada has strong missionary interests in the great East. The invited guest from India left England's shores with the resolve and determination to appeal to Canada's choicest souls to unite to make the Motherland feel her awful national sin, in what has been rightly characterised as "Britain's greatest contribution to the misery of the world." Friends m England united in prayer that Goo would use her to find someone who for CHRIST'S sake, and the sake of the perishing, would take up m Canada the apostleship of the Anti-Opium cause. The prayer was speedily answered. An unexpected request from Mr. Henry Moyle, a Christian citizen of Toronto, for a brief conversation, and the gift to him of an early portion of a short history of the Opium traffic, then being printed in England, was the next link in a chain of providences. The awful facts fired his heart. He immediately wrote to England for some complete copies of the book. The sequel to this action was that

Anti-Opium

League formed.

on May nth, 1905, a gathering strikingly representative of Christian thought and activity, lay and clerical, was held at Wycliffe College, Toronto, at which an Anti-Opium League for Canada was formed, to co-operate with similar organizations in other portions of the Empire. This assembly showed anew that the Church of CHRIST in its diversities has one heart when stirred by a great and holy cause. Sug_gested by a Bishop (since appointed the Primate of Canada), convened at an Episcopal institution, it deliberated under the chairmanship of a Baptist layman, a Methodist minister acting as secretary. The first and immediate step of the new League was a sympathetically received suggestion to the various important Church Courts (then . about to meet), to approach the Imperial Government, with the view " to relieve our empire of the great responsibility of this evil, in which it has been so long involved." Miss Dunhill was not less Divinely guided in her contact with Canadian womanhood. Christian women took up the cause with enthusiasm. While many might be

Mrs.

SARA

R . WRIGHT

Pr esid ent of t h e D omini on of Ca na da "· oma n 's Chri s tia n T emp eranc e Union.

Aid from Canadian Womanhood.

mentioned by name, to two were given exceptional influence to bring Canada into line, at this crisis of opportunity, with the witnesses for national righteousness elsewhere on British soil. The spirit in which Mrs. Gordon Wright, President of the Dominion \V. C. T. U ., entered into this holy warfare, is indicated by her words: "In every way possible I want to further the interests of the great reform, and I trust Goo Himself may dower us, as an organization, with all wisdom, and knowledge, and tact, so that we, m very truth, may make our influence felt in every quarter." Another royal-hearted woman, Mrs. Sara F. Tracy, brought to the work a cultured and trained intellect; and with unwavering perseverance aided the advocacy of the cause in the newspaper and periodical press, side by side with a wide and wise distribution of literature, and urgent personal letters to men high in authority in the Church. The information thus sown by earnest hands fell upon prepared ground. Pulpits, and notably one in Montreal, sounded with warnings of the danger of national sm. Al.3o Christian journalists appealed one to another,

Links between Canada and China.

urging an espousal of this holy crusade. A veteran in the ministry of the pen, wrote to a literary friend, an Ontario editor : " I am ready to hang my head down with shame when I think of the war waged by my country to force the Opium trade on a helpless people. Every newspaper in the Empire should press on the Imperial Government the imperative duty of freeing our country from that stain on the national escutcheon." Among the agencies less prominent (we may not say less powerful; each kind has its place) were the numerous family altars of Canada. In some homes, the approaching Centenary of Protestant Missions in China helped to lay its people's interest5 more In this conintensely on Christian hearts. nection it may be noticed that among th€ earliest to send words of encouragement to Mr. Henry Moyle in his Anti-Opium apostleship, was Mr. Robert Morrison Hobson, in the town of Guelph, Ontario. Grandson of the first Protestant missionary to China, he and his wife (daughter of the late veteran missionary, Dr. Chalmers, of Hong Kong) spent many of their best years in that land, warmly interested in every good work; active in effort

Mrs.

SARA

F. TRACY,

[P lzo'og-ra ph by A. R onald,

of Canada.

'Ju11.,Minesin

J[, Ontario .]

Apostolic Hospitality.

for the welfare of British and American seamen calling at the port of Shanghai, and exercising unstinted hospitality to missionaries and Christian travellers. While not missionaries nominally, never did the missionary spirit more thoroughly dominate any home, or the Chinese people possess truer friends. In the year 1890, the Christian Anti-Opium deputation from India to the Chinese Imperial Authorities, while on their way both to and from Pekin, were spontaneously taken by Mr. and Mrs. R. M. Hobson into their home at Shanghai, and treated more as kinsmen than strangers, including the thoughtful provision of warm articles of clothing to add to comfort in travelling at a time when the river between Tien-tsin and Pekin was ice-bound. Delayed by unforeseen circumstances on the upward and return journey, nearly six weeks of hospitality was enjoyed in this ideal Christian home . The deputation attributed the reason for such kindness, partly to love of the cause they represented. * It was significant of the headway which the Anti-Opium movement had made m * For some particulars of this deputation and also a concise history of the Opium traffic, see "Word-Pictures of Chinese Life, illustrating an Unclosed Chapter of History."

A Burning Journalistic

Appeal.

Canada m a year from the memorable gathering at Wycliffe College, that on Saturday, May 26th, 1906, the premier leading article in a Toronto daily newspaper of large circulation was a burning appeal to the Government in England to put a stop to the Opium traffic. The article was headed "A Page of Britain's Dishonour." Here are some of its sentences:We speak the words of truth and soberness when we tell the Prime Minister of Britain that no Canadian can read the history of the Opium trade in China-how it was forced upon an unwilling people against the appeals and protests of their rulers ; how for its sake two shameful wars devastated their country; how for more than sixty years it has been sucking the manhood and morality out of millions of their people until it has debauched a whole generation and made them lust for the thing they first refused-no Canadian can read that story of greed and cruelty and dishonour, or listen to the devil's argument by which it is defended, without a bitter sense of unutterable personal shame and of unmitigated national disgrace. • . . . . We look to Mr. John Morley for some statesmanlike word, something to give assurance that Britain's one sole god is not the millionaire, and to prove that the sons of the men who ended the slave trade are in this day of greater difficulty, worthy of their sires. Every man expects that England will do her duty.

Victory in Britain's Parliament.

This outspoken, indignant, and eloquent utterance, with other portions of the article , was telegraphed to England and published in an influential London dail y paper on May 29th, the day prior to Mr. Theodore C. Taylor's successful and historic Anti-Opium Resolution in Britain's House of Commons-a great victory to which, beyond doubt, Canada 's voice of protest and entreaty contributed. Miss Dunhill had previously summed up , in one brief sentence, her experience m Canada regarding this matter in which she was honoured of Gon to so signally help to make history : " Britain's grown-up Daughter feels keenly her Mother's conduct. "

OPIUM

LAMP.

Emblem of Britain's National Sin against Asia's millions, in China, India and Malaysia .

IV.

THE CANADIAN

NATION

AND THE ORIENT.

Britain'sW¢stun naugbttr.

AST feud and battle buried far behind the peaceful years, While Gaul and Celt and Briton turn to prunin g-hooks their spears ; Four nations welded into one- with long historic past, Have found in these our western wilds, one common life, at last; From Nova Scotia 's misty coast to far Columbia 's shore, She wakes-a band of scattered homes and coloni es no more. But a young nation, with her life iull beating in her breast, A noble future in her eyes-the Britain of the West . Hers be the noble task to fill the yet untrodden plains , With fruitful, many-sided life that courses through her veins; The English honour, nerve and pluck, - th e Scotsman 's love of right,The grac e and courtesy of France, - the Irish fancy bright,The Saxon's faithful love of home, and home's affection blest; And chief of all, our holy faith,-of all our treasures best . A people poor in pomp and state, but rich in noble deeds, Holding that righteousness exalts the people that it leads. As yet the waxen mould is soft, the opening page is fair ; It rests with those who rule us now , to leave their impress there,The stamp of true nobility, high honour, stainless truth ; The earnest quest of noble ends ; the generous heart of youth. AGNES

MAULE

MACHAR

(abbreviated).

CHAPTER

IV.

Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people.-Proverbs 14 : 34.

DOUBT has been thrown upon the statement that the first church edifice in Canada was erected in 1604 by the Huguenot De Monts, on an island in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, its supporting pillars being living trees. But that vital religion has been a great factor in the evolution of Canada is beyond question. Canada is no longer a number of Colonies, a mere appendage of Britain. It is a nation, young, vigorous, rapidly expanding in population , occupying a territory nearly as large as Europe. One of its public men recently anticipated the time when it would be the "preponderating portion of the British Empire." When the facts are considered, this anticipation does not seem altogether presumptuous, although the claim is stated here without prejudice to the magnificent possibilities of the Commonwealth of Australia. Canada's geographical position increases its importance. It is destined to become a great

Canada's Oreat Dimensions.

