Report on Marketing Principles by Assignment Desk

Report on Marketing Principles

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Various element of marketing process ................................................................................. 1 1.2: Benefits and cost of a marketing orientation for McDonald..............................................2 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1: Show macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions.........3 2.2 Propose segmentation criteria to be used for products in different markets......................... 4 2.3: Choose a targeting strategy for a selected product/service.................................................. 4 2.4: Demonstrate how buyer behaviour affects marketing activities in different buying situations..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.5: Propose new positioning for as elected product/service...................................................... 5 TASK 3............................................................................................................................................ 6 3.1: Product development to sustain competitive advantage...................................................... 6 3.2: Distribution strategies used by McDonald to provide customer convenience.....................7 3.3: Pricing strategies used by McDonald's to reflect objective and market conditions.............7 3.4: Integration of promotional activity to achieve marketing objectives...................................8 3.5: Additional elements of extended marketing mix for McDonald's...................................... 9 TASK 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 10 4.1: Marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets with McDonald's reference.................................................................................................................................... 10 4.2: Differences in marketing products and services to business rather than consumers......... 11 4.3: Difference between international and domestic marketing in McDonald's case............... 12 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 14

INTRODUCTION Marketing principles can be defined as a process which is helpful in finding out the needs and requirements of the customers and accordingly providing them with solution in order to provide them satisfaction. In this context, there are four elements involved which are product, price, place and promotion. These elements are helpful in carrying out market research so as to know the requirements of customer. In addition to this, marketing principles are also helpful for the organization in making effective decision regarding the changes which they should make on their product or services, in selecting most appropriate promotional strategy, etc. (Marketing at MacDonald, 2011). Present report is about McDonald's which has the largest chain of fast food restaurants and has more than 36000 outlets around the world (GrĂźnig and Morschett, 2012). They understand their customers needs and wants and accordingly provide them services. This report covers different process and concepts which are involved in marketing. Further, it covers the use of targeting, positioning and segmenting. Lastly it also includes the use of marketing mix in different contexts. 1.1 Various element of marketing process Marketing can be defines as the business or action which are helpful for the organizations in introducing their products or services to the customers. Marketing is very essential in order to convey the services and products provided by the organizations. In this context, there are mainly four elements involved which are: identifying the product, it refers to the item which has to be sold actually. The product delivered to the customers should have minimum level of performance otherwise even the best work done on other element would become useless (Ataman, Van Heerde and Mela, 2010). Next is fixing the price, this is referred to the value which is put for the product. There are many factors which are involved in determining the price of a product. Next is Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

place, it is referred to the point of sale. It is the selection of right location because of which organizations could make their product or services easily available to their customers. Last is promotion, it involves all the activities in order to make customers know regarding the product services provided by the firm. The elements of marketing process which are taken by McDonald is to determine its brand image. For instance, planning is one main element. Determination of developing organisational objectives is all in the hands of McDonald. For the same, they are involve in market research as well. Decisions regarding market information is collected and analysed. The significance of involving employees in the decision making is to make them feel motivated. Research is another element of marketing. With the help of various tools and techniques, market trends and information are analysed for meeting various business needs (Shimp and Andrews, 2013). Therefore, this fast food business is also involved in strategy formulation. The strategies are designed in order to attempt the different functions in the organisation. These are planned in order to meet the organisational objectives. 1.2: Benefits and cost of a marketing orientation for McDonald Market orientation is considered as another tool which covers the major part of the marketing dimension. The term 'market orientation' is defined as the exercising of various tools and techniques in the affairs of business. The motive behind the same is to meet the demand and desire of the customers. According to the given case study, the major element which is considered by McDonald's is the customers. Every plan made by this organization is related with the production and delivery of food product which is admire and demanded by the customers. Therefore, branding is the most dominant factor which is valued by the McDonald. The rationale behind choosing the market orientation is to render various benefits to its customers. However, Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

