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Child Safety HANDBOOK

A RESOURCE FOR PARENTS, CARERS AND TEACHERS

Proudly brought to you by NSW Police Legacy

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NSW Police Legacy Child Safety Handbook

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The New South Wales Police Legacy Ltd. of which I am deeply honoured to be Patron, has once again embarked on a most admirable endeavour to benefit our most precious resource—our children.

MESSAGE FROM HER EXCELLENCY, PROFESSOR MARIE BASHIR AC CVO

With a background in child and adolescent health, I am indeed delighted to learn of the development of a handbook which will focus on various issues that our young deal with nowadays, andof at earlier thanindeed ever before.

New people Southmust Wales Police Legacy, whichyears I am honoured to be Patron, has once Important categories addressed within the booklet include Safety at School, Safety on a most admirable endeavour to benefit our most precious resource — our children. at Home, Safety Outdoors, Street Smart, Drug Awareness, Communicating Safely and Personal Awareness.

again embarked

With a background in child and adolescent health, I am indeed delighted with the development of this must deal with nowadays, often at

In addition to the valuable information outlined, the book will also provide Handbook, onit isvarious that our young people details of useful which contacts. focuses Eventually, planned issues all this information will be tied to a dedicated earlier yearswebsite. than ever before.

The relaunch of this publication will build on the outstanding reputation which the book has attained in the past aswill a vital resource families of Newreputation South This updated publication build on for thetheoutstanding Wales.

as a vital resource for the families of New South Wales.

which the book has attained in the past

Professor Marie R Bashir AC CVO Governor of New South Wales Professor Marie Bashir

AC CVO Governor of New South Wales

Child Safety Handbook

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a FOREWORD BY NSW PREMIER Protecting our children must always be one of the highest priorities of every Government, which is why I’m proud to support NSW Police Legacy’s Child Safety Handbook.

Children are precious, and it seems every time we turn on our televisions there are new threats to child safety that parents are being told to be on guard for. This presents a tremendous challenge, and this handbook is one excellent resource for preparing parents.

The best tool the community have when protecting their children is knowledge, and the Child Safety Handbook is a great way of getting that knowledge into the hands of parents, teachers and families.

I’d like to congratulate NSW Police Legacy on all the great work they do caring for the children of Police lost in the line of duty, and thank them for providing such a valuable resource to our State.

Barry O’Farrell MP Premier

Child Safety Handbook

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FOREWORD BY NSW COMMISSIONER OF POLICE Youth and vulnerability go hand in hand. Our children’s innocence, inexperience and uninhibited sense of adventure, the very qualities that we find most endearing, can sometimes combine to put them in harm’s way.

As parents, family and concerned citizens it is this knowledge that harm can come to children that should give us cause to examine what we can best do to help keep them safe.

To NSW Police Legacy’s great credit, its Child Safety Handbook responds in a practical way to the myriad dangers facing children, whether they be at home, school or out and about. Tips and information are provided for parents and ideas for children.

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All importantly, the Handbook’s emphasis is on prevention. Our children are precious and all of us who live and work with them will find information in these pages that we can use to keep them out of trouble and safe.

This edition of the Child Safety Handbook, continues NSW Police Legacy’s tradition of community support. Its work, tireless and worthwhile, has the support of all police officers.

Well done and thank you to NSW Policy Legacy and to the businesses that have supported this publication.

Andrew Scipione APM

NSW Commissioner of Police Project eyewatch is a platform for the delivery of information to the community of NSW utilising Facebook as the network tool to create - 21st Century Neighbourhood Watch communities. It will give community members the opportunity to participate in active crime prevention activities on line in their own homes 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

21st Century Neighbourhood Watch communities are:

How it works

• organised in precincts • providing information in real time • providing the opportunity to talk to experts.

“Eyewatch is about empowering residents with the ability to participate in crime prevention activities to ensure community safety.”

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• providing a forum for crime and anti social behaviour issues without the hindrance of lifestyle and timeframes • providing crime information and “Keep a Lookout Out For” • facilitating guest speakers for important topics.

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Seeks a consensus on a problem.

Provides accurate up to date information.

Facilitates forums to find solutions.

Creates an ability to provide feedback.

Develops a high value community network.

– The Hon. Michael Gallacher MLC, Minister for Police and Emergency Services

Local solutions for local problems www.facebook.com/ProjectEyewatch See the links to your Local Area Command

Child Safety Handbook

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CONTENTS Message from the Governor of NSW..................................1 Foreword by NSW Premier................................................3 Foreword by NSW Commissioner of Police........................5 Useful Contacts.................................................................8 National Safe Schools Framework.....................................9 Foreword by Chairperson................................................10

SAFETY AT SCHOOL.......................................... 11-13 Bullying What is bullying?

What can I do if my child is being bullied?

What if my child has witnessed bullying?

What if I think my child is displaying bullying behaviour?

Help your kids be resilient Beyond Bullying What will my school have in place to deal with bullying?

PERSONAL SAFETY........................................ 14-15 Learning Protective Behaviours Physical and Personal Safety Why do we need Protective Behaviours?

What is Protective Behaviours?

Child Abuse What are the different kinds of child abuse?

How can I tell if a child has been abused?

If someone tells you that abuse is happening Warning signs a child might be abused or neglected Keeping children safe - some preventative measures Who to Contact Reporting Child Abuse How to make a report Tips for Parents & Carers

SAFETY AT HOME............................................. 17-27 Home Alone Answering the Phone Answering the Door Preparing for Emergencies First Aid Basic First Aid Asthma Attacks Bleeding Severe Bleeding Sprains & Strains DRSABCD Action Plan Cuts & Bruises Burns & Scalds Choking First Aid for Choking Adult/child over one year Poisoning Signs & Symptoms Management

Internet Safety Young Kids 0-7 THINK Kids 8-12 Cyberbullying Mobiles Social Networking & Online Friends Excessive use Unwanted contact Location based services Top Tips

FIRE, FLOOD & STORM SAFETY........................ 28-37 Fire Safety Home Fire Safety Checklist Smoke Alarms Kitchen & Appliances Household Chemical Safety Electrical Safety Home Escape Plan Bush Fire Safety Prepare / Act / Survive Flood & Storm Safety Floods Storms Home Emergency Kit

BACKYARD SAFETY.......................................... 38-43 Safe Backyard Bicycles in the Backyard Cutting Hazards Dogs in the Backyard Effective supervision Eating outdoors Electrocution Not so friendly backyard creatures Outdoor play and equipment Trampolines Swings Outdoor Sport Rural Backyard Safety Safe in the Sun - Reminder Safe Storage Water Safety Protect your pool, protect your kids Poisonous Plants

STREET SMART................................................ 45-53 Keeping safe in crowds Dealing with strangers Ferry Safety Road Safety Keeping your children safe Pedestrian Safety Skateboards and rollerblades Cycling Safety Safety in Cars Basic Safety What you must not do General safety in the car Being to see clearly

Driver Distraction Unattended children Flying objects and cargo barriers Buckle-up Other safety tips School Bus Safety Train Safety Safety Hints Rail Crossing Safety Dirtbikes, minibikes and mini quad bikes

OUTDOOR SAFETY............................................ 55-59 Boating Safety Wear a Lifejacket Bushwalking and Hiking When planning a bushwalk or hike Bites & Stings Keeping Safe at the Beach Surf Safety Rips Beach Safety for Visitors to Australian Beaches Simple tips to keep you safe Fun in the sun Sun safety How can you be sun safe?

Playground Safety

DRUG AWARENESS........................................... 67-70 What is a drug?

How could Drugs effect you Top 10 tips to encourage your kids to talk about drugs with you Depressant Drugs Stimulant Drugs Hallucinogenic Drugs Alcohol What is alcohol?

Effects of alcohol Sensible drinking How to drink less Smoking Effects of Tobacco Passive Smoking Health Benefits of Quitting Caffeine Effects of caffeine Caffeine and Sleep What are their main ingredients?

What are the health effects of energy drinks?

Publishing, advertising and prod CILTA AWARDS

by Associated Media Group: tele

HEALTH AND SAFETY....................................... 61-65 Children’s Mental Health and Wellbeing What is children’s mental health?

What are the warning signs of mental health problems in children?

When to seek help?

Mental illness and parents Choking on Food What to do if your young child chokes on food If the child is not breathing Dental Health What causes tooth decay?

How can I prevent tooth decay?

Injuries to the mouth Knocked out or broken teeth Further Dental Information Mouthrinses Food Allergies – Be Allergy Aware Caring for others’ children Preventing exposure is essential Responding to a reaction Get Active Let’s get physical More than just good fun Active communities Kick start Immunisation How does immunisation work?

Where to go for immunisation Side-effects of immunisation Nutrition Health School Canteen Top 10 for healthy kids Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy How to sleep your baby safely

Produced, published and distributed on behalf of NSW Police Legacy by: Associated Media Group Pty Ltd Level 1, 174 Willoughby Road St Leonards NSW 2065 T: 02 9437 5155 F: 02 9436 0215 www.amgroup.net.au Managing Director: Alan Hyman A special thanks to: Protective Behaviours Consultancy Group of NSW T: 02 9699 3377 / www.protective-behaviours.org.au NSW Police Force Fire & Rescue NSW NSW Education & Commnuties To support future editions of this handbook T: 02 9437 5155 E: cshb@amgroup.net.au Copyright © NSW Police Legacy Ltd - Dec 2013 DISCLAIMER:

This publication is issued on terms and understanding that: (a) the publisher, NSW Police Legacy, authors and editors are not responsible for the results of any action taken or advice followed or for any error in or omission from any information printed in this publication; and (b) the publisher, NSW Police Legacy, authors and editors expressly disclaim all and any liability and responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything, and of the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon the whole or any part of the contents of this publication.

