Architectural Association 36, Bedford Square, London WC 1B 3ES Design Research Laboratory Nahmad-Bhooshan Studio 2017-2019 Studio Tutors: Alicia Nahmad Shajay Bhooshan Team Members of ACME STACK ME Aseem Ahmed Zhong Ya Sun Samantha Yuet Sum Chai Term 4 F inal Booklet, 11 Jan 2019
CONTENT PART I THESIS - Thesis Statement
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK - London Housing Condition - History of Prefabrication
CASE STUDIES
- Technology Enable Living Trends - Built Projects
-3 - 11 - 18
- 26 - 32
PART II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY GAME
- Game Theory - Personality Approach - Game Version 1 - Game Version 2 - Game Version 3
- 52 - 60 - 82 -104
PART lll UNIT DEVELOPMENT
- Unit Design - Design Development Iteration 1 - Design Development Iteration 2 - Design Development Iteration 3
- 144 - 156 - 164
PART lV FABRICATION/PROTOTYPING - 3D Printers - Slicing - Joints - Topology Optimization - Hybrid System - Bulk Material - Assembly
- 202 - 224 - 232 - 242 - 262 - 268 - 268
PART I
SHARING AND TRADING SPACES FOR COMMUNITY LIVING IN INNER CITY OF LONDON
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THESIS STATEMENT Planning without planners, is what Space Trading aims at achieving for a novel way of community forming through sharing and trading of spaces. Space trading investigates London’s housing predicament as a background to explore and develop a study model that adheres to individualized living and mass customization of the housing unit. Cloud services like Adobe CC, Airbnb, Autodesk 360 are growing rapidly where there is no standalone user but rather a digital community that empowers the service providers as well as the users enabling them for better customization options, providing constant updates, troubleshooting and a shared user community which makes it even more affordable. These values can also be found in housing where people are gradually moving to a shared living module which comprises of co-living, multigenerational living etc. Space trading is an architectural attempt to explore and incorporate these values and trends in housing and marry it with a unit assembly design that allows for a physical manifestation of these ideas making it easier for people to live in central London tackling the high costs and space restrictions by sharing and trading spaces through a digital twin. The aim is to tackle the rigid top-down planning and infrastructure module that limits mobility and customization through the use of prefab spaces that enable people to form their own unit and morph it in accordance to their everchanging needs by sharing and trading of these spaces with their neighbors. Personality evaluation helps to match users with the most suitable neighbors for efficient sharing and trading opportunities. These local exchanges can thus affect the global outcome of the community and the growth becomes emergent exhibiting a rich community value. Physical manifestation is done by 3d printing these spaces which offers users to customize their space and select from a catalogue of spaces that can be assembled in numerous ways to form the unit. The use of minimal surfaces as the geometrical inspiration for these spaces helps optimize the 3d printing capabilities. Space Trading thus challenges the existing ways of planning and community forming processes.
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DESIGN WORKFLOW
Our workflow starts with acquiring knowledge of the current trends and state of housing in London and the economics related to it. From this we look at the concepts of co-living and shared housing strategies that can be replicated and digitally simulated in a game environment that can incorporate a rewardbased system for the user. Using this information, we want to develop an intelligent housing community that can match and adapt to the personality and motivations of its users and evolve and change over time as their needs change. To accommodate this change and flexibility of the unit we will be looking at different digital fabrication techniques taking precedents from prefabricated construction techniques and carry out material studies that can make it feasible. We intend on following this workflow and form a feedback loop which can enable us to continuously go back and forth from the game environment to the unit design and evolve and develop them simultaneously.
knowledge
social
acquire needed resources acquire needed skills
fabrication
utilities
design discussion
prototyping
increase efficiency
feedback
behaviour
ideas
economy
information
application
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HOUSING AND DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
ONE SIZE FITS ALL
BROMLEY, 1967 post war prefab housing on bombed sites
ALEXANDRA ROAD ESTATE, LONDON 1978 Consisting 500 homes
COST/DISTANCE
CHELSEA & KENSINGTON (ZONE-1)
BRENT (ZONE-2)
BARKING & DAGENHAM (ZONE-4)
COST : £19,439 DISTANCE : 3 miles
COST : £7,093 DISTANCE : 8 miles
COST : £3,994 DISTANCE : 10 miles
O POD TUBE HOUSE, HONG KONG
NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER, TOKYO
MY MICRO APARTMENTS, NEW YORK
LACK OF COMMUNITY
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ROBIN HOOD GARDENS, 1972 Consisted 214 houses.
SOLUTION AVENUES
CUSTOMIZED PREFAB
COMPONENT BASED
COMBINATORIAL DESIGN
STACKING
GAME
PERSONALITY BASED MATCH MAKING
SHARING AND TRADING GAME
DIGITAL TWIN FOR HOUSING
DIGITAL FABRICATION
INTEGRATED DESIGN
3D PRINTING + TIMBER FRAME
COMPACTING
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LONDON HOUSING CONDITION
The increased demand for homes in London is driven by a growing population and changes in the patterns of tenure that is descriptive of the insufficient supply – undermining economic competitiveness, poor affordability and increasing levels of acute housing need. It goes on to set out the economic case for housing as infrastructure that is essential to support London’s growth, detailing the contribution that housing makes to GDP and job creation. It identifies how a failure to provide adequate housing for low and middle-income Londoners could have severe impacts for future economic growth. London’s economy is growing which results in more jobs, more prosperity, and more people. This puts even greater pressure on infrastructure, and housing. Since 2008 London’s population has increased by 600,000. By 2020 it is estimated to touch nine million Londoners, by 2031 it is predicted to cross the 10 million mark. The rising housing challenge is an economic as well as a social imperative. There is also an increased trend of people constantly moving from one housing to another which also hints at their reducing satisfaction levels and changing lifestyles apart from the increasing rent and commuting times. There is a need to help find every way possible for the working Londoners to access decent low cost affordable housing at a time when for many it appears all that is on offer is ever more unaffordable. Thus, all new homes must meet high design standards, with minimum spatial requirements and should be designed to be accessible and adaptable for people at all stages of their lives. Improving the quality and energy efficiency of existing homes also remains a key priority. With Space Trading we try to address these issues and questions of traditional preplanned housing and propose a new way of housing where the users become central to the setup and growth of the unit and the community which could be a more immersive and affordable way of living in central London.
Reference: https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/
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‘While co-living is symptomatic of the global housing crisis we are experiencing in most major cities, it may also be part of the solution.’ - Archinet, Hannah Wood, Dec 2017
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MULTIGENERATION CO-LIVING
Co-living isn’t a new phenomenon. It has been practiced across different cultures throughout history, and for different reasons. It is an effective way to bring people together through a common interest. Fish Island Village in London, which is still in development, offers housing not only to young professionals but to anyone interested in a creative community. The scheme is explicitly designed to support a multigenerational creative community. Millennials — also known Generation Y — are said to value experiences over products and are more interested in living together than in owning a house. With a desire for connection, privacy and efficiency, millennials comprise the biggest population of communal buildings today. Similar housing alternatives have also helped expats and students arriving in a city for the first time to make friends and settle in quicker. Housing costs are an expected 7.6 times the normal yearly compensation, so the would-be first-time buyers are being compelled to rent, with no prospect of having the capacity to manage the cost of their very own position at any point soon. Concern over the economy and vulnerability over Brexit have driven more established individuals to trust that now is a sensitive period to move house. Multi-generational living offers a new way. And while Millennials are about onethird of the driving force behind the “stay at home” multigenerational trend, 23% of those aged 55 to 64 are living in multigenerational homes and 21% of those in such homes are over 65. Multi-generational living opens new possibilities of interaction and exchanges between different age groups. It enables the older generation to pass on their experience and knowledge to the younger ones in lieu of them taking care of their health. It also allows the parents the freedom to leave their children at home while they work as someone is always present at home. With the advent of new technologies, the market has begun to shift nearly every aspect of the rental process, from leasing applications to communications with landlords and agents to payment processing. In doing so, they are filling the grey area between Craigslist and Airbnb, serving the needs of individuals looking for something more permanent than a vacation rental yet more transient than a typically longer lease commitment. Co-living through technological inputs makes it easier for potential renters to find and connect with compatible roommates, whether renting an extra room in an apartment or searching together for an apartment.