-perhaps the greatest-thoroughfare between Britain, Western Europe, and the Far East. If only on the ground of commercial interests, this young nation has a large claim to be heard on British policy in the Orient. But there are interests higher than those of commerce. Miss Dunhill's mission aided each to find fuller utterance. The annual celebration of Dominion Day, the anniversary of the Confederation of the Provinces of British North America, tends to increase the sentiment of nationhood, and to familiarise the people with their country's potentialities. Facts such as the following (little known among the inhabitants of the United Kingdom), are rehearsed by Press and voice throughout Canada on Dominion Day. Canada's area would make 30 United Kingdoms, or 18 Germanys, or 20 Spains, or 33 Italys. It embraces one-third of the territory of the British Empire. Canada is larger than the United States by 250,000 square miles. Its coast line equals half the earth's circumference. Canada's population at its first census (in 1665) was 3,251. In 1763, it was 70,000. It is now about 6,000,000. But in considering this comparatively small population, the

Largest Wheat Field in the World.

present great tide of immigration should be remembered ; and that Canada began the 20th century with the same number of inhabitants that the United States began the 19th. Canada's capacity for absorbing immigration can be judged in part by the calculation that it has the largest wheat field in the world, 300 x goo miles, and that the Dominion's relative population per square mile to the United States and England stands thus:Canada, under 2; United States, 21; England If Canada were populated as England 558. is, she would have one and a quarter billions of inhabitants ! Nor is Canada lacking in commercial enterprise. It stands third among nations in per capita of total trade. Canada's relative per centage of commercial growth in a recent seven years was 107 per cent., as against United States 47, Britain 26, Germany 38, and France 21. It is claimed that the Grand Trunk Railway system of Canada is the longest double track railway in the world under one management. * * Most of the foregoing calculations are by Mr. Frank Yeigh, of Toronto, published in connection with Dominion Day, 1906, in The There are Packet, an old established newspaper at Orillia, Ontario. continuous large developments.

Canada's Pacific Coast and the Orient.

These are only a few ind ications of the Dominion's great future, and of its special interest in an Imperial policy conducive to international peace and amity in the Orient , and at the same time to Canada's own development. Mr. Henry Moyle was right in predict ing two months prior to the formation of the Anti-Opium League of Canada, that "the conviction of many that our Pacific coast must in the future come into close contact with the Orient, may make them more open to approach upon the Opium question. " Shall we now go from the lesser to the greater? From the material to the spiritual. " Surely such pit iless peddling of a nat ion 's ruin can only mean ult imate disaster to the producer's empire also, or this world is not warped and woofed by laws of righteousness ."* These words by a Canadian Methodist missionary in China, referring to the Opium traffic , were written for publication in Canada ere Miss Dunhill left England for her trans-Atlantic visit . Notice in this language , indignat ion at the wrong done to China , mingled with right eous scorn for the British aggressor. No trul y * From Th, Missionary B ulletin, published by Dr . F . C. Stephenson , Toronto, Secretary of a Missionary For ward Movemen t.

Spokesmen

of Canadian Churches.

Christian man in the midst of the misery caused by Opium could feel otherwise. The first claim on loyalty is to Goo. Such just impeachments of Britain 's dealings with China were not infrequent from Canadian missionaries, and helped to prepare fuel for the spark which Goo in His providence applied by a woman's hand. Under such informing influences, . the feeling of many in the Churches of the Dominion was not less intense than that of their representatives on the foreign field. When the proposal and the providential opportunity came to act, in the weeks preceding the birth of the Canadian Anti-Opium League, the spokesmen of the Churches seemed to have difficulty in finding words strong enough to express their abhorrence of the blood-dyed traffic. An illustrious and representative man, since called from earthly service to heavenly reward, Principal J. P. Sheraton, of Wycliffe College, Toronto, wrote to Mr. Moyle: "It is one of the awful blots on the escutcheon of our beloved country, that she has encouraged the ruinous traffic in Opium, and has even coerced an unwilling country in order to secure a market for the deadly drug. The horrors of the Opium habit are appalling. The trade which

Canada stands for Righteousness.

is built up upon this vice cannot be regarded as consistent with the policy of a Christian country, or defensible upon Christian principles ." Principal Wm. Stuart, of the Bible Training School, Toronto, was not . less emphatic: "A terrible responsibility lies at the door of the British Government for having imposed the Opium traffic on the Chinese by force of arms. Christian sentiment in every part of the Empire should be stirred up and organized to issue memorials and protests against this great wrong ." Secretary J. G. Brown, of the Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board , and formerly a missionary in India, designated the odious traffic as " the national crime, . . . . the darkest in all history, and one which must make every British subject hang his head in shame. Unless it is atoned for and put away, an awful retribution must surel y come. I know of no subject on which the conscience of the whole Empire needs to be stirred , to compare in importance with this one. " At a public meeting at Toronto some months subsequent to the formation of the League, a prominent minister of that city, Dr . John Potts, struck a chord resonant of the clearness of view and intensity characteristic

"There is no other Side."

of the Anti-Opium movement in Canada. He quoted Seward's reply to an apologist for negro slavery in the United States, who asked him to " look at the other side : " " There is no other side." This public meeting was held at the Victoria College, Chancellor Burwash presiding, to memorialize the King, the Premier, and the Secretaries of State for the Colonies and India, concerning (said the Toronto Globe) "the convictions and desires of hundreds of thousands of citizens of Canada." The speakers were drawn from the Legislature and the Bar, the Churches and large Missionary Societies, and from commercial life. Unanimous assent was given to a Resolution strongly condem natory of the Opium traffic to China, both on grounds of religion and legitimate trade. Additional illustrations are unnecessary. These leaders of Christian thought and activit y knew well that Christian principle is the truest statesmanship. Prosperity and empire cannot be maintained by persistent injustice, as many nations have found. "The throne is established by righteousness." Canada would have been unfaithful to her duty to the Empire, to herself, and to humanity, as well as disloyal to GoD,

Canada's Example on Moral Issues.

if she had remained mute in face of the greatest crime on the pages of British history. Further. Canada's counsel is entitled to the respect of Britain's statesmen and the gratitude of English Christians because of her example in dealing with moral issues in her midst, notably in the matters of Temperance and Sabbath observance. Take for instance, her action regarding the Liquor traffic. Contrasting the situation in England and Canada, a Temperance organ at Toronto, The Pionee1', remarks that in Ontario, Local Option is an old-established law. In this Province, licenses have been decreased by more than one-half within the last thirty years, and the per capita consumption of liquor is less than onethird what it is in England. "There has been in Canada, by license reduction, by a weeding-out process, and by Local Option, a steady narrowing down and cornering up of the liquor traffic." But in the Motherland (in 1907), "so far as legislation is concerned, little progress has been made. The Temperance reform is practically in its infancy." It is evident that in the realm of morals and legislation, England has something to learn from her Western daughter.

AFTER REVIVAL-WHAT?

'tbt Warrartttbt Powtrt and tbt

ntsctp1t.

"THE

WEAPONS

CARNAL,

BUT

PULLING

DOWN

"VE THE SHALL THE

MIGHTY OF

SHALL

HOLY BE

GHOST

WARFARE

THROUGH

ARE

NOT

THE

Goo

STRONGHOLDS."

RECEIVE IS

WITNESSES

UTTERMOST

OUR

PART

POWER,

COME UNTO

UPON ME

OF THE

AFTER YOU: .

THAT AND

.•

UNTO

EARTH."

So forth to conflict, cleansed and strong , Baptised . for war with godless wrong, Now send us, Goo of Right ! Our ransomed lives for warfare take, And all Thou wouldst, our spirits make, All holy in Thy sight !

CHAPTER

"Strengthened with all might, according to His glorious power.-Colossians I : I I.

WHILE on the Western side of the Atlantic, several months of useful service were spent by Miss Dunhill in the United States. Large Conventions were attended, and smaller opportunities gladly embraced. The LORD led her among friends, new and old (the latter from India), who made sunny memories for other days. At Washington, the capital, the work of the International Reform Bureau m behalf of world-wide righteousness particularly appealed to her sympathy, a great enterprise in which the statesmanlike Superintendent, Dr. Wilbur F. Crafts, was receiving able assistance from two former missionaries in Ceylon, the Misses Mary and Margaret W. Leitch. Boston and Philadelphia with their associations redolent of freedom, justice, amity, had special interest to one acquainted with American history. The great cities of Chicago, St. Louis and New York were also visited.

American Cities and Nation Building.

What is there historic about colossal It had no Chicago? Nothing in its age. existence seventy-five years ago. The then solitary place where it now stands was only known as an Indian trading post. But linked with Boston, its elder sister, no city in the world can be named that has made more history in the heavenly sense in the last half-century. At Boston, Dwight Lyman Moody was converted; and at Chicago, not a great while after, he threw himself wholly into soul-saving work. This plain man, who could never say enough in praise of his mother and his wife, Goo made the most successful evangelist of his generation, using him to the salvation of scores of thousands. From Chicago is continued a portion of his world-wide influence by the Bible Institute which he founded, with its hundreds of students, and the hundreds of others who have passed out to Christian work in various lands. Chicago is also the headquarters of the largest organization of Christian women in the world, " for Goo, and home, and every land" -the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which notwithstanding its defects in

Amid the Revival in Wales.

parts, still numbers in its ranks some of the noblest women of all climes. Such associations give to that city its best interest to the Christian visitor. Does not history proclaim that the rise or fall of nations is related to their moral and spiritual standards ? What therefore can be of greater importance politically and spiritually-for this life and the next-than working for the nation's character by attention to the nation 's unit, the individual ? On re-crossing the ocean, Miss Dunhill went straight into the midst of the Revival in Wales. Here also she was both blest and made a blessing. Attention was naturally attracted by the pleasant face of light brown hue from the distant land once included in the dominions of King Ahasuerus, of hero ic Queen Esther's days. '' This is Ahasuerus which reigned from India even unt o Ethiopia. " (Esther r: r) . The warm-hearted Welsh wished to hear from the lips of the visitor from afar, something of the condition and needs of India . She says m this connection: "Oh, the experiences unutterable. The HoLY SPIRIT was given because the SoN of Goo was glorified ,

Evan Roberts and his Colleagues.

and I heard such prayer as I never heard before. With strong cries and tears they called upon Goo regarding the things which curse India and China. Those dear converted mmers and their wives poured out their souls. I seem to hear them now. They came boldly to the Throne of Grace. The sympathies of these brothers and sisters go out to all the world. They prayed for India and China as they prayed for themselves. I could not help believing for victory." Intimate fellowship with Evan Roberts and several of his colleagues led, on their part also, to widened knowledge and deepened interest in, and prayer for India and China. And who can tell how much the subsequent miraculous displays of sanctifying and converting power in both those lands have been due to the intercessions thus offered in Wales ? With Miss Dunhill's information regarding Asia's need, how could she fail to long and pray that the spiritual force generated by the Revival in Wales and elsewhere in the British Isles, might be utilised for national righteousness? Evan Roberts was moved in spirit by reading the following words in the presence of his new friend from India :-

AFTER

REVIVAL-WHAT?

