On Modification

On Modification : Master’s Design Study [MDS]

12 2011

Ashley Jill Craig Master of Architecture [Certificate of Urban Design]

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN : SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 5 6 7

Introduction Research Question Methodology Definitions

RESEARCH : 10 Investigation 12 Defining Strategies for Intervention 13 Taxonomy of Interventions FINDINGS : 16 Application : Testing Strategies for Intervention 22 Modification : Prescribing Strategies for Intervention

NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY

4

INTRODUCTION : For this investigation, the main issues in question appertain to a revitalization of the contemporary American city within its existing context, with a disregard to the current building trend of expansion and sprawl. Much of the inspiration for this research can be attributed to the theory of Vittorio Gregotti, regarding The Architecture of Modification, and the practice of Manuel De Sola-Morales, regarding techniques of what he refers to as Urban Acupuncture.

Through a series of writings, architect Vitorrio Gregotti develops both theory and strategies of modification as he examines the role of the modernist project throughout the twentieth-century in contrast to that of the architectural avant-garde. “The principal drive of development now addresses the transformation of the urban and territorial issues, rather than the foundation of the new. The conditions of the 80’s and 90’s will be that of building in between what is already built.” 1 In many American cities much of the historically significant density has suffered depletion due to factors of social and economic decline, particularly in post-industrial contexts. These factors, among others, led to an increase of sprawl and a decrease of urban density in development trends. Today, with reurbanization and adaptation of many vacated industrial areas on the rise, the need for a critical discourse in search of a language of modification is as pressing as it were thirty years ago.

Although the hypothesis set forth by Gregotti was developed in an earlier period of time, the task of “building in between what is already built” is essential to the revitalization of the post-industrial American city today and to the idea of modification as it is linked to history, context, and finally type.

“I would thus like to suggest that this conception of modification has gradually assumed a special importance as the conceptual instrument that presides over the project of architecture; that despite its widely varying interpretations, it might be considered the most continuous and structural element of the changes that have occurred within the theory of architectural design during the past thirty years.”2

1 Vittorio Gregotti, “Modification,” Casabella Magazine, January 1984, 4.

2 Vittorio Gregotti, Inside Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Graham Foundation/MIT Press, 1996), 67.

5

THE RESEARCH QUESTION : Can the notion of modification, as a theory structuring various strategies of design, be tested and codified through critical analysis and ultimately implemented as the primary device for urban intervention?

In a series of articles published in the Italian architectural magazine, Casabella, architects Vitorrio Gregotti, Sebastiano Brandolini, and Pierre-Alain Croset elaborate on the theory and strategies of what they define to be The Architecture of Modification.3 Revisiting this topic in a corresponding chapter titled, On Modification, from his book, Inside Architecture, Gregotti writes that: “No new architecture can arise without modifying what already exists, but the interest surrounding the notion of modification in recent years is not based on such an obvious consideration, at least if we view modification as recognizing the importance of what exists as structural material, rather than mere background, during the design process.” 4 Therefore, modification in it’s most basic form begins with the realization of context as something perceivable, tangible, and editable. By way of this definition, any new architecture becomes intrinsically tied to place, seeking to reveal a specific truth of both the present state of a site and the site in relationship to its geographical and historical context. These truths, as later explained

by Gregotti, are best revealed not through completion or reconciliation of what exists in terms of forms or types, but through disparities and juxtapositions of context as structural material and the project as a modification of that material. “If we aspire to employ the kind of quality that stems from commitment to the specific situation as the essence of the particular aim and the truth of the site, then not only do differences become values, but project-making comes to mean modifying the very rules of our belonging.” 5 Commitment to the specific situation is the basis of this investigation which aspires to uncover a language of modification.

“We ask ourselves does this idea of modification, notwithstanding the observations made earlier, have to remain so general not to be used at the level of design praxis as a method for concrete work?”6 Through the consideration and application of various strategies for intervention, this project tests methods of analysis to provide a set of examples for design practice and a framework for an architecture of urban modification.

3 Vittorio Gregotti was Director of Casabella Magazine from 1982-1996, Sebastiano Brandolini was Editor of Casabella Magazine 1984-1996, Pierre-Alain Croset was Assistant Editor of Casabella Magazine 1982-1996.