USEFUL CONTACTS

EMERGENCY

For Police, Fire, Ambulance NAME

PHONE NUMBER

000 WEBSITE

Home and Fire Safety Audit

www.homefiresafetyaudit.com.au

K Kids Help Line

1800 55 1800

Kids Triple Zero Kids Challenge

www.kidshelp.com.au www.kids.triplezero.gov.au

L Life Line

13 11 14

www.lifeline.org.au

M

A (The) Alannah & Madeline Foundation

www.amf.org.au

Mental Health Information Service Anxiety Disorders Information Helpline

1300 794 991 1300 794 992

www.mentalhealth.asn.au

Mission Australia Help Line

1300 886 999 (02) 9619 2000 (NSW State Office)

www.missionaustralia.com.au

Alcohol & Drug Information & Counselling Service (24 hours)

(02) 9361 8000 (Metropolitan) Freecall 1800 422 599 (Regional)

www.yourroom.com.au (information) www.fds.org.au (for parents)

Alcoholics Anonymous Australia

(02) 9387 7788 (24 Hour Sydney helpline)

www.aa.org.au

Anaphylaxis Australia

1300 728 000

www.allergyfacts.org.au

Network of Community Activities

www.druginfo.adf.org.au

NSW Poisons Information Centre

13 11 26

www.chw.edu.au/poisons

NSW Women’s Refuge Resource Centre

(02) 9698 9777

www.dvnsw.org.au

1300 1300 52 (24 hour)

www.parentline.org.au

13 7848 (13 QUIT)

www.quitnow.info.au

Australian Drug Foundation (information)

1300 85 85 84

B Beyond Blue

1300 22 4636

Bullying No Way

N

www.beyondblue.org.au

P

www.bullyingnoway.com.au

Parent Line

www.netoosh.org.au

Q

C Child Abuse Prevention Service Child Protection Helpline

1800 688 009 (toll free); 02 9716 8000 132 111 (24 hours/7 days)

www.childabuseprevention.com.au

Quitline – for counselling

www.community.nsw.gov.au

I can Quit

Children’s Hospital Randwick

(02) 9382 1111

www.sch.edu.au

R

Children’s Hospital Westmead

(02) 9845 0000

www.chw.edu.au

Raising Children Network

www.nsw.crimestoppers.com.au

Rape Crisis Centre

www.cybersmart.gov.au

S

Crime Stoppers Hotline Cybersmart

1800 333 000 1800 880 176

D Domestic Violence Line

1800 65 64 63 (24 hour, Free call)

www.icanquit.com.au

www.raisingchildren.net.au Freecall 1800 424 017

www.nswrapecrisis.com.au

Salvation Army Care Line

1300 36 36 22

www.salvos.org.au

Stay Smart Online

1800 753 178

www.staysmartonline.gov.au

13 14 50 (interpreter over the telephone)

www.immi.gov.au/tis

T

H Healthy Kids (school lunch ideas and healthy eating)

www.healthykids.nsw.gov.au

Translating and Interpreting Service

Need to contact police?

Know the right number to call.

Remember to save these numbers to your phone. You never know when you will need them.

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Child Safety Handbook

NATIONAL SAFE SCHOOLS FRAMEWORK

NATIONAL SAFE SCHOOLS FRAMEWORK AND THE SAFE SCHOOLS HUB All students should be able to learn and develop in safe and supportive environments. The Australian Government take issues of bullying seriously and believes student wellbeing and safety are essential for academic development.

As part of a national approach to supporting schools to build safe school communities, the Australian Government has worked with all state and territory Governments to revise the National Safe Schools Framework.

The Framework provides Australian schools with a vision and a set of guiding principles that assist school communities to take a proactive whole-school approach to developing effective student safety and wellbeing policies. This vision includes creating learning environments which are free from bullying, harassment, aggression and violence.

The Framework places an emphasis on student wellbeing and child protection and includes

relevant national and jurisdictional legislation and Government policy. The Framework also highlights and responds to the emergence of technologies that have enabled new forms of bullying to develop.

The Framework was endorsed by all ministers for education through the Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA) in December 2010.

The Framework was officially launched last year by the Hon Peter Garrett, MP, Minister for School Education, to coincide with the inaugural National Day of Action Against Bullying and Violence.

The Framework will be published in hard copy and distributed to all primary and secondary schools. The resource manual will be available online in a downloadable format. The Framework and the resource manual are available to download from the safe schools website. www.safeschools.deewr.gov.au

IT’S TIME TO GET ACTIVE. JOIN HOSPITAL & EXTRAS NOW AND BE REWARDED

The NSW Ombudsman is responsible for: • Handling complaints about the provision of community services for children & reviewing the complainthandling systems of service providers • Overseeing agencies’ investigation into allegations of a child protection nature against employees.

Call 134 135

and quote ID 2076305

BUPA. FIND A HEALTHIER YOU

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Child Safety Handbook

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FOREWORD BY CHAIRPERSON NSW Police Legacy is honoured to provide the Child Safety Handbook to parents of primary school children throughout the State. This free handbook has attained an outstanding reputation as an invaluable resource guide for parents to help educate their children about key health and safety issues confronting our children today. Â NSW Police Legacy, in conjunction with Associated Media Group of Sydney, has been publishing this handbook for over 2 years and it gives me great pleasure that we are able to continue to provide this outstanding and current reference guide.

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Child Safety Handbook

a I would especially like to extend our gratitude to the organisations whose advertising in this book has made it possible to produce the Child Safety Handbook as well as enabling NSW Police Legacy to continue to support the bereaved families of deceased Police Officers across New South Wales.

Paul Bousfield Chairperson NSW Police Legacy

SAFETY AT SCHOOL

SAFETY AT SCHOOL

BULLYING Your child has the right to feel welcome and safe at school. We’re working hard to make sure our school communities are nurturing and supportive places where all students can learn and develop into caring, resilient and confident adults.

WHAT IS BULLYING?

It may seem obvious what bullying is, but there is a difference between students ‘not getting on’ and bullying each other. Learning how to resolve conflict and negotiate with people who have different personalities and opinions are important life skills that parents and schools need to help students develop.

Bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. Cyberbullying

refers to bullying through information and communication technologies.

Bullying can involve humiliation, domination, intimidation, victimisation and all forms of harassment including that based on sex, race, disability, homosexuality or transgender. Bullying of any form or for any reason can have long term effects on those involved including bystanders.

Bullying can come in many forms for example: • Being hit, tripped, kicked, pinched etc.

• Being called names, teased, put down etc.

• Being threatened, stalked, gestures etc.

• Being ignored, having rumours spread about you, excluding someone etc.

• Insulting someone in chat rooms, sending cruel or threatening emails/text messages; using the web, chat rooms or mobile phones to spread rumours or threaten someone or information about someone etc.

All forms of bullying between students are taken seriously by NSW public schools. However, any school situation that is causing your child concern, whether or not it fits the definition of bullying, should be reported to the school. Although the term “bullying” has a specific meaning and a school’s Anti-bullying Plan sets out the processes for preventing and responding to student bullying, schools also have a range of policies and practices, including welfare and discipline policies that apply to student behaviour generally.

WHAT CAN I DO IF MY CHILD IS BEING BULLIED?

If your child is being bullied it is not always easy for you as a parent to know when and how to support.

The first step is to stay calm and try and get all the facts. While it may be a case of bullying, it might also simply be the result of poor communi-

cation by one or both children. Kids often speak before they think and misunderstandings happen easily, especially online. By taking the time to understand the situation and remaining calm, you are helping your child.

Sometimes, as a first step, your child may just want some advice about things they could do the try to manage the situation. At other times it is important that action is taken immediately.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO:

• Listen calmly to your child.

• Show concern and support.

• Let your child know that telling you about the bullying was the right thing to do.

• Find out where and when it has been happening, who has been involved and if anyone else has seen it.

• Discuss the things your child has already done to try to solve the problem and suggest other things your child might try.

• Report the situation to your child’s school.

• Work with your child’s school to solve the problem.

• Encourage your child to report any further bullying incidents to a teacher they trust at the school.

• Let your child know how much you disapprove of bullying and why.

Technology has increased the ways bullying can happen. Mobile phones, emails, websites, chat rooms, social networking sites or instant messaging can all be used to bully others. If you believe your child is being cyberbullied, don’t ban them from the technology. Technology has an increasingly important role for young people both for their social development and in their learning. Discourage them from rereading the upsetting messages or comments because it compounds the hurt and throws the whole incident out of perspective. Do try to find ways for them to enjoy themselves away from the computer, doing the things that make them feel good about themselves.

Children often worry about being labelled “a dobber” and beg parents not to tell the school. However, bullying is a serious matter which is unlikely to be resolved if it’s ignored. Schools are able to manage the situation and provide effective support when they have all the facts. As a parent or caregiver, you have an important part to play in helping your child, and the school deal with bullying.

Don’t approach the other students involved. No parent will appreciate you reprimanding their child and it will always make the situation much worse than if you remain calm and go through the right channels by contacting the school.

Your school’s Anti-bullying Plan will outline how bullying can be reported at your school, but you can always make an appointment with your school principal.

You may like to take your partner or a friend with you to the meeting, and that’s normally fine too. Just let the principal know. If you need an interpreter, the school can arrange that. Be sure to tell them when you make the appointment.

WHAT IF MY CHILD HAS WITNESSED BULLYING?

Tell the school. Bullying also hurts other students as well as the student who has experienced the bullying. Bystanders who observe bullying or are pressured to join in are also likely to be affected and will need support. It’s important for all children to understand that bullying isn’t okay, even if they are not directly involved. If your child has witnessed bullying you can help them, and help to keep other children safe by encouraging them to ask a teacher for help. This is very important if anyone’s safety is in jeopardy. Students should always think about their own safety and the safety of other people when deciding what to do.

YOU COULD ALSO ENCOURAGE YOUR CHILD TO DO ANY ONE OR A COMBINATION OF THE FOLLOWING DEPENDING ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES:

• Tell the person doing the bullying that what they are doing is bullying.

Child Safety Handbook

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Child Safety Handbook

SAFETY AT SCHOOL

• Tell the person doing the bullying to stop.

• Refuse to join in with the bullying.

• Tell other bystanders not to encourage the person doing the bullying.

• Support the person who is being bullied.

• Encourage the person being bullied to tell their parents or a teacher.

WHAT IF I THINK MY CHILD IS DISPLAYING BULLYING BEHAVIOUR?

Discovering that your child has been displaying bullying behaviour can come as a huge shock for parents. Your first reaction may be defensive.

However, children who engage in bullying behaviour also need support to learn how to behave appropriately. Stay calm and discuss the issue with the principal of your child’s school. Work together with the school to make it clear to your child that bullying isn’t okay and to develop support strategies for your child. It may also be useful to make an appointment with the school counsellor.

How do I know if

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may at a child is bullied Some of the signs th include: fusal to go to school − unwillingness or re hool sc − not doing well at wn ra hd − becoming wit − being tearful e − loss of confidenc − sleeping problems out what’s wrong − refusing to talk ab upset depressed, unusually If your child seems ling to wil un is d in some way an hool or physically injured sc ur yo to ng lki ta consider y discuss it with you, ma ild mily doctor. Your ch counsellor or your fa lised assistance. benefit from specia

HELP YOUR CHILD BE RESILIENT

Kids can sometimes focus on what’s going wrong in their lives, and be less aware of the other friends, hobbies, sports and activities they enjoy.

A few hours with friends can remind your child that there are good people around who care for and support them.