THE above question was recently asked in a London Christian newspaper of large circulation. Where men and women are made new creatures in CHRIST JEsus, there must of necessity be personal and family blessing. Where large numbers are thus transformed in individual localities, a marked improvement in public morals is also evident. After these ? things-What Mr. Hudson Taylor records that at a time when the evangelistic work of Messrs. Moody and Sankey in England was being owned to the salvation of many, he heard them publicly prayed for at a gathering of Chinese Christians at Ning-hai. An aged man asked Goo to use them to the conversion of some who might come out to preach the Gospel in China . Another said , " Ah, the Opium traffic will soon be stopped if so many people are being converted in England." Have we not here a true perception of the awakening? sequence of spiritual After proper sense of responsibility deeper Revival-a to our in the far regions beyond, and fellow-creatures National Righteousness.

Revival and National Righteousness.

On the threshold of the Revival, Evan Roberts had a vision that there would be 100,000 converts in Wales. Dr. Phillips, Pasto r of the Welsh Presbyterian Church in Tylorstown , was at first among the many incredulous. After wards one of the most zealous of Revivalists , it fell to him to record that in five months alone the converts numbered from 100,000 to 120,000. What a contribution to the moral fibre of the Principality! And what can be said of the paralle l deepening of spiritual life ? Many who know the secret and power of habitual communion with Goo, will regard as beyond a mere coincidence that every Parliamentary representative of Wales was in sympathy with the Anti-Opium Resolution which triumphantly passed the British House of Commons on the 30th of May, 1906, declaring that " this House re-affirms its conviction that the Indo-Chinese Opium trade is morally indefensible , and requests His Majesty's Government to take such steps as may be necessary for bringing it to a speedy close."

VI.

KINSWOMEN IN COURAGE AND SERVICE.

BP Cbrist wt Conqutr. Goo watches the earnest efforts of the little group who have prayed and wept and toiled, and appealed and exposed chicanery, and who have been rewarded by seeing the enemy shift his position when one defence had fallen. Through that weak handful, almost overwhelmed, Goo knows His SPIRIT working, and knows that in their labour is the strength of the Eternal, and that it cannot fail. Beyond toil and ridicule, He sees the ultimate achievement, when, by the life and love and omnipotence of CHRIST JEsus . ....... this Opium iniquity will be for ever swept away. For that day He is waiting. For the hastening of that day He looks on-you and me. Lucy GuINNEss KUMM (1894). [From the Life Story of Lucy Guinness Kumm by her Father.]

CHAPTER

VI.

"That I may know Him, and the power of His resurrection, and the fellowship of His sujferings."-Philippians 3:

IO.

I MME DIA TELY preceding the General Election at the opening of 1906, Miss Dunhill had accepted a call from Christian womanhood to speak on the subjects nearest her heart, at several Scotch constituencies, including that for which the Prime Minister was a candidate. Prominent ministers and laymen (extending to Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman's Election Committee) were soon deeply interested by her messages ; and none more so than in Stirling, a city made notable in the modern history of Christian literature by Peter Drummond's Tract enterprise. Her facts profoundly impressed some minds with the reflection that Goo could not be untrue to His righteous attributes by adding His fullest blessing to Temperance work here, while, as a nation, we inflict a worse evil than

After .Scotland, Wales re-visited.

the Liquor traffic on peoples immensely more numerous than our own. Her duty in North Britain closed with a pleasant surprise in an opportunity to re-visit Wales. A generous Welsh merchant engaged in business in London (one of the originators of the Llandrindod Wells Convention), invited her to a Convention at Cardiff for the deepening of spiritual life. It was characteristic of her ability to act with alacrity, that in order to avail herself of this telegraphic invitation, she went from her last Scotch public engagement direct to the train, and by travelling all night reached Cardiff m time for the next morning's meeting. She was not one of the Convention speakers. But some accustomed to public life who companioned with her , noticed her marked influence each day on interested groups with whom she came into contact between the gatherings. At the desire of friends she tarried after the Convention , attending and speaking at meetings elsewhere in Wales, prior to her return to London , to start for her home in the sunny East. The similar language of honoured missionaries in the midst of Revival in India ,

Larger Spiritual

Experiences.

helps us to understand Miss Dunhill's grateful reference a year later to this visit to Cardiff, as " the beginning of a marvellous way to the spot where I saw Goo as never before." It is a false shame that blushes to confess spiritual progress. There should be no finality in the Christian life until its completion in heavenly reward and service. "So is the kingdom of Goo " within us, " first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear." But to " grow in grace " is not given to the soul that is content to remain stationary, or is afraid of the larger experiences into which Goo waits to lead all " who hmiger and thirst after righteousness." A citizen of Stirling-Mr. James Nicolwho subsequently crossed and re-crossed the track of Miss Dunhill's Welsh travels, has testified to the fragrant traces of her influence. One of the pleasures of the last portion of her stay in London was her fellowship with the widely-known American Temperance worker and traveller, Miss Jessie A. Ackermann. While girdling the globe with Temperance advocacy in a religious spirit, there have been splendid instances of courage and success in Miss

To India via Jerusalem.

Ackermann's career in dealing with organized evil. One such heroic incident occurred at Honolulu, the capital of the American territory of Hawaii. Also, on an homeward journey from China at the close of 1892, she was one of the representative speakers at an important Christian Anti-Opium demonstration in Bombay . Although differing widely in their special gifts , there is a unity of heart in these two noble women which made their intercourse equally inspiring and delightful. On the Eastward journey homeward, Miss Dunhill was enabled to carry into actuality the desire of years-to see the Holy Land, and to tread the soil that JESUS trod in the days of His incarnation. From Jerusalem she wrote : '' Learning precious lessons in the City of the Great King." * •Many artists have portrayed it ; but it would be difficult to find the enthusiastic words of the Psalmist , "Beautiful for situation, " more informingly illustrated and enforced than in H . A. Harper 's picture ot Jerusalem in the Pictorial New Testament issued by the Scripture Gift Mission , 15, Strand, London, at the modest price of 1/-. By the aid of this New Testament, and " Palestine and the Bible" by Samuel Schor (a native of Jerusalem) of the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews, anyone debarred the pr ivilege of visit ing Bible scenes may gain a flood of light on Scripture incident s and Eastern customs, at a cost o~t of proportion to its value. Mr . Schor 's book also is 1/-. (London: Nisbet & Co ., 21, Berners Stre et , W .)

PANDITA

RAMABAI

Eminent for Chri stian work on beha lf of h er fellow -Indi a n widows, and founder of th e Indu s tri a l Mission Settlement of " Mukti ," Kh edgao n, n ear Po ona.

India and Revival.

Her first concern on landing m India , was, after home greetings , t o visit scenes of the Revival there, with the purpose of helping and being helped. She was no stranger to one of the chief secrets of blessing, "He that watereth shall be watered also himself. " Yet the MASTER must pour in before the vessel can pour out. Next to the Welsh Mission in the Assam hills, Pandita Ramabai 's settlement at Khedgaon, about forty miles from Poona, appears to have been the first place in India touched by the Revival. Immediately thereafter, Miss Soonderbai H. Powar's Zenana Training Home at Poona was affected. As both of these distinguished Indian Christian women are Miss Dunhill 's friends, a double attraction dre w her to the scenes of their labours. The conditions she witnessed, following the special work of the HOLY SPIRIT, are depicted in the recent volume, "Revival in India, " and need not be recounted here. Pandita Ramabai and Miss Po war were earliest among Indian women to publicly prot est against the iniquity of the Opium traffic. By their protests the y separated themselves from complicity with this wickedness; for

60 Pandita Ramabai and Miss Soonderbai Powar.

there are circumstances in which silence 1s complicity. When (in 1894) a Christian Editor was cast into prison for a month through espousing the side of the Opium victims, Pandita Ramabai as a sign of sympathy travelled the one hundred and twenty miles from Poona to Bombay: to JOtn with m1ss10naries and others in welcoming him on his release. Twice ere that period, Miss Powar had visited Britain (in the successive winters of 1891-2 and 1892 ..3) to help acquaint British Christians with the misery caused to her people by Government Opium. At Exeter Hall, London, and at other public and private gatherings in England, Scotland, Ir eland, and Wales, many thousands heard her speak with an impressiveness that probably most will never forget. She also obtained an interview with the then Secretary of State for India-Lord Cross. * She was prepared to speak at the bar of the House of Commons, but permission for this was not obtained. A pathetic array of facts from her hand was published in London under the title of * She was accompanied on this occasion by two prominent connected with th e Anti-Opium cause.

men

Miss

SOONDERBAI

POWAR,

Prindp al of the Zenana Traini ng Hom e, Po ona

An Indian Opium=Blighted

Home.

