SPACE TRADING AADRL17-19 Nahmad Bhooshan Studio

Architectural Association 36, Bedford Square, London WC 1B 3ES Design Research Laboratory Nahmad-Bhooshan Studio 2017-2019 Studio Tutors: Alicia Nahmad Shajay Bhooshan Team Members of ACME STACK ME Aseem Ahmed Zhong Ya Sun Samantha Yuet Sum Chai Term 4 F inal Booklet, 11 Jan 2019

CONTENT PART I THESIS - Thesis Statement

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK - London Housing Condition - History of Prefabrication

CASE STUDIES

- Technology Enable Living Trends - Built Projects

-3 - 11 - 18

- 26 - 32

PART II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY GAME

- Game Theory - Personality Approach - Game Version 1 - Game Version 2 - Game Version 3

- 52 - 60 - 82 -104

PART lll UNIT DEVELOPMENT

- Unit Design - Design Development Iteration 1 - Design Development Iteration 2 - Design Development Iteration 3

- 144 - 156 - 164

PART lV FABRICATION/PROTOTYPING - 3D Printers - Slicing - Joints - Topology Optimization - Hybrid System - Bulk Material - Assembly

- 202 - 224 - 232 - 242 - 262 - 268 - 268

PART I

SHARING AND TRADING SPACES FOR COMMUNITY LIVING IN INNER CITY OF LONDON

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THESIS STATEMENT Planning without planners, is what Space Trading aims at achieving for a novel way of community forming through sharing and trading of spaces. Space trading investigates London’s housing predicament as a background to explore and develop a study model that adheres to individualized living and mass customization of the housing unit.

Cloud services like Adobe CC, Airbnb, Autodesk 360 are growing rapidly where there is no standalone user but rather a digital community that empowers the service providers as well as the users enabling them for better customization options, providing constant updates, troubleshooting and a shared user community which makes it even more affordable. These values can also be found in housing where people are gradually moving to a shared living module which comprises of co-living, multigenerational living etc. Space trading is an architectural attempt to explore and incorporate these values and trends in housing and marry it with a unit assembly design that allows for a physical manifestation of these ideas making it easier for people to live in central London tackling the high costs and space restrictions by sharing and trading spaces through a digital twin.

The aim is to tackle the rigid top-down planning and infrastructure module that limits mobility and customization through the use of prefab spaces that enable people to form their own unit and morph it in accordance to their everchanging needs by sharing and trading of these spaces with their neighbors. Personality evaluation helps to match users with the most suitable neighbors for efficient sharing and trading opportunities. These local exchanges can thus affect the global outcome of the community and the growth becomes emergent exhibiting a rich community value.

Physical manifestation is done by 3d printing these spaces which offers users to customize their space and select from a catalogue of spaces that can be assembled in numerous ways to form the unit. The use of minimal surfaces as the geometrical inspiration for these spaces helps optimize the 3d printing capabilities.

Space Trading thus challenges the existing ways of planning and community forming processes.

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DESIGN WORKFLOW

Our workflow starts with acquiring knowledge of the current trends and state of housing in London and the economics related to it. From this we look at the concepts of co-living and shared housing strategies that can be replicated and digitally simulated in a game environment that can incorporate a rewardbased system for the user. Using this information, we want to develop an intelligent housing community that can match and adapt to the personality and motivations of its users and evolve and change over time as their needs change.

To accommodate this change and flexibility of the unit we will be looking at different digital fabrication techniques taking precedents from prefabricated construction techniques and carry out material studies that can make it feasible.

We intend on following this workflow and form a feedback loop which can enable us to continuously go back and forth from the game environment to the unit design and evolve and develop them simultaneously.

knowledge

social

acquire needed resources acquire needed skills

fabrication

utilities

design discussion

prototyping

increase efficiency

feedback

behaviour

ideas

economy

information

application

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HOUSING AND DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES

ONE SIZE FITS ALL

BROMLEY, 1967 post war prefab housing on bombed sites

ALEXANDRA ROAD ESTATE, LONDON 1978 Consisting 500 homes

COST/DISTANCE

CHELSEA & KENSINGTON (ZONE-1)

BRENT (ZONE-2)

BARKING & DAGENHAM (ZONE-4)

COST : £19,439 DISTANCE : 3 miles

COST : £7,093 DISTANCE : 8 miles

COST : £3,994 DISTANCE : 10 miles

O POD TUBE HOUSE, HONG KONG

NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER, TOKYO

MY MICRO APARTMENTS, NEW YORK

LACK OF COMMUNITY

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ROBIN HOOD GARDENS, 1972 Consisted 214 houses.

SOLUTION AVENUES

CUSTOMIZED PREFAB

COMPONENT BASED

COMBINATORIAL DESIGN

STACKING

GAME

PERSONALITY BASED MATCH MAKING

SHARING AND TRADING GAME

DIGITAL TWIN FOR HOUSING

DIGITAL FABRICATION

INTEGRATED DESIGN

3D PRINTING + TIMBER FRAME

COMPACTING

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LONDON HOUSING CONDITION

The increased demand for homes in London is driven by a growing population and changes in the patterns of tenure that is descriptive of the insufficient supply – undermining economic competitiveness, poor affordability and increasing levels of acute housing need. It goes on to set out the economic case for housing as infrastructure that is essential to support London’s growth, detailing the contribution that housing makes to GDP and job creation. It identifies how a failure to provide adequate housing for low and middle-income Londoners could have severe impacts for future economic growth.

London’s economy is growing which results in more jobs, more prosperity, and more people. This puts even greater pressure on infrastructure, and housing.

Since 2008 London’s population has increased by 600,000. By 2020 it is estimated to touch nine million Londoners, by 2031 it is predicted to cross the 10 million mark. The rising housing challenge is an economic as well as a social imperative.

There is also an increased trend of people constantly moving from one housing to another which also hints at their reducing satisfaction levels and changing lifestyles apart from the increasing rent and commuting times. There is a need to help find every way possible for the working Londoners to access decent low cost affordable housing at a time when for many it appears all that is on offer is ever more unaffordable.

Thus, all new homes must meet high design standards, with minimum spatial requirements and should be designed to be accessible and adaptable for people at all stages of their lives. Improving the quality and energy efficiency of existing homes also remains a key priority.

With Space Trading we try to address these issues and questions of traditional preplanned housing and propose a new way of housing where the users become central to the setup and growth of the unit and the community which could be a more immersive and affordable way of living in central London.

Reference: https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/

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‘While co-living is symptomatic of the global housing crisis we are experiencing in most major cities, it may also be part of the solution.’ - Archinet, Hannah Wood, Dec 2017

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MULTIGENERATION CO-LIVING

Co-living isn’t a new phenomenon. It has been practiced across different cultures throughout history, and for different reasons. It is an effective way to bring people together through a common interest. Fish Island Village in London, which is still in development, offers housing not only to young professionals but to anyone interested in a creative community. The scheme is explicitly designed to support a multigenerational creative community. Millennials — also known Generation Y — are said to value experiences over products and are more interested in living together than in owning a house. With a desire for connection, privacy and efficiency, millennials comprise the biggest population of communal buildings today. Similar housing alternatives have also helped expats and students arriving in a city for the first time to make friends and settle in quicker.

Housing costs are an expected 7.6 times the normal yearly compensation, so the would-be first-time buyers are being compelled to rent, with no prospect of having the capacity to manage the cost of their very own position at any point soon. Concern over the economy and vulnerability over Brexit have driven more established individuals to trust that now is a sensitive period to move house.

Multi-generational living offers a new way. And while Millennials are about onethird of the driving force behind the “stay at home” multigenerational trend, 23% of those aged 55 to 64 are living in multigenerational homes and 21% of those in such homes are over 65.

Multi-generational living opens new possibilities of interaction and exchanges between different age groups. It enables the older generation to pass on their experience and knowledge to the younger ones in lieu of them taking care of their health. It also allows the parents the freedom to leave their children at home while they work as someone is always present at home.