BEYOND BULLYING

Sometimes bullying or cyberbullying can involve criminal behaviour such as violence, threats, intimidation or inciting violence. If you or your child has received threats of physical or sexual violence or has been physically attacked you should immediately consider contacting your local police as well as your school for assistance. The school may report a matter to the police as well.

WHAT WILL MY SCHOOL HAVE IN PLACE TO DEAL WITH BULLYING?

Parents and schools work together to help students develop good citizenship and the communication and relationship skills that help prevent bullying behaviour. At school your child will be learning about their rights and responsibilities and will be supported to develop the skills to treat others with respect, communicate their ideas and feelings appropriately and deal with conflict.

The NSW Department of Education and Training requires all NSW government schools to have an Anti-bullying Plan that complies with the Bullying: Preventing & Responding to Student Bullying in Schools Policy. You can ask for a copy of your school’s Plan from your school. Many schools also make their Anti-bullying Plan available on their websites.

The school’s Anti-bullying Plan will explain what is considered to be bullying behaviour and how that behaviour is viewed by the school. It will outline what responsibilities schools, students and parents have to prevent and respond to bullying behaviour, how bullying can be reported and what will happen when it is.

Your school will take action when it has been

OUT OF SCHOOL HOURS CARE There are services available for parents if they need to have their children who are in primary school, supervised out of school hours, before and/or after school and during vacations. These care services are usually run by parent committees, so if you wish to enrol your children in one of the services, it is best for you to meet with the committee, investigate the environment and decide if it is fitting for your children.

These programs enable children to play with and meet new friends, become sociable, and take part in a variety of supervised activities in a safe, caring environment. Centres are located in or close to the school which the children attend and fees are charged.

Vacation care services may be operated by a different organisation to the before and after school service and in different venues. Parents will need to enrol with both services when required. Funding for new services may be available from the Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services.

The programs have to comply with rules and

reported that a student has been bullied by another student at school or during a school activity that is held away from school.

The school can also take action in response to bullying behaviour between students outside of school hours or off the school premises where there is a clear and close connection between the school and the conduct of the students.

The response of the school to a reported incident of bullying or cyberbullying will depend on the details of the particular incident and may range from support to disciplinary action.

Remember the school will need time to investigate and to talk to teachers and other students.

All NSW public schools have access to school counsellors who can help children deal with problems and become more resilient.

School counsellors are experienced teachers who have a degree in psychology and graduate qualifications in school counselling. They can help students who are feeling sad or anxious, or are having dif-

guidelines as provided by the NSW Department of Community Services’ Voluntary Code of Practice. These guide-lines are essential for ensuring the safety and wellbeing of the children involved.

If you do want to place your children in after school care, remember: • Take the time to analyse what kind of personality your children have.

• Talk to the committee members and see for yourself what kind of environment it is.

• See if your children fit into the environment of the particular program.

• If your children are shy, it would help if they had friends in the program.

• Talk with your children about being in after school care and ask their opinion.

If you have any further queries about the centres, contact your local school or Network of Community Activities at 66 Albion Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010. Telephone: (02) 9212 3244.

Website: www.netoosh.org.au.

ficulties in their relationships with other students.

School counsellors may work across more than one school, so you will need to speak with the principal to organise an appointment for your child.

CONTACTS • Parent Line http://www.parentline.org.au/ • Parent Line is a telephone counselling, information and referral service for parents of children ages 0 to 18, who live in New South Wales.

• Parents, grandparents and carers anywhere in the state can call Parent Line on 1300 1300 52 for no more than the cost of a local call..

• Kids helpline: Tel 1300 13 17 19 - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for advice on child health and parenting.

Information reproduced with the permission of NSW Department of Education & Training - www.schools.nsw.edu. au/studentsupport/studentwellbeing/anti-bullyingpolicy.php

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PERSONAL SAFETY

PERSONAL SAFETY LEARNING PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOURS PHYSICAL AND PERSONAL SAFETY

Children have the right to feel safe at all times. It is the responsibility of each parent, school and the community as a whole to keep children safe and provide them with a supportive and caring environment.

Being safe is not about learning self defence; it is about empowerment through knowledge and preventative measures. One way of being safe and keeping safe, is to adopt `Protective Behaviours’ which give children and the community safety tools.

WHY DO WE NEED PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOURS?

• To protect children, because we simply cannot be with them every minute of the day.

• To give children and adults permission to talk about problem situations that they face.

• To empower people with the right to feel safe and to act to keep themselves safe.

WHAT ARE PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOURS?

‘Protective Behaviours’ is a preventative program, an adaptable living skills program, which enables people of all ages to develop strategies to help them deal with all forms of difficult situations. The program was originally implemented by the NSW Police Service as an anti-victimisation program. It has now become obvious that many members of the community who work with families and children find the ‘Protective Behaviours’ training a valuable resource when looking at issues of safety in general, and also assists when focusing on the specific area of child abuse.

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Child Safety Handbook

Over recent years, there has been an increased awareness of all areas of children’s safety, particularly that of children’s personal safety. We are now aware that children are more likely to be harmed by someone they know, than by someone they do not know.

Children may experience a wide range of situations which put them at risk and cause them short-term and long-term harm, which may be both physical and emotional, and violates children’s basic rights.

Programs have been developed by government and community groups to raise community awareness, and the need for child protection and safety prevention programs has been supported.

It is important to reassure a child or young person who has disclosed abuse that they have done the right thing to tell and that the abuse is not their fault. It is important that children develop personal safety skills from a well-presented and well-structured personal safety program.

‘Protective Behaviours’ can be used by both children and adults to help keep themselves safe and work towards reducing violence in the community.

It can provide the basis for helping children to be safe at school and to take pleasure from their learning. It can also help everyone learn to stay safe from the risks that surround us in our everyday life.

CHILD ABUSE WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHILD ABUSE?

1. Neglect - failure to provide the basic necessi-

ties of life such as; love and affection, stimulation, safety, nourishment, clothing, personal hygiene, warmth, education and medical care. In its extreme form, abandonment of a child.

2. Emotional abuse - depriving a child of love,warmth and attention. Abusive behaviours include; constant criticism, scapegoating, terrorising, isolating, rejecting, excessive teasing, ignoring a child.

3. Physical abuse - all non-accidental physical injuries including; shaking, slapping, bruising, biting, punching, scalding, burning, poisoning, near drowning, throwing a child and strangulation.

4. Sexual abuse - when an adult or older child uses a child for his or her own sexual pleasure. Abusers are usually known to the child e.g. relatives, family, friends - rather than a stranger. It includes; fondling and masturbation between adults and children, oral sex , vaginal or anal intercourse, flashing.

5. Domestic violence - This can include emotional, sexual and physical abuse, social isolation, financial control or deprivation, by one or more members of the family against another. Children can be direct victims and also badly affected by witnessing domestic violence - like mum being hit or parents yelling at each other.

HOW CAN I TELL IF A CHILD HAS BEEN ABUSED?

The most accurate ways to tell if abuse is happening are: • If a child or friend tells you it is happening.

• If you are present when abuse occurs.

• If you see injuries that concern you and don’t have a believable explanation.

IF SOMEBODY TELLS YOU THAT ABUSE IS HAPPENING:

• Believe them and offer support. It is important that they are made safe so the abuse can’t continue to happen.

• Don’t keep it to yourself. Tell an adult you can trust or a professional. It is important to help stop the abuse from happening.

WARNING SIGNS A CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON MIGHT BE ABUSED OR NEGLECTED

Here are some warning signs that something is not right for the child or young person - and they may be experiencing abuse or neglect.

Physical

• Has frequent or unexplained bruises or injuries eg. broken bones, burns, scalds.

Emotional

• Child seems sad most of the time.

• Has difficulty making friends.

• Has difficult behaviour eg. aggressiveness towards adults or other children.

Neglect

• Dressed inappropriately for the weather.

• Begging or stealing food.

• Poor health.

• Dirty child, dirty clothes, unwashed hair.

• Left alone for long periods of time.

• Misses out on lots of school.

Definition of Neglect. Educational neglect is now included within the definition of risk of significant harm in theChildren and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 under section 23(1)(B1).

Sexual

• Having a great deal of knowledge about sex at a very young age or sexual behaviour that seems beyond her or his years.

• Physical signs that a doctor will notice.

• Feeling depressed or suicidal.

• Fear of having their nappy changed or being bathed.

• Sudden avoidance of familiar adults or places.

• Drug or alcohol use.

KEEPING CHILDREN SAFE -SOME PREVENTATIVE MEASURES There are simple ways or skills parents and carers can talk to their children about regarding keeping safe.

PERSONAL SAFETY

`Protective Behaviours’ give children some simple skills for coping with any difficult or dangerous situation. In particular, the focus is on teaching children to recognise when a situation is unsafe and to speak to an adult if they need assistance.

Learning `Protective Behaviours’ and being able to teach them to children is not difficult. These are some important points to remember.

• Talk to your children about what they have been doing each day, including time spent with others.

• Create an atmosphere in which your child feels free to talk about any problems whatsoever.

• Tell children they have a right to be safe all the time.

• Talk to children about the difference between feeling safe and feeling uncomfortable or scared.

• Ask children what sorts of things make them feel safe and happy and what sorts of things make them feel scared • Encourage children to trust their own feelings.

• Talk about how our body may react if we feel scared or unsafe. We may have butterflies in the stomach or weak knees. Everyone is different.

Ask your child to tell you how their body feels when they are frightened.

• Explain that if they do not feel safe they should tell someone they trust.

• Tell them that sometimes older people do things that are not okay.

• Stress that nothing is so awful they can’t tell someone about it.

• Explain that sometimes they may tell and the adult may not understand or may say “don’t be silly” or “I don’t believe you”. If something like this happens they should keep on telling until someone believes them and does something to help.

• Explain to your children that if they feel unsafe, they should leave the situation if they can or go to an adult for help.

• Explain to children that sexual abuse is never their fault. The perpetrators are to blame.

• Assure your children that you want to know if someone tries to touch them, whether it is a

stranger or someone in the family. Make certain that they know you are on their side.

• Instruct your child to avoid being unaccompanied in potentially dangerous places, such as deserted areas (bushland, parking lots, etc) and public toilets. Always encourage them to travel with a friend rather than alone.

• While sometimes inconvenient, it is advisable that you drop them off and pick them up from meeting points.

Parents and carers are not always available for their children to talk to them so it is important that children have a network of trusted people they can turn to. Talk to children about this and help them develop a network of at least four people outside the home.

To find out more about Protective Behaviours training and resources people can contact Protective Behaviours NSW on: Ph: 02 9699 3377 or visit the website on www.protective-behaviours.org.au

WHO TO CONTACT Prevention of child abuse and neglect is seen as a shared responsibility of parents and the community.