4 Vittorio Gregotti, Inside Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Graham Foundation/MIT Press, 1996), 67.

5 Vittorio Gregotti, Inside Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Graham Foundation/MIT Press, 1996), 69-70.

6 Vittorio Gregotti, “Modification,” Casabella Magazine, January 1984, 4.

6

METHODOLOGY : The process of this design study is separated into four phases: site and urban analysis, research and strategic development, application and testing, and modification and prescription. [ Phase 1 ] Site: Urban Analysis – As defined in the article, Strategies of Modification 2, “Urban analysis represents a way of considering the history of the formation of the town as a model for its future expansion, even if the resulting abstraction distances that specific dimension which one wants to again understand.” 7 Proceeding based on this notion, the urban analysis phase is a critical component in identifying site in relation to the taxonomy in phase two and establishing content for phases three and four of the project. [ Phase 2 ] Research: Defining Strategies for Intervention – Many of the theorists and practitioners sited in this research identify conceptual strategies or tactics of urban design. These tactics are examined and compared to one another, qualifying their validity in regards to the main issues in this investigation, and are codified into a system of classification. The language of this system is derived from the writings by Gregotti and organized by strategy and contextual situation (infrastructure, landscape, urban structure, periphery) and is developed as a taxonomic device in Phase 2a. [ Phase 2a ] Taxonomy of Interventions – A variety of architecture and urban design projects are selected as precedents for the investigation. Each precedent project is placed into the previously developed system of classification resulting in a diagrammatic matrix classifying strategies for intervention as related to project type. This taxonomy of interventions acts as the academic framework for phases three and four and is fundamental in developing a language of modification through both the documentation of research and the translation of research into graphic representation. [ Phase 3 ] Application: Testing Strategies for Intervention – Phases one and two aim to build a supporting argument based on theory and analysis while phase three employs the practical implementation of the concluded evidence. Ultimately, phase three is the testing ground for the developed taxonomy through the application of the strategies defined in phase two as applied to the four sites outlined in phase one; therefore, phase three maintains a direct correlation with the previous phases and establishes design criteria for the final phase. [ Phase 4 ] Modification: Prescribing Strategies for Intervention – The previously developed language of modification and site specific information will be the guiding principles of design development for a proposed intervention. Phases one through three aim to build a supporting argument based on theory and the practical implementation of design strategies. Phase four will be the testing ground of moving from theory to method of design for urban intervention; therefore, phase four will maintain a direct correlation with the previous phases.

7 Sebastiano Brandolini and Pierre-Alain Croset, “Strategies of Modification 2,” Casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984, 40.

7

DEFINITIONS : “In linguistic syntax, “modification” is a mood, that is it belongs to the category of the verb, and defines the quality of an action. Thus “modification” reveals the consciousness of belonging to something pre-existing, the transformation introduced within the whole system by changing one of its parts.” 8

“A taxonomy is a list of items, classified for practical use. Each item on this list refers to a larger group. Taxonomies articulate differences. They allude to absences - open spaces that can stir the imagination. Scenarios build upon the differences created by taxonomies, and enter the open spaces they offer.”9

Intervene - to come in or between by way of hindrance or modification.

Urban Acupuncture - “His idea of an intervention that by virtue of its limit and intrinsic organization is able to augment a city fabric in such a way as to serve as an instrument that both re-structures and enriches the immediate context, while at the same time stimulating a set of as yet only partially foreseen repercussions and developments.” 10

8 Vittorio Gregotti: Casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984, 5.

9 Raoul Bunschoten, Urban Flotsam 10 Kenneth Frampton, Preface to A Matter of Things, trans. Peter Mason and Debbie Smirthwaite. (Belgium: Eelco van Welie, NAi Publishers, 2008), 7.

8

RESEARCH : Site

PHILADELPHIA,

9

,PENNSYLVANIA

10

INVESTIGATION : The Philadelphia LandVisions website http://www.landvisions.org/index.php was used to collect geographic information systems (GIS) data for the city of Philadelphia. This data, (social, economic, land use, vacant land, etc.), was used to create base maps and analytical diagrams ultimately guiding the selection of four sites for intervention within the city.