Reference: https://archinect.com/features/article/150042590/co-living-2030-are-you-ready-for-the-sharing-economy 13
HISTORY OF PREFABCATION Conventional Prefab Prefabrication has been understood and interpreted in different ways. In the years following the Second World War (WW2) there was an issue regarding the definition of prefabrication - was it a house which could be delivered in pieces and assembled, or did it need to be built entirely in a factory. The earliest evidence of exporting British prefabricated housing was in 1624 and is described in Smith (2009) where the British made housing and shipped it to North America. These were timber frame structures, with either timber panel infill or lighter timber infill system or canvas, with weather boarding. The poor opinion of prefabricated housing in Britain in relation to other cultures can be attributed to a conflict between ‘traditional architecture’ and prefabricated production. It is evident that there was a conflict of interest in architects’ opinions of prefabrication, partially, due to the fear of it leading to the requirement of fewer architects due to greater standardization and generic design. These negative attitudes were based broadly on the quality of the building materials and the poor workmanship of this form of construction. Advantages of prefab construction have been identified as improved quality, increased thermal performance and energy efficiency, improved acoustics, thermal and energy efficiency performance, and a reduction in post-construction snagging and defects. In addition to this, a reduction in waste, defects, time, costs, health and safety risks, environmental impact alongside improvements in profits, predictability and life performance have been emphasized. However, British prefabricated housing has a significant gap to close if it is to reach the production capacity and good reputation of Japanese prefabricated housing. If architecture could adapt itself to these prefabricated conditions and succeed in the prefabricated house business, then it might recover some of the influence it has lost in the last 30 years and begin to make a real difference in the quality of the built environment.
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Traditional due to its reliability and built material.
Post war prefab housing placed over bombed sites in UK.
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Advantages of Prefab Advantages of prefab construction have been identified as improved quality; increased thermal performance and energy efficiency; improved acoustic, thermal and energy efficiency performance; and a reduction in post-construction snagging and defects. In addition to this, a reduction in waste, defects, time, costs, health and safety risks, environmental impact alongside improvements in profits, predictability and life performance have been emphasized. However, British prefabricated housing has a significant gap to close if it is to reach the production capacity and good reputation of Japanese prefabricated housing. If architecture could adapt itself to these prefabricated conditions and succeed in the prefabricated house business, then it might recover some of the influence it has lost in the last 30 years and begin to make a real difference in the quality of the built environment.
Modern day prefabricated housing has improved in its quality considerably.
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The contemporary enthusiasm with prefabricated housing to that of the twentieth century suggests history is repeating itself with supporters of prefabrication claiming the advantages are similar to that of the past. The low public confidence due to the past mistakes, and in relation to the future planning of prefabricated housing, asks: what are the long-term quality and costs of developments? “It is alluded to, that prefabricated architecture has failed, whereas prefabricated building has not.�-Colin Davies Prefabricated could turn into a style itself and actually not be prefabricated. Prefabrication does not necessarily imply mass production or standardization. Architects must not shun pattern books or prefabrication ideas.They should embrace the techniques and use them to their advantage.
Eames House is a prominent example with the influence of the De Stijl Movement outside Europe.
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Examples of Moma Buckminster Fuller designed the Dymaxion house (Dymaxion Development Unit aka DDU) was based on storage bins. The Eames’ case study house 1949 in Pacific Palisades, California was designed as a demonstration piece and made up of standard catalogue components. Was not designed to be disassembled and rearranged. Richard Rogers in 1968 developed in the House for Today competition the ZipUp House which used a Dupont neoprene rubber gasket system and consisted of insulated aluminum sandwich panels. Archigram in the 1960’s began to refer to “capsule” or “pod” rather than house or home. They developed an idea for a plug-in city. In 1972 Kisho Kurokawa, a member of the Metabolist group, designed and had built the Nagakin Capsule tower.
The Dymaxion’s design displayed forward-thinking and influential innovations in prefabrication and sustainability.
The Nagasakin Capsule symbolises Japan’s postwar cultural resurgence. 18
PREFAB 2.0 With Space Trading we try to revisit the prefab house and try to utilize its potentials of mobility and assembly. Prefabrication construction is ideal to construct/deconstruct the unit and makes the house more flexible to the needs of the occupant. We try to subdivide the unit to smaller spaces that can be easily transported and assembled in combinations leading to different space solutions depending upon the occupant’s choices.
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RESEARCH PRECEDENTS
HOMED, FRAMLAB
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TECHNOLOGY ENABLING LIVING TRENDS Co-Living Collective living isn’t a new phenomenon. It has been practised across different cultures throughout history, and for different reasons. We have long engaged in cohabitation on a small scale — like shared student housing — because of its relative affordability. It is definitely an effective way to bring people together through a common interest. Fish Island Village in London, which is still in development, offers housing not only to young professionals but to anyone interested in a creative community. The scheme is explicitly designed to support a multigenerational creative community. Millennials — also known Generation Y — are said to value experiences over products and are more interested in living together than in owning a house. With a desire for connection, privacy and efficiency, millennials comprise the biggest population of communal buildings today. Similar housing alternatives have also helped expats and students arriving in a city for the first time to make friends and settle in quicker. With the advent of new technologies, the market has begun to shift nearly every aspect of the rental process, from leasing applications to communications with landlords and agents to payment processing. In doing so, they are filling the grey area between Craigslist and Airbnb, serving the needs of individuals looking for something more permanent than a vacation rental yet more transient than a typically longer lease commitment. Co-living through technological inputs makes it easier for potential renters to find and connect with compatible roommates, whether renting an extra room in an apartment or searching together for an apartment. ‘Co-living buildings today are designed to fast-tracked friendships and connections; residents are paying, essentially for pre-fabricated community, for neighbours who open their doors to potluck dinners and Sunday night Game of Thrones screening.’ — CityLab, May 2016
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Reference: https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/04/technology-is-finally-changing-the-apartment-rental-experience/ https://www.thecollective.co.uk/oldoak/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw_ODWBRCTARIsAE2_EvXlEezYyQoIur0xzK-dWjY7pMote-eoyV-Gb3UUTwik029CH70HgEAaAhIcEALw_wcB#
Connection Nodes along circulation space to encourage communal living.
Communal space is designed in high transparency in different level to enhance connectivity and individuality.
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CO-LIVING 51% ARE YOUNG PROFESSIONALS 3% ABOVE THE AGE OF 40
91% USE A WEB PLATFORM TO RENT/LOOK FOR ACCOMODATION
81% USE WEB BASED APPS TO COMMUNICATE WITH THEIR NEIGHBOURS AND FLATMATES
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77% COUPLES 59% MEN
Data by : Homy-coliving
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Multigeneration living Housing costs are an expected 7.6 times the normal yearly compensation — more than twofold what they were 20 years ago— so would-be firsttime buyers are being compelled to rent, with no prospect of having the capacity to manage the cost of their very own position at any point in the near future. Declining deals (at present at the lowest level since October 2016), concern over the economy and vulnerability over Brexit have driven more established individuals to trust that now is excessively dangerous a period to move house. Multi-generational living offers a new way. And while Millennials are about one-third of the driving force behind the “stay at home” multigenerational trend, 23% of those aged 55 to 64 are living in multigenerational homes and 21% of those in such homes are over 65. Multi-generational living opens up new possibilities of interaction and exchanges between different age groups. It enables the older generation to pass on their experience and knowledge to the younger ones in lieu of them taking care of their health. It also allows the parents the freedom to leave their children at home while they work as someone is always present at home.