" Opium - blighted Homes of India." As the pamphlet is now out of print, a case from its pages, typical m its misery, will be instructive. The iron bondage of the habit will not surprise anyone acquainted with the testimonies of missionaries in the first chapter of "Word-Pictures of Chinese Life." This case, with many others, came to Miss Powar's knowledge in the period during which she carried on an extensive work in Bombay in connection with a large American Mission.* The family depicted 1s that of a wealthy Indian landlord: He had an only child (a son), a great favourite with his parents. They educated their boy and were very proud of him. But he was tempted to take Opium by one of his friends. For some time his parents did not know he had got into this fatal habit. When they found out, they pleaded with him with tears in their eyes. The boy would promise to give the evil drug up, but break the promise. His father was so disappointed that he became ill. The shock was very great to think that his only child was disgracing the family. The father died broken-hearted. But the son would not give up Opium; he mortgaged his property and sold his mother's and wife's jewels, worth five thousand rupees. His father-in-law came * See Biographical Introduction to "Hinaluism London : Christian Workers' Depot, 29, Paternoster

and Womanhood." Row.

Revenue

versus

Human

Welfare.

and took his daughter away. When he had lost His grieved mother everything, he left the place. followed him, saying, "My dear child, I shall never leave you." Now they are wandering beggars; often they do not get enough to eat. Every · day his mother weeps and weeps. Her eyes are getting weak and she cannot see properly. She says she will not go to her relatives, her child has disgraced the family and she is ashamed. Sometimes her son cries with her (he knows that he is the cause of all this calamity and what his mother is suffering), and he asks her to forgive him, and he will yet leave off taking Opium. But when the craving comes, he forgets everything, and indulges again. My Catechist at Bombay was among a group to whom he deplored the dreadful habit, and mother and son began to . weep bitterly. Many people who were standing there also shed tears. One of them said: " Bring the cruel Government here and show them this pitiful sight. This is the way our India is suffering. Government wants money ; what do they care if our people are ruined and die?"

In her speaking tours Miss Powar frequently had the able help and escort of Mrs. Jonathan Lynn; Mrs. Maurice Gregory, or of Miss Lucy E. Guinness (subsequently Mrs. Karl Kumm). A realistic account of joint travels, written by Miss Guinness, revealed something more

Miss Soonderbai

Powar in Britain .

than the work done. With her gift in wordpainting, the contrast was drawn between her Indian companion 's home climate and their experiences " in the far north of Scotland, right through Christmas and New Year, with the snow lying deep on the ground; in the far south of Ireland, amid the damp night fogs and the half-frozen rain and mud of early March days;" and similar incidents on tour, varied and relieved by the warmth, kindliness, and cheer of Christian homes overflowing with hospitality. Through all, Soonderbai was ever the same. I never saw her out of temper. I never beard her grumble. The settled calm that impressed me on our first meeting was with her from the day we made our way through the snow at Euston to catch the Irish Mail, to the last night we spoke on the same platform , when she rose with her usual composure to meet the blaze of 1 , 800 curious eyes from a sea of upturned faces at the big Stratford Conference Hall , London. It was a gift, It was the peace of Goo. She that calm of hers. was not " born a speaker ; " she bad shrunk all her life from the publicity of Press and platform . . . . But when the recent call came to her in connection with the Anti-Opium Movement, she felt it was of Goo. "I am not afraid now," she would say, " I ne ver even think of bow I feel. I know I have a message. And I try to give it as well as I can. That is all ."

Sarcasm on False "Authorities."

Certain British officials, titled and nontitled, in and from India, were busy at that period in discovering impossible virtues m Opium, in defence of the revenue. I ts use suddenly became a preventive of disease, and especially a cure for fever. Miss Guinness recorded how she questioned her Indian friend concerning this : " Is Opium a febrifuge ? .Don't you ever use it in India to prevent or cure fevers ? " I asked her the last day as ·we bowled across the London pavements in a hansom. She was leaving the next morning for India, and the point had only recently come up, having been for the first time mooted in the columns of The Times. " Never ! " she answered, smiling at so unnatural an idea. "Opium for fever? What do you think of us ? Never in my life have I heard such a thing. Never, at least," she added, an after-thought shadowing her face, "till I have come to England." She went on to give me the native name of the drug that is used as a febrifuge by her people, and which costs about as much as Opium, ending up with, " The Times says I know nothing, but I think he knows everything! Why does he say these foolish things, these untrue things, a~out us in India and our fevers ? It is only another excuse. If I write an article to The Times and say that in England arsenic is very good for influenza and gout, am I to be believed ? "

The kinship of spirit between Miss Soonderbai Powar and Miss Dunhill is partly ex-

A New Thing in India.

plained by the fact that both have spent many years, by Zenana v1s1tmg, in the closest acquaintance with the secret sorrows of Indian homes. They are many and great enough without the Opium habit. Directly prior to Miss Powar's departure for England, a new thing happened in the history of high-caste Zenana women. Stirred by hearing of her intended mission to the land of India 's rulers, several gatherings assembled in different cities to supplement her Divine call to this work , by their appointment of her as their delegate . Hindu and Mahometan women were equally m earnest. At Lucknow the extraordinary spectacle was presented of Mohametan Zenana women coming together in a semi-public meeting to express their hatred of the Government traffic -in Opium. Of course, they came in closed conveyances, some carriages, some doolies. * One after another these women, accustomed only to the seclusion of their homes, stood up to charge Soonderbai Powar with their messages on the misery caused by Opium . One woman said her brother had a wife * A box-shaped compartment for one person (capable of being tot ally closed) , attached to a pole, and carried by men at each end.

Indian Women and Government.

and four children to support. He earned two annas (threepence) a day. One he spent in Opium, leaving one anna for food for six persons. They had one poor meal a day. The wife and children were weak and pale. Another •woman rose and said that families like that just named, could be found by thousands, and no human being could describe their sufferings. It is not surprising that another woman at that Lucknow gathering said, out of the bitterness of her heart, " We will thank the Government to take the sword and kill the wives and children of Opiumsmokers, so as to rid us of the agony we suffer." At a gathering of Hindu women at Poona with a similar purpose, one of the company expressed their strong feeling in Oriental phrase in an opposite way: "If the Government will stop the Opium, we will worship the Government." \¥ill the Christian women of Britain pause here, and ponder the depth of misery, halfrevealed, behind the foregoing utterances of their sister-women in India ? India has its riches, but for the most part it is one of the poorest countries in the world. Millions of its

Officials "Equally

exalted and truthful."

people never get more than one stinted meal a day. They never know what it is to have sufficient food. They live (perhaps it would be better to say they exist) day by day in a semistarving condition. Yet it is among these masses of ill-fed, suffering humanity, in addition to the homes of the wealthier, that the imperious Opium vice is being extended. * In a scalding passage of irony, Miss Powar exclaimed in her " Opium-blighted Homes of India" : " Unfortunate women ! do you not know that a great English official says that Opiumsmoking is 'absolutely harmless ' ? And that other English Sahibs equally exalted and truthful say' Quite right!'? Unfortunate women, surely you must be paid to say falsehoods! The first-named great official says: 'A paid agitation against the Opium revenue is again being organized.' Unfortunate women! how dare you speak against the interests of ' the father of sin' when it 1s your duty to suffer in silence ? " t This recalls the language of an ex-President of the Wesleyan Methodist Conference of * F.or Statistical confirmation, see last Chapter .

t The father of sin is more fully described in the Gospel by John, 8th chapter, 44th verse .

Opium Revenue the Price of Blood.

Britain : "To tell us that we shall lose so many millions of revenue [inclusive of revenu e from Opium sent to China], lacks philosoph y and lacks statesmanship. I read in that Book that the high priests declared that it was not lawful to put those thirty pieces of silver into the Treasury, inasmuch as they were the price of blood; and our course is simple on that matter. We shall scarcely be less sensitiv e than were those priests, for this is quite as trul y the price of blood-that the price of the blood of Him who died for us; in this case, the blood of those who were redeemed by tha t precious death."

VII.

CHRISTIAN REFORMERS AND INDIA'S FUTURE.

€11durtfiardnus as a

GoodSolditr or Juus Cbrist. If wt suntr Wt

sball

111S0Rtign Witb fiim. 2 TIMOTH Y 2 :

3 & 12.

CHAPTER

VII.

" Who gave Himself for us, that He might redeem us from alt iniquity, and purify unto Himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works."-Titus 2 : 14.

IN the three years of Miss Dunhill's absence, events had occurred fraught with large consequences to the religious history of India. Their nature and significance may be judged by a Welsh missionary's reference to one of them - the Annual Assembly of the Welsh Presbyterian Mission in the Khassia Hills, in the month that Miss Dunhill started to return. Mr. J. Pengwern Jones characterised its gatherings as " some of the most wonderful ever held since the Day of Pentecost." This Assembly met at the close of a year of Revival, during which over five thousand souls had been added to the Church in that Mission alone. There and in many other places in India, as so largely in Wales, a marked evidence of genuine Revival was a spirit of Restitution.

Revival and Restitution.