With the advent of new technologies, the market has begun to shift nearly every aspect of the rental process, from leasing applications to communications with landlords and agents to payment processing. In doing so, they are filling the grey area between Craigslist and Airbnb, serving the needs of individuals looking for something more permanent than a vacation rental yet more transient than a typically longer lease commitment. Co-living through technological inputs makes it easier for potential renters to find and connect with compatible roommates, whether renting an extra room in an apartment or searching together for an apartment.

Reference: https://archinect.com/features/article/150042590/co-living-2030-are-you-ready-for-the-sharing-economy 13

HISTORY OF PREFABCATION Conventional Prefab Prefabrication has been understood and interpreted in different ways. In the years following the Second World War (WW2) there was an issue regarding the definition of prefabrication - was it a house which could be delivered in pieces and assembled, or did it need to be built entirely in a factory. The earliest evidence of exporting British prefabricated housing was in 1624 and is described in Smith (2009) where the British made housing and shipped it to North America. These were timber frame structures, with either timber panel infill or lighter timber infill system or canvas, with weather boarding.

The poor opinion of prefabricated housing in Britain in relation to other cultures can be attributed to a conflict between ‘traditional architecture’ and prefabricated production. It is evident that there was a conflict of interest in architects’ opinions of prefabrication, partially, due to the fear of it leading to the requirement of fewer architects due to greater standardization and generic design. These negative attitudes were based broadly on the quality of the building materials and the poor workmanship of this form of construction.

Advantages of prefab construction have been identified as improved quality, increased thermal performance and energy efficiency, improved acoustics, thermal and energy efficiency performance, and a reduction in post-construction snagging and defects. In addition to this, a reduction in waste, defects, time, costs, health and safety risks, environmental impact alongside improvements in profits, predictability and life performance have been emphasized.

However, British prefabricated housing has a significant gap to close if it is to reach the production capacity and good reputation of Japanese prefabricated housing. If architecture could adapt itself to these prefabricated conditions and succeed in the prefabricated house business, then it might recover some of the influence it has lost in the last 30 years and begin to make a real difference in the quality of the built environment.

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Traditional due to its reliability and built material.

Post war prefab housing placed over bombed sites in UK.

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Advantages of Prefab Advantages of prefab construction have been identified as improved quality; increased thermal performance and energy efficiency; improved acoustic, thermal and energy efficiency performance; and a reduction in post-construction snagging and defects.

In addition to this, a reduction in waste, defects, time, costs, health and safety risks, environmental impact alongside improvements in profits, predictability and life performance have been emphasized.

However, British prefabricated housing has a significant gap to close if it is to reach the production capacity and good reputation of Japanese prefabricated housing.

If architecture could adapt itself to these prefabricated conditions and succeed in the prefabricated house business, then it might recover some of the influence it has lost in the last 30 years and begin to make a real difference in the quality of the built environment.

Modern day prefabricated housing has improved in its quality considerably.

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The contemporary enthusiasm with prefabricated housing to that of the twentieth century suggests history is repeating itself with supporters of prefabrication claiming the advantages are similar to that of the past. The low public confidence due to the past mistakes, and in relation to the future planning of prefabricated housing, asks: what are the long-term quality and costs of developments? “It is alluded to, that prefabricated architecture has failed, whereas prefabricated building has not.�-Colin Davies Prefabricated could turn into a style itself and actually not be prefabricated.

Prefabrication does not necessarily imply mass production or standardization.

Architects must not shun pattern books or prefabrication ideas.They should embrace the techniques and use them to their advantage.

Eames House is a prominent example with the influence of the De Stijl Movement outside Europe.

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Examples of Moma Buckminster Fuller designed the Dymaxion house (Dymaxion Development Unit aka DDU) was based on storage bins.

The Eames’ case study house 1949 in Pacific Palisades, California was designed as a demonstration piece and made up of standard catalogue components. Was not designed to be disassembled and rearranged.

Richard Rogers in 1968 developed in the House for Today competition the ZipUp House which used a Dupont neoprene rubber gasket system and consisted of insulated aluminum sandwich panels.

Archigram in the 1960’s began to refer to “capsule” or “pod” rather than house or home. They developed an idea for a plug-in city.

In 1972 Kisho Kurokawa, a member of the Metabolist group, designed and had built the Nagakin Capsule tower.

The Dymaxion’s design displayed forward-thinking and influential innovations in prefabrication and sustainability.

The Nagasakin Capsule symbolises Japan’s postwar cultural resurgence.

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PREFAB 2.0 With Space Trading we try to revisit the prefab house and try to utilize its potentials of mobility and assembly. Prefabrication construction is ideal to construct/deconstruct the unit and makes the house more flexible to the needs of the occupant. We try to subdivide the unit to smaller spaces that can be easily transported and assembled in combinations leading to different space solutions depending upon the occupant’s choices.

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RESEARCH PRECEDENTS

HOMED, FRAMLAB

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TECHNOLOGY ENABLING LIVING TRENDS Co-Living Collective living isn’t a new phenomenon. It has been practised across different cultures throughout history, and for different reasons. We have long engaged in cohabitation on a small scale — like shared student housing — because of its relative affordability. It is definitely an effective way to bring people together through a common interest. Fish Island Village in London, which is still in development, offers housing not only to young professionals but to anyone interested in a creative community. The scheme is explicitly designed to support a multigenerational creative community. Millennials — also known Generation Y — are said to value experiences over products and are more interested in living together than in owning a house. With a desire for connection, privacy and efficiency, millennials comprise the biggest population of communal buildings today. Similar housing alternatives have also helped expats and students arriving in a city for the first time to make friends and settle in quicker.

With the advent of new technologies, the market has begun to shift nearly every aspect of the rental process, from leasing applications to communications with landlords and agents to payment processing. In doing so, they are filling the grey area between Craigslist and Airbnb, serving the needs of individuals looking for something more permanent than a vacation rental yet more transient than a typically longer lease commitment. Co-living through technological inputs makes it easier for potential renters to find and connect with compatible roommates, whether renting an extra room in an apartment or searching together for an apartment.

‘Co-living buildings today are designed to fast-tracked friendships and connections; residents are paying, essentially for pre-fabricated community, for neighbours who open their doors to potluck dinners and Sunday night Game of Thrones screening.’

— CityLab, May 2016

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Reference: https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/04/technology-is-finally-changing-the-apartment-rental-experience/ https://www.thecollective.co.uk/oldoak/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw_ODWBRCTARIsAE2_EvXlEezYyQoIur0xzK-dWjY7pMote-eoyV-Gb3UUTwik029CH70HgEAaAhIcEALw_wcB#

Connection Nodes along circulation space to encourage communal living.

Communal space is designed in high transparency in different level to enhance connectivity and individuality.

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CO-LIVING 51% ARE YOUNG PROFESSIONALS 3% ABOVE THE AGE OF 40

91% USE A WEB PLATFORM TO RENT/LOOK FOR ACCOMODATION

81% USE WEB BASED APPS TO COMMUNICATE WITH THEIR NEIGHBOURS AND FLATMATES

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77% COUPLES 59% MEN

Data by : Homy-coliving

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Multigeneration living Housing costs are an expected 7.6 times the normal yearly compensation — more than twofold what they were 20 years ago— so would-be firsttime buyers are being compelled to rent, with no prospect of having the capacity to manage the cost of their very own position at any point in the near future. Declining deals (at present at the lowest level since October 2016), concern over the economy and vulnerability over Brexit have driven more established individuals to trust that now is excessively dangerous a period to move house. Multi-generational living offers a new way.

And while Millennials are about one-third of the driving force behind the “stay at home” multigenerational trend, 23% of those aged 55 to 64 are living in multigenerational homes and 21% of those in such homes are over 65.

Multi-generational living opens up new possibilities of interaction and exchanges between different age groups. It enables the older generation to pass on their experience and knowledge to the younger ones in lieu of them taking care of their health. It also allows the parents the freedom to leave their children at home while they work as someone is always present at home.

