Sample on Travel and Tourism Sector
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................................3 Task 1..............................................................................................................................................................................3 P1.1 Key historical developments in travel and tourism sector of London .............3 P1.2 Structure of travel and tourism industry of London ........4 Task 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................5 P2.1 Function of government, sponsored bodies and international agencies in travel and tourism UK ...............................................................................................5 P2.2 Local and national policy influence on success of travel and tourism sector of UK ........................................6 P2.3 Implications of the political changes on travel and tourism sector ...................................................................6 Task 3..............................................................................................................................................................................7 P3.1 Factors affecting demand of tourism ................................................................................................................7 P3.2 Supply changed to meet the effects of demand .................................................................................................9 Task 4............................................................................................................................................................................10 P4.1 Main positive and negative impact of tourism on economy, environment and society ..................................10 P4.2 Strategies which can be used to minimize the negative impact and maximize positive once ........................11 Conclusions...................................................................................................................................................................12 Recommendations.........................................................................................................................................................13 References.....................................................................................................................................................................14
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Introduction to Travel and Tourism Sector: In recent years, travel and tourism sector has emerged as one of the most growing and potential sectors of the world. Along with this, high growth rate in this sector is witnessing very tough competition among businesses. The present report demonstrates the key historical developments in travel and tourism sector in London. In addition to this, it also highlights the structure of travel and tourism sector. Functions of government and other regulatory bodies in this sector have also been explained in this report. Some of the important factors which affect the demand of tourism are also mentioned in this report. P1.1 Key historical developments in travel and tourism sector of London London is considered as one of the most famous tourist destinations all over the world as it attracts more than 30 million visitors every year. The vibrant culture and amazing monuments are some of the things which attract people from different countries of the world. The history of travel and tourism sector in London begins with the primitive era in which the concept of travelling from one place to another was not so common. One of the only reasons of travelling was to visit holy places (London's Tourism Industry, 2015). In the modern era, travelling is done with the main purpose of either leisure or for any business purpose. During the time of primitive era, the reason of travel was linked with one thing that was to visit religious destinations. As the time changed, the concept of travel and tourism also started to change. It can be stated that it was between the year 1660 to 1840 that people started Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 4
travelling for other purposes rather than for
holy
purpose.
This period was the time in which first grand
tour
was
introduced in market for
people
belongs
which
to
high
income group. The grand
tour
sponsored
was by
different parties and the tour ended up becoming
a
great
success
(Bernick
and Boo, 2013). One of the major objectives of this tour was to make people aware about the culture and lifestyle of other cities, areas and countries. The industrial revolution is considered as the period of transformation in the entire travel and tourism sector of London. It was in the period of 18th and 19th century in which major changes happened in this sector. Along with this, companies such as Thomas cook as well as Cox and Kings were also emerged in this period only (Donohue, 2007). Many new tourism destinations were developed and the number of travellers in London also enhanced. The concept of package tour also developed during this particular year only. Later in the year 1969, the very first act related to travel and tourism sector was developed. Slowly the concept among people regarding the use of travel related services and visiting the destination started to grow. In terms of society, it can be stated that the perception of people in market changed and they started to visit other countries to see their culture, destinations and other things. Before the beginning of 20th Century, the major development in infrastructures took place in which facilitates such as road and transportations were developed for some destinations (Barrett, 2012). In both natural destinations and manmade destinations, these developments took place. In the 20 th century, technology is introduced in travel and tourism sector in which some businesses started to offer tours and providing travel related services via online.