Early notification of child abuse and neglect often results in a family receiving the help and support needed to prevent serious harm or injury from occurring to the child.

For more information and assistance, contact your local police or the Community Services Child Protection Helpline on 132 111.

REPORTING CHILD ABUSE Reporting is primarily concerned with making children safe by finding help for the family before child abuse occurs, stopping abuse that is already occurring and preventing further injury or harm to a child who has been abused. It also ensures that the correct professional advice, counselling and support for the abused child and family are obtained.

The Children and Young Persons (Care and

Protection) Act, 1998 provides the basis for child protection in NSW. In summary the laws and the impact they have include: • Risk of significant harm is the grounds for reporting. The Act defines the grounds for reporting clearly and specifically.

• People working with children are legally required to report concerns they have about safety, welfare or well-being of a child. These workers are called mandatory reporters.

• A mandatory reporter is someone required by law to make a report to Community Services if they have current concerns about the safety, welfare or well-being of a child. A child is a person aged under 16 years. Mandatory reporters, for example, are health care professionals, welfare workers, teachers, childcare workers and many others.

• A person should report when a child is at risk of significant harm. This means a person has current concerns about the safety, welfare and well-being of a child.

How to make a report

Telephone the Community Services Child Protection Helpline on 132 111. This is a centralised initial assessment and referral service which aims to provide a more consistent, better quality and responsive service.

A person will take information from you and guide you through the reporting process, as well as providing you with any relevant information. The report is confidential.

Community Services Child Protection Helpline is ready to take calls 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Mandatory reports can use the confidential number 133 627. General public can call their specific number 132 111. If it is a life threatening situation call 000.

For more information you can also go to the Family & Community Services (formerly DoCS )website at www.community.nsw.gov.au

TIPS FOR PARENTS AND CARERS Parenting is one of the most important things you can do. Being a parent is a demanding role that can be challenging and stressful. All parents need support and advice at times.

Parents and carers can:

• Try to understand the seriousness and consequences of child abuse.

• Learn about healthy child development and how to build strong families.

• Listen to children, try to understand what they’re saying and doing - and why.

• Encourage children to talk about any problems they may be having and be available to share their joys as well.

• Allow children to experiment and make mistakes in a safe and supportive environment.

• Find someone to turn to if you’re under stress. All parents become stressed from time to time talk to someone you trust.

• If you’re finding being a parent tough to handle, get support contact the Child Abuse Prevention Service on 1800 688 009 (24 hours and freecall) or the Parent Line on 132 055.

• Don’t cross the line and hurt your children. Take alternative actions – for example ‘count to ten and think again’.

• Check out your child’s sporting club and other activities for their child protection policy and guidelines about keeping children safe.

• Understand that only a small minority of cases of child abuse involves a total stranger. It is far more likely to be carried out by someone known to the child or family - even someone close who you’d expect to trust such as a parent, another relative or a family friend.

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SAFETY AT HOME

children to hear who is calling and then decide to answer or not.

• If you or your child receives obscene or threatening phone calls, hang up immediately, notify your local police and the phone company.

Tips for children:

SAFETY AT HOME

• Always say to the person calling “My parents can’t come to the phone. Can I take a message?”

• Never say your parents aren’t home to anyone who calls, comes to the door, or you chat with online.

• Never tell your address to the person calling or contacting you online.

• Never answer the phone by saying your first name or last name.

• If the person calling asks for you by name, say “Who would you like to speak to?”.

• If the person calling asks you “What number is this?” say to them “What number were you trying to call?”.

• You don’t have to speak to anyone or tell them anything.

• If someone says something rude or threatening to you, hang up immediately and contact your parents.

ANSWERING THE DOOR Tips for parents:

HOME ALONE There is no particular age at which children can be safely left at home alone. As parents, we decide that based on our child’s maturity and our own individual circumstances. Start with giving them short periods of time alone at home and gradually increase the duration, ensuring your child knows how to contact you or another responsible nearby adult in case of an emergency. Here’s how you can help prepare and keep them safe: ANSWERING THE PHONE Tips for parents:

• Installing an answering machine enables your

• Install a lockable screen door and a peephole in the front door.

• If it is night, leave the outside light on.

• Ensure all emergency numbers, including a reliable relative’s or friend’s, are listed by the phone.

• Practise ‘pretend-dialing’ emergency numbers from your list, with your child. Rehearse what they should say.

Tips for children:

• Keep the screen door locked.

• Always ask “Who is it?” before answering the door.

• Always look through the peephole before answering the door – if it’s a stranger, or someone you don’t trust, you can pretend you

are not at home.

• If you do not know the person or if it is a person you do not trust, do not let them in. If they do not leave, call the police and call a neighbour or a trusted nearby adult.

• Make sure you know where all the emergency numbers are kept near the phone and practise pretending to dial them.

IF SOMEONE TRIES TO ENTER THE HOUSE:

Call the police immediately.

Telephone your parents, your neighbour or another adult you trust.

PREPARING FOR EMERGENCIES

Resuscitation can save a life, so it’s a good idea to learn first aid. St John Ambulance, Red Cross and a number of private first aid training companies run courses which also include information on resuscitation. Workcover can provide a list of accredited companies.

Make a list of emergency numbers to keep near the telephone. Below are some suggestions for numbers to include. You can find the others in your local phone book. Police / Fire / Ambulance, local police, Poisons Information Centre, Council, Children’s Hospital, family doctor, Health Nurse, neighbours, relatives.

FIRST AID BASIC FIRST AID ALLERGIC REACTIONS – Signs & Symptoms

• Swelling and redness of the skin.

• Itchy, raised rash (live hives).

• Swelling of the throat.

• Wheezing and/or coughing.

• Rapid, irregular pulse.

• Tightness in the chest.

• Headache.

• Vomiting and/or abdominal pain.

• Dizziness or unconsciousness.

Management

1. Follow DRSABCD : • Check for Danger • Check for Response • Send for help • Clear the Airway • Check for Breathing • Start CPR chest compression • Apply Defibrillator. See chart page 19 2. If the patient is carrying an adrenaline autoinjector, it should be used at once. Let them administer the adrenaline autoinjector themselves, or ask them if they require assistance to do so.

3. Call 000 for an ambulance.

4. Keep patient in lying or sitting position. Observe and record pulse and breathing.

Unconscious

If patient is unconscious, check for breathing and response, and prepare to give CPR if necessary.

ASTHMA ATTACKS MANAGEMENT Unconscious

Follow DRSABCD : • Check for Danger • Check for Response • Send for help • Clear the Airway • Check for Breathing • Start CPR chest compression • Apply Defibrillator. See chart page 19 Conscious

1. Help the patient into a comfortable position.

• Usually sitting upright and leaning forward.

• Be reassuring and ensure adequate fresh air.

2. Help with prompt administration of patient’s medication.

• Give 4 puffs one at a time of a blue reliever inhaler.

• Patient takes a breath after each puff (use a spacer if available).

• Wait 4 minutes.

Child Safety Handbook

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SAFETY AT HOME

DRSABCD ACTION PLAN

• If no improvement, give another 4 puffs.

3. If little or no improvement within minutes.

• Ensure an ambulance has been called (000).

• Keep giving 4 puffs every 4 minutes until ambulance arrives.

• Children 4 puffs every 4 minutes.

• Adults 4 puffs every 4 minutes.

Where permitted under local State or Territory regulations, and if necessary:

• Use another person’s reliever inhaler, or use one from a first aid kit to assist patient with a severe asthma attack.

• If someone is having difficulty breathing, but has not previously had an asthma attack, assist in giving 4 puffs of a reliever and continue with 4 puffs every 4 minutes if required, until an ambulance arrives.

BLEEDING

Certain diseases can be transmitted through blood, so take precautions to prevent infection. Try to wash your hands with soap before and after; wear disposable gloves if possible when managing bleeding or any first aid, and cover cuts or scratches on your hands before touching an injured person.

SEVERE BLEEDING Management

1. Apply pressure to the wound.

• Remove or cut patient’s clothing to expose wound.

• Apply direct pressure over wound – instruct patient to do this if possible.

• If patient is unable to apply pressure, apply pressure using a pad or your hands (use gloves if available).

• Squeeze the wound edges together if possible.

2. Raise and support injured part.

• Lie patient down.

• Raise injured part above level of heart.

• Handle gently if you suspect a fracture.

3. Bandage wound.

• Apply a pad over the wound if not already in place.

• Secure with bandage – ensure pad remains over wound.

• If bleeding is still not controlled, leave initial pad in place and apply a second pad – secure with bandage.

• If bleeding continues, replace second pad and bandage.

4. Check circulation below wound.

5. If severe bleeding persists, give nothing by mouth.

6. Call 000 for an ambulance.

7. Treat for shock.

WARNING

DO NOT apply a tourniquet. If there is an object embedded into the wound, apply pressure either side of wound and place pad around the object before bandaging.

Wear gloves, if possible, to prevent infection.

• If patient becomes unconscious, follow DRSABCD. See chart page 19 SPRAINS & STRAINS

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Injuries to joints and muscles are common and painful. Appropriate first aid can reduce pain, shock and the risk of long-term complications from the injury.

Management

1. Follow DRSABCD Action Plan if required.

Child Safety Handbook

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SAFETY AT HOME

2. Follow the RICE management plan.

REST the patient and the injured part.

ICEPACKS (cold compress) wrapped in a wet cloth may be applied to the injury for 15 minutes, every 2 hours for 24 hours, then for 15 minutes every 4 hours for 24 hours.

COMPRESSION Apply elastic bandage, firmly to extend well beyond the injury.

ELEVATE the injured part.

3. Seek medical aid.

is running. In most homes, the hot water is set on about 70ºC, a temperature which poses an extreme threat to youngsters. At 70ºC it takes less than half-a-second to cause a full skin thickness scald in tender skin. At 60ºC it takes 1 second.

At 55ºC it takes 30 seconds. And at 50ºC it takes five minutes before the child is scalded.

The ideal maximum, safe temperature for hot tap water is 50ºC. The maximum bathing temperature for young children is 38ºC.

CUTS & BRUISES

The first thing to do in an emergency

• If the cut is severe, stop the bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Use a pad made of any material until a sterile dressing is available.

• Raise and support the injured limb, taking particular care if you think a bone may be broken.

• Bandage the pad or dressing firmly to control bleeding until the ambulance arrives.

• Get the person out of the water and flood the affected skin with cool water.

• Give first aid for burns and scalds (see below).

Burns may also be caused by contact with flame, hot objects or chemicals, by electrocution, radiated heat, frozen surfaces, friction or radiation. Barbecues, gas stoves and open fires are prime hazards and they should never be left unattended. If someone is burned on the face they could also have trouble breathing, although this may not happen immediately. A person who has inhaled smoke or fumes should receive medical attention as soon as possible.