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Reference: https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2016/10/09/multigenerational-living-is-back-and-thats-a-goodthing/#734e78f55807

MicroHomes Around the size of a solitary carport, Micro flats are essentially tiny living arrangements. They are being touted as an answer for the reasonable housing emergencies faced by numerous significant urban communities. While little flats have generally been a component of numerous significant cities, as structures have been adjusted and sub-divided in an ad-hoc manner, this new wave of living arrangements are by and large intentionally planned and worked to be little. The hypothesis behind Micro Apartments is that by building smaller homes, more units can be worked as a feature of a development, and hence the individual cost of a flat can be reduced. Frequently taking motivation from boat design, the flat’s insides are intended to amplify space. They can incorporate implicit and retractable furniture, for example, with pull-down beds, collapsing work areas and tables that enable individual spaces to have numerous utilizations, and in addition including additional little or concealed appliances. As the numbers of individuals living alone are increasing, this arrangement gives a more reasonable choice to understudies and youthful experts who need to organize area over space.

Small scale flats ordinarily run from 400 square feet down to as meager as 200 square feet in estimate (that is in the vicinity of 37 and 19 meters square). They normally comprise of only one room and for the most part incorporate space for resting and sitting, together with a kitchenette, a washroom and a constrained measure of capacity.

Reference: https://www.trendir.com/micro-apartments/

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COMBINATORIAL SPACE NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER

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ETTORE SOTTSASS, MICRO-ENVIRONMENT

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Homed-Framlab Homed is a project by Framlab that looks at Intermediate steps to reduce the shelter population in New York by the means of temporary housing that can enable an effective and sequential reduction of the shelter population. A key challenge in achieving this, is competing against the city’s real-estate moguls for the required land to build.

Homed is a proposal that seeks to capitalize on the vertical facades of existing buildings. It tries to take advantage of a flexible framework that already exists in the city - scaffolding - hexagon-shaped housing modules are designed to connect to the scaffolding structure, pack densely, and create a second, active layer on top of the empty wall. In aggregate, this forms clusters of suspended micro-neighborhoods of shelters for the city’s least fortunate.

The unit is designed to provide a year-round space that can withstand harsh, cold weather and provide a cool space during summer. While the exterior construction of steel and oxidized aluminum deals with the wear and tear of the city, the interior offers a contrasting soft and friendly environment. The 3D printed modules allow furniture, storage, lighting and appliances to be integrated into the shape - resulting in a minimal space, tailored to the specific needs and desires of its resident - with a hexagonal view of the cityscape outside.

Through combining different modules from an extensive catalogue, a wide range of different spaces can be created. The 3D printing technology even allows for personal customization - allowing for unique units.

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Reference: https://www.framlab.com/homed

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The Sangpa, South Korea The Sangpa micro-living in Seoul is designed a series of living units—each of them having an area of 120 square feet—within a series of semi-public living spaces. The 5,500-square-foot building is essentially a stack of offset units.

The juxstaposition of the micro-housing units in the stack creates semi-shared spaces between the dwellings, which makes the units more livable for people who are willing to stay in a communal housing.

It has been designed with built-in furniture in the living quarters to maximize the functional utility of every living space, with features such as fold-up Murphy beds and hide-away pull-out tables. And the cantilevered stack design of the building provides for balconies, porches, and decks for the units.

Irregular stacked space creates informal shared space with high perforation to encourage interaction.

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Co-living & Micro-homes

Reference: https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/03/this-award-winning-micro-housing-design-is-inspired-by-bubbletea/387490/

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Kasita, TX KASITA has created a prototype of a prefabricated micro dwelling that can be slotted into a framework like a bottle into a wine rack. The structure is a rectangular pod clad in metal and glass, with one side featuring a cantilevered glazed box. It is intended to slot horizontally into an engineered steel frame, or “rack�, which can include many units stacked high and wide. Designed to be assembled in under a week, each unit would be able to swap between different racks. The open-plan interior has 10-foot-high ceilings (three meters). The kitchen offers standard amenities such as a dishwasher, an induction cooktop and a convection oven, while the sleeping area is fitted with a queen-sized mattress.

Build to order catalogue

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Reference: https://www.kasita.com

Stackable Prefab Unit

Modular parts for flexible inter-changeable space.

Stackable for larger site with communal space on street level.

Reference: https://www.kasita.com

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PreFab Micro-Apartment New York Totaling 3,250 square metres, the tower contains 55 units that range in size from 23 to 34 square metres. The tall, narrow building is composed of four thin, stepped volumes that are clad in varying shades of grey bricks. The urban form could in principle be adapted to different sites, at a range of heights and floor area ratios, and at nearly any location in a block. The aim was to provide a new social framework for small households that emphasize nested scales of community rather than individual residents. The 11-foot-wide “towers� reflect this goal by celebrating the beauty of small dimensions, while not highlighting individual micro units on the exterior.

Pre-order interior layout to individuality space as required.

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Reference: http://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/ http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/

Customized Interior PreFab & Stackable

A toolbox system is designed to customized user’s input

A prefab unit being deploy and stack to shorten construction period on site

Reference: https://www.archdaily.com/602157/new-york-to-complete-first-prefabricated-micro-apartments-this-summer

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O-POD, Hong Kong O-Pod Tube Housing is an experimental, low cost, micro living housing unit to ease Hong Kong’s affordable housing problems. Constructed out of low cost and readily available 2.5m diameter concrete water pipe, the design ultilizes the strong concrete structure to house a mirco-living apartment for one/two persons with fully kitted out living, cooking and bathroom spaces inside 100 sq.ft. Each OPod Tube Houses are equipped with smart phone locks for online access as well as space saving furniture that maximises the space inside. OPod Tube Houses can be stacked to become a low rise building and a modular community in a short time, and can also be located/relocated to different sites in the city. In addition, the structure of the water pipe itself is suitable for being buried in the ground so that it can withstand enormous pressure.

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Reference: https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/

Micro-living & Infill Development

Infill site render has disregarded street level residents privacy and accessibility.

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3D PRINTING & ARCHITECTURE In manufactured housing, the furniture and fixtures are built right into the main support structure. The entire piece of a building or structure is moved, and everything inside goes right along with it. With the aid of 3d-printed structures, accessories and items like fixtures, internal walls, furniture, ducts etc. can be printed right into the building. This can make the building highly efficient and integrated as all the components are attached and built right into the main framing, and it will speed up development because everything is already embedded within the prefabs.

With the convergence of 3D printing, modern AI and analytics, as well as advanced robotics, it’s increasingly likely that construction and development will be automated and computerized. Construction teams would enjoy greater efficiency and precision. Projects could be completed at a rapid pace and with less resources wasted or deployed.

We try to exploit the possibilities of this technology and make it an integral part of our fabrication process that would enable us to print our customized space modules that could be assembled to form the entire unit.

Eindhoven University of Technology

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Reference: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/06/04/eindhoven-university-technology-project-milestone-3d-printed-concrete-houses/

3D printing, or additive manufacturing as it’s sometimes called, has a lot of potential and have been hailed as the technology of the third industrial revolution. Essentially because it puts the support and creation of a wide variety of products and goods in the hands of anyone that owns a 3D printer. Designers and architects can now 3D print items out of materials like masonry, concrete and even wood.

Much larger structures and objects are created using a variety of prefabs, bit by bit. A commercial or residential building, for example, would be printed room by room, for instance. Unlike traditional construction, this would allow teams to assemble and build in a variety of new locales, environments and even hardto-reach locations. The building or structure could be designed and printed elsewhere and then hauled to its destination to be assembled. It has potentials of optimizing emergency housing where one could construct whole models outside an affected area before moving the finished product to where it needs to be.

3d printing opens up possibilities of endless customization as it allows users and designers to develop bespoke design that can be printed with minimal difficulties.

This also allows for fabrication of complex geometries that otherwise could not be fabricated with the conventional methods.