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P1.2 Structure of travel and tourism industry of London The travel and tourism sector of London consists of
six
major
components
which
are
visitor
attractions, accommodation, transportation, travel agents,
tour
operators
and
tourism development authority. In terms of visitors attraction, it can be stated that these destinations are either man made or are developed naturally (Bunja, 2003). For example, Blackpool beach and Lake District are considered as some of the famous natural visitors attractions. On the other side, manmade attractions such as Alton towers is one of the best examples of visitor attraction. The second component of London travel and tourism sector is transportation which plays a major role in the growth and development of this sector. Further, better transportation facilities makes it very convenient for tourist to visit their respective destinations. Rail, road, air and sea are the major sources of transportation within London (Trunfio, Petruzzellis and Nigro, 2006). Another component of travel and tourism sector is accommodation which includes various kinds of hotels and other service providers. In addition to this, there are tour operators whose main motive is to produce and sell tour packages related to various destinations. Travel agents are also considered as one of the major parts of the travel and tourism industry as they act as a link between general public and tour operators. At last, this sector consists of tourism development in which there are various regulatory bodies whose work is to take care of the practices and activities related to travel and tourism in London. Integration of all these components is essential for the success of the sector. It can also be stated that all of them share interdependent relationship with each other (Chen and Choi, 2008). For instance, if visitor attractions are developed in an effective manner but transportation facilities are not appropriate, then tourist cannot be attracted effectively for a particular destinations. The same thing is linked with the other components of travel and tourism sector. In order to earn higher revenue and growth rate, all the components mentioned in the structure are required to Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 6
be
effective
and
efficient. Development authority is required to take care of the fact that all the laws and
regulations
which
have
been
developed in terms of travel and tourism are strictly followed by
all
the
other
components. There are many public and private
businesses
which operate in this sector of London and regulatory bodies are required to ensure that a policy of fair practices and charges is adopted by all these firms (Clarke and Chen, 2012). Different kinds of services which London offer has a direct impact on the future sales and profitability of travel and tourism sector. P2.1 Function of government, sponsored bodies & international agencies in travel & tourism UK The main role of government, sponsored bodies and international agencies in travel and tourism UK is to make sure that all the regulations and policies which has been developed in context of travel and tourism are strictly followed or not. Management and marketing of travel and tourism sector are the two core functions of government bodies developed at local, regional and national levels. In recent years there are many destinations developed in London and these destinations are taken care by bodies at local, regional and national levels. These bodies also present report of revenues earned and expenditure made by the travel and tourism sector of London. This further facilitates in determination of the growth rate and overall profits made by sector in one particular year. On the other side of this, there are some international agencies such as United Nations, World Tourism Organization, Civil Aviation organization, International Air Transportation etc. World Tourism Organization's main function is to promote responsible, universally accessible and sustainable tourism (Stamboulis and Skayannis, 2003). In addition to this, it focuses on both environmental sustainability and economic growth. On the other hand, Civil Aviation organization's main function is to plan and develop international Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 7
air This
transportation. organization
makes sure that air transport is focusing on both growth as well as safety of passengers.
United
nations also plays very important role in the travel and tourism sector as it deals
with
development rules,
plans
the of and
policies related to this sector. Every businesses that operates in travel and tourism sector is required to adhere these policies and rules. All these regulatory bodies have direct relationship with government (Stone, 2013). It can be concluded that the major function of government and these bodies is to ensure that the customers in travel and tourism industry do not get exploited. World tourism organization is an agency which performs the function of managing and promoting sustainable and responsible tourism. Further it is also considered as one of the leading and renowned organization in the travel and tourism sector of the world. It promote tourism in many country which provides driving force to the economic development of all its member countries. Other than this, World tourism organization also perform activities such as promotion and marketing of tourism and competitiveness among all its member countries. International Air Transportation association (IATA) is a trade association which has been developed for the world airlines. Further the association includes 260 airlines which is near about 83% of the total air traffic (Barrett, 2012). The major function of IATA is to support and deal with the issues faced by airlines. Some of its key priorities includes expansion, reduction of airport charges and increasing fast travel capabilities. P2.2 Local and national policy influence on success of travel and tourism sector of UK It can be stated that the national and local policies have an direct impact on the activities and operations of travel and tourism industry. Majority of the times such kind of policies are developed with objectives such as elimination of customer exploitation, fair competition among business operating in travel and tourism sector of UK etc. The local polices developed in UK focuses on environmental protections whereas the national policies deals Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 8
with issues such as declining number of tourist, low revenues etc. Such kind of policies have both positive as well as negative impact on the success of travel and tourism sector of UK. In terms of negative
impact,
these policies forces all the businesses which operates in this sector to use more
sustainable
practices and take care of environment (Theobald, 2013). In recent years the activities of travel and tourism directly had an adverse affect on the society and environment. Cutting down of tress and destruction of wild life is done to a great extent for developing tourist destination. The growing use of adventurous and wild life tours has also become a threat for environment. All the businesses operating in travel and tourism sector are required to make sure that all the practices and activities should not have any kind of negative impact on society and environment. Further both the policies developed at national and local level encourages businesses to lower down their negative impact on environment. This has increased the cost and efforts of the firm as they are required to adopt more sustainable practices. Organizations in travel and tourism sector of UK are required to become aware of the fact that sustainable practices may create issues in short run but for long run they are very beneficial (Trunfio, Petruzzellis and Nigro, 2006). Adopting such kind of practices will help businesses to create satisfaction among people in the market. In addition to this, they start feeling that firms are really taking care of the environment and society. Therefore, it can be stated that national and local policies have both negative and positive impact on the success of businesses in travel and tourism sector of UK. P2.3 Implications of the political changes on travel and tourism sector Any kind of changes in political environment of a country has an direct impact on its travel and tourism sector. It can be also stated that there is an serious impact of political changes as they directly result in increasing Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 9
the threat of fear and safety.