Restitution is a word of wide meaning. It recalls an incident of the early nineties. The then Editor of the Bombay Guardian received a letter from the venerable John Cox, of N agercoil, South India, covering a gift of five hundred rupees to be used in the furtherance of the Anti-Opium movement. It was not the first evidence of his sympathy, but a special token of sorrow for the part taken by his distant kinsman, Warren Hastings, in establishing the wicked traffic. The giver was not responsible ; yet he felt bitterly the wrong which had been done. His action was in consonance with a heart made tender by the HoLY SPIRIT. After twenty - three years' labour as a missionary, and thirty-four as a m1ss10naryplanter, during which he practised the simple life, and was an open - handed helper of missionary work from the profits of his Coffee estate, John Cox was called up higher in March, 1895, at the ripe age of eighty-four. But his character and purpose live in his India-born sons and daughters, two of whom are missionaries in China. Goo be thanked for such an example of royal priesthood (1 Peter 2 : 9), making what restitution is possible for another's sin. If such is the effect

A New Force for India's Destinies.

of an individual Pentecost, what may we not expect from a wide-spread Revival ? A characteristic of Revival is an awful sense of the sinfulness of sin. Its accompaniment: agony, confession, restitution, abandonment of morally unlawful occupations and partnerships, and of the receipt of tainted money for religious purposes. To the unconverted, Revival signifies Salvation. To the Church, Sanctification. Thus, the baptism of the HOLY GHOST and of fire is clarifying the Church in India. As it emerges purified, will this clearer vision of the awful sinfulness of sin be turned only on individual and communal life? Certainly not. The work of the HOLY GHOST cannot be thus restricted. It will be turned on national and Governmental sins-on the slaughter of souls for the acquisition of revenue. A new force is being born in India that will be a powerful factor in its destinies. After Revival-What ? India will have its Elijahs, its John the Baptists, its Wilberforces. Feeling the call of Goo upon them, they will go forth to prepare the way of the LORD by the rebuke of national iniquities. The Revival in India had been for years

The NonsAbstaining

Missionary.

prayed for, but not humanly planned for. It was not organized, but spontaneous. In some places the convicting power of the HOLY SPIRIT has fallen upon the foreign missionary equally as upon the Indian Church and non-Christian It may be said in a spirit of population. sorrow rather than of criticism, that there is still untouched ground in the former sphere. Some missionaries, alas-especially English-are unawakened to the evil influence and example of the personal use of intoxicating liquor, and of its systematic provision for their guests , even when undesired. An Indian Pastor in a large city-a Pastor subordinate to a prominent non - abstaining English missionary-had to be removed from his position and ended his life under a shadow because he had shown signs of intoxication in the pulpit. His wife and son were similarly under the bondage of the drink habit. How different might have been the history of that family except for the liquor influence from the missionary bungalow . It may be asked, " Are there many such cases? " How many there are which happen in greater obscurity there is small data to show. It is not usual to report them to the

An Anti-Opium Day of Prayer.

homeland constituencies. That there are any such is some explanation for the warmth with which many Christian women in India support the work of the W.C.T.U. and other Temperance organ izations. Non-abstaining missionary influence has been known to paralyze corporate missionary action at a time and opportunity when protest against the liquor traffic seemed to be among the first of Christian duties. It is good to believe, however, that year by year the number of non-abstaining missionaries is becoming a smaller minority ; and to hope that Revival will speedily make this class extinct. Miss Dunhill and others speak of the unwonted interest evoked by the Day of Prayer on May 30th, 1907-prayer for the termination without delay, of the Indo-Chinese Opium traffic; a day fittingly chosen as being the first anniversary of the House of Commons second condemnation of our national sin. At this juncture a Christian journalist of India, of established reputation, wrote in the Indian Tempe1'ance Record on the Calcutta shameful history of the traffic, the attitude of the pro-opium party, and the excuses even now made for delaying to adequately carry

British Atonement and Justice Required.

out the House of Commons Resolution. Alluding to the disgraceful pro-opium sneer conveyed in the words, "making China moral," he says: "Unhappily, the true question is how to make England nioral." He suggests, on the financial side, that to facilitate the extinction of the traffic by recouping India " half the annual amount of the ill-gotten revenue, is the least atonement that England can make for its great sin; " adding, "India might be thankful for getting off with the payment of the other half." * Another writer familiar with India problems, through careful study and residence in that land, points out that by ceasing to exact from India an unjust share of Imperial outlay (including charges such as dare not be imposed on any self-governing portion of the empire), India would gain more than the loss of the revenue from the Opium traffic, both external and internal. These unjust charges form a subject of which much will be heard in the near future. Its wise treatment by India's rulers may tend to strengthen loyalty while decreasing military expenditure. The politician or administrator who is not aware that righteous rule is the * Indian Temperance Record, June, 1907.

Asia's Bane is not India's Good.

cheapest, has important lessons to learn m statesmanship. Miss Dunhill maintains, and others of her people, in accumulating numbers and in increasing urgency, will maintain with her, that what is bad for China and other Asiatic nations, is bad for India. Japan strictly prohibits the use of opium except for medicinal purposes. The prohibition of the drug has been decreed by the American Government m the Phillipines. China 1s engaged in a tremendous effort to extirpate its use. New Zealand having led the way, its importation is being prohibited by the States of the Australian Commonwealth. How then can the best sons and daughters of India be dumb while the British Government is unfaithful in this respect to its highest duty to its _ greatest Dependency? Instead of administrative efforts to curtail the opium vice in India, it is created and fostered by the shameful system of auctioning, to the highest bidder, licenses to retail the drug, and that not as poison under a Poisons' Act as in Britain; but without restriction, for purposes of debauch. As Christian men and women in all British lands come to know the facts, they will wish

Christian Patriotism not Sedition.

to join hands with Christian patriots in India. May prayer also unite that India's rulers may not confound things that differ, and may be saved from the folly of treating the advocacy of righteousness - the highest and most farreaching patriotism-as sedition. Godliness is profitable as a national policy. To spread the knowledge of India's need and danger, let this narrative of a brave woman's holy and unselfish life, continue the message which in 1903 she came to the British Isles to deliver. And in contemplating the wider outlook, let us not neglect the personal application, to the inner life, of this record of one of the KING'S daughters. Goo called forth Miss Dunhill from a position of quiet and comparatively obscure service when He had prepared both the instrument and the opportunity. Other honourable women had preceded her, among whom, as one of the founders of the Woman's portion of the Anti-Opium movement, and still its foremost worker, Miss Rachel B. Braithwaite, of London, deserves the gratitude of the millions in Asia for justice to whom she has laboured so perseveringly and so long. If in some circles there is a belief that

The Grace of Continuance.

masculine traits are an advantage to women called to public work, Miss Dunhill's career does not support the supposition. No woman could be more womanly. In that has been a strength instead of a ~eakness. What she could not herself do, Christian men have undertaken at her suggestion. So is the Divine order. "There are diversities of operations, but it is the same Goo which worketh all in all." Her eighteen years' labour at Bangalore was an education in the grace of continuance. It is by lack of this grace that many with larger natural talents accomplish less. The greatest opportunities often come to us unexpectedly in the ordinary course of duties faithfully performed. And the greatness of an opportunity may not be realised at the time, as was the case when Mrs. Bowden declined to take from the busy Bible Christian minister, F. W. Bourne, a refusal to her request to prepare a biography of the Cornish miner saint, Billy Bray. Unwilling to assume the task, Mr. Bourne asked five or six others to prepare it. All replied unfavourably. When this was reported to Mrs. Bowden, she said, "You must do it yourself." Her holy persistence triumphed. About half a million copies of the English

"None of Self, and all of Thee."

edition alone have fulfilled a world-wide ministry. Thousands of conversions have followed its perusal, even to a spiritual awakening through'" out a whole district. Goo has more than an individual purpose in every saved life. His kingdom is within us, that it may be extended beyond us. Thus, lessening reliance on foreign aid, is to be fulfilled the larger outlook for India than the vision given to Evan Roberts for Wales (see "Revival in India," page 41). Does some reader, with mingled longing, hesitation, and fear, ask the question : " Is not 'None of self, and all of Thee,' a high ideal ? " Yes, the highest. Satan would have us believe it is too high; and so, if not able to destroy our faith altogether, he would keep us out of the equipment of power for service against him, and out of the larger blessings of the Christian life. It is not given to the self-seeking, selfindulgent, partly - surrendered professor, to be kept in "the peace of Goo which passeth all understanding," or to "rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory." The things which "eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man" according to

Surrender and Victorious Power .

nature, become present possessions as they are revealed to the CHRIST-dominated heart by the HoLY SPIRIT, "for the SPIRIT searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of Goo. " If it is " None of self, and all of Thee, " we hand over to Goo the planning and control of our lives. There is absolute surrender. "What He says, we will do; Where He sends, we will go; Never fear, only trust and obey."

There is absolute surrender; but not menta l and physical passivity. Goo works in us, not by destroying the human will, but by sanctifying and strengthening it. Passivity in a certain sense is a temptation to Satan to assume control as an angel of light, deluding the victim, and counterfeiting the work of the Almighty . A sad case here and there enforces the truth of the paradox : " Work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. For it is Goo which worketh in you, both to will and to do of His good pleasure. " " Goo Himself is our Captain. " Happy are we as we can write across an attained experience :" Once it was my working ; His it hence shall be ; Once I tried to use Him; now He uses me."