there are various advantageous and limitations which are related with the use and implementation of market orientation. These are stated individually. The benefits of market orientation for McDonald are determined on the basis of customers. Actions taken by this fast food company has to achieve the target in meeting the customers need. By utilizing the concept orientation, McDonald gain competitive advantage. The effective planning of market research helps the firm to know their customers properly thereby they stay ahead of their competitors always (Huang and Sarigöllü, 2012). According to the given case study, the company always uses customer orientated approach. They achieve this target by analyzing deep customer survey. This is a step taken by them to attain maximum sales and profit earning. By indulging in the same process, they gain the larger market segment. This is the reason why company is so successful in expanding its chains all over the world. In contrary to same, there are some cost factors as well that are associated with the market orientation. Implementation of action plans for market research is made through the heavy spending into the research and development. Along with the same, the company makes use of high technology and infrastructure. It helps them to stay advance and effective outcome. Similarly, another cost plus factor is the training of staff. Processes which are used by the Company to train and develop its staff members are standardize. The core the behind the same is to achieve the factor of efficiency. 2.1: Show macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions There is a presence of varied macro and micro environmental factors that puts an influence on the marketing decisions undertaken by Mc Donald’s. The macro environmental factors are inclusive of political areas. Mc Donald’s while carrying out its operations in UK will have to adhere with the health and hygiene regulations as specified by the government. UK government has further been pressurizing fast food industry to stop adding ingredients that Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

causes obesity, heart diseases as well as high cholesterol (Luca and Suggs, 2010). Hence the company will have to abide by the same while carrying out its marketing activities. Economic factors are a crucial factor for Mc Donald’s as the company has operations of company are affected by inflation rate of UK. In the same manner, tariffs on imported raw materials may put at impact on production of the products. This may make Mc Donald’s to reduce its marketing budget so as to manage the cost factor. Social factors also play a key role for Mc Donald’s while undertaking marketing decisions. This is as the restaurant will have to take car about he needs and preferences of consumers while delivering the products. In the same manner, during the process of marketing, Mc Donald’s will have to make the ads so as not to affect the overall consumer sentiments. It should not make advertisements that are derogatory to a particular class or race. Mc Donald’s will have to make use of latest as well as sophisticated technology in it marketing activities so as to garner more sales figures. This can include making use of social media for its campaigns, advertising on the Internet among others. While taking the marketing decisions, Mc Donald’s is required to conduct the activities in an environmental friendly manner. It should focus on making use of recyclable material in its pamphlets etc (Carter and et. al., 2013). This will not only make the company adhere with the concert of green marketing but also help in creation of a green image. McDonald while carrying out its activities in UK is required to adhere with the laws and regulations. These are related to labor and employment law, corporate law and tax requirements etc. In this respect, Mc Donald’s is required to adhere with labor policies and ensure that is does not make use of children in the advertisements which is beyond the legal standards. In the same manner, the micro environmental factors that affect marketing decisions of Mc Donald’s are as follows; The marketing plan of Mc Donald’s should aim at attracting as well as retaining the consumers through products that meet the wants and needs. In the same manner, the company Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

should also be in a position to provide for excellent customer service to its clients (Tapp and Spotswood, 2013). The employees must be skilled enough and should have relevant experience in Service Sector Marketing. This will help to garner more consumer sales due to provision of excellent customer service. The behavior of suppliers puts a direct impact on the business. It happens as provision of poor service may enhance the time scale of product quality. Competitors are one of the most crucial micro environmental factors that put an impact on overall working of organization. Being a part of business it is important to examine the responses of competitors so as to maximize the impact. 2.2 Propose segmentation criteria to be used for products in different markets Market segmentation is all about grouping the various consumers into segment in terms of common needs so that there can be a similar response towards a marketing action. Each of the segments is likely to pose a different response to a marketing mix strategy. This is as each of the proposed segment offers growth and profit opportunities The proposed segmentation criteria for selected product being Brekkie roll is as follows. The segmentation to be used in this respect can be demographic. The set criteria can be in the area of family size as well as income. In this regard, the Brekki roll can be segmented on basis of small size, medium size and family size (Metcalf and et. al., 2012). The small size can be for kids. Medium size can be for an average adult person. While the family size can be eaten by entire family of four. In the same way, the price range for Brekkie roll can be set as per the decided size.