3D printed house by 3M FutureLAB

Reference: https://inhabitat.com/10-ways-3d-printing-is-disrupting-architecture/ https://www.fastcodesign.com/90151804/the-airbnb-for-affordable-housing-is-here http://theawesomedaily.com/micro-apartments-from-water-tubes-james-law-cybertecture/

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ONSITE 3D PRINTING

ROBOTIC ARM

TRANSPORT MATERIAL

LOW MOBILITY

CONTINOUS PRINTS

HIGH MACHINE LOAD

NOT RECOMBINABLE

STRINGENT CALIBRATION

WHOLISTIC FAILURE

PORTAL DESIGN

MACHINE SIZE LIMITATIONS

WET METHOD

CONTOUR CRAFTING, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CALIFORNIA

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OFFSITE 3D PRINTING

SMALL PRINTER

RECOMBINABLE

HIGH MOBILITY

SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE

PARALLEL PRINTING

NO HEIGHT LIMITS

ASSEMBLY JOINTS

MULTIPLE ORIENTATION PRINTING

DRY METHOD EASY TO TRANSPORT

MULTIPLE INTEGRATED MATERIAL & DESIGN

COMPONENT PRINTS

Experimental print at Autodesk Build Space, Boston

The Eleven-O-Six student racing team with Bigrep from Hamburg, Germany / 43

PART II

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GAME

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

creates

SPACE TRADING GAME

Game Introduction

UNITY GAME ENGINE // WHY WE DO WHAT WE DO? how we know its buildable? architecture prototyping how we know its feasible? compact and tradable how can we choose suitable communities? network matchmaking

Network Matchmaking

Site Context

Play

Post Processing

Digital Twin

Fabrication

//TECTONISM .Articulation Of Languages //TRADABLE .Recombinatorial .Joints Flexibility //COMPACT .Nesting //BUILDABLE .Prototyping .Hybrid System

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Assembly

SHARE

generates

//

TRADE

//

COMMUNITY FORMING

influences

BUILD

3D printing models

RENDERING

LINKED COMMUNITY

//

DIGITAL MOVES

bulk & structure

assembly methods

USER VISUALIZATION

COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE

PHYSICAL TRANSLATION

CUSTOMIZATION

SHARING TRADING

UPDATING

USER MANUAL

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GAME THEORY AS STUDY MODEL

‘Our actions are also influenced by our environment, our experiences, and our individual goals.’

Myers & Briggs Foundation

• Aims at using conceptual analysis by applying the communicative action theory as primary framework to simulate space configuration by sharing.

• Introduction of a negotiation model according to personality and its behavior to facilitate trading and acquisition of space.

• Time based evaluation to adapt to variables (encounters of other personality types, circumstances and motivation for growth and change.)

• To explore decision making process through social interaction and reward system based on motivation.

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Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

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PERSONALITY PROFILES Personality Psychology While there is no single agreed upon definition of personality, it is often thought of as something that arises from within the individual and remains consistent throughout life. It encompasses all the thoughts, behavior patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us.

Understanding personality has a lot benefits to us as architects to predict how people will respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value leading to better space optimization considering the high costs of land in London.

Why personality?

- Individualized space - Exchange behavior is reaction based - Goals – selfish or cooperative tendencies - As a character to simulate aggression - Assertiveness in trading action - Assimilate rules to create/maintain a dynamic community - Adds a layer of complexity as character evolves

Mind Energy Nature Tactic

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SPATIAL REQUIREMENT HYPOTHESIS relative to public, private , mixed use space requirements relative trading tendencies &aggression

Reference: https://www.verywellmind.com/cattells-16-personality-factors-2795977 https://www.16personalities.com/intp-personality. Access 10 February 2018

16 PERSONALITIES

Extrovert INtuitive Thinking Judging

Mind Energy Nature Tactic

EXPLORER

SENTINEL

Introvert Sensing Feeling Prospecting

DIPLOMAT

ANALYST

ISTJ

ISFJ

INFJ

INTJ

Logistician

Defender

Advocate

Architect

ISTP

ISFP

INFP

INTP

Virtuoso

Adventurer

Mediator

Logician

ESTP

ESFP

ENFP

ENTP

Entrepreneur

Entertainer

Campaigner

Debater

ESTJ

ESFJ

ENFJ

ENTJ

Executive

Consul

Protagonist

Comander

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Response The research aims at taking London’s housing condition as a backdrop to explore a model for co-living and mass-customization of housing.

• A design hypothesis to tackle urban dynamics that enables flexibility, subdivision and combination that could be digitally simulated and deal with the organization of the housing unit.

• Creating higher values for social or communal space.

• Creating networks with the capacity to adapt and change through the negotiation model of interaction.

• To emphasize the emergent qualities of the public and the private through a rewarding system from its surrounding environment.

52

Why share & trade?

• Technology enabled decentralization with self-organized network • Generate social interaction • Space as resource/currency • Minimize the spatial redundancy • Enable community relationship • Hypothesis can be digitally simulates • Re-organized and re-define space according to needs

Model of negotiation as reactiveness & interaction

Reference: Roy J. Lewicki & Alexander Hiam, A working guide to making deal and resolving conflict, 2006 https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183

53

ONE SHARED HOUSE 2030 by SPACE 10

54

55

GAME ENGINE - RULES OF EQUILIBRIUM

LINKED COMMUNITY

DIGITAL MOVES

COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE

COMMUNITY HEALTH BAR - > 80%

=

PHYSICAL TRANSITION

56

SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

DIGITAL TWIN

The Digital Twin offers the players to play out all the possible outcomes of their trade-offs with their neighbors and surroundings. The game assesses the user profiles based on their personality and places them in a lobby of players with similar attributes. The twin becomes a live platform for the users where they can communicate with each other, configure their unit through the prefab catalogue and start trading and sharing space with space or space with resource with their neighbors following a module of supply and demand. The centralized network asses the overall conflicts if generated with these tradeoffs within the community and implements it digitally if there are none.

Gamification of the community and digital twin act as powerful tools that are constantly updating and simulating the possible movement and growth strategies of the individual unit and community through the user personality trends. This enables the system to be aware and always be two steps ahead of the occupant and thus provides the optimum spatial solution for them before implementing the tradeoffs in the physical world.

ACHIEVE EQUILIBRIUM IN ALL 3 HEALTH BARS Social Asset Cost

57

One Shared House 2030 by Space 10

Brain ENTJ, extrovert, student Social Asset

Hi welcome!

I am Brian

Cost

TRADING PROFILE SHARING

Kitchen - 2 users Living - 4 users

LOOKING

Study room - 10pm - 12pm

Ann

Raj

REQUEST

Luigi Suri

Request

Smith

*Click on the avatar to access profile of your community

58

Jen Conway

Lynn

Lim

SHARING & TRADING

We try to draw inspiration from blockchain and cryptocurrencies to develop and generate a centralized technique of exchanging the prefab spaces through barter and exchange of resources. The purpose of this is to promote peer to peer exchange and to remove the need of a middleman for a hassle-free experience.

This aids in social interaction and enhances the community. The space can be used as currency or resource in exchange of the same. This trade helps the occupants negotiate with their neighbors and surroundings and helps them achieve a like for like scenario minimalizing conflicts and spatial redundancies. This spatial compromise makes the unit and the community much more accessible and affordable for the occupants and optimizes the spatial configuration of it.

The share and trade model aids the reorganizational capacities of the prefab unit and the digital twin acts as a platform where these trades hypotheses can be simulated digitally before the actual implementation.

59

SPACE TRADING VERSION 1

60

61

GAME - Version 1 - Tangram

1

CONCEPT

package:

Each player will be given a I. Tangram (to move/extend) - X value II. Cryptocoins - Y $Y 3. Vitality - 50% (bar)

I : TANGRAM

X

II : CRYPTOCOINS

MONEYW

GAIN VALUE

62

Y

ATER

Y/22

$

RENEWABLE ENERGY

YY

RECYCLING OIL&GAS

/2

2Y

SPACE

3Y

PRIVATE SPACE

GEN 1 = X/4 Total:24

PUBLIC SPACE

Pv= Pv x6

Pu=Pu x6

GEN 2 = X/8 Total:48

Pv2a= Pv/2

Pv2b= Pv/2

Pu2a=Pu/2

Pu2b=Pu/2

Pv3a= Pv/4

Pv3b= Pv/4

Pu3a=Pu/4

Pu3b=Pu/4

Pv3c= Pv/4

Pv3d= Pv/4

Pu3c=Pu/4

Pu3d=Pu/4

GEN 3 = X/16 Total:96

WHITE SPACE (Mixed Used)

GEN 1 = X/4

UTILITIES

W=WU x6

Total:24

=U x6

GEN 2 = X/8 Total:48

GEN 3 = X/16

W2a=W/2

W2a=W/2

U2a=U/2

U2a=U/2

W3a=W/4

W3b=W/4

U3a=U/4

U3b=U/4

W3c=W/4U

W3d=W/4

U3c=U/4

3d=U/4

Total:96

63

64

65

Version 2 - Primitive Cube How to Play?