On a site vist to Philadelphia, using the base maps and computer generated data, a more in depth site investigation was conducted and documented through photography, site interviews, and analytical drawing techniques to quantify noted site conditions. The urban analysis and base mappings guided the later Application and Modification phases of the project.

AREAS OF TRANSFORMATION :

1. Transformation of the infrastructure “An axis along which to position a series of qualifying interventions or the infrastructure as a limit, trying therefore to qualify it as a connection place between two areas it separates.”11

2. Transformation of the landscape “One should newly qualify a landscape besides conserving it, clearly indicating the changes in function and in meaning which might have taken place.” 12

3. Transformation of the urban structure “Always common and important are the internal areas made available by phenomena of functional obsolescence, their transformation has to be thought as qualification of the relationship with the surrounding areas.” 13

4. Qualification of the peripheries “The efforts are directed towards the identification of different parts through interventions which try and extend into the peripheries the morphological and functional complexity of the historical city.” 14

11-14 Sebastiano Brandolini and Pierre-Alain Croset, “Strategies of Modification 3,” Casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984, 78.

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RESEARCH : 1Defining Strategies for Intervention Strategies of Modification and 2 Sebastiano Brandolini & Pierre-Alain Croset: Casabella 498/499, Jan.-Feb.1984.

The laws of contextual modification: Strategies of Modification 1 and 2 Sebastiano Brandolini & Pierre-Alain Croset: Casabella 498/499, Jan.-Feb.1984.

Extension and completion [connecting + articulating] “the interpretation of the place rests on its physical dimension, on its organization and on its present condition.”

Extension and completion [connecting + articulating] “the interpretation of the place rests on its physical dimension, on its organization and on its present condition.”

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Interface Flon Railway + Metro Station, Lausanne

Addition and superimposition Bernard Tschumi Architects: Interface Flon Railway + Metro Station, Lausanne

Addition and superimposition

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Bolles + Wilson: Urban Quartier Christianberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

Collage and internal modification [contextual operating] Bolles + Wilson: Urban Quartier Christianberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

“the interpretation of the place rests on its history and on its culture, and on its rooted meanings.”

Collage and internal modification [contextual operating] “the interpretation of the place rests on its history and on its culture, and on its rooted meanings.”

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

O.M.A.: Souterrain Tram Tunnel, Netherlans, The Hague

Simplification and complexification O.M.A.: Souterrain Tram Tunnel, Netherlans, The Hague

Simplification and complexification

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Stationsplein, Leuven

Subtraction and repetition Manuel de Sola-Morales: Stationsplein, Leuven

Subtraction and repetition

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Alvaro Siza: Bouca Social Housing, Porto, Portugal

Alvaro Siza: Bouca Social Housing, Porto, Portugal

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

articulate differences.

They allude to absences - open spaces that can stir the imagination. Scenarios build upon taxonomy of interventions: the differences created by taxonomies, and enter the open spaces they offer.”

strategies transformations

The laws of contextual modification:

Vittorio Gregotti: casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984.

strate transformat

of an action. architecture Thus “modification” themodification: consciousness of belonging to something pre-existing, the ofreveals urban prescribing strategies for intervention transformation introduced within the whole system by changing one of its parts. Modification indicates that this transformation develops with time.”

“In linguistic syntax, “modification” is a mood, that is it belongs to the category of the verb, and defines the quality 12 Gregotti: casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984. of an action. Thus “modification” reveals the consciousnessVittorio of belonging to something pre-existing, the transformation introduced within the whole system by changing one of its parts. Modification indicates that this transformation develops with time.”

Raoul Bunschoten, Urban group.

Flotsam Taxonomies “A taxonomy is a list of items, classified for practical use. Each item on this list refers to a larger articulate differences. They allude to absences - open spaces that can stir the imagination. Scenarios build upon the differences created by taxonomies, and enter the open spaces they offer.”