FIRST AID FOR CUTS

If the wound is dirty, wash it in clean running water then dry it and the surrounding skin with a sterile dressing or a pad of clean non-fluffy material. Cover the cut completely with a sterile dressing held in place with a cotton bandage or adhesive plaster.

BURNS & SCALDS

Any child who has received any kind of burn should be taken immediately to a doctor. Severe burns can lead to shock and major infection if not treated correctly.

Burns (scalds) can be caused by hot liquid, food, vapour or steam. They are among the most serious, painful and long-term injuries. Hot drinks account for about 42 per cent of all child scald injuries, hot foods and oils about 13 per cent and hot water 45 per cent.

Beware the hot tap

80 per cent of all hot tap water scalds occur in the bathroom. More than a third of these accidents are caused by hot water in the bathtub, with a further third happening when the hot tap

The first thing to do in an emergency

• If a person’s clothes catch alight, stop them moving or running around. Movement will fan the flames. Remember: stop, drop, roll, manage.

• Give first aid for burns and scalds (see below).

FIRST AID FOR BURNS AND SCALDS

1. Ensure it is safe to approach the patient.

2. Extinguish burning clothing – smother it with a blanket, jacket or use water. In the case of a scald, quickly remove wet clothing from the affected area.

3. Hold the burnt area under cold running water until the skin returns to normal temperature – do this for at least 20 minutes.

4. Remove jewellery and clothing from burnt area – leave it if stuck.

5. Cover the injury with a non-adherent burns

dressing – if you don’t have one, use aluminium foil, plastic wrap or a wet clean dressing.

6. Seek medical aid urgently.

When to seek medical advice:

In the case of a child being burned, you should always consult a doctor immediately.

Extensive burns are dangerous and may be fatal.

For adults, you should seek medical aid if: • The burn is deep, even if the patient feels no pain.

• A superficial burn is larger than a 20-cent piece.

• The burn involves the airway, face, hands or genitals.

• You are unsure of the severity of the burn.

CHOKING MANAGING A CHOKING ADULT OR CHILD (OVER 1 YEAR) Signs & symptoms

• • • •

Clutching the throat.

Coughing, wheezing, gagging.

Difficulty breathing , speaking, swallowing.

Making a whistling or ‘crowing’ noise or no sound at all.

• Face, neck lips, ears, fingernails turning blue.

Management

1. Encourage adult or child to relax and cough to remove object.

2. Call triple zero (000) if coughing does not remove the blockage, or if patient is an infant.

3. Bend patient well forward and give 5 back blows: with heel of hand between the shoulder blades— checking if obstruction is relieved after each back blow.

4. If unsuccessful, give 5 chest thrusts: place one hand in the middle of patient’s back for support and heel of other hand in the CPR compression position and give 5 chest thrusts, slower but sharper than compressions.

Check if obstruction is relieved after each chest thrust.

POISONING SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Signs and symptoms depend on the nature of the poisons which may be ingested, inhaled, absorbed or injected into the body.

• Abdominal pain • Drowsiness • Burning pains from mouth to stomach • Difficulty breathing • Tight chest • Blurred vision • Odours on breath • Change of skin colour with blueness around the lips • Sudden collapse MANAGEMENT Unconscious patient 1. Follow DRSABCD. See chart page 19 2. Ensure call for ambulance has been made— triple zero (000).

3. Call fire brigade if atmosphere contaminated with smoke or gas..

Conscious patient 1. Follow DRSABCD. See chart page 19 2. Listen to patient give reassurance but not advice.

3. Try to determine type of poison taken.

4. Call 13 11 26 for Poisons Information Centre.

5. Send any vomit, containers and/or suicide notes with patient to hospital.

WARNING DO NOT induce vomiting unless advised to do so

by Poisons Information Centre.

DO NOT give anything by mouth.

Wash substances off mouth and face with water.

5. If blockage does not clear: continue alternating 5 back blows with 5 chest thrusts until medical aid arrives.

If patient becomes unconscious: call triple zero (000) for an ambulance, remove visible obstruction from mouth commence CPR Child Safety Handbook

21

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It is really important to THINK about what you are doing and how you are behaving online.

INTERNET SAFETY The internet provides an opportunity to communicate, learn, play and be entertained by content from around the world. It provides vibrant, varied and extensive information at the click of a mouse.

The internet provides many positives but there are also risks.

Cyberbullying, inappropriate content, identity theft, scams and exposure to adult content can make the internet a risky place for children. And the risks exist for children and young people of all ages.

The government’s Cybersmart website at www.cybersmart.gov.au is designed to help families stay safe online.

T H I N K

Tell your Mum or Dad if you see something online that upsets you or makes you feel unhappy.

You can also talk to a trusted adult, like a teacher.

Hide your password. Only ever share your password with your parents - never with your friends.

Interesting websites can be fun.

Check with Mum or Dad is a site is okay to use before you visit.

Name calling or being mean is not cool and could be cyberbulling. Be nice when talking online or over the phone. Look out for yourself and for others.

Keep your special personal information safe. Never give your real name, address or phone number to anyone, you don’t know in the real world.

Ki d s

8-12

CYBERBULLYING

Cyberbullying is using technology to deliberately and repeatedly bully someone. It can include: • abusive texts and emails.

• posting unkind message or images.

• imitating others online.

• excluding others online.

• inappropriate image tagging.

• inappropriate discussions.

Remember, treat others as you would like to be treated when socialising online.

If you are being cyberbullied:

How do I deal with it?

• Don’t retaliate or respond, no matter how tempting.

• Block the person doing the bullying and change your privacy settings.

• Report it - click the report abuse button.

• Collect the evidence - keep mobile phone messages and print emails or social networking conversations.

• Talk to someone you trust, like a family member or friend.

• If it involves other students, tell a teacher or your year advisor – schools have policies to deal with bullying and cyberbullying.

Help stop cyberbullying

• Stand up and speak out! If you see or know that one of your friends is being cyberbullied, support them and report the bullying. You’d want them to do the same for you.

• Don’t forward messages or pictures that are hurtful or upsetting. Even though you may not have started it, you will be seen to be part of it.

• Remember to treat others online as you would in real life.

SAFETY AT HOME What do you do if your friend is being bullied online?

While it can be hard to know if your friends are being cyberbullied, if you see or know about cyberbullying happening to a friend: • Don’t forward messages or pictures.

• Though you may not have started it, you will become part of the cyberbullying cycle.

• Stand up and speak out - tell a trusted adult.

• Support your friend and report the bullying.

MOBILES

Mobile phones are great for keeping in touch with family and friends. There are some things you do need to keep in mind.

• Only give your mobile number to people you know and trust. Do not give out other people’s numbers without their permission.

• Think before you send. If you don’t want comments or images to go public, don’t send them.

• Don’t send picture messages to people you don’t know in the real world. Even if you are friends online, you don’t know who they are unless you’ve met them face to face. If you are asked to send a picture message by someone you don’t know, tell a trusted adult.

• Don’t accept offers that sound too good to be true. They probably are, and you or your parents could end up with unexpectedly high phone bills.

Check with your parents before accepting any offers, like ‘free’ ring tones.

• If your phone is lost or is stolen, ask your parents to notify your network carrier immediately. If you can, tell them your IMEI number (generally found inside the battery compartment of your phone).You may also need to contact the police if you believe your phone has been stolen.

• If you use Bluetooth, ask your parents to help you change the settings so that the phone is not ‘discoverable’. This means that it can’t be discovered by other Bluetooth-enabled devices.

Keeping your phone undiscoverable is a good protection against hackers.

Child Safety Handbook

23

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SAFETY AT HOME

• Don’t reply to nasty messages. If you get an upsetting message, tell a trusted adult. Make sure that the messages you send to others will not be upsetting to them.

SOCIAL NETWORKING AND ONLINE FRIENDS

TOP TIPS 1 Install and update your security software; set it to scan regularly.

2 Turn on automatic updates on all your software, particularly your operating system and applications.

3 Use strong passwords and different passwords for different uses.

4 Stop and think before you click on links and attachments.

5 Take care when transacting online – research the supplier and use a safe payment method.

6 Only download “apps” from reputable publishers and read all permission requests.

7 Regularly check your privacy settings on social networking sites.

8 Stop and think before you post any photos or financial information online.

9 Talk with your child about staying safe online, including on their smartphone or mobile device.

10 Report or talk to someone if you feel uncomfortable or threatened online – download the Government’s Cybersafety Help Button.

www.staysmartonline.gov.au

Chatting to friends using IM, in chat rooms and on social networking sites can be great ways to keep up to date. There are some important things to remember when joining a social networking site and chatting with people online: • Set your profile to private – cuwstomise your profile so only your friends can see it. Ask an adult for help or look for the Help section on the site you are using.

• Keep your personal details private – avoid posting personal information such as your full name, address, mobile number or school.

• Keep your password secret – don’t even share it with your friends.

• Manage your friend list – having too many online friends makes it harder to manage who can access your information. Don’t accept friend requests if you’re not sure about the person.

• Be careful who you trust online – a person can pretend to be someone they are not. If you want to arrange to meet someone you’ve met online, check with a parent first and ask them to go with you. Always meet in a public place, preferably during the day.

• Anything you add to your social networking site can be copied or printed, so if you want to put pictures up on your site, think before you post. Remember that your site may be seen by strangers and once a picture is online, it’s online forever.

• Treat people the way you want to be treated.

Avoid using bad language and don’t say nasty things. If someone writes something rude, scary or something you don’t like, tell your parents or another adult you trust.

EXCESSIVE USE

To many parents it seems as though children and young people are constantly online. Often they seem to be completing more than one task at a time; for example, downloading and listening to music while studying and chatting with friends or sending messages on their mobile phones.

The number of hours children and young people spend online can vary significantly. There is no guideline for the ‘right’ amount of time for children to spend online, however if their online behaviour appears to be having a negative impact, it may be time to discuss expectations and establish time limits.

How much is too much?

Noticeable changes in the online and offline behaviour of children and young people can be indicators of excessive internet use. These include: • Online activities interfering with general health and wellbeing.

• Seeming obsessed with particular websites or games.

• Appearing anxious or irritable when away from the computer.

• Spending increasing amounts of time online • Excessive tiredness.

• A decline in academic performance and • Seeming isolated or withdrawn from offline friends and activities.

Some of these indicators may be developmentally appropriate behaviours for young people, particularly teens. Alternatively, they may be indicators of other significant issues such as cyberbullying, friendship difficulties and mental health issues.