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2.3: Choose a targeting strategy for a selected product/service After the segmentation has been carried out the need is to make a child of proposed targets. This is as a single strategy may not suit to all the client groups. Hence he is to develop specific strategies for target markets The targeting strategy in the present scenario can be Multi-Segment Targeting for Brekki roll. The approach can be best utilized in the present context as the technique will help to focus on well-defined markets so as to develop strategies as per them (Rosenbloom and Dimitrova, 2011). His strategy can be beneficial for the selected product being Brekkie roll as the market has been segmented on the basis of family size as well as income. However, making use of this strategy can be costly as there is a need to generate greater input from management. There may further be a need to focus on increased market research followed by using too much of promotional strategies. 2.4: Demonstrate how buyer behaviour affects marketing activities in different buying situations The behavior exhibited by the buyers has a significant impact on the marketing activities. This also applies to the different buying situation that is exhibited by the buyer. New buy This buying situation occurs when the consumers purchase Aussie Brekkie roll for the first time. In this scenario the marketers are required to provide a competitive argument about Aussie Brekkie roll so as to make the consumers consume the product for at least once. The information generated may help the consumers to make the decision regarding purchase option. Straight Rebuy This is the easiest kind of buying situation where buyer makes a routine purchase. Here, the behavior of buyer is with respect to buying (Stone and McCall, 2004). Hence, the markets in this scenario do not have to take in many efforts to confirm the sales once the order has been Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

satisfied. For example, if the person buys Aussie Brekkie roll on an ordinary basis then he can be easily satisfied by the ongoing marketing strategies. Modified Rebuy In this situation, the buyer makes an option to buy a same product but there is a significant difference from the previous purchase. The difference may occur of there is slight change in ingredients of Aussie Brekkie roll. This noising situation requires a substantial amount of marketing activities in order to make the consumers purchase the product. They are required to be convinced with respect to new ingredients that are added in Aussie Brekkie roll. 2.5: Propose new positioning for as elected product/service Positioning strategy is all about developing a brand image in the minds of consumers. It entails for improving the perception of consumer while they make a choice for a product or service. In this regard, Aussie Brekkie roll can be positioned in the minds of consumers through many ways. One can be with the help of its taste factor (Glynn, 2011). The products of Mc Donaldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s have always been known for taste and quality. Same aspect can be applied in case of Aussie Brekkie roll as well. 3.1: Product development to sustain competitive advantage Every organization filters some objectives in order to gain some extra advantage. This is made through the continuous efforts which are infused by the firm in its working and operations. This is same with the case of McDonald's where along with all the other objectives, product development is also one of the main (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). The motive of McDonald is to attain the benefit of competitive benefit. With the rise in number of various fast food restaurants, McDonald has to continuously involved in developing its products and services to an additional level. Therefore, product development is taken as a major aspects. For the same, Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

Michael Porter, product development strategy is implemented by this fast food chain. The core of using this strategy is to understand various strategies that are used by this enterprise in different market segments. According to the above stated illustration, this model has four main partitions. These are cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus and differentiation focus. This company has been developing its products on the basis of its leadership in the market. Since years, it has it has its own principles on the basis of which it has been working on its development strategy. The rationale behind the same is to consistently maintaining its leadership. This is the reason this fast food company focuses on quality as well as quantity. Differentiation is the another strategy which is a factor that plays role in development of product. According to the given case study, McDonald is having a strong base of taste which is the major factor that helps in attracting and appealing its customers. Cost focus is another product development strategy which majorly plays role in gaining competitive advantage. By effectively considering the cost factor , McDonald always tries to gain the things from its niche markets (Rimal and Creel, 2008). Similarly, the last factor of the Michael Porter strategy is the differentiation focus. According to this element, the concentration of McDonald is to produce the food products different from the competitors. Thereby develop a way to occupy major portion in the whole market dimension. 3.2: Distribution strategies used by McDonald to provide customer convenience Distribution is the another element of the marketing mix. This is one among its four major elements in which various channels are determined for the delivery of goods and services. The ultimate objectivce of every manufactuirer or retailer is to make the availability of its products and services to its customers. This is the reason various channels are developed which continuously aims to provide quick and easy availability of products to its target customers. Selling of goods are achieved through market channels (Gielens and Geyskens, 2012). These are Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