1. OBJECTIVES - simulate game space based on differrent personalities - simulate space trading by introduce new/different attributes - Minimize spatial redundancy

2. ACTIONS Each player will be given a package: I. Cube - X value = 27 divisions II. Coins - $Y = $2700

space configuration is based on INJT personality of the player

3. MOVEMENTS Player will take turn to make 3 moves I. unfold or subdivide II. move III. trade/share/buy (when cubes meet) MOVEMENT RULES NO LIMIT TO X , Y, Z AXIS

66

COST OF MOVEMENT SUB-D MOVE

Pv

Private

Linear 2 directions

$10

$10

Pu

Public

Linear & Diagonal 3 directions

$10

$10

W

Mixed use

Diagonal 2 directions

$20

$20

U

Utilities

Static

-

-

How to move?

PRIVATE SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE

MIXED USE

UTILITIES

STATIC 67

PLAYER ATTRIBUTE

Personality based

Public Space

Private Space

ESFP Entertainer

Pu

Pv

W

U

ENFP Campaigner

12/24

8/24

4/24

3

$1200

$800

$400

C1

Mixed-use/ Flexible

DEPLOYMENT UNIT

68

untradable

69

SPATIAL REQUIREMENT HYPOTHESIS

Personality based

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

70

ESFP

Pu

ENFP

12/248

Entertainer Campaigner ISTJ

INTJ

Logistician Architect

ISFJ

ISFP

Defender

Adventurer

INTP

INFP

INFJ

Logician

Mediator

Advocate

ESTJ

ESFJ

Executive

Consul

ENTP

ENTJ

Debater

Comander Protagonist

ISTP

ESTP

Virtuoso

Entrepreneur

ENFJ

Pv

W

U

/244

/24

3

8/24

12/244

/24

3

4/24

8/24

12/24

3

4/24

12/248

/24

3

8/24

4/24

12/24

3

/24

3

8/24

3

12/244

8/24

/248

8/24

DEPLOYMENT UNITS

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

71

INTERACTION EXAMPLE

SHARE / TRADE / ACQUIRE happens when cubes meet 1. when the cube meets (to gain access) 2. to increase coins and space - must be agreed by both or more players

untradable personality based

Pv

Extrovert

8/24

12/244

$100 perunit

$200

$400

introvert

12/248 $400

72

Pu

/244 $200

W /243

U 3

$100 /243 $100

3

EXAMPLE: if extrovert need to trade access to introvet private space

introvert

to acquire with $ 200

extrovert to trade eg: Intro’s Pv is same value as Extro’s Pu

to share eg: Intro’s Pv is same value as Extro’s Pu

73

GOALS Attractors - to motivate player to move, trade & sub-divide - introduce new goals after each achievement. (randomly to x, y, z axis) to x, y, z axis

Pv

Pu

Earn more value, spaces

Better window light : :

Views – mountains, sea and greenspace

74

W

VIDEO - SIMULATION SEQUENCE

75

76

77

UNITY - GAME PLANNING

Unity Assets

Actions moves, SubD, share, trade Cube transformations

Character Environment Props Editor Resources Runtime triggers spawningPpl outliner

Aud_Background Aud_Coins Aud_transform Aud_DiagMo Aud_unfold_subD Aud_LinearMo Aud_Trade Aud_Share 78

16 Personalities Analyst Colour & Outline change when ownership changes

Architect Logician Commander Debater

Diplomats Advocate Mediator Game Space Protagonist View - park, hill, sea, canal, riverside Campaigner Utilities Infrastructures Sentinels Logistician Defender Public Executive Private Consul MixedUse Utilities

CH01- 3 basic players CH02- 6 players + simulation CH03 - 16 players + simulation

Explorers

Virtuoso

Adventurer Entrepreneur Entertainer

79

UNITY - USER INTERFACE

80

81

SPACE TRADING VERSION 2

82

83

UNITY - USER INTERFACE The User Interface is the space where interactions between your users and the machine occur.

The User Interface is one of the most important elements of game development.

The UI is the way players can interact with the game and receive feedback of their interaction. A game with a great story, great mechanics but bad UI is going to be most likely an unknown game. The UI not only provides vital information about characters status and the state of the world, but often is key to shaping player behavior. A simple dot flashing on a map can dramatically affect how players interact with the game.

We start the UI by introducing the Briggs Myers personality test which assigns the player a personality type decided over a set of questions at the beginning of the game.

Psychographic evaluation: as definitions of class, education, employment, age and so on, demographics are informational. Psychographics are behavioral – a means to segment by personality. Two people with the same demographic profile (for example, white, middle-aged, employed, married men) can have markedly different personalities and opinions. This strategy could be fruitful to consider when forming and studying communities - it’s usual to group communities by demographics, but we actually form friendships based on psychological comparability. By adapting a space to a person’s personality – whether they are open, introverted, argumentative, and so on -can go a long way to help getting the most suitable combination for the occupant.

84

Reference: https://medium.com/ironequal/the-only-advice-you-will-need-to-make-a-great-game-ui-ux-74a0db8de642

Game launches after user registration

User select their personality using the Briggs Myers test for the system to place them into the right lobby for their personality type.

85

UNITY - USER INTERFACE

Step1 : Site selection. The game offers different potential sites in central London with modifications to specific site conditions like along river Thames or an infill site.

The project looks at the river and its potential to become a prime location . House boats are common in London and due to mooring, the costs are 1/10 of that on land.

86

Infill site example

Brain ENTJ, extrovert, student Social Asset

Hi welcome!

I am Brian

Cost

TRADING PROFILE SHARING

Kitchen - 2 users Living - 4 users

LOOKING

Study room - 10pm - 12pm

Ann

Raj

REQUEST

Luigi Suri

Request

Smith

*Click on the avatar to access profile of your community

Jen Conway

Lynn

Lim

Step2 : Based on user profile with personalities, the system will assign a specific lobby where the player is able to access information of other user’s avatar before sharing and trading happens

87

UNITY - USER INTERFACE

Step3 : This game environment allows player to access information of other users permitted in the same lobby, letting the players build the space according to their preferences or through negotiation with their neighbor.

We incorporate reward based system to encourage participation and interaction to happen by introducing 3 types of health barsAsset- value related like window views, balcony, ventilation, area.

Social – measured by the amount of sharing and access to shared space.

Cost- rental cost each week, how sharing spaces able to reduce cost and with larger space

88

Space Trading allows selection of prefab model and the user can drag and drop their unit onto the selected site.

Unit Configuration

User Profile Name Email Indentification & Verification Describe Yourself Optional Info School, Work, Contact

REVIEW

messages left by other players recommendation of services

SIZE

COST

T1

£0

T2

£0

T3

£0

T4

£0

T5

£0

AVAILABILITY

Design Profile

Design Assets

Selected Prefab

Sustainability

BEDROOM Double Bed

LIVING Single Sofa

TRADING PROFILE VIEW

what is available? room? services? other resource, time?

COST /m²

Courtyard £0+15%

STUDY Corner C2

Main Road £0+20%

Your Inbox

0

New Demand

0

Total Neighbour

0

Completed Trades

0

SCORE Daylighting

xx

Natural Ventilation

xx

Heating/Cooling

xx

Energy Consumption

xx

Water

xx

Recycled Trash

xx

Share Bike

xx

OK COST HEALTH BAR

ENSUITE Shower Sink WC

ASSETS HEALTH BAR

*Cost = Weekly expenses

EDIT Social Asset Cost

Total Setup Cost £0 OK

List of UI tabs give user awareness of the cost and effects before and after sharing and trading actions 89

UNITY - USER INTERFACE

Prefab for user to select according to their needs and affordability.