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Reference: https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2016/10/09/multigenerational-living-is-back-and-thats-a-goodthing/#734e78f55807
MicroHomes Around the size of a solitary carport, Micro flats are essentially tiny living arrangements. They are being touted as an answer for the reasonable housing emergencies faced by numerous significant urban communities. While little flats have generally been a component of numerous significant cities, as structures have been adjusted and sub-divided in an ad-hoc manner, this new wave of living arrangements are by and large intentionally planned and worked to be little. The hypothesis behind Micro Apartments is that by building smaller homes, more units can be worked as a feature of a development, and hence the individual cost of a flat can be reduced. Frequently taking motivation from boat design, the flat’s insides are intended to amplify space. They can incorporate implicit and retractable furniture, for example, with pull-down beds, collapsing work areas and tables that enable individual spaces to have numerous utilizations, and in addition including additional little or concealed appliances. As the numbers of individuals living alone are increasing, this arrangement gives a more reasonable choice to understudies and youthful experts who need to organize area over space. Small scale flats ordinarily run from 400 square feet down to as meager as 200 square feet in estimate (that is in the vicinity of 37 and 19 meters square). They normally comprise of only one room and for the most part incorporate space for resting and sitting, together with a kitchenette, a washroom and a constrained measure of capacity.
Reference: https://www.trendir.com/micro-apartments/
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COMBINATORIAL SPACE NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER
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ETTORE SOTTSASS, MICRO-ENVIRONMENT
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Homed-Framlab Homed is a project by Framlab that looks at Intermediate steps to reduce the shelter population in New York by the means of temporary housing that can enable an effective and sequential reduction of the shelter population. A key challenge in achieving this, is competing against the city’s real-estate moguls for the required land to build. Homed is a proposal that seeks to capitalize on the vertical facades of existing buildings. It tries to take advantage of a flexible framework that already exists in the city - scaffolding - hexagon-shaped housing modules are designed to connect to the scaffolding structure, pack densely, and create a second, active layer on top of the empty wall. In aggregate, this forms clusters of suspended micro-neighborhoods of shelters for the city’s least fortunate. The unit is designed to provide a year-round space that can withstand harsh, cold weather and provide a cool space during summer. While the exterior construction of steel and oxidized aluminum deals with the wear and tear of the city, the interior offers a contrasting soft and friendly environment. The 3D printed modules allow furniture, storage, lighting and appliances to be integrated into the shape - resulting in a minimal space, tailored to the specific needs and desires of its resident - with a hexagonal view of the cityscape outside. Through combining different modules from an extensive catalogue, a wide range of different spaces can be created. The 3D printing technology even allows for personal customization - allowing for unique units.
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Reference: https://www.framlab.com/homed
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The Sangpa, South Korea The Sangpa micro-living in Seoul is designed a series of living units—each of them having an area of 120 square feet—within a series of semi-public living spaces. The 5,500-square-foot building is essentially a stack of offset units. The juxstaposition of the micro-housing units in the stack creates semi-shared spaces between the dwellings, which makes the units more livable for people who are willing to stay in a communal housing. It has been designed with built-in furniture in the living quarters to maximize the functional utility of every living space, with features such as fold-up Murphy beds and hide-away pull-out tables. And the cantilevered stack design of the building provides for balconies, porches, and decks for the units.
Irregular stacked space creates informal shared space with high perforation to encourage interaction.
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Co-living & Micro-homes
Reference: https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/03/this-award-winning-micro-housing-design-is-inspired-by-bubbletea/387490/
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Kasita, TX KASITA has created a prototype of a prefabricated micro dwelling that can be slotted into a framework like a bottle into a wine rack. The structure is a rectangular pod clad in metal and glass, with one side featuring a cantilevered glazed box. It is intended to slot horizontally into an engineered steel frame, or “rack�, which can include many units stacked high and wide. Designed to be assembled in under a week, each unit would be able to swap between different racks. The open-plan interior has 10-foot-high ceilings (three meters). The kitchen offers standard amenities such as a dishwasher, an induction cooktop and a convection oven, while the sleeping area is fitted with a queen-sized mattress.
Build to order catalogue
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Reference: https://www.kasita.com
Stackable Prefab Unit
Modular parts for flexible inter-changeable space.
Stackable for larger site with communal space on street level.
Reference: https://www.kasita.com
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PreFab Micro-Apartment New York Totaling 3,250 square metres, the tower contains 55 units that range in size from 23 to 34 square metres. The tall, narrow building is composed of four thin, stepped volumes that are clad in varying shades of grey bricks. The urban form could in principle be adapted to different sites, at a range of heights and floor area ratios, and at nearly any location in a block. The aim was to provide a new social framework for small households that emphasize nested scales of community rather than individual residents. The 11-foot-wide “towers� reflect this goal by celebrating the beauty of small dimensions, while not highlighting individual micro units on the exterior.
Pre-order interior layout to individuality space as required.
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Reference: http://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/ http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/
Customized Interior PreFab & Stackable
A toolbox system is designed to customized user’s input
A prefab unit being deploy and stack to shorten construction period on site
Reference: https://www.archdaily.com/602157/new-york-to-complete-first-prefabricated-micro-apartments-this-summer
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O-POD, Hong Kong O-Pod Tube Housing is an experimental, low cost, micro living housing unit to ease Hong Kong’s affordable housing problems. Constructed out of low cost and readily available 2.5m diameter concrete water pipe, the design ultilizes the strong concrete structure to house a mirco-living apartment for one/two persons with fully kitted out living, cooking and bathroom spaces inside 100 sq.ft. Each OPod Tube Houses are equipped with smart phone locks for online access as well as space saving furniture that maximises the space inside. OPod Tube Houses can be stacked to become a low rise building and a modular community in a short time, and can also be located/relocated to different sites in the city. In addition, the structure of the water pipe itself is suitable for being buried in the ground so that it can withstand enormous pressure.
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Reference: https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/
Micro-living & Infill Development
Infill site render has disregarded street level residents privacy and accessibility.
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3D PRINTING & ARCHITECTURE In manufactured housing, the furniture and fixtures are built right into the main support structure. The entire piece of a building or structure is moved, and everything inside goes right along with it. With the aid of 3d-printed structures, accessories and items like fixtures, internal walls, furniture, ducts etc. can be printed right into the building. This can make the building highly efficient and integrated as all the components are attached and built right into the main framing, and it will speed up development because everything is already embedded within the prefabs. With the convergence of 3D printing, modern AI and analytics, as well as advanced robotics, it’s increasingly likely that construction and development will be automated and computerized. Construction teams would enjoy greater efficiency and precision. Projects could be completed at a rapid pace and with less resources wasted or deployed. We try to exploit the possibilities of this technology and make it an integral part of our fabrication process that would enable us to print our customized space modules that could be assembled to form the entire unit.
Eindhoven University of Technology
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Reference: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/06/04/eindhoven-university-technology-project-milestone-3d-printed-concrete-houses/
3D printing, or additive manufacturing as it’s sometimes called, has a lot of potential and have been hailed as the technology of the third industrial revolution. Essentially because it puts the support and creation of a wide variety of products and goods in the hands of anyone that owns a 3D printer. Designers and architects can now 3D print items out of materials like masonry, concrete and even wood. Much larger structures and objects are created using a variety of prefabs, bit by bit. A commercial or residential building, for example, would be printed room by room, for instance. Unlike traditional construction, this would allow teams to assemble and build in a variety of new locales, environments and even hardto-reach locations. The building or structure could be designed and printed elsewhere and then hauled to its destination to be assembled. It has potentials of optimizing emergency housing where one could construct whole models outside an affected area before moving the finished product to where it needs to be. 3d printing opens up possibilities of endless customization as it allows users and designers to develop bespoke design that can be printed with minimal difficulties. This also allows for fabrication of complex geometries that otherwise could not be fabricated with the conventional methods.