Raoul Bunschoten, Urban Flotsam ‘82‘98

Taxonomy of Interventions Space, Event, Movement: Event-Cities 2 [superimpositions / juxtapositions / permutations]

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Parc de la Villette, Paris

1.

2.

3.

4.

‘88

Space, Event, Movement: Event-Cities 2

[superimpositions / juxtapositions / permutations] Architectural Urbanism: Event-Cities [typological displacements-crossprogramming]

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Parc de la Villette, Paris

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Bridge-City, Lausanne

1.

2.

3.

4.

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Bridge-City, Lausanne Bernard Tschumi Architects: Kyoto JR Station, Kyoto ‘91‘96Architectural Urbanism: Event-Cities [disprogramming] Interactive Public Space: “City’s Stage” [the importance of a void]

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Kyoto JR Station, Kyoto

1.

2.

3.

4.

Interactive Public Space: “City’s Stage” [the importance of a void] To Create A Place, Things Invented: A Matter of Things [size is not scale]

West 8, Schouwburgplein: Rotterdam, The Netherlands

1.

2.

3.

4.

‘94‘01

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Winschoterkade, Groningen

‘96Vectors: Event-Cities 2 ‘02 [vector as infrastructure] Condensed Form, Things Overlapping: A Matter of Things [distorted order]

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Interface Flon Railway + Metro Station, Lausanne

1.

2.

3.

4.

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Stationsplein, Leuven

‘99‘08

05

07

06

08

07

Presence of the absence, terrain vague, vectors: Stalking Detroit

Environmental: Objects Social: Territory/Object Formal: Site/Object a+t Landscape Urbanism Strategies

DAS:20 Architecture Studio: Projecting Detroit, Detroit

09

08

‘99‘08

‘00‘06

Environmental: Objects Social: Territory/Object Formal: Site/Object a+t Landscape Urbanism Strategies

Choi Ropiha Fighera: TKTS Booth & Redevelopment of Father Duffy Square, NYC Alvaro Siza: Bouca Social Housing, Porto, Portugal

1.

2.

3.

4.

‘00‘06

10

09

‘01‘05

Condensed Form, Things Overlapping: A Matter of Things [coherence through difference]

Alvaro Siza: Bouca Social Housing, Porto, Portugal Manuel de Sola-Morales: Rijnboog, Arnhem

11

10

‘01‘05

‘03 Condensed Form, Things Overlapping: A Matter of Things [coherence through difference] To re-invent a modern cityscape for Paris: ElCroque [an accumulation of specific / precise / contextual / delicate interventions]

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Rijnboog, Arnhem

O.M.A.: New Forum Les Halles, Paries, France

1.

2.

3.

4.

12

11

‘03 ‘03To re-invent a modern cityscape for Paris: ElCroque ‘09 [an accumulation of specific / precise / contextual / delicate interventions] Faceted/Folded/Angular: Event-Cities 4 [Green Politics / Concept-Form]

O.M.A.: New Forum Les Halles, Paries, France

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Interface Flon M2 Metro Station, Lausanne

13

12

‘03‘09

‘04

Faceted/Folded/Angular: Event-Cities 4 [Green Politics / Concept-Form]

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Interface Flon M2 Metro Station, Lausanne O.M.A.: Souterrain Tram Tunnel, Netherlans, The Hague

14

13

‘04 ‘04‘09 Heterogenous Accumulation,Things In Conflict: A Matter of Things [urban crossroad]

O.M.A.: Souterrain Tram Tunnel, Netherlans, The Hague Manuel de Sola-Morales: Operaplein, Antwerp ‘04‘09 ‘06 Heterogenous Accumulation,Things In Conflict: A Matter of Things [urban crossroad] “An Urban Sequence Linked to The Wider Landscape.”: Occasions [implantation / irregularities / intermediate]

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Operaplein, Antwerp

Mateoarquitectura: Embankment of the River Adour., Bayonne, France

1.

2.

3.

4.

04

‘99‘08

Choi Ropiha Fighera: TKTS Booth & Redevelopment of Father Duffy Square, NYC

1.

2.

3.

4.

06

Condensed Form, Things Overlapping: A Matter of Things [distorted order] Presence of the absence, terrain vague, vectors: Stalking Detroit

DAS:20 Architecture Studio: Projecting Detroit, Detroit

1.