Subcatagories in both individual or combine elements

90

Subcatagories with selections of units

The game allows selection of prefab models from the catalogue and the player can drag and drop their unit onto the selected site.

91

UNITY - USER INTERFACE

PreFab full catalogue

Step4 : The user interface includes User Profile – providing information about the basic credentials of the player, an inbox to review the various trade offers, a notification tab giving information about the neighbors and strength of the health bars.

92

Catalogue summary can be visualied easily by user

Unit Configuration – tab to configure the unit and get the estimate of the costs associated with it.

Design Profile – which allows the player to select their spaces form the prefab catalogue and design their unit as per their needs and affordability.

Asset Evaluation – evaluating the overall sustainability of the existing unit and its various parameters. It also reflects upon the overall health bar of the community.

93

UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT

Step5 : Game Environment The user can virtually experience the potential configuration and surroundings within the game environment through different perspectives.

Players can also interact with the spaces within the game to assess the sharing possibilities and outcomes. These kinds of interactions can help resolve social conflicts through the negotiation model used in the game by providing the players with different methods of sharing they wish to indulge including exchanging of skills and resources.

These trade-offs directly affect the health bars where more sharing reduces the costs and increases the social values of the community.

The system gives the player a detailed summary of the costs and consequences of their trade-offs with their neighbours.

94

UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT SHARING EXAMPLE

mages of the walkthrough showing the emergent stacking of the community done by players tradeoffs.

95

UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT - EXTERIOR

Images of the walkthrough within the game environment where the players can experience their space configurations and tradeoffs in the game itself.

96

UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR

Images of the walkthrough showing the interior details of the unit.

97

UNIT AGGREGATION SIMULATION

98

99

UNIT AGGREGATION SIMULATION

100

101

MACHINE LEARNING Machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on such algorithms overcome following strictly static program instructions by making data-driven predictions or decisions through building a model from sample inputs. Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algorithms with good performance is difficult or infeasible; example applications include email filtering, detection of network intruders, and computer vision.

In a regression model the outputs are continuous rather than discrete.

In clustering, a set of inputs is divided into groups. Unlike in classification, the groups are not known beforehand, making this typically an unsupervised task.

With the regression method we try to filter out similar and opposite personalities to easily put them together in the lobby. This form of data matching is highly essential to avoid conflicts within the community.

This training model learns the trading tendencies of the user over time while also studying the physical constraints of the structure and starts suggesting the different possible trading and movement options available to the user in accordance to their surroundings.

102

Reference: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1LYWU05IwMbOlJ4aBfsK_UDJe3YfnsTJv https://cvalenzuelab.com/workshops/aa/

UNITY - GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR BEHAVIOUR

PLACEMENT TO ‘LIKEMINDED’ USER LOBBY

USER PROFILE PERSONLITIES

- Movement - Interaction - Decision

//Unity Scripting API //networking. networkManeger. matchMaker.api

COMMUNITY FORMING

TRAINING SET

INPUT

//labels samantha.txt - user profiles - design profiles - decisions - movements - interactions

RULES/FILTERO

+

ARCHITECTURE = GEOMETRY

VECTORS & MATRICES

PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS - STRUCTURE - EXPANSION - RECONFIGUBILITY

Reference: https://keras.io/#keras-the-python-deep-learning-library http://www.numpy.org/

UTPUT PREDICTIONS - SUGGESTION OF NEXT POSSIBLE MOVEMENT OR INTERACTION

103

SPACE TRADING VERSION 3

104

105

GAME INTRO

106

User select their personality using the Briggs Myers test for the system to place them into the right lobby for their personality type.

107

MATCHMAKING

Demographic

Size

how many of the following would you want in your co-living community?

what us the right amunt of people for your community?

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9

Small Children Senior Families Couples Single women Single men Single dads Single mums Teenagers

Traits

108

4 - 10 10 - 25 25 - 50 50 -100 100+

CODE

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Assembly

what are some of the most important qualities in a house -member?

Pe1 Pe2 Pe3 Pe4 Pe5 Pe6 Pe7 Pe8 Pe9 Pe10 Pe11

COMMUNITY SIZE

Cleanliness Social Handy Considerate Honest Intelligent Interesting Funny Financially secure Healthy Proactive

there are free space in the house,who should choose the new house-member

A1 A2 A3 A4

an algorithm the current group vote the leader of group management

Tolerants

Dynamics

which of these items are you comfortable sharing in your home, long-term?

what shoud be your fellow house-members be like?

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14

Nothing Shower & Toilet Common Room Bedroom Workplace Kitchen Daily dinners Groceries Childcare Cleaning Responsibilities Household Appliances Garden Utilities Internet

d1 Same as me d2 Different than me

Pets are you okay with pets in the house?

p1 p2 p3 p4 p5

no pets in the house sure, love pets only dogs only cats only robotic pets 109

MATCHMAKING

Ownerships who owns your community?

W1 W2 W3 W4

members share equal ownership members pay rent to management members share different levels of ownership some members own, other rents

Flexibility how do you prefer the spaces in the house to be utilized?

F1 set private and communal spaces with clear boundaries of use F2 modular walls that grow or contract space based on needs

Privacy

when you are not home, are others allowedto use your private room?

Pr1 my private room is off limits Pr2 anyone in the house is welcome to use my room Pr4 maybe, but they’d have to ask on a case-by -case basis 110

Pros what do think will be the biggest pro of living wth others?

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

more ways to socialize spliting costs and getting more value a better home in a more attractive location having a community outside of work or school having people around to ask for help having access to multiple common areas having perks like a gym or yoga studio a higher level of convenience in every-day life

Cons what do think will be the biggest con of living wth others?

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

lack of privacy not having full autonomy on decisions impacting daily life potential arguments when disagreements occur other people’s mess potentially not liking someone in the group

111

MATCHMAKING

112

113

DRAG & DROP FROM CATALOGUE

114

115

DRAG & DROP FROM CATALOGUE

116

117

DATA VISUALIZATION

118

119

PROTOTYPICAL SITE

120

121

STACKING RULES

122

123

MOVEMENT RULES Movement rules

Movement rules

124

MOVEMENT SCENARIO

INTERACTION VARIABLE

125

MOVEMENT IN GAME ENVIRONMENT

126

CLUSTER MOVEMENT SCENARIO

127

GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR

128

129

GAME ENVIRONMENT - INTERIOR

130

131

DIGITAL TWIN

132

133

GENERATED DESIGN BRIEF - LOCAL SCALE

134

135

GENERATED DESIGN BRIEF - GLOBAL SCALE

136

137

138

139

140

141

PART III

142

UNIT DEVELOPMENT

143

UNIT DESIGN - FIRST ITERATION

144

145

UNIT CONFIGURATION

146

147

EXTENSION OF UNIT CONFIGURATION

148

149

EXTENSION OF UNIT CONFIGURATION

150

151

COMBINATION OF CONFIGURATIONS

152

153

CONFIGURATIONS

154

155

UNIT DESIGN -SECOND ITERATION

STRUCTURE We follow the edge conditions of the subdivided cube and generated an exoskeleton along the structural lines to hold the space modules together.

We introduced connection joints at the overlapping intersections of the exoskeleton so that the exoskeleton can stand independent of any support of the modules.

SURFACE We applied the same connection strategy on the surface of the space modules in order to connect different modules together to form a continuous space. We introduced magnets to hold them together firmly in place. Since we applied a strategy of integrated structures where the furniture is integrated in to the wall, this combinatorial strategy through connections allows for forming different combinations serving different functions at different periods of time and for people with different personalities.

STRUCTURE + SURFACE Another strategy for combining modules was to have offsets inside the walls to accommodate acrylic joiners that would allow for module attachments. With this strategy we could avoid an exoskeleton and only have necessary support modules where there are possibilities of connections. We developed three types of support modules: L-Type: that would allow for one-way connections and support.