3D printed house by 3M FutureLAB
Reference: https://inhabitat.com/10-ways-3d-printing-is-disrupting-architecture/ https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/
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ONSITE 3D PRINTING
ROBOTIC ARM
TRANSPORT MATERIAL
LOW MOBILITY
CONTINOUS PRINTS
HIGH MACHINE LOAD
NOT RECOMBINABLE
STRINGENT CALIBRATION
WHOLISTIC FAILURE
PORTAL DESIGN
MACHINE SIZE LIMITATIONS
WET METHOD
CONTOUR CRAFTING, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CALIFORNIA
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OFFSITE 3D PRINTING
SMALL PRINTER
RECOMBINABLE
HIGH MOBILITY
SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE
PARALLEL PRINTING
NO HEIGHT LIMITS
ASSEMBLY JOINTS
MULTIPLE ORIENTATION PRINTING
DRY METHOD EASY TO TRANSPORT
MULTIPLE INTEGRATED MATERIAL & DESIGN
COMPONENT PRINTS
Experimental print at Autodesk Build Space, Boston
The Eleven-O-Six student racing team with Bigrep from Hamburg, Germany / 43
PART II
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GAME
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
creates
SPACE TRADING GAME
Game Introduction
UNITY GAME ENGINE // WHY WE DO WHAT WE DO? how we know its buildable? architecture prototyping how we know its feasible? compact and tradable how can we choose suitable communities? network matchmaking
Network Matchmaking
Site Context
Play
Post Processing
Digital Twin
Fabrication
//TECTONISM .Articulation Of Languages //TRADABLE .Recombinatorial .Joints Flexibility //COMPACT .Nesting //BUILDABLE .Prototyping .Hybrid System
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Assembly
SHARE
generates
//
TRADE
//
COMMUNITY FORMING
influences
BUILD
3D printing models
RENDERING
LINKED COMMUNITY
//
DIGITAL MOVES
bulk & structure
assembly methods
USER VISUALIZATION
COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE
PHYSICAL TRANSLATION
CUSTOMIZATION
SHARING TRADING
UPDATING
USER MANUAL
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GAME THEORY AS STUDY MODEL
‘Our actions are also influenced by our environment, our experiences, and our individual goals.’ Myers & Briggs Foundation
• Aims at using conceptual analysis by applying the communicative action theory as primary framework to simulate space configuration by sharing. • Introduction of a negotiation model according to personality and its behavior to facilitate trading and acquisition of space. • Time based evaluation to adapt to variables (encounters of other personality types, circumstances and motivation for growth and change.) • To explore decision making process through social interaction and reward system based on motivation.
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Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
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PERSONALITY PROFILES Personality Psychology While there is no single agreed upon definition of personality, it is often thought of as something that arises from within the individual and remains consistent throughout life. It encompasses all the thoughts, behavior patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us. Understanding personality has a lot benefits to us as architects to predict how people will respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value leading to better space optimization considering the high costs of land in London.
Why personality? - Individualized space - Exchange behavior is reaction based - Goals – selfish or cooperative tendencies - As a character to simulate aggression - Assertiveness in trading action - Assimilate rules to create/maintain a dynamic community - Adds a layer of complexity as character evolves
Mind Energy Nature Tactic
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SPATIAL REQUIREMENT HYPOTHESIS relative to public, private , mixed use space requirements relative trading tendencies &aggression
Reference: https://www.verywellmind.com/cattells-16-personality-factors-2795977 https://www.16personalities.com/intp-personality. Access 10 February 2018
16 PERSONALITIES
Extrovert INtuitive Thinking Judging
Mind Energy Nature Tactic
EXPLORER
SENTINEL
Introvert Sensing Feeling Prospecting
DIPLOMAT
ANALYST
ISTJ
ISFJ
INFJ
INTJ
Logistician
Defender
Advocate
Architect
ISTP
ISFP
INFP
INTP
Virtuoso
Adventurer
Mediator
Logician
ESTP
ESFP
ENFP
ENTP
Entrepreneur
Entertainer
Campaigner
Debater
ESTJ
ESFJ
ENFJ
ENTJ
Executive
Consul
Protagonist
Comander
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Response The research aims at taking London’s housing condition as a backdrop to explore a model for co-living and mass-customization of housing. • A design hypothesis to tackle urban dynamics that enables flexibility, subdivision and combination that could be digitally simulated and deal with the organization of the housing unit. • Creating higher values for social or communal space. • Creating networks with the capacity to adapt and change through the negotiation model of interaction. • To emphasize the emergent qualities of the public and the private through a rewarding system from its surrounding environment.
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Why share & trade? • Technology enabled decentralization with self-organized network • Generate social interaction • Space as resource/currency • Minimize the spatial redundancy • Enable community relationship • Hypothesis can be digitally simulates • Re-organized and re-define space according to needs
Model of negotiation as reactiveness & interaction
Reference: Roy J. Lewicki & Alexander Hiam, A working guide to making deal and resolving conflict, 2006 https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183
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ONE SHARED HOUSE 2030 by SPACE 10
54
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GAME ENGINE - RULES OF EQUILIBRIUM
LINKED COMMUNITY
DIGITAL MOVES
COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE
COMMUNITY HEALTH BAR - > 80%
=
PHYSICAL TRANSITION
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SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
DIGITAL TWIN
The Digital Twin offers the players to play out all the possible outcomes of their trade-offs with their neighbors and surroundings. The game assesses the user profiles based on their personality and places them in a lobby of players with similar attributes. The twin becomes a live platform for the users where they can communicate with each other, configure their unit through the prefab catalogue and start trading and sharing space with space or space with resource with their neighbors following a module of supply and demand. The centralized network asses the overall conflicts if generated with these tradeoffs within the community and implements it digitally if there are none. Gamification of the community and digital twin act as powerful tools that are constantly updating and simulating the possible movement and growth strategies of the individual unit and community through the user personality trends. This enables the system to be aware and always be two steps ahead of the occupant and thus provides the optimum spatial solution for them before implementing the tradeoffs in the physical world.
ACHIEVE EQUILIBRIUM IN ALL 3 HEALTH BARS Social Asset Cost
57
One Shared House 2030 by Space 10
Brain ENTJ, extrovert, student Social Asset
Hi welcome! I am Brian
Cost
TRADING PROFILE SHARING
Kitchen - 2 users Living - 4 users
LOOKING
Study room - 10pm - 12pm
Ann
Raj
REQUEST
Luigi Suri
Request
Smith
*Click on the avatar to access profile of your community
58
Jen Conway
Lynn
Lim
SHARING & TRADING
We try to draw inspiration from blockchain and cryptocurrencies to develop and generate a centralized technique of exchanging the prefab spaces through barter and exchange of resources. The purpose of this is to promote peer to peer exchange and to remove the need of a middleman for a hassle-free experience. This aids in social interaction and enhances the community. The space can be used as currency or resource in exchange of the same. This trade helps the occupants negotiate with their neighbors and surroundings and helps them achieve a like for like scenario minimalizing conflicts and spatial redundancies. This spatial compromise makes the unit and the community much more accessible and affordable for the occupants and optimizes the spatial configuration of it. The share and trade model aids the reorganizational capacities of the prefab unit and the digital twin acts as a platform where these trades hypotheses can be simulated digitally before the actual implementation.