direct or indirect channels. The objective is to make the final delivery very suitably by focusing customers. Direct channel is one way of distribution of products. The purchase of products and services are made directly by engaging with the retailers straight forwardly. No channels are required to be addressed while making any sale or purchase. For example, when customer is feeling hungry and he went to McDonald. The direct ordering of food product from the seller in exchange of cost is the direct selling. Indirect channel is the another form of distribution strategy. There are involved various number of middlemen who support and facilitate the delivery of goods and services. The work of these agents is to make customers available with the goods and services. With respect to the McDonald, there is not involved any middlemen. Onlinbe distribuition is the another form of distribution strategy, with the developmebnt of Information and Technology, there has been shown tremendous growth in the use of internet. Now a days, the buyinbg and selling process has been met online (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012). With the rise in number of people who are using internet for almost inquiry or information are now relaying on internet as a delivery of goods as a service as well. McDonald is one in this respect who has its own online distribution channel. 3.3: Pricing strategies used by McDonald's to reflect objective and market conditions Marketing mix is one of the major tool which is being extensively used in studying the concepts. In a streamline of four P's of marketing mix, Pricing is another P. The objective of every business organization is to earn profits (Fitter, 2001). Accordingly, the costing of goods and services are made. The setting of pricing is made with respect to the product and services being offered. The ultimate aim lies in gaining the outcome of revenue. This is the reason various strategies are practices by the marketing department team of the McDonald as well. Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

According to the provided case scenario, this fast food restaurant always aims to provide its customers with the best of quality products at very affordable prices. This is the reason, the low pricing products are the major advantage enjoyed by the people. However, among the various strategies of the pricing are studied so that with the change in various situations, McDonald can work upon different pricing strategies available to them. Penetration pricing is one strategy which works on the principle of low pricing method of the products and services. This is initial plan which focuses on imposing low cost for the products. The objective is to gain the larger market share with the use of more number of customers as a powerful foundation (Jarvis, MacKenzie and Podsakoff, 2003). The objective of using this strategy is to attract the audience so that by seeing the low prices for the products, large customers can come and get familiar with the goods and services. For example, whenever McDonald comes up with its new product, it keeps low price for them. This attract the customer to get the new food product and gradually this later turns for them with the larger market segment. Price skimming is the another strategy which is planned for the sale of products and services. This is a strategy where high prices for the goods and services are defined. The marketers plan this demand and supply of products or services for increasing the sales. 3.4: Integration of promotional activity to achieve marketing objectives Promotion is the another P of marketing mix. This has been taken as one of the most imperative element. Without proper planning of how to make product awareness with the people is critically planned, designed and implemented here. Various tools are put to promote goods as a part of their marketing objective. As revealed from the given case study. Customers are the major target of the Mc Donald. This is the evidence of quality goods and service which is provided by this fast food restaurant chain (Patterson and et.al., 2010). This organization is Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