2.

3.

4.

05

‘96‘02

‘99‘08

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

03

‘94‘01

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Stationsplein, Leuven

1.

2.

3.

4.

04

To Create A Place, Things Invented: A Matter of Things

Vectors: Event-Cities[size 2 is not scale] [vector as infrastructure]

Bernard Tschumi Architects: Interface Flon Railway + Metro Station, Lausanne

1.

2.

3.

4.

02

‘94‘96

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

03

‘91‘96

‘94‘96

Manuel de Sola-Morales: Winschoterkade, Groningen

1.

2.

3.

4.

01

‘90

West 8, Schouwburgplein: Rotterdam, The Netherlands

1.

2.

3.

4.

02

‘88 ‘90 Architectural Urbanism: Event-Cities [typological displacements-crossprogramming] Architectural Urbanism: Event-Cities [disprogramming]

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

01

‘82‘98

15

16

14

15

‘06 ‘09 “An Urban Sequence Linked to The Wider Landscape.”: Occasions [implantation / irregularities / intermediate] On The Limits of Place: Occasions [topographical / volumetirc]

Mateoarquitectura: Embankment of the River Adour., Bayonne, France

Mateoarquitectura: Reconstruction of the historical center of Sibenik, Croatia

17

16

‘09 ‘06

On The Limits of Place: Occasions [topographical / volumetirc] A sequence of urban spaces: [a rich but ordered tapestry]

Mateoarquitectura: Reconstruction of the historical center of Sibenik, Croatia

Bolles + Wilson: Urban Quartier Christianberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

18

17

‘06 ‘03A sequence of urban spaces: ‘11 [a rich but ordered tapestry] Keep It Simple, Keep It Wild, Keep It Quiet, Keep It Slow: [an episodic and varied sequence of public spaces and landscape biotopes set along a simple and consistent line]

Bolles + Wilson: Urban Quartier Christianberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

Field Operations: High Line, New York, New York

19

18

‘03‘11

‘01Keep It Simple, Keep It Wild, Keep It Quiet, Keep It Slow: ‘07 [an episodic and varied sequence of public spaces and landscape biotopes set along a simple and consistent line] Reciprocal Topographies: [a model of continuity, curation, and craft]

Field Operations: High Line, New York, New York

Weiss Manfredi: Olympic Sculpture Park, Seattle, WA

20

19

‘01‘07 Reciprocal Topographies: [a model of continuity, curation, and craft]

Weiss Manfredi: Olympic Sculpture Park, Seattle, WA

20

areas of transformation:

research question:

Four groups of projects in relation to Four different kinds of places.

Can the architecture of urban modification, as a theory structuring various strategies of design, be tested and codified through critical analysis and ultimately implemented as the primary device urban intervention?

Strategies of Modification 3 Sebastiano Brandolini & Pierre-Alain Croset: Casabella 498/499, Jan.-Feb.1984.

1.

The transformation of the infrastructures: “radical urban & territorial transformations & functional and formal modifications.”

[7]

02 03

06

[8]

02 03

06 07

13 14 15

19

14

19

11

[3]

07

[5]

20

14 15

11

11

20

15

13

19

02 03

[3] total: 26

2.

The transformation of the landscape: “tied to that of its protection against its exploitation and destruction.”

[3]

01

[8]

01

[6]

01

20

11 05

05

[7]

08

17 18 19

12 13

08

11 12

08

11 12 13

19

17 18

17 18 19

[3] total: 27

3.

The morphological transformation of the urban structure: “internal urban areas made available by phenomena of functional obsolescence.”

[7]

[ 14 ]

[7]

01 02 03

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

07 08 09

01 02 03 04

11 12

08

04

01

11 12 13

07 08 09

[9]

02 03

[5]

Qualification of the peripheries: “the reconstruction of left-over areas between the town and the periphery.”

[2] [2] [2] [2] total:

8

01 01 01

11 05 05

17

14

15 16

18 17 18

10

total: 42

4.