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SPACE TRADING VERSION 1
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61
GAME - Version 1 - Tangram
1
CONCEPT
package:
Each player will be given a I. Tangram (to move/extend) - X value II. Cryptocoins - Y $Y 3. Vitality - 50% (bar)
I : TANGRAM
X
II : CRYPTOCOINS
MONEYW
GAIN VALUE
62
Y
ATER
Y/22
$
RENEWABLE ENERGY
YY
RECYCLING OIL&GAS
/2
2Y
SPACE
3Y
PRIVATE SPACE
GEN 1 = X/4 Total:24
PUBLIC SPACE
Pv= Pv x6
Pu=Pu x6
GEN 2 = X/8 Total:48
Pv2a= Pv/2
Pv2b= Pv/2
Pu2a=Pu/2
Pu2b=Pu/2
Pv3a= Pv/4
Pv3b= Pv/4
Pu3a=Pu/4
Pu3b=Pu/4
Pv3c= Pv/4
Pv3d= Pv/4
Pu3c=Pu/4
Pu3d=Pu/4
GEN 3 = X/16 Total:96
WHITE SPACE (Mixed Used)
GEN 1 = X/4
UTILITIES
W=WU x6
Total:24
=U x6
GEN 2 = X/8 Total:48
GEN 3 = X/16
W2a=W/2
W2a=W/2
U2a=U/2
U2a=U/2
W3a=W/4
W3b=W/4
U3a=U/4
U3b=U/4
W3c=W/4U
W3d=W/4
U3c=U/4
3d=U/4
Total:96
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64
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Version 2 - Primitive Cube How to Play? 1. OBJECTIVES - simulate game space based on differrent personalities - simulate space trading by introduce new/different attributes - Minimize spatial redundancy
2. ACTIONS Each player will be given a package: I. Cube - X value = 27 divisions II. Coins - $Y = $2700
space configuration is based on INJT personality of the player
3. MOVEMENTS Player will take turn to make 3 moves I. unfold or subdivide II. move III. trade/share/buy (when cubes meet) MOVEMENT RULES NO LIMIT TO X , Y, Z AXIS
66
COST OF MOVEMENT SUB-D MOVE
Pv
Private
Linear 2 directions
$10
$10
Pu
Public
Linear & Diagonal 3 directions
$10
$10
W
Mixed use
Diagonal 2 directions
$20
$20
U
Utilities
Static
-
-
How to move?
PRIVATE SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE
MIXED USE
UTILITIES
STATIC 67
PLAYER ATTRIBUTE
Personality based
Public Space
Private Space
ESFP Entertainer
Pu
Pv
W
U
ENFP Campaigner
12/24
8/24
4/24
3
$1200
$800
$400
C1
Mixed-use/ Flexible
DEPLOYMENT UNIT
68
untradable
69
SPATIAL REQUIREMENT HYPOTHESIS
Personality based
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
70
ESFP
Pu
ENFP
12/248
Entertainer Campaigner ISTJ
INTJ
Logistician Architect
ISFJ
ISFP
Defender
Adventurer
INTP
INFP
INFJ
Logician
Mediator
Advocate
ESTJ
ESFJ
Executive
Consul
ENTP
ENTJ
Debater
Comander Protagonist
ISTP
ESTP
Virtuoso
Entrepreneur
ENFJ
Pv
W
U
/244
/24
3
8/24
12/244
/24
3
4/24
8/24
12/24
3
4/24
12/248
/24
3
8/24
4/24
12/24
3
/24
3
8/24
3
12/244
8/24
/248
8/24
DEPLOYMENT UNITS
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
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INTERACTION EXAMPLE
SHARE / TRADE / ACQUIRE happens when cubes meet 1. when the cube meets (to gain access) 2. to increase coins and space - must be agreed by both or more players
untradable personality based
Pv
Extrovert
8/24
12/244
$100 perunit
$200
$400
introvert
12/248 $400
72
Pu
/244 $200
W /243
U 3
$100 /243 $100
3
EXAMPLE: if extrovert need to trade access to introvet private space
introvert
to acquire with $ 200
extrovert to trade eg: Intro’s Pv is same value as Extro’s Pu
to share eg: Intro’s Pv is same value as Extro’s Pu
73
GOALS Attractors - to motivate player to move, trade & sub-divide - introduce new goals after each achievement. (randomly to x, y, z axis) to x, y, z axis
Pv
Pu
Earn more value, spaces
Better window light : :
Views – mountains, sea and greenspace
74
W
VIDEO - SIMULATION SEQUENCE
75
76
77
UNITY - GAME PLANNING
Unity Assets
Actions moves, SubD, share, trade Cube transformations
Character Environment Props Editor Resources Runtime triggers spawningPpl outliner
Aud_Background Aud_Coins Aud_transform Aud_DiagMo Aud_unfold_subD Aud_LinearMo Aud_Trade Aud_Share 78
16 Personalities Analyst Colour & Outline change when ownership changes
Architect Logician Commander Debater
Diplomats Advocate Mediator Game Space Protagonist View - park, hill, sea, canal, riverside Campaigner Utilities Infrastructures Sentinels Logistician Defender Public Executive Private Consul MixedUse Utilities
CH01- 3 basic players CH02- 6 players + simulation CH03 - 16 players + simulation
Explorers
Virtuoso
Adventurer Entrepreneur Entertainer
79
UNITY - USER INTERFACE
80
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SPACE TRADING VERSION 2
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UNITY - USER INTERFACE The User Interface is the space where interactions between your users and the machine occur. The User Interface is one of the most important elements of game development. The UI is the way players can interact with the game and receive feedback of their interaction. A game with a great story, great mechanics but bad UI is going to be most likely an unknown game. The UI not only provides vital information about characters status and the state of the world, but often is key to shaping player behavior. A simple dot flashing on a map can dramatically affect how players interact with the game. We start the UI by introducing the Briggs Myers personality test which assigns the player a personality type decided over a set of questions at the beginning of the game. Psychographic evaluation: as definitions of class, education, employment, age and so on, demographics are informational. Psychographics are behavioral – a means to segment by personality. Two people with the same demographic profile (for example, white, middle-aged, employed, married men) can have markedly different personalities and opinions. This strategy could be fruitful to consider when forming and studying communities - it’s usual to group communities by demographics, but we actually form friendships based on psychological comparability. By adapting a space to a person’s personality – whether they are open, introverted, argumentative, and so on -can go a long way to help getting the most suitable combination for the occupant.
84
Reference: https://medium.com/ironequal/the-only-advice-you-will-need-to-make-a-great-game-ui-ux-74a0db8de642
Game launches after user registration
User select their personality using the Briggs Myers test for the system to place them into the right lobby for their personality type.
85
UNITY - USER INTERFACE
Step1 : Site selection. The game offers different potential sites in central London with modifications to specific site conditions like along river Thames or an infill site.
The project looks at the river and its potential to become a prime location . House boats are common in London and due to mooring, the costs are 1/10 of that on land.
86
Infill site example
Brain ENTJ, extrovert, student Social Asset
Hi welcome! I am Brian
Cost
TRADING PROFILE SHARING
Kitchen - 2 users Living - 4 users
LOOKING
Study room - 10pm - 12pm
Ann
Raj
REQUEST
Luigi Suri
Request
Smith
*Click on the avatar to access profile of your community
Jen Conway
Lynn
Lim
Step2 : Based on user profile with personalities, the system will assign a specific lobby where the player is able to access information of other user’s avatar before sharing and trading happens
87
UNITY - USER INTERFACE
Step3 : This game environment allows player to access information of other users permitted in the same lobby, letting the players build the space according to their preferences or through negotiation with their neighbor.
We incorporate reward based system to encourage participation and interaction to happen by introducing 3 types of health barsAsset- value related like window views, balcony, ventilation, area. Social – measured by the amount of sharing and access to shared space. Cost- rental cost each week, how sharing spaces able to reduce cost and with larger space
88
Space Trading allows selection of prefab model and the user can drag and drop their unit onto the selected site.
Unit Configuration
User Profile Name Email Indentification & Verification Describe Yourself Optional Info School, Work, Contact
REVIEW
messages left by other players recommendation of services
SIZE
COST
T1
£0
T2
£0
T3
£0
T4
£0
T5
£0
AVAILABILITY
Design Profile
Design Assets
Selected Prefab
Sustainability
BEDROOM Double Bed
LIVING Single Sofa
TRADING PROFILE VIEW
what is available? room? services? other resource, time?
COST /m²
Courtyard £0+15%
STUDY Corner C2
Main Road £0+20%
Your Inbox
0
New Demand
0
Total Neighbour
0
Completed Trades
0
SCORE Daylighting
xx
Natural Ventilation
xx
Heating/Cooling
xx
Energy Consumption
xx
Water
xx
Recycled Trash
xx
Share Bike
xx
OK COST HEALTH BAR
ENSUITE Shower Sink WC
ASSETS HEALTH BAR
*Cost = Weekly expenses
EDIT Social Asset Cost
Total Setup Cost £0 OK
List of UI tabs give user awareness of the cost and effects before and after sharing and trading actions 89
UNITY - USER INTERFACE
Prefab for user to select according to their needs and affordability.