The
implications
of
political changes on UK
and
different
three countries
are mentioned below as:
UK
Thailand
The political parties
In recent years the
have affected the
protest
travel and tourism
political parties has
industry to a great
resulted
extent. In positive aspects it can be stated that the sector has always got support from government. On the other side, the sales and profitability has lower down terrorist attacks and instability
India
loss
China
The political changes has Travel and tourism sector affected India in positive of China has been affected terms. Further
political by its political changes.
parties in the country has Now
political parties are
always supported growth forcing the businesses in and
development
of travel and tourism sector to
tourism (Hall and Clayton, use 2009). destinations
Many have
more
sustainable
new practices. This has lower been down
the
sales
and
developed and the travel profitability of the entire and tourism sector has also sector.
money.
against in
of
The
great tourism
political
instability in country has resulted in decreasing the number
of
tourists
(Korstanje
and
George,
2012). One of the major reason behind this is that the political unrest forces people
to
think
twice
before going to any of the country.
grown with a good rate.
P3.1 Factors affecting demand of tourism There are several factors which directly or indirectly affects the demand of tourism in a country. Some of the major factors are explained below as: Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 10

Technology - With the help
of
technology, TUI group can effective promote and advertise all
its
holiday packages. For example social media and email marketing can assists the group to create need and demand of its holiday packages. The use of social media and email will help in creating more and more awareness in the mind of customers (Chen and Choi, 2008). Therefore, it can be stated that effective use of technology will have direct impact on demand of holiday packages. 
Emerging economy- The economy will have direct impact on demand and sales of holiday packages which has been provided by TUI group. Growing economy means that people income and living standard is increasing. Further they will be left with more money which can be spend on activities such as leisure and travelling. Poor economic conditions will results in making the people left with very less money. This will directly leads to decline in the demand of holiday packages which has been provided by TUI group.

Political stability- Nations which do not have any kind of political stability are not able to attract more number of tourist. Further majority of the people in the world do not prefer to become tourist of a country which is not stable in terms of politics (Manente, 2000). If the county if political stable then the interest and tax rates will be convenient. This will affect the demand of services and holidays packages which are offered by TUI group. Political instability means that very less people will be interested in visiting the country and its destinations. This will further results in lowering down the demand of holiday packages related to country which is facing political instability.
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Influence of exchange rate- If the value
of
Pound increases in comparison with
any
other currency then people of
other
nation will not to
prefer buy
holiday packages of UK by the TUI group. Along with this, the demand of packages among people of UK with regards to other countries will increase as they will receive more foreign currency at the time of exchange (Chen and Choi, 2008).
Interest rates- Interest rates prevailing in a country also makes a powerful impact on the sales and demand of services of tourism. High interest rate will decrease the overall demand of the holiday packages which has been provided by TUI group. The rationale behind this is that high rates will results in less money left with people. Therefore, their spending on services related to travel and tourism will direct gets low. On the other side of this, low rate of interest will increase the demand of holiday packages which has been provided by TUI group as people will left with more money.