known for its established 30000 outlets in more than 100 nations of the world. This giant food product company is identified as the best as compared to its competitors. It has been known for its advertisements and marketing initiatives for promotion of its food products. Brand awareness is however, considered as the most vital facet which determine the effectiveness of company to work and satisfy its customers. The focus of Mc Donald is always been on youngsters and adult people. This is the reason, which compel them to make use of various social networking sites. Mc Donald make use of You tube, Facebook etc. for attracting and making people aware about their brand and products. The company is also involved in conducting various marketing campaign and survey. This is a way to win million of people with respect to their taste, preference, lifestyle and many more things. In the same vein, the management of McDonald's is involved in arranging WiFi free of services for its visitors. This is a step taken by them as a part of its marketing strategies for making promotion at global level as well. The marketing manager of the Mc Donald is highly responsible in taking newer initiatives for building its brand image (Zikmund and Babin, 2012). They regularly conducts marketing and advertisement campaign . Along with this, being focusing on their expansion plans, McDonald opens their new chains in different regions of the nations throughout the world. Moreover, the promotional methods of McDonald is not limited to one or two methods. Rather, they use Television, radio, posters etc for gaining larger target on pleasing and magnetizing audiences. 3.5: Additional elements of extended marketing mix for McDonald's Marketing mix is a major dimension which is not limited to four P's. Rather it takes into account additional elements which are called as the extended marketing mix. According to the given scenario, these extended P's are stated and have been evaluated with respect to the McDonald. Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

People are the major reason for which an organization functions. Alike every company, McDonald also aims to formulate its objective according to the need and demand of the customers. The efforts that are required to be made by them are inclusive of planning of different ways which can help in attracting mass. The influence capacity of company thus, paves major part. In a streamline, use of tag lines is one way to catch customers eye on product. Getting into innovation practices is one of the common habit of this fast food organization. 'I am loving it' is one very common and famous business line of McDonald (Porter,2011). The company has different age group people following their food products. People are attracted for birthday party, casual meetings, business gathering, internet access and simply for fun or spending leisure time. Process is another marketing mix part which refers to the supply management chain. The functions and operations of McDonald also works in some arrangement. Ample of employees are part of McDonald who have been effectively trained to meet with the standards process of the organization. The employees are so talented and professionally trained to meet the demand and customers. They are adhered to maintain good relationships with them in order to manage good and friendly environment. Physical evidence is another extended marketing mix. McDonald is very dedicated in timely and happily providing the ordered food products to its customers. This is one of the reason which enable the location of its stores at the prime locations. Proper accessibility from the residential areas, offices, schools and colleges is there for its all stores. Similarly, there is good parking zone which develops positive image of the organization. 4.1: Marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets with McDonald's reference Marketing mix have been appropriately viewed with the four P's and extended P's as well. Now, with respect to its applicability has been done with regards to the McDonald. The place is Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

not restricted for any age group. However, by taking segmentation as the major aspect, McDonald has analyzed on the basis of four P's for its two segments. Marketing mix: Segment 1 In the first segment, McDonald has been targeted by taking old age generation as the first criteria. Commencing from Product, the taste and preferences of older generation have been taken care. McDonald will produce the food product with taste which is traditional. The reason behind the same is to integrate the presence of ingredients that makes up their mood towards McDonald (Hargrave, 2012). Secondly, there is pricing which is setting of cost factor for the food propduts made for the old age group. Attitude and behavior of that old age griouop people are taken care. Generally, they possess the idea of psychological pricing into their mind. Therefore, penetration pricing strategy has been kept. In a next line, there is place. Generally, old age people cannot walk or prefer less of distance. Keeping this criteria, segmentation is made regarding food restaurant location. Therefore, for them, home delivery has been taken as most viable option. Promotion is again the next P of marketing mix. Old people are fond of devices such as radio, newspaper, magazines, television etc. These media are all utilized effectively for promotion of products and services. Marketing mix: Segment 2 In the next segment, younger generation of people are there. Innovation and newness are the key requirement of them. They are always pleased with the new flavors. This has been considered while planning product for this segment. Pricing is another part which is adopted. McDonald's in order to attract younger generation generally keeps bundle or line pricing for selling the products. In the same line, the another P of marketing mix is place. Location of stores near to the schools, colleges, etc. is located by McDonald. Promotion is the major criteria for every business organizations. In similar fashion, in order to attain the attention of larger market segment which is inclusive of young population, there is need to focus on some innovative and Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