Subcatagories in both individual or combine elements
90
Subcatagories with selections of units
The game allows selection of prefab models from the catalogue and the player can drag and drop their unit onto the selected site.
91
UNITY - USER INTERFACE
PreFab full catalogue
Step4 : The user interface includes User Profile – providing information about the basic credentials of the player, an inbox to review the various trade offers, a notification tab giving information about the neighbors and strength of the health bars.
92
Catalogue summary can be visualied easily by user
Unit Configuration – tab to configure the unit and get the estimate of the costs associated with it. Design Profile – which allows the player to select their spaces form the prefab catalogue and design their unit as per their needs and affordability. Asset Evaluation – evaluating the overall sustainability of the existing unit and its various parameters. It also reflects upon the overall health bar of the community. 93
UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT
Step5 : Game Environment The user can virtually experience the potential configuration and surroundings within the game environment through different perspectives. Players can also interact with the spaces within the game to assess the sharing possibilities and outcomes. These kinds of interactions can help resolve social conflicts through the negotiation model used in the game by providing the players with different methods of sharing they wish to indulge including exchanging of skills and resources. These trade-offs directly affect the health bars where more sharing reduces the costs and increases the social values of the community. The system gives the player a detailed summary of the costs and consequences of their trade-offs with their neighbours.
94
UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT SHARING EXAMPLE
mages of the walkthrough showing the emergent stacking of the community done by players tradeoffs.
95
UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT - EXTERIOR
Images of the walkthrough within the game environment where the players can experience their space configurations and tradeoffs in the game itself.
96
UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR
Images of the walkthrough showing the interior details of the unit.
97
UNIT AGGREGATION SIMULATION
98
99
UNIT AGGREGATION SIMULATION
100
101
MACHINE LEARNING Machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on such algorithms overcome following strictly static program instructions by making data-driven predictions or decisions through building a model from sample inputs. Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algorithms with good performance is difficult or infeasible; example applications include email filtering, detection of network intruders, and computer vision. In a regression model the outputs are continuous rather than discrete. In clustering, a set of inputs is divided into groups. Unlike in classification, the groups are not known beforehand, making this typically an unsupervised task. With the regression method we try to filter out similar and opposite personalities to easily put them together in the lobby. This form of data matching is highly essential to avoid conflicts within the community. This training model learns the trading tendencies of the user over time while also studying the physical constraints of the structure and starts suggesting the different possible trading and movement options available to the user in accordance to their surroundings.
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Reference: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1LYWU05IwMbOlJ4aBfsK_UDJe3YfnsTJv https://cvalenzuelab.com/workshops/aa/
UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR BEHAVIOUR
PLACEMENT TO ‘LIKEMINDED’ USER LOBBY
USER PROFILE PERSONLITIES
- Movement - Interaction - Decision
//Unity Scripting API //networking. networkManeger. matchMaker.api
COMMUNITY FORMING
TRAINING SET
INPUT
//labels samantha.txt - user profiles - design profiles - decisions - movements - interactions
RULES/FILTERO
+
ARCHITECTURE = GEOMETRY
VECTORS & MATRICES
PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS - STRUCTURE - EXPANSION - RECONFIGUBILITY
Reference: https://keras.io/#keras-the-python-deep-learning-library http://www.numpy.org/
UTPUT PREDICTIONS - SUGGESTION OF NEXT POSSIBLE MOVEMENT OR INTERACTION
103
SPACE TRADING VERSION 3
104
105
GAME INTRO
106
User select their personality using the Briggs Myers test for the system to place them into the right lobby for their personality type. 107
MATCHMAKING
Demographic
Size
how many of the following would you want in your co-living community?
what us the right amunt of people for your community?
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9
Small Children Senior Families Couples Single women Single men Single dads Single mums Teenagers
Traits
108
4 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 50 50 -100 100+
CODE
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Assembly
what are some of the most important qualities in a house -member?
Pe1 Pe2 Pe3 Pe4 Pe5 Pe6 Pe7 Pe8 Pe9 Pe10 Pe11
COMMUNITY SIZE
Cleanliness Social Handy Considerate Honest Intelligent Interesting Funny Financially secure Healthy Proactive
there are free space in the house,who should choose the new house-member
A1 A2 A3 A4
an algorithm the current group vote the leader of group management
Tolerants
Dynamics
which of these items are you comfortable sharing in your home, long-term?
what shoud be your fellow house-members be like?
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14
Nothing Shower & Toilet Common Room Bedroom Workplace Kitchen Daily dinners Groceries Childcare Cleaning Responsibilities Household Appliances Garden Utilities Internet
d1 Same as me d2 Different than me
Pets are you okay with pets in the house?
p1 p2 p3 p4 p5
no pets in the house sure, love pets only dogs only cats only robotic pets 109
MATCHMAKING
Ownerships who owns your community?
W1 W2 W3 W4
members share equal ownership members pay rent to management members share different levels of ownership some members own, other rents
Flexibility how do you prefer the spaces in the house to be utilized?
F1 set private and communal spaces with clear boundaries of use F2 modular walls that grow or contract space based on needs
Privacy
when you are not home, are others allowedto use your private room?
Pr1 my private room is off limits Pr2 anyone in the house is welcome to use my room Pr4 maybe, but they’d have to ask on a case-by -case basis 110
Pros what do think will be the biggest pro of living wth others?
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
more ways to socialize spliting costs and getting more value a better home in a more attractive location having a community outside of work or school having people around to ask for help having access to multiple common areas having perks like a gym or yoga studio a higher level of convenience in every-day life
Cons what do think will be the biggest con of living wth others?
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
lack of privacy not having full autonomy on decisions impacting daily life potential arguments when disagreements occur other people’s mess potentially not liking someone in the group
111
MATCHMAKING
112
113
DRAG & DROP FROM CATALOGUE
114
115
DRAG & DROP FROM CATALOGUE
116
117
DATA VISUALIZATION
118
119
PROTOTYPICAL SITE
120
121
STACKING RULES
122
123
MOVEMENT RULES Movement rules
Movement rules
124
MOVEMENT SCENARIO
INTERACTION VARIABLE
125
MOVEMENT IN GAME ENVIRONMENT
126
CLUSTER MOVEMENT SCENARIO
127
GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR
128
129
GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR
130
131
DIGITAL TWIN
132
133
GENERATED DESIGN BRIEF - LOCAL SCALE
134
135
GENERATED DESIGN BRIEF - GLOBAL SCALE
136
137
138
139
140
141
PART III
142
UNIT DEVELOPMENT
143
UNIT DESIGN - FIRST ITERATION
144
145
UNIT CONFIGURATION
146
147
EXTENSION OF UNIT CONFIGURATION
148
149
EXTENSION OF UNIT CONFIGURATION
150
151
COMBINATION OF CONFIGURATIONS
152
153
CONFIGURATIONS
154
155
UNIT DESIGN -SECOND ITERATION
STRUCTURE We follow the edge conditions of the subdivided cube and generated an exoskeleton along the structural lines to hold the space modules together. We introduced connection joints at the overlapping intersections of the exoskeleton so that the exoskeleton can stand independent of any support of the modules. SURFACE We applied the same connection strategy on the surface of the space modules in order to connect different modules together to form a continuous space. We introduced magnets to hold them together firmly in place. Since we applied a strategy of integrated structures where the furniture is integrated in to the wall, this combinatorial strategy through connections allows for forming different combinations serving different functions at different periods of time and for people with different personalities. STRUCTURE + SURFACE Another strategy for combining modules was to have offsets inside the walls to accommodate acrylic joiners that would allow for module attachments. With this strategy we could avoid an exoskeleton and only have necessary support modules where there are possibilities of connections. We developed three types of support modules: L-Type: that would allow for one-way connections and support. T-Type: allows for two-way connections and support. X-Type: allows for four-way connections and support.