JI Vtssd untofionour. "A vesselunto honour, sanctified,and meetfor the Master's use, and preparedunto everygood work.'' 2 TIMOTHY

2 : 21.

"A VESSELunto

honour, " My longing soul would be, Clean in the blood of }Esus, By grace so full and free ; Reserved for Royal service, Meet for the MASTER'S hand; A separated vessel, Before Thee, CHRIST, to stand.

From all self-seeking emptied, From worldliness and sin, Now to my waiting vessel Thy SPIRIT, LORD, pour in! Prepare for blessing others The soul that knows its Goo, O'erflowing in its fulness, To tell of JEsu 's blood.

In joyful self-surrender, I give my life to Thee ; My gracious LORD and SAVIOUR, Fulfil Thy will in me. 0 keep me bright for service Till, earthly service o'er, Transferred amid the glory, I praise Thee evermore ! A. S. D.

VIII. SUPPLEMENTAL.

A CLOUD

OF WITNESSES.

Manifesto by Five Thousand Medical Men.

The following is a Declaration to which more than five thousand two hundred medical men in the United Kingdom attached their signatures : We, the undersigned members profession, are of opinion:-

of the medical

First, That the habit of Opium smoking or of Opium eating is morally and physically debasing : Second, That the unrestrained sale of such a drug as Opium is immediately associated with many and grave dangers to the well=being of the people of India: Third, That the drug, Opium, ought in India, as in f:ngland, to be classed and sold as a poison, and be purchasable from chemists only : Fourth, That the Oovernment of India should prohibit the growth of the poppy and the manu= facture and sale of Opium, except as required for medical purposes.

A copy · of the above document, with the names of the medical men, can be obtained post free for 2d. from Mr. Benjamin Broomhall, Hon. Secretary of the Christian Union against the Opium Traffic, 2, Pyrland Road, London, N.

CHAPTER VIII. "He ruleth by His power for ever; His eyes behold the nations : let not the rebellious exalt themselves." "Blessed is" the man that walketh not in the counsel of the -ungodly." Psalms 66 : 7, and I : 1.

Just twenty years ago the late Mr. W. S. Caine paid his first visit to India. A result of his observations there, was a sense of horror at the nature of the Opium habit. He wrote home: "In England I have seen men in various stages of delirium tremens, I have visited many idiot and lunatic asylums, but I never saw such horrible destruction of Goo's image in the face of man, as I saw in the Government Opium dens of Lucknow. . . An Opium-sot is the most hopeless of all drunkards. Once he is within the clutches of this fiend, everything gives way to its fierce promptings. He only works to get more money for Opium. Wife, children, and home are all sacrificed to this horrible lust." Mr. Caine's descriptions in the British newspaper press, powerfully conduced to further

A Medical Missionary's

Investigations.

independent enquiry in India. One of the most instructive investigations was that made, by request from England at this period, by the late Dr. Morison, of Rampore Beauleah, Bengal, a medical missionary of the English Presbyterian Church. His enquiries as to the effect of the Opium habit fully corroborated Mr. Caine's descriptions. He wrote at considerable length, giving details of cases . A few words will convey his conclusions and indicate the stealthiness of the evil: I began to realise, for the first time after twelve years' residence in this town, that there were forces at work under my very eyes that were swiftly and surely bringing ruin and degradation upon innumerable families in India, and that, account for it as we may, our Government was responsible for fostering and propagating this demoralizing plague. . . . I came home sick at heart and depressed in spirit, musing on the terrible facts that had been growing up· around me, all unnoticed and unknown.

A multitude of missionaries in India between that time and the present have given similar testimony. Their statements, coupled with the revelation of the continuous rise in the revenue from Opium consumed in India (see page 88), lend a solemn gravity to the warning words of seventeen veteran British missionaries in

Warning from Missionaries

in China.

China, each having twenty-five or more years' experience : " We are convinced that if ever the day should come when Opium is as widely consumed in India as it is now in China, the result will be as lamentable there as we know it to be here." * That the revenue from Opium consumed m India is less than the revenue from Spirits is no palliation. The rather, it is an argument * The names of these veteran missionaries are appended in the order in which they appear in the document quoted :

J. S. Burdon,

Bishop of Victoria, Hong-Kong. G. E. Moule, Bishop of the Church of England in Mid-China. Wm. Muirhead, Chairman, London Missionary Society, Shanghai. J. Chalmers, London Missionary Society, Hong-Kong. J. Hudson Taylor, Director, China Inland Mission. Griffith John, Chairman, London Missionary Society, Hankow. J. Macgowan, London Missionary Society, Amoy. H. L. Mackenzie, Presbyterian Church of England Mission, Swatow. Arthur E . Moule, Archdeacon of Shanghai. David Hill, Wesleyan Missionary Society, Chairman of the Wuchang District. Evan Bryant, London Miss-ionary Society, Peki1t. G. Owen, London Missionary Society, Pekin. James Sadler, London Missionary Society, and Pastor of Union Ch1wch, Amoy. J. W. Stevenson, China Inland Mission, Shanghai. John R. Wolfe, Archdeacon of Foochow. J. Lees, London Missionary Society, Tientsin. T. Bryson, London Missionary Society, Tientsin.

Facts in Figures. Growing Consumption of Intoxicating Liquor and Drugs In India.

Receipts under Excise in British India from License Fees, Duty, and other Items. [Statistics

of British India, published Calcutta;

Part iv. (b),

1908, page 68; Part iv . (b), 1909, page 104] .

Financial Year.

Spirits. RUPEES.

1856-57 1860-61 1865-66 1870-71 1875-76 1880-81 1885-86 1890-91 1895-96 f 1900-1901 1905-06 1906-07 1907-08

58,24,580 91,27,870 1,36,96,000 1,56,35,390 1,77,39,320 2,12,61,786 2,70,24 ,289 3,49,43,3 14 4,12,71,401 4,23,45, 156 6,19,82,966 6,48,15,u8 6,87,37,060

Drugs, other than Opium. * RUPEES.

5,92,820 10,76,150 22,06,590 22,07,400 22,91,400 30,50,138 39,24,443 42,02,305 49,03,027 59,13,399 88,13,435 88,13,689 88,49,498

Opium. RUPEES. 1 3,94,130

24,59,130 44,33,950 55,67,070 44,83,140 75,15,094 87,03,037 99,38,560 1,00,96,037 1,03,17,621 I ,36,54,434 1,39,94,572, 1,51,85,697

The punctuation of the above figures follows the Indian method of enumeration, of crores of ten millions each, and lakhs of 100,000. * The "Drugs, other than Opium," in the second financial column, include the deadly "ha schish" or preparation of Indian hemp, from which our word "assassin" is derived. A large proportion of violent cases in Indian lunatic asylums are there through the use of this drug. t The years 1896 to 1901 included a period of severe Famine.

Australia's Noble Example.

for urgency in suppressing the traffic m Opium while the difficulties are less formidable than they will be subsequently. In the speech in which Hon. Joseph Vardon, in the South Australian Legislative Council, moved a suc cessful Resolution favouring the prohibition of the importation of the drug into the Common wealth, he illustrated the need of undelayed action by alluding to " the time when a certain individual thought he would like to see a few rabbits running about the country as he had seen them in England, and he introduced some, but the result · had been that Australia had had to spend millions to try to exterminate the pests." It has been aptly said by The Cfi,,istian, of London, that " the lesson for the Mother Country which has been given by Australia, is empha sised by the further important fact that, by their prohibition of the importation of Opium, the Commonwealth has sacrificed a revenue of over £100,000 per annum. The question for the State in the case of revenues derived from sources which are poisoning the national life, is the plain one of the value of the human soul, and Australia has grasped it and drastically disposed of it, while England unworthily lags behind."

Over a thousand Missionaries Protest.

One of the best-known missionaries of the Church Missionary Society in India, in answer to a verbal question a few weeks ago concerning the recent Anti-Opium Day of Prayer, replied feelingly, "I pray about the traffic every day." Most of the readers of this book will doubt less be surprised · to learn what . a large and strong expression of feeling there has been in India against the Opium traffic there. Justice to the Indian people demands that it should · be known. Justice to the British people de mands that they should know it ; for ultimately upon them is the responsibility for this wrong� The Government in India has no sovereign power. It has only delegated power. It is responsible and amenable to the Cabinet in England through the Secretary of State for India, and he and they are responsible and amenable to the British Parliament and people. With as much brevity as possible additional particulars are therefore given. In compiling the following extracts from missionary utterances at various dates, over a thousand names of missionaries have been passed in review who have placed themselves on record (many repeatedly) against the Opium traffic in India.

Missionary Eye ..Witnesses.