UNWANTED CONTACT

Unwanted contact is any type of online communication that you find unpleasant or confronting. The contact can come from online or offline friends or people you don’t know.

Child Safety Handbook

25

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SAFETY AT HOME Unwanted contact can include:

LOCATION BASED SERVICES

• Being asked inappropriate or personal questions by someone you don’t know.

• Being sent offensive, confronting or obscene content.

• Being asked to send intimate pictures or do things online that make you feel uncomfortable.

Many social networking sites take advantage of location-based services which enable users to report their physical location to others via their mobile phone. This is an increasingly popular function, particularly on Facebook.

Using this function, users can physically locate friends and others from social networking sites.

Individuals can ‘check-in’ from a location to let others know their whereabouts.

On some social networking services the location based functions are turned on by default. To manage these services, encourage your child to review their social networking settings to block the function or to limit who sees their location based information. You may also like to contact your mobile phone company for assistance with blocking internet, Bluetooth and GPS functionality on a child’s mobile phone to limit their ability to notify others of their whereabouts.

How do I deal with it?

• Don’t respond and leave the site or chat session.

• Report it to an adult that you trust or to the police, if there is a threat to your safety • Block the contact or remove them from your friends list.

• Change your profile settings so that your personal details are kept private.

• Don’t open messages from people you don’t know.

• Keep the evidence. This can be useful in tracking the person posting unsuitable material.

• Contact your ISP and/or phone provider, or the website administrator, there are actions they can take to help.

Social networking and online friends

Chatting to friends using social networking or IM and chat are great ways to stay in touch and make

MAKE CYBERSPACE A BETTER PLACE “When is a book not a book?”

When it’s a free resource for teachers and students to help make cyberspace a better place.

These days Australian students live in a digital world. Whilst this world is an amazing source of entertainment, information and connection they need to learn how to avoid the dangers of its misuse.

Over 10,000 schools in Australia in June received this free resource of ready made lesson plans to help support and educate young people about internet safety cyberbullying and sexting.

Talk to your school and make sure they have received this FREE resource or find it under teachers resources on the Kids Helpline web site: http://www.kidshelp.com.au

MOBILE TIPS

new friends. However, you should always keep in mind that there are some risks meeting people online—especially if you don’t know them in real life. When you share things online you may be sharing with other people you do not know or trust. Once a message, photo or video has been shared, you won’t be able to control where it goes.

Know the basics of safe social networking

• Limit your friend list – don’t ‘friend’ random people • Protect your privacy – don’t share your password and set your profile to private • Your personal details are valuable – don’t share them • Protect your reputation – keep it clean and ask yourself: would you want others to see what you upload?

• Be careful who you trust – a person can pretend to be someone they are not • Don’t use a webcam with people you do not know • Think before you post, chat, upload or download.

If you want to arrange to meet an online friend, ask an adult or a trusted friend to go with you.

Always meet in a public place, preferably during the day.

MobileTips is a website offering practical advice on how to use mobile telecommunications services in an affordable, responsible and safe way.

MobileTips is hosted by the Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association (AMTA), the peak industry body of the mobile telecommunications industry in Australia. Its members include Telstra, Optus and Vodafone.

Smartphones offer children a world of apps, social networking and the ability to stay in touch with parents. They are even being used in schools to help the learning process.

But like all technology, smartphones can be abused and misused. In the world of technology, parents can often feel they cannot keep up with their children’s knowledge and understanding of smartphones.

What parents lack in technology smarts they more than make up with life skills, experience and commonsense. These skills are essential in ensuring that our children have safe and productive experiences in the world of smartphones.

MobileTips offers parents and their children cybersafety tips as well as tips on cyberbullying and access to a range of resources giving expert information.

If technology can sometimes pose problems, it also offers solutions. MobileTips gives parents advice on how to access a range of apps allowing parents to set controls on their children’s mobile use by restricting voice calls, SMS, MMS and mobile internet browsing and allow parents to monitor usage.

MobileTips also offers information on how to avoid bill shock, recycle your old mobiles and safe driving tips to comply with the law. www.mobiletips.org.au

Child Safety Handbook

27

FIRE SAFETY FIRE SAFETY TIPS

• Remember that smoke from a fire will make you confused and that you cannot see in smoke.

• When asleep you will not smell smoke and it will in fact put you into a deeper sleep.

• If you have escaped from a home fire, remember once you get out stay out and dial Triple Zero (000).

• Oil, gas or wood heating units may require a yearly maintenance check.

• Only ever use fuses of recommended rating and install an electrical safety switch.

Home Fire Safety Checklist ESCAPE PLAN

FACT

When fire takes hold every second counts. In less than 30 seconds a small flame can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire.

HAVE A PLAN

Every home should have a fire escape plan. Accidental home fires by their very nature can catch people unawares. Without an escape plan you are placing the lives of everybody in your home in jeopardy.

Plan your actions before a fire happens!

DRAW YOUR ESCAPE PLAN NOW!

The Fire & Rescue NSW has created a page that you can print, draw your escape plan on and when complete place somewhere prominent in your household to keep fresh in your mind (for example, on your fridge). Everyone in your household should discuss and agree about what actions should be taken if a fire was to occur. Go to www.fire.nsw.gov.au

FIRE SAFETY 28

Child Safety Handbook

www.brigadekids.com

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the touch. To Never open doors that are hot to other side use make sure that fire is not on the ed door. If it the back of your hand to feel a clos route. pe esca feels hot, use your alternate

FIRE SAFETY

ARE YOU FIRE SAFE IN THE HOME? The fire services recommend this simple safety checklist to assist in keeping your home fire safe.

Installing an adequate number of suitable smoke alarms and testing them regularly is the first step in your home fire safety plan.

Having a written escape plan in case of fire and practicing it regularly.

Make sure keys to all locked doors are readily accessible in case you need to escape.

Never leave cooking or any other open flame including candles or oil burners unattended.

Clean the lint filter of your clothes dryer each and every time you use it.

Never smoke in bed and take extra care if consuming alcohol whilst smoking.

In Winter take extra care when using heaters, electric blankets or open fires.

Don’t overload power points and switch off appliances when not in use.

Always keep lighters and matches away from children and educate them that they are “tools not toys” to only be used by responsible adults.

If you have a garage or shed remember to take extra care with any stored chemicals and fuels and always refuel mowers, edgers etc when they are cold and in the open.

If you have a gas, electric or wood BBQ always check that it is in safe working order before lighting and that it is always in the care of a responsible adult when in use.

If you live in a bushfire prone area keep the ground around your home clear of leaves and other litter and remember to clean your gutters regularly.

REMEMBER

• Plan and practice your plan.

• If your home catches fire: STAY LOW, GET OUT and STAY OUT! • If your clothes catch fire: STOP, DROP, COVER and ROLL until the flames are extinguished.

TIP

Security bars require special precautions.

Security bars can trap you in a fire. Windows and doors with security bars must have quick release devices to allow them to be opened immediately.

If you live in an apartment building • Learn and practice your building’s evacuation plan.

• If you hear the fire alarm, leave immediately.

• Use the stairs - NEVER use a lift/elevator during a fire.

Smoke Alarms HOW DO I MAINTAIN MY SMOKE ALARMS?

The Fire & Rescue NSW recommends: Every month

All of your smoke alarms should be tested at least every month to ensure that the battery and the alarm sounder are working.

Every six months

Every six months you should clean your smoke alarm with your vacuum cleaner. This will remove any particles that will hinder smoke alarm performance. If you are using a 9V lead battery you should consider changing it twice a year.

a lithium battery it will not need replacing annually as the battery is inbuilt into the alarm and the entire unit will need replacing every ten years.

Every ten years

Replace your smoke alarm with a new unit every ten years. Smoke alarms do not last forever, the sensitivity in all smoke alarms will reduce over time. All types of smoke alarms should be removed, replaced and disposed of every ten years. To assist in identifying the age of smoke alarms the AS3786 standard requires a serial number or batch number (Clause4.1(c)). This is usually done as a batch number i.e. 2406 may mean that the product was manufactured in the 24th week of 2006. Some manufacturers place the date of manufacture on the smoke alarm and some now place the expiry date on the smoke alarm. The batch numbers or dates are usually on the base of the smoke alarm near the battery compartment.

Where should I install them?

Houses or villa homes must ensure that the building or home is equipped with smoke alarms that are located, on or near the ceiling: a. in any storey of the building or home containing bedrooms - in every corridor or hallway associated with a bedroom, and if there is no such corridor or hallway associated with a bedroom, between that part of the building or home containing the bedroom and the remainder of the building or home, and b. in any other storey of the building not containing bedrooms.

Kitchen & Appliances

Once a year

FACT

If your smoke alarm has a removable alkaline battery, you should replace the battery once a year. At the end of Daylight Saving change your clock and change your smoke alarm batteries. If your smoke alarm uses

Each year the Fire & Rescue NSW attends approximately 2,500 kitchen fires - or approximately 56% of all residential fires. More than half of all home fires start in the kitchen.

IS MY KITCHEN FIRE SAFE?

The fire services recommend this simple safety checklist: Keep children away from hotplates and ovens whilst cooking and consider installing a stove guard.

Heat cooking oil carefully and slowly in the right size saucepan to avoid fat splatters.

Turn pot and pan handles inwards so they won’t be knocked over.

Clean your stove grill after each use and clean the range hood filter and all kitchen appliances regularly.

Install a fire extinguisher and fire blanket in the kitchen and know how to use them.

They should be situated at least 1 metre away from the stove and between the stove and the nearest exit.

Install non-slip matting around the stove and sink area. If cooking oil catches fire, turn off the hotplate and slide the lid over the pan or use the fire blanket to smother the fire.

If a kitchen fire occurs and you don’t feel confident you can put it out, switch off the appliance, leave the premises and call the fire service on Triple Zero (000) from a safe place.

Ensure that all cooking appliances are turned off after use.

Don’t leave your cooking unattended. If you must leave the kitchen whilst cooking, turn off the hotplate.

Don’t wear clothes with loose fitting sleeves.

Don’t keep your tea towels, oven mitts and other flammable items near the stove or cook-top.

Don’t use water to put out fat and oil fires.

Water can cause the fire to spread rapidly and cause horrific burns.

Don’t carry pans of hot or burning oil through the house as this may spread the fire and cause serious injury.

Child Safety Handbook

29

FIRE SAFETY Foundation of Australia, 2006).

Many products and materials commonly found in and around the house are poisonous. Medicines account for 67% of poisonings, and chemicals 28%.

Chemicals are not just used in manufacturing and heavy industry, they are a part of everyday life.

Products we use to clean kitchens and bathrooms, wash clothes and dishes, kill pests and fertilize gardens are chemicals. Paints car and furniture polishes, swimming pool chlorine, petrol, engine oil, brake fluid and LPG are chemicals.

DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS

PULL AIM SQUEEZE SWEEP 1. Remove the extinguisher from its holder.

2. PULL out the pin and test the extinguisher.

Walk slowly to within 2 to 3 meters of the fire. Don’t get to close.

3. AIM at the base of the fire.

4. SQUEEZE the handles together.

5. SWEEP the powder at the flames from side to side.

6. Continue until the fire is out.

7. If it is safe to do so, turn off the gas/ electricity at the stove or at the main supply.

8. Call Triple Zero (000). Firefighters will attend.

Household Chemical Safety FACT Each year in Australia 140,000 calls are made to Poisons Information centres by concerned parents or carers of young children. 3,500 children under 5 years of age are admitted to hospitals because of poisoning annually, and 5 to 10 of these children die each year (Source: Child Accident Prevention 30

Child Safety Handbook

There are many household products we don’t recognise as chemicals:

soaps, shampoo, deodorants and perfumes, medicines, cough syrups and prescription drugs, vitamins, herbal medicines and organic cleaning products.

It’s vital to correctly store and use all chemicals appropriately as per instructions.

Chemicals may be toxic, flammable or may react violently when mixed.

Tips for Safe Chemical Storage and Use

• Keep your home safe! The Fire & Rescue NSW recommends this simple safety checklist: • Read the label before purchasing any chemical. Understand the correct use and the dangers posed by the chemical.

• Choose the least dangerous product that will do the job, especially if children are present.

• Lock chemicals in a cabinet out of the reach of children. Where possible, store liquid chemicals below dry chemicals. Remember children are curious, inventive and good climbers.

• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Handle with extreme caution. Use recommended protective equipment: gloves, safety goggles, etc.

Ensure adequate ventilation.

• Wash cleaning rags after use, and before throwing in the rubbish.

• Seal chemicals in their original containers. Do not reuse empty containers or repack product in different containers.

• Remember some medicines look like soft drinks or lollies. Lock them away from children.

• Do not mix chemicals.

• Do not prepare more chemical than you need for the job.

• Do not use chemicals for jobs for which they are not intended.

• Do not pour chemicals down the drain, the toilet or the gutter.

•

•

ACTION

• Have you inspected your chemical storage areas and container seals recently?

• Have you contacted your local council to discard old or leftover chemicals? (See Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW) • Follow first-aid instructions. If skin or eyes are burnt, if chemical has been swallowed or fumes inhaled - call your doctor, local hospital or an ambulance.

• Remember the Poisons Information Line: 131 126.

Electrical Safety HALOGEN DOWNLIGHTS

FACT

Over the past five years there have been a significant number of fires in NSW related to halogen down-lights. Halogen down-lights create a lot of heat and if they are not correctly insulated, installed and maintained they can cause a fire.

Halogen lights generate very high temperatures which can get anywhere up to 370C. Halogen down light fire safety

• Always use a licensed electrical contractor to install the halogen down-lights and ensure the lights meet the current Australian Standards.

• Never install halogen down-lights near structural timber members such as roof, ceiling or floor beams.

• Ensure the lights and transformers are not covered by ceiling insulation such as pulped paper,

•

• •

rock wool, fibreglass batts or polyester batts. The heat from the lights can cause the insulation to smoulder or ignite.

When having renovations or work done to the home, ensure the existing ceiling insulation does not come in contact with the halogen downlights.

Down lights and their auxiliary equipment must be installed in such a manner that necessary cooling air movement around them is not impaired by thermal insulation or other material.

Where thermal insulation is of a type that is not fixed in position e.g. loose fill, a barrier or guard constructed of fire-resistant material shall be provided and secured in position to maintain the necessary clearance. These covers must meet AS 60598.1 and 60598.2.

Check and maintain the lights to prevent a build up of wind blown debris, such as dust and leaves, in the roof cavity near the down-lights.

Vermin often like to nest within roof and floor cavities. As the halogen lights and ceiling insulation provide heat for nesting, regularly check for damage caused by vermin activity that could potentially cause a fire.

ADDITIONAL SAFETY TIPS

• Smoke alarms will only detect smoke below the ceiling, to detect smoke in the roof space install smoke alarms in the roof area of your home.

• Consider replacing the 50W bulbs with 35W Infra-Red coated bulbs. These emit similar light to the higher rated ones.

• If bright light is not required, a 20W Infra-Red coated bulbs will often be sufficient.

• Halogen bulbs use up to six times the energy of older traditional light bulbs, turn lights off when room is not in use.

• Infra-Red coated bulbs are more costly to purchase but last up to 50 times longer and can save up to 90% on your lighting power bill.

• Covers for ceiling down lights in the roof are available from as little as $15.

The first priority is to get out of a burning house.

RE

potential fire risks around your home.

rants near your home, ensure they are

up, dig in or pick up dead leaves and litter.

ore any fuel supplies away from the house.

Include two means of escape from each room.

When there is smoke, always crawl low to get under the smoke.

Discuss it with other occupants.

Decide on a safe outside meeting place eg. near the letterbox and phone Triple Zero (000) from a safe phone.

Make sure that windows and screens can be easily opened.

wimming pool, display a Static Water Supply ont fence.

ve a garden hose which is long enough to rt of the home.

Provide alternatives for anyone with a disability.

shrubs that are less likely to ignite due to ntent.

The first priority is to get out of a burning house.

es well away from house and keep covered.

DON’T LEAVE verhanging trees or shrubs and dispose of riately.

ANYTHING TO CHANCE

mulch away from house and keep grass short.

If there is a fire close the door as you are leaving a room to prevent fire and smoke from spreading.

Audit ing nd sta r under ve you ling metal flywire or screens to the impro tosolid . me ho r you s or doors and enclose underfloor areas. in ks of the fire ris

pressure relief valves on LPG cylinders are e Safety a Home so that flame isCo notmp directed theFir house. lete towards

When there is smoke, always crawl low to get under the smoke.

om the roof, gutters and downpipes and fit af guards. afetyaudit.com.au

Decide on a safe outside meeting place eg. near the letterbox and phone Triple Zero (000) from a safe phone.

www.homefires

dition of your roof covering and replace any ssing roof tiles.

Once you get out STAY OUT, never go back inside a burning building.

n roof voids with fine metal wire mesh.

s in external wall cladding sealed.

Practise your plan at least twice a year, making sure that everyone is involved.

e the most effective at withstanding t generatedPREPARE by a bush fire.

Identify the potential fire risks around your home.

• Identify fire hydrants near your home, ensure they are not obstructed.

• Regularly rake up, dig in or pick up dead leaves and litter.

• Remove and store any fuel supplies away from the house.

• If you have a swimming pool, display a Static Water Supply sign on your front fence.

• Ensure you have a garden hose

which is long enough to reach every part of the home.

• Plant trees and shrubs that are less likely to ignite due to their low oil content.

• Keep wood piles well away from house and keep covered.

FIRE SAFETY

If there is a fire close the door as you are leaving a room to prevent fire and smoke from spreading.

Once you get out STAY OUT, never go back inside a burning building.

Practise your plan at least twice a year, making sure that everyone is involved.

BE PREPARED:

Have a Home Escape Plan In the event of a fire, a working Smoke Alarm used in conjunction with an Escape Plan will greatly increase your chances of getting out safely.

Draw your Escpace Plan on the grid - then place it where your family will see it - for example, on your fridge.

Include two means of escape from each room.

Discuss it with other occupants.

Make sure that windows and screens can be easily opened.

Provide alternatives for anyone with a disability.

The first priority is to get out of a burning house.

If there is a fire close the door as you are leaving a room to prevent fire and smoke from spreading.

When there is smoke, always crawl low to get under the smoke.

• Keep garden mulch away from house and keep covered.

• Cut back any over hanging trees or shrubs and dispose of cuttings appropriately.

• Make sure the pressure relief valves on LPG cylinders face outwards so that flame is not directed towards the house.

• Consider installing metal

flywire or solid screens to the outside windows or doors and enclose underfloor areas.

• Clean leaves from the roof, gutters and downpipes and fit

quality metal leaf guards.

• Check the condition of your

roof covering and replace any damaged or missing roof titles.

• Fit screen vents on roof voids with fine metal wire mesh.

• Ensure all gaps in external wall cladding are sealed.

• Steel fences are the most

Decide on a safe outside meeting place eg. near the letterbox and phone Triple Zero (000) from a safe phone.

Once you get out STAY OUT, never go back inside a burning building.

Practise your plan at least twice a year, making sure that everyone is involved.

effective at withstanding the intense heat generated by a bush fire.

Information reproduced with the permission of Fire & Rescue NSW – www.fire.nsw.gov.au

Child Safety Handbook

31

FIRE SAFETTY

BUSH FIRE SAFETY

moving towards a FireWise community

BUSH FIRE SURVIVAL PLAN

01

Bush fire survival plan

What will you do to keep your family safe?

What Will you do to keep your family safe?

The more prepared you are for a bush fire, the better your chances of survival The middle of a bush fire is no time to start

thinking whatyou you should The more about prepared are do. Having a Bush Fire Survival Plan for a bush fire, the better will yourhelp you avoid making last minute decisions that could be chances of survival deadly.

Your Fire Plan TheBush middle of Survival a bush fire is outlines what you need to do to prepare yourself, your family, your no time to start thinking about pets and what actions each member of your what you Having family will should need todo. do to be safe.

a Bush Fire Survival Plan Everyone’s Bush Firemaking Survival Plan will be will help you avoid different the important thing is that it works for last minute decisions that you and your family. could be deadly.

Your Bush Fire Survival Plan outlines what you need to do to prepare yourself, your family, your pets and what actions each member of your family will need to do to be safe.

Everyone’s Bush Fire Survival Plan will be different - the important thing is that it works for you and your family.

32

A good plan will consider the different situations you may be faced with and what Child Safety Handbook you will do if things go wrong.

A good plan will consider the different situations you may be faced with and what you will do if things go wrong. In a bush fire, the situation can change quickly and your plan should cover this. Make sure everyone in your family knows and understands your Bush Fire Survival Plan. Practice it regularly and keep it where you can find it.

T he re are m a ny be ne fit s to Bus h F ire Su rv iva l Pla n. C co m plet in g a om plet in g a Bus h F ire Su rv iva l Pla n will he lp you to...

Ma ke an informed decis ion on whether you will leave early or stay and defend your property.

Understand your lev el of risk. Knowing your level of risk means you wil l be able to make the safest decision for you and your fam ily.