T-Type: allows for two-way connections and support.

X-Type: allows for four-way connections and support.

156

Experiment 1 : Structure Experiment 2 : Surface Experiment 3 : Structure + Surface Result

157

PROTOTYPE STRUCTURE STUDY Early prototyping explorations of the unit by combinations of 3d printed space modules.

158

159

COMBINATORIAL MODEL

160

Combinatorial aspect of the unit exhibiting growth and combinations through connecting joints.

161

COMBINATORIAL MODEL CATALOGUE

162

163

UNIT DESIGN - THIRD ITERATION

For the unit development, we started with a cube primitive for out geometry which we started subdividing for better reconfigurability and combinatorial properties. The subdivision exercise is derived from the game negotiations and aims to look at individual spaces that can be combined configured or reconfigured using this subdivision logic to form a housing unit.

Beveling the edges made it easier for FDM printing as it can print at angle of 45 degrees without the need of any support structure compared to right angled edge.

164

165

UNIT V/S COMPONENT Taking precedent from the Nakagin Capsule Tower, we try to take it a step further by replacing components of the units, instead of the entire unit, making it more flexible.

166

INTEGRATED CORES Compared to a conventional core we try to split the core by integrating it with the structural walls of the units. This increases flexibility and doesn’t need the unit to connect to a vertical core but to the adjacent unit.

167

COMPACTING We look at compacting methods to utilize the most out of a finite volume by integrating furniture with the walls and utilizing height by placing the bed on top which allows for usage of cross sectional spaces and freeing up more horizontal space.

By integrating service conduits with the structural walls freeing up the shaft volume. And topologically optimized walls acting as structural support for minimizing print material and using bulk material like timber for infill volume.

By using sliding mechanism to compact the bed, table and storage space into one system.

COMBINATION 1

168

COMBINATION 2

COMBINATION 3

The diagram shows the reduction of unusable volume through compacting strategies

169

COMPACTING To compact more functions into the same volume we integrated sliding mechanisms to accommodate spaces like bed, storage and study table into one system.

COMPACTING – VARIATION 3.1

COMPACTING – VARIATION 3.2

COMPACTING – VARIATION 3.3

170

COMBINATORIAL LIVING COMPONENTS

These components can be configured in various ways to form customised units depending upon the user preference

TYPE 1

TYPE 2

171

COMBINATION TO FORM A UNIT

The following is an instance showing how the unit can grow and adapt to the changing needs and situations of the inhabitant.

172

TIME BASED EVOLUTION : SCENARIO-A

Scenario1: The user starts off as a single professional.

173

SCENARIO-B

Scenario2: Trade off balcony for more workspace.

174

SCENARIO-C

Scenario3: Starts sharing his room with a neighbor.

175

SCENARIO-D

Scenario4: User finds a partner and detaches from the previous neighbor to his partner.

176

SCENARIO-E

Scenario5: Further customization into a more shared configuration upon marriage.

177

PERSONALITY BASED UNIT TYPES We developed 30 units that were specific to the choices and needs of various personality types.

178

179

PERSONALITY BASED UNIT TYPES Based on the 8 extroverted and introverted personalities, the units are derived based on their necessities and inclination to the type of spaces their personality adheres to the most.

The extrovert units contain more communal and shared spaces like living areas, kitchen, shared bed spaces and circulatory spaces whereas the introvert units have more private spaces.

180

181

STACKING LOGIC For stacking we also utilize the vertical placement of beds in different ways for interlocking the units that are stacked on top similar to a Tetris like stacking.

TYPE 1

STEP 1

182

TYPE 2

TYPE 3

STEP 2

TYP

STE

E4

P3

TYPE 5

TYPE 6

STEP 4

TYPE 7

STEP 5

183

SHARED LIVING SPACE

The units exhibit a plug and play nature of combination that allows for sharing of spaces with the immediate neighbours.

The following series of images shows the sharing and growth of 2 unit types with various degrees of sharing and combinations ranging from small to large shared spaces depending on the occupant's choices.

184

185

SHARED LIVING SPACE INTERACTION VARIABLE

186

187

HORIZONTAL AGGREGATION This stack focuses on horizontal growth for better community spaces and circulation.Has equal number of extrovert and introvert users.

188

VERTICAL AGGREGATION – I Cluster showing diagonal stacking for better light and sharing of living spaces for better access to it. Personality types are more scattered here and thus outcomes are different.

189

VERTICAL AGGREGATION – II Cluster showing vertical stacking and concentration for view. This configuration ideal for tight infill sites.

190

VERTICAL AGGREGATION – II Cluster showing low rise stacking for infill sites.

191

CLUSTER SECTIONS The load distribution diagram shows the overlap of units to avoid excessive cantilevering and also the placement of heavier components of the units on top of each other to get an align their centers of gravity throughout the vertical length.

192

193

194

AXONOMETRIC SECTION SHOWING ACTIVITY

195

196

AXONOMETRIC SECTION SHOWING ACTIVITY

197

PART III

198

DIGITAL FABRICATION

199

200

WHY 3D PRINTING?

FABRICATE INTEGRATED GEOMETRY

MASS - CUSTOMIZATION

MINIMISE MATERIAL USAGE

Minimized waste/ less material Recycled material Mass-Customised mathematical intrigued surface eg. Minimal surface with topological structure Accessible to both industrial and domestic scale Flexible and reconfigurable Fast and light weight structure

CONSTRAINTS & OPPORTUNITIES

TIME/COST

MATERIAL WEAKNESS/STRENGTH

BUILD VOLUME/ SLICING

201

3D PRINTERS ULTIMAKER S5 : The Ultimaker S5 3D printer is a dual-extrusion machine with a 330 x 240 x 300 mm build volume. it’s also been engineered to make the 3D printing process as reliable, efficient, and intuitive as possible with its sophisticated firmware and hardware. It is extremely efficient to achieve high quality and detailed parts with this printer.

SERIES 1 by TYPE A : the Series 1 printer has a large 305 x 305 x 305 mm build volume. It is aimed at professional manufacturing, has a modular, upgradeable design and WiFi connectivity. The machine works with a wider variety of printing materials, including PLA, High Carbon PLA and PET. .

202

Reference: https://bigrep.com/ https://all3dp.com/1/ultimaker-s5-3d-printer-review/ https://www.3dhubs.com/3d-printers/type-a-machines-series-1

203

3D PRINTERS BIG REP ONE : The BigRep ONE is an industrial grade 3D printer made by BigRep, a manufacturer based in Germany. BigRep’s ONE features a massive build size of 1005 x 1005 x 1005mm. The spool holder can hold several filament spools of up to 8 kg each. With a dual filament extruder and 3mm nozzle, it allows for quick and robust printing of large modules without the need of splitting it in parts to fit the smaller bed size of the conventional 3d printers

204

205

DATA SHEET

206

207

DATA SHEET

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION BigRep ONE Build volume Layer resolution Extruder Printing technology Certified materials Support Materials Heating Strategy Printer weight Size Power Safety Certifications GUI

x 1005 y 1005 z 1005 (mm) 400 – 900 microns / *150 – 400 microns*0.5 mm nozzle optional Two modular extrusion heads FFF – Fused-Filament-Fabrication (FDM) BigRep PLA, BigRep ProHT, BigRep PETG BigRep PVA 60– 80° C approx. 460 kg x 1850 y 2250 z 1725 (mm) 208V-240V, 16A, 50/60Hz CE approved Onboard with touch panel PC

MODEL SPECIFICATION Dimensions Model color Layer height Extruder Nozzle Material Support Materials Temperature Model weight Time

x 1005 y 1005 z 1005 (mm) White 1.0mm (power extruder) Modular extrusion head 3.0mm BigRep PLA BigRep PLA 60– 80° C approx. 460 kg 36 hrs

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FORMWORK STUDY Small 3D extrusion and Not Reusable Formwork

Digital Building Technologies SKELETHON, THE CONCRETE CANOE 3D printed plastic formwork for a fully-functional concrete canoe.