EXTENT IN CERTAIN PLACES TRULY APPALLING." Those of us who live in country places, or have the privilege of working through countr y districts in the villages and markets, have unusual opportunities for observing and finding out the extent of the evil. The number of people who are either cultivating the habit or are confirmed eaters is truly appalling to those who have the interest of the people at heart."-Z. F. Griffin, Balasore, Orissa. Arri ved in India, 1883. UTTERLYDESTRUCTIVE,PHYSICALLY ANDMORALLY." The habitual use of Opium is utterly destructive both to the physical and moral natures of those who use it. I have never found any intelligent Indian who seriously undertook to defend its use, or who hesitated to say that it was an evil, and only an evil. I have had men tell me their personal history-how a few years ago they began a very moderate use of it, and have been reduced from a good social position and competency to the most abject poverty, and their bodies have been reduced to skeletons, unfit for any kind of labour. And this testimony I could subs tantiate in any of the larger towns of Berar by larg e numbers of cases."-M. B. Fuller, Superintendent of th e American Christi an and Missionary Alliance Mission. Tw enty-fiv e years in India. AN INCOMPARA BLE SLAVERY.-" I ha ve seen it stated that a person can use Opium, and leave it off whenever he likes. The statement is utter nonsense. The habit of Opium-eating is formed very quickly, more quickly than even the smoking of tobacco, or drinking ar dent spirits, and has a terrible hold upon the person . I have known drunkards leave off the use of drink. I have known smokers leave off the use of tobacco. But I

Anti-Missionary

Government Work.

have ne ver known an instance of a confirmed Opium eate r volunt a rily laying aside th e habit."-Dr. Colin S. Va lmtine, Pri ncipal of th e Medical Missionar y Trainin g Instit ute , Agr a . Over forty year s in India. SPECIMEN OPIUM WRECKS.- " We entered into con versat ion with several group s, with the same result in every cas e, no one defended the use of the drug, and all declared they were its sla ves. One man had gr a d uat ed at Elphinstone College (Bombay ) with honour , enter ed the law, got a good connection , was surrounded with friends , admired for his ability , and possessed every thing temporally that a man could wish for. He beca me a smoker; his business vanished, friends fell away from him, and now he exist s on the charity of his relations , doing a little wor k occasionally in th e La.w Courts, which old friends for the sake of auld lang syne give him to do. He spoke to us in very good English, and impressed us as being the wreck of a ma n of some considerable abilit y, whose education and surroundings had been high and refined. . . . . Another habiti,e had been in a good way of b nsine ss, had smoked his first pipe of Opium at the solicitation of a co mpanion, and from that moment had yielded hims elf so utterl y and completel y to the drug that he said it was now a part of his life. He formed one of a group of five round the same lam p, all confirmed smokers; and as he spoke they liste ned intently, and holdi ng out their hands pleadingl y, begged that we would do something to influence Government ; one re mar king, ' He would be a very gre at man in India who would be instrumental in dri ving Opium out of this co untr y.' "-[ 11dia1t W ar Cry , Salvati on Army, Bombay.

Opium against

Missions.

A DIABOLIC TRADE DEVICE.-" We have found the Opium contractor's agents canvassing the villages with Opium pills as a medicine, thus getting people into the habit of using it without knowing what it is. Englishmen never engaged in a more mean and B. Ward, Founder of the murderous business."-C. Telingana -Bastar Mission. Thirty years in India. CHRIST DISHONOURED IN FARTHER INDIA.-" I am in the town of Danubyu, and call at a house where the mother and two daughters are busy making thinbyn mats. I give and receive in return a polite salutation. I ask, ' Can you read ? ' The mother says, 'Yes, we can read.' ' Would you like to read one of my books?' The mother asks what kind of books. I reply, 'About JEsus and His religion.' The mother answered, ' No, I know enough of your religion.' After a pause I said, 'May I ask what you mean ? ' ' What do I mean?' she replied, with flashing eyes, 'twenty years ago my husband was an industrious and · respectable man ; he had paddy fields and bullocks, and two large boats , and traded to Rangoon ; now all is gone, and I and my daughters have to work night and day to supply him with Opium ;-and my two sons are going the same way!' I afterwards saw this man, a mere skeleton , a wreck, body and soul. The two sons, then in an Opium and gambling den, soon found their way to the jail. There are thousands of similar families in Lower Burma.' '-A. T. Rose, American Baptist Missionary Union, commenced in Burma by the heroic Dr. Adoniram Judson. [The last foregoing p aragraph was written twenty years a~o or mor e . That the same conditions still operate is shown by the following, relating to the year 1907.]

A Thorough

Policy Essential.

LET BRITISH CHRISTIANSANSWER.-" That the use of Opium is on the increase there can be no doubt. Every Opium shop is a centre for the corruption of youth and the ruin of men. The allowance of Opium for registered and unregistered users of the drug is so liberal that they are able to supply it also to others. Half of the Burmans who use Opium are not registered, but get their supplies on the quiet from Chinese , Indians , or from Burmans who have so lost the sense of shame that they are willing to have their names on the list and be known as Opium Eaters. As to the dreadful effects of Opium upon those addicted to its use, and especially upon the Burmans, there can be no doubt. There is an awful unanimity of testimony from those best qualified to speak. The Opium habit is the speedy and certain ruin of the man who becomes the victim of it. Will the cutting off of the market for Opium in China lead to a still further increase of Opium shops in Burma? Or wHl the sentiment of Christian England sweep the curse out of this land? "-T he Life Line, May, r907, the magazine of the Burma Woman's Christian Temperance Union, conducted by Mrs. E. B. Roach, Baptist College, Rangoon, and others. [In response to large and urgent solicitations by Burmese, Sir C. U. Aitchison, when Ch ief Commissioner in Burma (the highest British official position), urged upon the Government of India the prohibition of the drug in Burma. Sir Alexander Mackenzie did likewise when subsequently holding the · same high post, honourably supported in this matter by the Financial Commissioner, Mr . D . M. Smeaton (now M.P. for Stirlingshire) . After many years' delay the Government of India grudgingly conceded a half-and-half policy providing for the supply of the drug to registered Burmese Opiumusers , leaving Indian and Chinese residents in Burma free from this inadequate check . This explains the first portion of the above quotation .]

The Acme of Injustice.

OPIUM IN LONDON AND BOMBAY. - A SHAMEFUL CONTRAST.-" Before me is a small pill-box label1ed ' Poison.' Open it, and in the midst of cotton you see a piece of Opium about half the size of a pea. What trouble I had to obtain even this little particle of the drug in the great metropolis-London! In several drug shops I inquired, but was met with a direct refusal. I was shown the Pharmacy Act as a reason. They eyed me with suspicion, as though wondering whether I wanted to poison myself or somebody else. Some said they could let me have a small quantity of Opium if I would bring a prescription from a known physician. On the occasion of an unsuccessful application to one of the largest drug shops in the great thoroughfare of Holborn, I was accompanied by the Editor of the Bombay Guardian, who happened to be at that time in In despair of getting the poison from a London. druggist, I went to a physician. I only succeeded with him by satisfying him that I was a recognised minister of the Gospel, and wished the Opium pill as a trophy of England's protection of her people from the poisonous drug. Here in Bombay I can buy 4 oz. each for as many men as I wish to bring to a licensed shop. A pound for four men; 40 men, ro lbs.; 400 men, roo lbs. But why say 400 men ?-400 women, boys, or girls will do just as well. In Null Bazaar my friend gave a lad of twelve two pice, and sent him to the Opium vendor as a 'test case.' There was no trouble whatever, save to wait a few minutes for those before him, as the stall was thronged, and three men were hard at work supplying the stream of customers. At the Crawford Market shop, my companion was asking a small street boy

In the Name of Ood. if he would go and buy some Opium, when a smart girl of eight interfered, and asked to do the errand. Half an anna was given to her, and soon she came to us with the Christian Government poison neatly folded in a piece of a leaf. I send it herewith, just as this little child handed it to us."-Wallace ]. Gladwin, Editor of the India Watchman, Bombay. Twenty-five years in India. [Null Bazaar and Crawford Market are both large public markets, where, as Mr. Gladwin goes on to say, "little boys and girls can buy Opium as easily as children buy sweetm~ats in En~land."]

A MISSIONARY APPEAL TO BRITISH CHRISTIANS." Dear Brethren, you have safe-guarded yourselves and your own homes. In Britain, Opium is recognised as a poison and sold as iuch. Let it be the same in India. To you is entrusted from on High, power in no small measure to control and direct the policy of Government. On you, dear brethren, is laid, in the same measure, an awful responsibility. We urge you to use that power, and to solemnly consider that responsibility. In the Name of the Goo of Justice we ask for only this-let the law of India and the law of Britain in this matter be one and the same. ' As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise.' "-Signed on behalf of a Convention, of Christilfn Missionaries and Workers held at Lucknow: ]. W. Waugh, D.D., Chairman; Arthur Parker, London Mission (Benares); A. I. Birkett, Church Mission; Edward C. Solomon, \-Vesleyan Mission (Committee) ; J. M. Thoburn, Bishop, Methodist Episcopal Church; Thomas Tracy, Minister, American Presbyterian Church; Alex. Tomory, Free Church of Scotland; W. G. Proctor, Church Missionary Society ; and others. 1891.

MAIN

ENTRANCE

CRAWFORD

MARKET

Th e chief Public Market in the City of Bombay. Only a portion of th e la rge fronta ge is h ere shown . (See pages 95 a nd 96,)

-= --

-A

OPIUM

STALL

THE

NULL

BAZAAR

, one

Markets.

95 and 96. ]

Public

, on pa~es

Bombay's

[Pr ou t a dra wiug- hy a ,,es£d ent E1 1g -Jish ffen tlewo1J1a11, at th e tn ne reftYr td to by /1,fr. G/adwu

LICENSED

The Unrepresented,

Misrepr~sented.