156
Experiment 1 : Structure Experiment 2 : Surface Experiment 3 : Structure + Surface Result
157
PROTOTYPE STRUCTURE STUDY Early prototyping explorations of the unit by combinations of 3d printed space modules.
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159
COMBINATORIAL MODEL
160
Combinatorial aspect of the unit exhibiting growth and combinations through connecting joints.
161
COMBINATORIAL MODEL CATALOGUE
162
163
UNIT DESIGN - THIRD ITERATION
For the unit development, we started with a cube primitive for out geometry which we started subdividing for better reconfigurability and combinatorial properties. The subdivision exercise is derived from the game negotiations and aims to look at individual spaces that can be combined configured or reconfigured using this subdivision logic to form a housing unit. Beveling the edges made it easier for FDM printing as it can print at angle of 45 degrees without the need of any support structure compared to right angled edge. 164
165
UNIT V/S COMPONENT Taking precedent from the Nakagin Capsule Tower, we try to take it a step further by replacing components of the units, instead of the entire unit, making it more flexible.
166
INTEGRATED CORES Compared to a conventional core we try to split the core by integrating it with the structural walls of the units. This increases flexibility and doesn’t need the unit to connect to a vertical core but to the adjacent unit.
167
COMPACTING We look at compacting methods to utilize the most out of a finite volume by integrating furniture with the walls and utilizing height by placing the bed on top which allows for usage of cross sectional spaces and freeing up more horizontal space.
By integrating service conduits with the structural walls freeing up the shaft volume. And topologically optimized walls acting as structural support for minimizing print material and using bulk material like timber for infill volume.
By using sliding mechanism to compact the bed, table and storage space into one system.
COMBINATION 1
168
COMBINATION 2
COMBINATION 3
The diagram shows the reduction of unusable volume through compacting strategies
169
COMPACTING To compact more functions into the same volume we integrated sliding mechanisms to accommodate spaces like bed, storage and study table into one system.
COMPACTING – VARIATION 3.1
COMPACTING – VARIATION 3.2
COMPACTING – VARIATION 3.3
170
COMBINATORIAL LIVING COMPONENTS
These components can be configured in various ways to form customised units depending upon the user preference
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
171
COMBINATION TO FORM A UNIT
The following is an instance showing how the unit can grow and adapt to the changing needs and situations of the inhabitant.
172
TIME BASED EVOLUTION : SCENARIO-A
Scenario1: The user starts off as a single professional.
173
SCENARIO-B
Scenario2: Trade off balcony for more workspace.
174
SCENARIO-C
Scenario3: Starts sharing his room with a neighbor.
175
SCENARIO-D
Scenario4: User finds a partner and detaches from the previous neighbor to his partner.
176
SCENARIO-E
Scenario5: Further customization into a more shared configuration upon marriage.
177
PERSONALITY BASED UNIT TYPES We developed 30 units that were specific to the choices and needs of various personality types.
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PERSONALITY BASED UNIT TYPES Based on the 8 extroverted and introverted personalities, the units are derived based on their necessities and inclination to the type of spaces their personality adheres to the most. The extrovert units contain more communal and shared spaces like living areas, kitchen, shared bed spaces and circulatory spaces whereas the introvert units have more private spaces.
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STACKING LOGIC For stacking we also utilize the vertical placement of beds in different ways for interlocking the units that are stacked on top similar to a Tetris like stacking.
TYPE 1
STEP 1
182
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
STEP 2
TYP
STE
E4
P3
TYPE 5
TYPE 6
STEP 4
TYPE 7
STEP 5
183
SHARED LIVING SPACE
The units exhibit a plug and play nature of combination that allows for sharing of spaces with the immediate neighbours. The following series of images shows the sharing and growth of 2 unit types with various degrees of sharing and combinations ranging from small to large shared spaces depending on the occupant's choices.
184
185
SHARED LIVING SPACE INTERACTION VARIABLE
186
187
HORIZONTAL AGGREGATION This stack focuses on horizontal growth for better community spaces and circulation.Has equal number of extrovert and introvert users.
188
VERTICAL AGGREGATION – I Cluster showing diagonal stacking for better light and sharing of living spaces for better access to it. Personality types are more scattered here and thus outcomes are different.
189
VERTICAL AGGREGATION – II Cluster showing vertical stacking and concentration for view. This configuration ideal for tight infill sites.
190
VERTICAL AGGREGATION – II Cluster showing low rise stacking for infill sites.
191
CLUSTER SECTIONS The load distribution diagram shows the overlap of units to avoid excessive cantilevering and also the placement of heavier components of the units on top of each other to get an align their centers of gravity throughout the vertical length.
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AXONOMETRIC SECTION SHOWING ACTIVITY
195
196
AXONOMETRIC SECTION SHOWING ACTIVITY
197
PART III
198
DIGITAL FABRICATION
199
200
WHY 3D PRINTING?
FABRICATE INTEGRATED GEOMETRY
MASS - CUSTOMIZATION
MINIMISE MATERIAL USAGE
Minimized waste/ less material Recycled material Mass-Customised mathematical intrigued surface eg. Minimal surface with topological structure Accessible to both industrial and domestic scale Flexible and reconfigurable Fast and light weight structure
CONSTRAINTS & OPPORTUNITIES
TIME/COST
MATERIAL WEAKNESS/STRENGTH
BUILD VOLUME/ SLICING
201
3D PRINTERS ULTIMAKER S5 : The Ultimaker S5 3D printer is a dual-extrusion machine with a 330 x 240 x 300 mm build volume. it’s also been engineered to make the 3D printing process as reliable, efficient, and intuitive as possible with its sophisticated firmware and hardware. It is extremely efficient to achieve high quality and detailed parts with this printer. SERIES 1 by TYPE A : the Series 1 printer has a large 305 x 305 x 305 mm build volume. It is aimed at professional manufacturing, has a modular, upgradeable design and WiFi connectivity. The machine works with a wider variety of printing materials, including PLA, High Carbon PLA and PET. .
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Reference: https://bigrep.com/ https://all3dp.com/1/ultimaker-s5-3d-printer-review/ https://www.3dhubs.com/3d-printers/type-a-machines-series-1
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3D PRINTERS BIG REP ONE : The BigRep ONE is an industrial grade 3D printer made by BigRep, a manufacturer based in Germany. BigRep’s ONE features a massive build size of 1005 x 1005 x 1005mm. The spool holder can hold several filament spools of up to 8 kg each. With a dual filament extruder and 3mm nozzle, it allows for quick and robust printing of large modules without the need of splitting it in parts to fit the smaller bed size of the conventional 3d printers
204
205
DATA SHEET
206
207
DATA SHEET
 208
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION BigRep ONE Build volume Layer resolution Extruder Printing technology Certified materials Support Materials Heating Strategy Printer weight Size Power Safety Certifications GUI
x 1005 y 1005 z 1005 (mm) 400 – 900 microns / *150 – 400 microns*0.5 mm nozzle optional Two modular extrusion heads FFF – Fused-Filament-Fabrication (FDM) BigRep PLA, BigRep ProHT, BigRep PETG BigRep PVA 60– 80° C approx. 460 kg x 1850 y 2250 z 1725 (mm) 208V-240V, 16A, 50/60Hz CE approved Onboard with touch panel PC
MODEL SPECIFICATION Dimensions Model color Layer height Extruder Nozzle Material Support Materials Temperature Model weight Time
x 1005 y 1005 z 1005 (mm) White 1.0mm (power extruder) Modular extrusion head 3.0mm BigRep PLA BigRep PLA 60– 80° C approx. 460 kg 36 hrs
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FORMWORK STUDY Small 3D extrusion and Not Reusable Formwork
Digital Building Technologies SKELETHON, THE CONCRETE CANOE 3D printed plastic formwork for a fully-functional concrete canoe.