Disposable income- If the disposable income of citizens of UK is not high then the demand of tourism will be low as they will be spending less of their money on such activities (Pan, 2008). High disposable income will create demand of holiday packages provided by the group among people. Further the money left with people can be spend on travelling other counties. On the other side of this, if the disposable income is low then people will be more interested in satisfying their basic needs.
P3.2 Supply changed to meet the effects of demand The effects of demand can be lower down with the help of changes in supply. UK is considered as one of the most renowned tourist destination all across the world. Further there are many people which visit the country Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 12
(Bernick and Boo, 2013). It has been observed that there are various factors which are affecting the
demand
of
tourism services of the
country.
The
effects of demand can be meet with the help
of
some
changes in supply which are explained below as:
Accommod ation-
Tourist in UK belongs to three major groups which are high income, middle income and low income. Further visitors of high income group seeks for accommodation in luxury and five star hotels whereas low income group looks for affordable and low budgeted hotels. The kind and level of accommodation which has bee provided by TUI group have an direct impact on its demand. Better and satisfactory accommodation creates high demand of packages in the mind of customers. on the other side of this, if the accommodation is not satisfactory then people will not use the services and packages which has been provided by TUI group for next time. This will also lower down the rate of customer satisfaction and loyalty (Trunfio, Petruzzellis and Nigro, 2006).
Tour operators- High number of tour operators also meet the effects of demand in terms of travel and tourism sector. It can be stated that when the number of tour operators is low then they are not able to promote their product and services to wide range of people. Less number of tour operator means that there will high demand of holiday packages which has been provided by TUI group. High number of tour operates will lower down the demand as people in market will be left with wide variety of options available with them.
Quality- Good and satisfactory quality of holiday packages will help in ratining all the old customers and attracting the new ones. In addition to this, it will also support in enhancing the entire degree of demand of TUI group holiday packages in the market. Now the people in market are made available with wide range Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 13
of
choice
related
to
tour
and
holiday packages. The
level
of competition among
all
the market players travel
in and
tourism industry has become so
intense
that it is not easy for organizations to increases their customer base and market share (Donohue, 2007). Therefore, if TUI group supplies adequate and satisfactory services or packages then the demand will directly get increased.
Range of services- Wide range of services will increase the demand of packages which are provided by TUI group. The rationale behind this is that the customers will be made available with wide variety of options and choices (Stone, 2013). This will create satisfaction among then and will generate more demand.
Sustainability- Nowadays the use of sustainable practices among businesses in travel and tourism industry of UK is increasing day by day. Most of the firms are trying to lower down the impact of their operations and activities on environment and society. This has resulted in increasing the supply of services related to travel and tourism by developing a sense of satisfaction among all the customers. If TUI group provides people with more sustainable services then it will be able to create more demand of its services and packages among customers. the reason behind this is that it will create a sense of satisfaction among people as they will starts perceiving that the organization is really taking care of society and environment.
Seasonality- The supply of services also depends on seasonality as it has been observed that in summers water sports, ice tracking are some of the activities which are preferred by tourist. TUI group needs to make sure that if packages are only limited to season but are in demand for the entire year. If the services are seasonal then the demand will be for a particular time period only. Rest of the time , the group won’t be Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 14
able
to
generate adequate sales
and
profitability (Theobald, 2013). Therefore, it can be stated that effective and unique packages should
be
introduced by
the
group in order to maintain the demand of its holiday packages throughout the entire year. P4.1 Main positive and negative impact of tourism on economy, environment and society Tourism sector has emerged as one of the most potential sector of the world. Goa is one of the major and most famous tourist destination of India. There are various kind of positive and negative impact which tourism have on economy, environment and society. The impacts are below mentioned as: Positive impacts: 
Direct and indirect income- Tourism in Goa is considered as one of the major and most important source of generating income. The tourists pays money in term of foreign exchange which increases the income (Morrison and Mahony, 2003). Further it can be stated that there are various kind of activities and other tasks which are offered to the tourist (Chen, and Choi 2008). Against these services money is charged which is considered as income.

Employment- The tourism of Goa also helps in development of society as it provides direct and indirect employment to various people. The activities such as water sports, sky diving etc. provides employment to large number of people in Goa. In addition to this, indirect employment is also provided to people with the help of tourism. For example direct employment is for a person which is offering water sports and indirect employment is fir those which deals with repair and maintenance of the boast and jets used in Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 15
water sports.