Digital Building Technologies FREE FORMWORK 3D printed plastic formwork to achieve intrigue formwork 210

Small 3D extrusion with Reusable Formwork

Joris Laarman Lab Arm Chair made of 91 parts 3D printed plastic formwork - marble powder & resin

AI Build 3D PRINTED CONCRETE FORMWORK 211

FORMWORK ANALYSIS Main advantages for using 3D printed formwork in construction are increased design flexibility and zero material waste. Thanks to its light and robust structure, this technique can reduce labour intensive work.

A variety of composites can be used according to the structural and aesthetic demands of the end product. From faรงade systems to columns and structural building elements, this case study promises revolutionary changes to the construction site of the future.

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FORMWORK PROTOTYPE

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PLA 3D Printing

PLA 3D Printing

Concrete Casting with Formwork

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SKELETON

SURFACES/FACADE

1 .Run Topo Structure

Wrap surfaces with canvas

2. Re-model in Maya

Spray concrete

3. Slice into parts

wait til it to cure

4. Print with ultimaker/ BigRep

5. joint the parts together by glue/ soldering method

6. create a sandbox for casting 7. place formwork into sandbox - and mix concrete 8. pour concrete inside caast with tubes

OPENING print the plastic frame

install glass water tight the edge

FURNITURE UPHOLSTER 10. concrete curing time - 24-48hrs 11. remove cast

print the plastic frame

attached with cushion material clip into the generate frame

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MATERIAL AGENCY

To achieve high strength capacities, we developed a strategy where a 3d printed mold could be used as the formwork for casting purposes. It enables us to achieve complex forms with concrete that couldn’t be casted with the conventional formwork methods. However, the formwork needs to be smartly sliced and broken up for easy removal of the cast when geometries have tight angles.

We also looked upon strategies of reinforcing the molds with integrated lattices that would remove the need for external support to hold the mold together. To achieve this, we looked at custom extruders that could be attached to a robotic arm to allow for large scale printing with support less overhangs.

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EVOLUTION OF GEOMETRY Moving over from the cube primitive, we started looking at geometrical forms that is informed by its fabrication process. With FDM printing being a relatively slow process, the main objective was to come up with strategies to reduce time and increase the productivity without wasting excessive materials and support reduction. To optimize printing capabilities, we ventured into mathematical surfaces and started developing our geometries using these surfaces to minimize material wastage and reduce supports due to the progressive curves it offers thus avoiding abrupt change in angles. This results in achieving lightweight structures that can be easily printed and assembled to form a unit.

A minimal surface is a surface that is locally area-minimizing, that is, a small piece has the smallest possible area for a surface spanning the boundary of that piece. Soap films are minimal surfaces. Minimal surfaces necessarily have zero mean curvature, i.e. the sum of the principal curvatures at each point is zero.

Particularly fascinating are minimal surfaces that have a crystalline structure, in the sense of repeating themselves in three dimensions, in other words being triply periodic. We started developing a quadrirectangular tetrahedron as kaleidoscopic cell for our geometry.

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EXPERIMENTAL PRINTING OF MINIMAL SURFACE DESIGN

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COMBINATORIAL PANEL & SPACE Combinations and attachments done with the help of acrylic joiners and external supports making the need for an exoskeleton redudant.

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SLICING Taking the print bed size of 1 cubic meter under consideration, we sliced our module into parts while still following the space prefab strategy for cataloguing.

With added integration of the print bed size, slicing was done strategically to optimize the print times and support reduction.

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NESTING Nesting and integration becomes really important as 3d printing offers possibility of using cross sectional space which other techniques cannot offer.

We can integrate the bed with the roof of a kitchen and the cross section offers regions of integrating joints, storage and housing the service pipes instead of making a separate shaft and wasting space.

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3D PRINTING COMPNENT WITH SERVICES INFILL

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JOINT STUDIES With slicing We had to develop a JOINERY SYSTEM to put the pieces together. We looked at 2 types of joints for component to component connections and component to wood connections.

Type A: Tight and can be removed easily.

Type B: Very tight and can be removed.

Type C: Tight average. Can be removed but gets loose over time due to wear and tear.

Type D: High tightness and can be removed and rejoined easily without getting loose.

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JOINT STUDIES

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JOINT STUDIES

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JOINT STUDIES

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JOINT STUDIES

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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION The most common difficulty with optimization and weight reductions knowing where and how to remove material without compromising performance.

What is the Topology Optimization?

It is a technique that optimizes the geometry of an object thanks to a mathematical method, within a given space and with given loads and constraints. The goal is to maximize the performance of a part by reducing its mass.1 Topology Optimization in Autodesk Fusion 360 allows you to quick simulations of the model based on a given load and constraints. Fusion 360 uses the Load Path Criticality metric to analyze which specific areas of material support the load applied. The simulation the generates an updated version of the part by eliminating material from those less critical areas. Although the simulation does not necessarily provide with a perfect model ready for manufacture, it informs how one can continue to update and remove excess material from your design.

We used the Topology Optimization tool in Fusion that informed us about the structural limitations of the model and how the printing material could be reduced where necessary making the printing process more efficient. A part that uses less raw material to be produced means that it will be lighter and cheaper.

Topology optimization has the capacity to improve 3D models with constrained parameters to enhance the shape and reduce the amount of material used.

This also becomes integral to the overall tectonics of the design strategy of minimal surfaces retaining its characteristics while increasing its structural performance while removing redundant bulk of the model.

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Reference: https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2017/04/26/topology-optimization-control-the-shape-of-your-3d-printed-model/

AUTODESK FUSION 360

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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION - COMPONENT

To minimize print times and material usage, we ran topology optimization tests on the component panels.

Topology optimisation solves this without reducing the structural integrity of the component by connecting the wall with the cabinet using structural supports.

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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION - UNIT

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Then we applied it on the unit to minimize the weight and material of the components as a whole.

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TOPOLOGY OPTIMISATION - CLUSTER

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From Local testing we run it on the global scenario to derive where bulk material is needed for support.

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TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION - PROTOTYPE

3d printing is a relatively slow process as it requires layer by layer deposition of fused plastic. Hence, material and time saving strategies become integral to the production of spaces. Topological optimization was done on the kitchen cabinet unit to save time and material costs.

It starts by recognizing the applied load on the usable parts and independent support system of the unit. Optimization results in generation of a model that retains only the necessary part of the model that can withstand the expected loads while supporting itself.

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ASSEMBLY The generated model is refined and remodeled with minimal internal support that can support the cabinet integrated with the external structure.

We slice the kitchen cabinet to avoid support structure in the pipes and quick printing times.

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SLICE - PROTOTYPE 3d printing allows for utilization of the cross sectional region of the material. Using that to our advantage we embedded the service pipes of the unit within the cabinet unit that could supply and carry the fresh and waste water respectively. Electrical conduits can also be embedded in the unit avoiding wastage of material and energy.

To avoid support structures generated while printing, the unit was sliced for easy placement on the build plate of the printer with joints that could allow for easy assembly of the unit upon printing.

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JOINTS - PROTOTYPE

Joints

Joints

Joints

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MINIMIZE PRINTING SUPPORT

The placement of the model is extremely important to avoid support generation to achieve clean print surfaces. Fdm printing allows support free cantilever at a minimum of 45 degrees. Hence, the sliced model was placed at an angle of 45 degrees to achieve minimal support structures and hollow pipes giving it a clean surface.

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MINIMIZE PRINTING SUPPORT

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DESIGN MUSEUM BIGREP PRINTING

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HYBRIDIZE ASSEMBLY PIECES

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BULK INFILL - I The redundant mass from the optimized model was filled in with an off the shelf material like timber. The bulk was formed using laser-cut/cnc cut panels of timber and then placing it in the empty spaces of the unit thus covering the unit and providing floor space. This integration of bulk material was instrumental in saving time and material costs of production.

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BULK INFILL - II

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We develop the kitchen component using the topology optimization.

The timber framing is done with different densities on top and bottom for optimizing the weight of the component.

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PRINTING & REMOVING SUPPORT

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JOINT TEST

Joint tolerance: 1mm

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ASSEMBLY

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