Digital Building Technologies FREE FORMWORK 3D printed plastic formwork to achieve intrigue formwork 210
Small 3D extrusion with Reusable Formwork
Joris Laarman Lab Arm Chair made of 91 parts 3D printed plastic formwork - marble powder & resin
AI Build 3D PRINTED CONCRETE FORMWORK 211
FORMWORK ANALYSIS Main advantages for using 3D printed formwork in construction are increased design flexibility and zero material waste. Thanks to its light and robust structure, this technique can reduce labour intensive work. A variety of composites can be used according to the structural and aesthetic demands of the end product. From faรงade systems to columns and structural building elements, this case study promises revolutionary changes to the construction site of the future.
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FORMWORK PROTOTYPE
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PLA 3D Printing
PLA 3D Printing
Concrete Casting with Formwork
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Reconfigurable Panel 214
SKELETON
SURFACES/FACADE
1 .Run Topo Structure
Wrap surfaces with canvas
2. Re-model in Maya
Spray concrete
3. Slice into parts
wait til it to cure
4. Print with ultimaker/ BigRep
5. joint the parts together by glue/ soldering method
6. create a sandbox for casting 7. place formwork into sandbox - and mix concrete 8. pour concrete inside caast with tubes
OPENING print the plastic frame
install glass water tight the edge
FURNITURE UPHOLSTER 10. concrete curing time - 24-48hrs 11. remove cast
print the plastic frame
attached with cushion material clip into the generate frame
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MATERIAL AGENCY
To achieve high strength capacities, we developed a strategy where a 3d printed mold could be used as the formwork for casting purposes. It enables us to achieve complex forms with concrete that couldn’t be casted with the conventional formwork methods. However, the formwork needs to be smartly sliced and broken up for easy removal of the cast when geometries have tight angles. We also looked upon strategies of reinforcing the molds with integrated lattices that would remove the need for external support to hold the mold together. To achieve this, we looked at custom extruders that could be attached to a robotic arm to allow for large scale printing with support less overhangs.
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EVOLUTION OF GEOMETRY Moving over from the cube primitive, we started looking at geometrical forms that is informed by its fabrication process. With FDM printing being a relatively slow process, the main objective was to come up with strategies to reduce time and increase the productivity without wasting excessive materials and support reduction. To optimize printing capabilities, we ventured into mathematical surfaces and started developing our geometries using these surfaces to minimize material wastage and reduce supports due to the progressive curves it offers thus avoiding abrupt change in angles. This results in achieving lightweight structures that can be easily printed and assembled to form a unit. A minimal surface is a surface that is locally area-minimizing, that is, a small piece has the smallest possible area for a surface spanning the boundary of that piece. Soap films are minimal surfaces. Minimal surfaces necessarily have zero mean curvature, i.e. the sum of the principal curvatures at each point is zero. Particularly fascinating are minimal surfaces that have a crystalline structure, in the sense of repeating themselves in three dimensions, in other words being triply periodic. We started developing a quadrirectangular tetrahedron as kaleidoscopic cell for our geometry.
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EXPERIMENTAL PRINTING OF MINIMAL SURFACE DESIGN
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COMBINATORIAL PANEL & SPACE Combinations and attachments done with the help of acrylic joiners and external supports making the need for an exoskeleton redudant.
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SLICING Taking the print bed size of 1 cubic meter under consideration, we sliced our module into parts while still following the space prefab strategy for cataloguing. With added integration of the print bed size, slicing was done strategically to optimize the print times and support reduction.
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NESTING Nesting and integration becomes really important as 3d printing offers possibility of using cross sectional space which other techniques cannot offer. We can integrate the bed with the roof of a kitchen and the cross section offers regions of integrating joints, storage and housing the service pipes instead of making a separate shaft and wasting space.
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3D PRINTING COMPNENT WITH SERVICES INFILL
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JOINT STUDIES With slicing We had to develop a JOINERY SYSTEM to put the pieces together. We looked at 2 types of joints for component to component connections and component to wood connections. Type A: Tight and can be removed easily. Type B: Very tight and can be removed. Type C: Tight average. Can be removed but gets loose over time due to wear and tear. Type D: High tightness and can be removed and rejoined easily without getting loose.
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JOINT STUDIES
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JOINT STUDIES
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JOINT STUDIES
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JOINT STUDIES
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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION The most common difficulty with optimization and weight reductions knowing where and how to remove material without compromising performance. What is the Topology Optimization? It is a technique that optimizes the geometry of an object thanks to a mathematical method, within a given space and with given loads and constraints. The goal is to maximize the performance of a part by reducing its mass.1 Topology Optimization in Autodesk Fusion 360 allows you to quick simulations of the model based on a given load and constraints. Fusion 360 uses the Load Path Criticality metric to analyze which specific areas of material support the load applied. The simulation the generates an updated version of the part by eliminating material from those less critical areas. Although the simulation does not necessarily provide with a perfect model ready for manufacture, it informs how one can continue to update and remove excess material from your design. We used the Topology Optimization tool in Fusion that informed us about the structural limitations of the model and how the printing material could be reduced where necessary making the printing process more efficient. A part that uses less raw material to be produced means that it will be lighter and cheaper. Topology optimization has the capacity to improve 3D models with constrained parameters to enhance the shape and reduce the amount of material used. This also becomes integral to the overall tectonics of the design strategy of minimal surfaces retaining its characteristics while increasing its structural performance while removing redundant bulk of the model.
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Reference: https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2017/04/26/topology-optimization-control-the-shape-of-your-3d-printed-model/
AUTODESK FUSION 360
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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION - COMPONENT
To minimize print times and material usage, we ran topology optimization tests on the component panels. Topology optimisation solves this without reducing the structural integrity of the component by connecting the wall with the cabinet using structural supports.
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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION - UNIT
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Then we applied it on the unit to minimize the weight and material of the components as a whole.
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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION - CLUSTER
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From Local testing we run it on the global scenario to derive where bulk material is needed for support.
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TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION - PROTOTYPE
3d printing is a relatively slow process as it requires layer by layer deposition of fused plastic. Hence, material and time saving strategies become integral to the production of spaces. Topological optimization was done on the kitchen cabinet unit to save time and material costs. It starts by recognizing the applied load on the usable parts and independent support system of the unit. Optimization results in generation of a model that retains only the necessary part of the model that can withstand the expected loads while supporting itself.
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ASSEMBLY The generated model is refined and remodeled with minimal internal support that can support the cabinet integrated with the external structure. We slice the kitchen cabinet to avoid support structure in the pipes and quick printing times.
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SLICE - PROTOTYPE 3d printing allows for utilization of the cross sectional region of the material. Using that to our advantage we embedded the service pipes of the unit within the cabinet unit that could supply and carry the fresh and waste water respectively. Electrical conduits can also be embedded in the unit avoiding wastage of material and energy. To avoid support structures generated while printing, the unit was sliced for easy placement on the build plate of the printer with joints that could allow for easy assembly of the unit upon printing.
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JOINTS - PROTOTYPE
Joints
Joints
Joints
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MINIMIZE PRINTING SUPPORT
The placement of the model is extremely important to avoid support generation to achieve clean print surfaces. Fdm printing allows support free cantilever at a minimum of 45 degrees. Hence, the sliced model was placed at an angle of 45 degrees to achieve minimal support structures and hollow pipes giving it a clean surface.
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MINIMIZE PRINTING SUPPORT
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DESIGN MUSEUM BIGREP PRINTING
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HYBRIDIZE ASSEMBLY PIECES
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BULK INFILL - I The redundant mass from the optimized model was filled in with an off the shelf material like timber. The bulk was formed using laser-cut/cnc cut panels of timber and then placing it in the empty spaces of the unit thus covering the unit and providing floor space. This integration of bulk material was instrumental in saving time and material costs of production.
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BULK INFILL - II
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We develop the kitchen component using the topology optimization. The timber framing is done with different densities on top and bottom for optimizing the weight of the component.
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PRINTING & REMOVING SUPPORT
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JOINT TEST
Joint tolerance: 1mm
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ASSEMBLY
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