Contribut ion
to
gross national productGross national product is defined as the value of products and services which has been provided by a country In one particular year. This rate of GNP demonstrate high rate of economic growth (Manente, 2000). Increasing tourist in Goa will increases the sales of services of country which further results in rise in overall GNP.
Generation of foreign exchange- Tourism also helps in economic development by generating more and more foreign exchange. When tourist visits Goa which is one of the most popular destination of India, He/she brings foreign exchange in the country (Pan, 2008). In addition to this, more tourist means more amount of foreign currency which directly results in economic development of the country.
Conservation and enhancement of natural areas- The concept of tourism also leads to environmental protection as it aims at conservation and enhancement of natural areas. It is only because of tourism that many of the natural ares and beaches of Goa are conserved and protected (Barrett, 2012). If tourism was not developed in this place then these beaches and natural places would have been exploited by humans.
Cross culture exchange- Tourism results when people from one country moves to another country. When people of different nation visit Goa, they bring their culture and values with them ( Donohue, 2007). The local people become aware and get education regarding cultures and values of other countries which is very beneficial for the development of society.
Negative impact
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Pollution and damage to natural resourcesSome the
of main
negative impact which tourism have
on
environment is that it leads to pollution and also damages natural resources. More tourist means more flights which further results in increasing the overall pollution level.
Loss of amenity and increasing crime- Tourism also have its negative impact on society as it results in destruction of attractiveness of area of local people. Along with this, it also increasing the crime rate in a country.
Seasonality- Tourism is season and therefore, all the employment and income which is generated by the sector is not permanent and is season. Therefore, people remain employed during off seasons which lower down the entire economic growth of a country.
P4.2 Strategies which can be used to minimize the negative impact and maximize positive once Strategies for minimizing negative impact are below mentioned as:
Planning and controlling- Effective planning and controlling will help in lowering down the negative impacts of tourism (Lashley, 2007). With the help of effective action plan and adequate control strategies pollution, crime rate and season unemployment can be overcome easily.
Visitors and traffic management- This will help in making the entire year as season of tourist. Further with the help of visitors and traffic management, during off season other attractive activities can be organized which can increase the tourist (Korstanje and George, 2012). The traffic management will help in lowering down the level of pollution. Toll Free No. +44 203 8681 670 Mail Us: help@assignmentdesk.co.uk Assignment desk provides assignment help from professional UK writers. 17
Sustainable tourismAnother way to deal with
and
minimize the negative impact
is
by adopting ways
of
sustainable tourism in which only those activities and task will be performed which do not have any kind of negative impact on society and environment. Ways to maximize positive impacts
Increasing tourism income in public projects- The income and revenue which is received from tourism can be invested in public projects. This will directly result in development of economy and society of a country.
Provision of Jobs to all level- Government and other regulatory bodies can integrate with each other and can from provision which provides job to local people for all levels. Such kind of provision will help in increasing the standard of living and income level of people living in nearby areas of an tourism destination (Future trends in the tourism industry, 2012).
Staff training, development and education- Another way to maximize the positive impact of tourism is with the help of staff training and making them educated. Training can be provided to them regarding what kind of activities can be useful in lowering down the negative impact (Morrison and Mahony, 2003). Along with this, providing them with education will help them to grow and find better opportunities for employment in future. This will results in social development.
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CONCLUSIONS From the above report, it can be concluded that tourism is very essential for the growth and success of any country. The structure of travel and tourism industry of UK consist of size major component which are interrelated and interdependent with each other. It can be also concluded that government and other regulatory bodies plays very important role in the growth and success of travel and tourism industry.
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REFERENCES
Barrett, 2012. An opportunity or liability? London 2012 and security. Safer Communities. Bernick, N. L. and Boo, S., 2013. Festival tourism and the entertainment age: interdisciplinary thought on an international travel phenomenon. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. Bunja, D., 2003. Modernizing the Croatian tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Chen, J. P. and Choi, Y., 2008. Generational differences in work values: a study of hospitality management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Clarke, A. and Chen, W., 2012. International Hospitality Management. Routledge.
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