14 15

10 11

11 11

20

13

14

FINDINGS : The findings of this investigation are presented as a contemporary application of the theory of Architecture of Modification. The information obtained through the process of research, analysis and design is documented as graphic representation. The primary goal of the representation is to extract a definitive language of modification.

Ultimately, this presentation depicts the depth of the investigation as a cohesive body of work testing a theory set forth in an earlier period of time as a model and developing from it a method for future practice.

15

16

APPLICATION : Testing Strategies for Intervention

Site 1. Transformation of the infrastructure “An axis along which to position a series of qualifying interventions or the infrastructure as a limit, trying therefore to qualify it as a connection place between two areas it separates.�11

Strategy : Addition and Superimposition

17

Site 2. Transformation of the landscape “One should newly qualify a landscape besides conserving it, clearly indicating the changes in function and in meaning which might have taken place.� 12

Strategy : Collage and Internal Modification [contextual operating]

18

APPLICATION : Testing Strategies for Intervention

Site 2. Transformation of the landscape “One should newly qualify a landscape besides conserving it, clearly indicating the changes in function and in meaning which might have taken place.� 12

Strategy : Addition and Superimposition

19

20

APPLICATION : Testing Strategies for Intervention

Site 3. Transformation of the urban structure “Always common and important are the internal areas made available by phenomena of functional obsolescence, their transformation has to be thought as qualification of the relationship with the surrounding areas.� 13

Strategy : Addition and Superimposition

21

Site 4. Qualification of the peripheries “The efforts are directed towards the identification of different parts through interventions which try and extend into the peripheries the morphological and functional complexity of the historical city.� 14

Strategy : Extension and Completion

22

MODIFICATION : Prescribing Strategies for Intervention

Strategies

Site Diagram

23

Site 1. Transformation of the infrastructure “An axis along which to position a series of qualifying interventions or the infrastructure as a limit, trying therefore to qualify it as a connection place between two areas it separates.� 11

Final Plan Diagram

public space

infrastructure

landscape

24

MODIFICATION : Prescribing Strategies for Intervention

Enlarged Plan / Building Section

25

Physical Model

26

NOTES 1. Vittorio Gregotti, “Modification,” Casabella Magazine, January 1984, 4.

2. Vittorio Gregotti, Inside Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Graham Foundation/MIT Press, 1996), 67.

3. Vittorio Gregotti was Director of Casabella Magazine from 1982-1996, Sebastiano Brandolini was Editor of Casabella Magazine 1984-1996, Pierre-Alain Croset was Assistant Editor of Casabella Magazine 1982-1996.

4. Vittorio Gregotti, Inside Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Graham Foundation/MIT Press, 1996), 67.

5. Vittorio Gregotti, Inside Architecture, (Cambridge, MA: Graham Foundation/MIT Press, 1996), 69-70.

6. Vittorio Gregotti, “Modification,” Casabella Magazine, January 1984, 4.

7. Sebastiano Brandolini and Pierre-Alain Croset, “Strategies of Modification 2,” Casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984, 40.

8. Vittorio Gregotti: Casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984, 5.

9. Raoul Bunschoten, Takuro Hoshino, and Helene Binet, Urban Flotsam, (Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 010 Publishers 2001), 252.

10. Kenneth Frampton, Preface to A Matter of Things, trans. Peter Mason and Debbie Smirthwaite. (Belgium: Eelco van Welie, NAi Publishers, 2008), 7.

11-14. Sebastiano Brandolini and Pierre-Alain Croset, “Strategies of Modification 3,” Casabella 498/499, jan.-feb.1984, 78.

27

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—. “Strategies of Modification 2.” Casabella Magazine, January 1984.

—. “Strategies of Modification 3.” Casabella Magazine, January 1984.

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Daskalakis, Georgia, Charles Waldheim, and Jason Young. Introduction to Stalking Detroit. Barcelona: ACTAR, 2001.

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Smirthwaite. Belgium: Eelco van Welie, NAi Publishers, 2008.

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Foundation/MIT Press, 1996.

—. “Modification.” Casabella Magazine, January 1984.

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Urban Studies Team. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2002.

“Philadelphia LandVisions.” Accessed August 20, 2011. http://www.landvisions.org.

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