new methods. There is need to find the method where larger youth mass is readily available. Therefore , online marketing is one way as major of youngsters are addicted and spends majority of their time there. 4.2: Differences in marketing products and services to business rather than consumers Marketing covers the various aspects which has been developed with respect to the products and services delivery. Business has been now flourished to the larger market arena. It has now covered the area of marketing of products and services to business rather than customers. There are several points which shows the clear distinction between marketing products and services to business rather than customers. Business to business (B to B) marketing is made with respect to the availability of information to the customers. They functions and operates by the sales and marketing team of the organization. However, business to consumer (B to C) marketing is another type. Here, the objectives lies in meeting the general and basis need of the customers. For example, McDonald is the business enterprise who performs the function of marketing under business to consumer (B to C) marketing. In B to C marketing, there is need to influence and appeal customers up to specific level only. They takes into account the aspect of providing suggestions and recommendations to meet the need of customers. In relation to B to B marketing and its use by organization such as McDonald, the idea always remain behind is to focus on characteristics and attributes of products rather than product itself. This is vital in order to gain the long term benefit to and for the organization. While making or taking use of Business to Business marketing type, the more shorter and effective mode of distribution of products delivery has been taken (Cadogan, 2012). The objective behind the same is to focus on distribution channels which are more direct and reachable to the target audiences. However, in contrary to the same, with the use of B to C marketing, longer Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

distribution channels are involved. These are time consuming and are sometime not feasible in the fastest business operation environment. 4.3: Difference between international and domestic marketing in McDonald's case The expansion of every business organization is one of the step that has been taken. The jump of domestic organizational working to an international level has been characteristic as growth. However, there are associated ample of challenges as well which are required to be met. There are certain points which differentiate domestic marketing from international marketing. Domestic marketing is associated with the practice of business operations at home nation. However, if the operations are expanded to a foreign level, then it is termed as an international marketing. With relevance to the McDonald, domestic marketing is all about doing business by taking local markets and arenas. When it has all its working in its home nation, it is said to be working at domestic level. However, since with the rise in number of markets in the international markets, the suppliers, customers and employees extended to a broader level. In domestic marketing, the affect is observed from micro and macro environment factors. But are all limited to similar nation. However, while doing business globally, McDonald is required to produce its goods and services which according to the customers who are of different lifestyle and food habits. For example, In UK, the food at McDonald is available which is according to the demand and need of the UK population. However, if the chain is operating in India, then accordingly the taste is modified (Armstrong and et. al., 2014). In similar pattern, when the working are at domestic level, the less of financial or manpower resources are employed by McDonald. However, in contrary to same, there is need of large mass of varied nature and characteristic that support the business expansion of McDonald at various nations and cities of the world. Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers.

CONCLUSION In a nutshell, this report has been achieved to address the marketing concepts and strategies. The role of marketing principles are of core significance in identifying various things. It has been assessed that marketing is a wider term which primarily takes customer as its major target. Role of employee of the organizations are heavily seen in achievement of customer needs and demand. Both organizational and marketing objectives of the McDonald are seen to defined and formulated on the basis of customer satisfaction. It has been observed that marketing mix has its core significance. Along with the same, extended marketing P's have been studied. The report has been made by considering the marketing tactics and methods. The effective use of segmentation as a criteria have been planned to achieve the organizational goals. In similar way, various strategies have been found to be of great use which are used by McDonald's. These are steps that are taken to gain the competitive advantage and competitive position.

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REFERENCES ● ● ● ● ●

Armstrong, G. and et. al., 2014. Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Ataman, M. B., Van Heerde, H. J. and Mela, C. F., 2010. The long-term effect of marketing strategy on brand sales. Journal of Marketing Research. Cadogan, W. J., 2012. International marketing, strategic orientations and business success: Reflections on the path ahead. International Marketing Review. Christopher, M. and Peck, H., 2012. Marketing logistics. Routledge. Fitter, R., 2001. Who Gains from Product Rents as the Coffee Market Becomes More Differentiated? A Value‐chain Analysis. IDS Bulletin.

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