It would not be right to pass from this selection of missionary evidence and appeals without saying that expressions of similar purport are available in abundance from other sources . Several volumes could be filled with equally severe condemnations of the Opium traffic by Indian Christian m1msters and laymen, by Christian Englishm en engaged in mercantile pursuits in Ind ia, by prominent Christians of Eurasian birth ; and by Hindu, Mahometan , and Parsee public men, including many editors, not disloyal to British rule. The Indian people may justly complain of the misrepresentations, prompted by partizans officially or commercially interested in the Opium traffic, in the newspaper press of England . Press telegrams and correspondence from Ind ia, purporting to represent Indian opm10n, ar e frequently the opposite-the designedl y misleading statements, in the interests of revenue , of what are pract ically semi-official organs. British Christians should guard against being duped. This can be done at small cost by subscribing for an Anti-Opium periodical. * * B ritain 's Opium Ha rvest, the paper of the Women 's Anti-O pium Urgency Committee, can be obtain ed post free for a year, by sendi ng ls . 6d. to Miss R. B . Braithwaite , 312, Camden Road , London , N . To obtain National Ri g hteousness, as occasionally is sued, a similar sum should be sent to Mr . B. Bro omhall , Hon. Secretary of the Chri stian Union, 2, Pyrland Road, London, N.

Tapering off a National

Crime.

The quotations given on pages 91 to 96 might have been largely extended by embracing the Opium traffic in Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, Hong Hong and other Eastern territory under British authority. The fear indicated in The Life Line, of Rangoon, that the Government of India may seek to increase Qpium consumption within the Indian Empire, to compensate for loss of revenue from exports of the drug to China, is not solitary. One of the most prominent public men in Western India, identified with the best phase of Indian non-Christian life and with social reform, has lately expressed the same apprehension; it is sad to add, not without reason. The morally indefensible plan of ceasing from our great national sin towards China by instalments extending over a period of ten years, if carried out, will give the opportunity to recoup the lessening revenue by extending the Qpium vice in India. While there is a small minority of men of Christian principle among British officials in India, men whose character conduces to the stability of British rule, India's own leaders know by sorrowful experience that a morally

Fair in Word; False in Deed.

destructive policy can be pursued year after year by the Government amid its professions of moral rectitude and desire for reform. The Liquor traffic is a case in point. The Government reiterates that its policy is to discourage drinking. But the carrying out of that policy is entrusted to Excise officials, whose promotion largely depends on their success in increasing revenue. The result, as Sir J. Herbert Roberts, Bart., M.P., Hon. Secretary of the AngloIndian Temperance Association, has pointed out, is that "considerations of revenue, and not the moral welfare of the people " dominate official, action. The table on page 88, is a ghastly comment on the Government's professed policy of discouraging the consumption of intoxicating liquor. This table may be supplemented by the fact commended to the attention of the Secretary of State for India by Sir J. Herbert Roberts on August 1st, 1907, that in 1874 the amount of revenue drawn from liquor in India was (in pounds sterling) 1£ millions, and in !906 it reached 6~ millions. How can the knowledge of such facts leave any truly Christian reader without an added sense of the solemn responsibility of empire?

100

nttu u monnroit. ON the painted windows of the visitors' lobby of your House of Commons, there is repeated no less than forty times, Dieu et · mon Droit. For a nation which carries on the wicked Opium traffic, to claim the motto of "God and my right" is blasphemy. Goo is not the Goo of unrighteousness. In the same lobby, over the doorway which leads to the House of Lords, is a painted glass representation of "St. George." He is standing on a slain dragon, between two young women. They have presumably been rescued from the monster. Underneath the Knight are the words, " St. George for England." Please notice, "St. George for England." Indian women say a thousand times " Amen " to the comment upon this of a justice-loving editor in India: " The chivalry which is kept for home use, while cruelty is exercised towards the weak and defenceless abroad, is not worth much in the eyes of the righteous Goo whose name is repeated forty times in close juxtaposition." St. George/or England? No. You English people are nobler than that, if poor, wronged India and China can only make you hear our voices. Your ideal is not the knighted (pro-Opium) Anglo-Indian official. As the representative of Asiatic womanhood, I plead with you to prove that your ideal is Sr. GEORGE FOR HUMANITY!

From '' OPium-bliglited Homes of India."

Word-Pictures of Chinese Illu

st rat i n g

Edited

Unclosed

FO R MERLY

ALFRED

Chapter

Life. of

Hi.story.

S . DYER,

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Scant,alous©ptum<tonNtions in Bssam. The day following the World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh (1910), a gatherin g of missionaries was held in condemnation of the Opium Traffic. Dr. Griffiths, of the Welsh Mission in Assam, spoke as follows : " I shall speak, not about the whole of Assam, but about one part of it, the hill country of Assam . I am speaking to you of what I know personally and what I know to be true-what I have been witness of for twenty-five years. The population of that district is somewh ere about 260,000 or 270,000. Not a large field, it is tru e, but it is a small chink through which you will see a very wide area, for I have no doubt that there are other plac es in India that you will see in the description that I give you of this small district. There are there seven or eight trib es. Khasis, Cacharis, Lullus, Mikiristhese are some of the names that convey nothing to most of you beyond the fact that they are names of tribes of hill people. Some of these tribes, especially the Mikiris, are in what is called a state of disintegration, i.e., they have no country now that is their own in a special sense, and they migrate in small parties in different directions and settle down in the territories of other tribes, until

gradually they break up into sections, and units of them get absorbed among those tribes. Now these people never knew anything about opium ·until our Government found it was profitable to the revenueto cultivate it. Thus the introduction of opittm into that country, and the establishment of opium shops, brought the opium habit into the 'IJ?:idst of a people that never ought to have known anything aboutit. These poor people have got plenty of vices without adding this to them. But this habit has begun to grow among them; men and women, young people and children as well as old people, have been taught this habit of taking opium by the greed of the Government in establishing opium shops amongst them. " I was in the North Cachar hills with two other missionaries about six years ago, just before I was compelled to leave India on account of my health. We were going to a town there called Haflong. We travelled by the North Cachar Railway, and we sent word to a friend beforehand asking him to send coolies down to meet us to carry our baggage up to the Government dak bungalow. The coolies were sent, and they were half a dozen women, between 17 and 25 years of age. They took up the baggage, and carried it from the railway station two miles up the hill to the Government station. They had no sooner put down the baggage than they began to clamour for money. We asked them, ' Do you think we are going to run away without paying you?' They became impatient at the jocular way in which we were

speaking, and explained that they had not yet had their daily dose of opium-it was then about two in the afternoon,-and that they were in a hurry to get their pay to go to the opium shop and buy it. And these young women were not ashamed to tell us that that was the reason. All this for the sake of our revenue ! They sell their land, they sell their cattle, and many of them are known to have sold their children, in ordtJrto get money to buy opium. In one village which I know very well there was a head-man who was an incarnate demon; he introduced the opium habit into his own village, amongst his own people, in order that when the habit had complete control over them they might sell their land to him. Almost all in that village did so. It was there that I met a young man of about 20 years of age who was able to take a daily dose of opium that would kill four or five of us here if we divided it between us. I am glad to say that, in spite of the fact that the villagers were in the clutches of this chief with the iron hand, one of the last things I did before leaving India was to establish a church in that village. " I have mentioned the Mikiris. I knew the first Mikir Christian, and he had a little boy when I went to India first, and he used to look upon that little boy as . the future apostle of his own tribe. He was an innocent little boy, knowing nothing of the sins and temptations of this world ; but instead of becoming an apostle of his own tribe that boy has now long ago becomethe slave of the

opium habit, breakingthe heart of his father and mother. It was pathetic to hear that poor father telling us how wicked his boy had become. The mother years before had been caught by a tiger and carried away some distance from the village ; the villagers went after them and rescued her, and there are the marks of the teeth of the tiger on the skull of that woman to-day; but her son has got on his body and soul the marks of this sin, and it is not so easy to rescue his soul and body ~rom this tiger. "But we can do something. What we do here not only helps Lord Morley, but it will help those poor people-those poor women who have lost all sense of shame in their craving for opium-it will help that poor distracted fat her and his wife, and thousands of otherf atliers throughout India who are distracted becausetheir sons have becomethe slaves of this habit."

[ For full report of other speeches, see Nat ional Ri ghteousness for August, 1910, published by Morgan & Scott, Ltd ., London ; or post free, 1fd., from Mr. B. Broomhall, Hon. Secretary, Christian Union against the Opium Traffic, 2, Pyrland Road, London, N.]

About First Fruits Press Under the auspices of B. L. Fisher Library, First Fruits Press is an online publishing arm of Asbury Theological Seminary. The goal is to make academic material freely available to scholars worldwide, and to share rare and valuable resources that would not otherwise be available for research. First Fruits publishes in five distinct areas: heritage materials, academic books, papers, books, and journals. In the Journals section, back issues of The Asbury Journal will be digitized and so made available to a global audience. At the same time, we are excited to be working with several faculty members on developing professional, peer-reviewed, online journals that would be made freely available. Much of this endeavor is made possible by the recent gift of the Kabis III scanner, one of the best available. The scanner can produce more than 2,900 pages an hour and features a special book cradle that is specifically designed to protect rare and fragile materials. The materials it produces will be available in ebook format, easy to download and search. First Fruits Press will enable the library to share scholarly resources throughout the world, provide faculty with a platform to share their own work and engage scholars without the difficulties often encountered by print publishing. All the material will be freely available for online users, while those who wish to purchase a print copy for their libraries will be able to do so. First Fruits Press is just one way the B. L. Fisher Library is fulfilling the global vision of Asbury Theological Seminary to spread scriptural holiness throughout the world.

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