Prepare your prope rty. A well prepared T he re a re m a ny ben ef it s to property is more likely to survi ve a bush fire even co m if you leave early. pl et in g a Prepare a back up plan. So Bus h F ire Su rv iva l Pla n. C me tim om plet in g a Bus hprepared you are, things don’t go esto ,plano matter how well n. That’s why, wheth F ire S you plan to leave ea u rv ivainl your er Plafamily Make sure everyone andlp yo n wknows rly or stay and defen ill he d, you need u to ... a ba ck up pla n. understands your Bush Fire Survival Plan.

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ke an informed decis ion on eth er yo it keep it where youwh can find it. u will leave ea orregularly stay andand rly defend your property .

Un derstandyour Download Survival today at yourBush levelFire of ris k. KnowPlan ing your level of risk means you willand for more information www.rfs.nsw.gov.au be able to make the safest decision for please call 1800 NSW RFS. you an d yo ur fam ily.

Prepare your prope rty. A well prepared property is more likely to survi ve a bush fire even if you leave early.

Prepare a back up plan. Sometimes, no matter how well prepared you are, thi ngs don’t go to plan.

That’s why, whether you plan to leave ea rly or stay and defen d, you need a back up plan.

Check that you have adequate insurance to cover your property from damage from a bush fire.

Act quickly. Some fire s start and spread so quickly that there is no time for any waitin g at all.

Have a trigger to pu t your Bush Fire Su rvival Plan into actio with little warning. He n sitating or adopting a ‘wait and see’ approach could have deadly consequenc es for you and your family.

Ensure that you ha ve th

Check that you have adequate insurance to cover your property from damage from a bush fire.

Act quickly. Some fire s start and spread so quickly that there no time for any waitin is g at all.

Have a trigger to pu t your Bush Fire Su rvival Plan into actio with little warning. He n sitating or adopting a ‘wait and see’ approach could have deadly consequenc es for you and your family.

Ensure that you ha ve thought about care options for your animals.

PREPARE.ACT.SU RVIVE.

YOUR BUSH F IRE SURVIVAL PLA N

will help provide protection for you, your fam ily and your pets.

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PREPARE.AC

FIRE SAFETTY

BUSH FIRE SAFETY

moving towards a FireWise community

08

FIRE SAFETY FOR YOUR PETS

fire safety for your pets What will you do with your pets in the event of a bushfire?

What Will you do With your pets in the event of a bushfire?

What ever you decide to do, you should have your property prepared and a current Bush Fire Survival Plan: Do not tie animals up during a major emergency, it could be fatal for them.

What ever you decide to do, In bush fires, moveyour animals to a well grazed you should have property or ploughed area, preferably around the prepared and a current Bush home and sheltered away from the winds.

Fire Survival Plan: Check your property insurance for (animal) related Do notitems. tie animals up during a

clearly indentifiable with your contact details on all lables and tags.

Y ou r Bu s h F ire Su rv iva m u st in clu d e t h e we llbl Pla n o f y ou r a n im a ls e in g

Do your animals have any special needs or require medicines or vet assistance. Make a note of these requirements and put it with your relocation kit.

Before you leave your property check that your chosen place your animals is Long be foretoanrelocate y bush fire consult major emergency, it could be your local Council Remove all covering from stock e.g. rugs and accessible.

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PREPARE your care options for Bush Fire Surviva l Plan today. Down a plan from www. load rfs.nsw.gov.au PREPARE.ACT. it, leave appropri

Child Safety Handbook

33

FLOOD AND STORM SAFETY

flood and storm safety The SES is responsible for planning for and responding to floods and storms in NSW. This includes helping communities prepare for these events. The SES is also responsible for planning for and responding to tsunami and cyclones, which are far less common occurrences in NSW.

FLOODS If you live close to a creek, river, major stormwater drain or in a low‐lying area, you could be at risk from floods. Even if your property is not inundated by floodwater you could become isolated, access to other areas might be cut and you could lose access to power and/or water.

5 THINGS YOU CAN DO NOW TO PREPARE FOR FLOODS

If you live or work in a flood‐prone area there are some things you can do now to prepare: 1. Know your risk • Check with your local SES unit or on the SES website to find out if there is a local FloodSafe guide • Know the height at which your home, business and/or property could be affected by floodwater.

Find out how deep the water could get in and around your property • Contact your local Council if you want more information on how flooding could directly affect your property 2. Know where to go • Find the safest route to travel in the event that you might need to evacuate and identify the height at which your evacuation route may be cut • Find out where any evacuation centres could be set up in your area. If you prefer, check with friends and relatives outside the flood prone area to organise a place to go 34

Child Safety Handbook

3. Know who to call • For emergency help in floods and storms, call the SES on 132 500 • Keep local emergency numbers handy (near your phone or on your fridge) • In a life-threatening emergency, call 000 (triple zero) 4. Know your plan • To help households and businesses plan for flooding, the SES has developed Home and Business FloodSafe Toolkits. They are available free of charge from your local SES unit or at www.ses.nsw.gov.au • Review your plan annually to keep it up-to-date 5. Get your kit together • Put together an emergency kit for your home or business • If you are likely to be isolated by floodwater, have sufficient non‐perishable food, essential medica-

tions, fuel and other necessities to last at least a week. Remember to include pet food and/or stock feed if required

WHEN A FLOOD WATCH IS ISSUED

A Flood Watch is issued by the Bureau of Meteorology if flood producing rain is expected to happen in the near future. The general weather forecasts can also refer to flood producing rain. You should be prepared to act should flooding occur.

• Listen to your local radio station for information, updates and advice.

• Locate and check your Emergency Kit • Check on your neighbours and make sure they are aware of the Flood Watch • Never drive, ride or walk through floodwater • Locate and get ready to activate your Home or Business FloodSafe Plan • Locate pets. Prepare to take them with you or move them to higher ground If isolation is likely, have sufficient non-perishable food, essential medications, fuel and other necessities to last at least a week.

Remember to include pet food and/or stockfeed if required

FLOOD AND STORM SAFETY WHEN A FLOOD WARNING IS ISSUED

WHEN AN EVACUATION WARNING IS ISSUED

A Flood Warning is issued by the Bureau of Meteorology when flooding is about to happen or is happening. Flood Warnings provide a predicted flood level and time at which a river will reach that level.

Flood Warnings are issued in relation to flood gauges which are situated at a certain point on a river.

When flooding is likely to cut evacuation routes or inundate property, the SES may issue an Evacuation Warning to indicate that you should get prepared to evacuate. This means that flooding is imminent in your area. Being prepared will allow you to respond quickly.

• Locate important papers, valuables and mementos. Put them in your Emergency Kit • Keep listening to your local radio station for information, updates and advice • Follow instructions given to you by emergency services WHEN AN EVACUATION ORDER IS ISSUED

• Never drive, ride or walk through floodwater • Stack possessions, records, stock or equipment on benches and tables, placing electrical items on top • Secure objects that are likely to float and cause damage • Relocate waste containers, chemicals and poisons well above floor level • Activate your Home or Business FloodSafe Plan • Keep listening to your local radio station for information, updates and advice • Keep in contact with your neighbours • Be prepared to evacuate if advised by emergency services • Act early as roads may become congested or close

When you are required to evacuate, the SES will issue an Evacuation Order advising people of what to do and where to go. There are a number of ways you might hear about the need to evacuate including, but not limited to, doorknock (by SES or other emergency services), through radio stations, or by automated telephone and/or SMS. You must evacuate immediately.

You should try to seek shelter with family or friends well away from flood impacted areas. In larger floods, evacuation centres may be established to help people affected by the flooding.

If you are isolated by floodwater, the SES may coordinate the supply of essential items to communities and properties.

STORMS While storms are most common in New South Wales between October and late March, they can happen at any time. It is important to be prepared all year. Severe storms can be accompanied by torrential rain, strong winds, large hailstones, lightning and flash flooding. They are the most costly natural disaster to affect New South Wales.

8 THINGS YOU CAN DO NOW TO PREPARE FOR STORMS

There are a few simple things that you can do now to prepare your home and help reduce the potential

damage caused by severe storms.

• Maintain your yard and balcony. Secure or store items that could blow around in strong winds • Clean your gutters, downpipes and drains regularly to prevent blockages • Trim trees and branches that could potentially fall on your home or property • Fix any damage to your roof, including broken or missing tiles • Check your household insurance policy is current and adequate • Make a plan for your family that outlines what you would do in an emergency • Prepare an emergency kit with essential items in case you lose power or need to leave home in an emergency • Listen to your local radio station and other media for weather warnings

Severe thunderstorms can be localised, develop quickly and their location can be difficult to predict. As a result, warnings may be issued by the Bureau of Meteorology with little notice. It is important to be prepared now.

WHEN A SEVERE WEATHER WARNING OR SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING IS ISSUED:

When a warning is issued for your area (but before the storm arrives), there are a few things you can do to help protect your family and property: • Move indoors, bringing pets with you • Have your emergency kit handy in case you lose power or need to leave • Ensure your family car is parked under secure cover and away from hail, trees, power lines and drains • Secure or put away items from around the Child Safety Handbook

35

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Partners in Community Safety media for information, updates and advice • For emergency assistance in floods and storms, call the SES on 132 500 AFTER A STORM:

• •

• •

house, yard, or balcony that could blow around in strong winds Check to see if your neighbours are aware of the warning When flash flooding is likely, leaving lowlying homes and businesses well before flash flooding begins (evacuation) is the best action to take, but only if it is safe to do so. If you are trapped by rising floodwater, seek refuge in the highest part of a sturdy building. Stay there and call ‘000’ (triple zero) if you need to be rescued Listen to your local radio station and other media for information, updates and advice Unplug and avoid using electrical equipment connected to mains power, landline phones and modems

After the storm has passed: • Keep listening to your local radio station for information, updates and advice • Check your house or property for damage • Stay clear of creeks, drains, causeways, gutters, streams, fallen trees, power lines and any damaged buildings • Check to see if your neighbours need help • Do not go sightseeing as this may hinder recovery efforts or put yourself and others at risk

DURING A STORM

During a storm, there are simple things you can do to help protect your family: • Never enter or travel through floodwater • Stay indoors, clear of windows • Stay clear of creeks, drains, causeways, gutters, streams, fallen trees, power lines and damaged buildings • If driving, put your hazard lights on and pull over to the side of the road keeping clear of drains, causeways, streams, creeks, trees and power lines • If outdoors, seek secure shelter away from drains, causeways, streams, creeks, trees and power lines • Listen to your local radio station and other

For more information including preparing an Emergency Kit or a Business FloodSafe Toolkit visit www.ses.nsw.gov.au For emergency help in floods and storms call the SES on 132 500 For life threatening emergencies call 000.

For FloodSafe, StormSafe and TsunamiSafe information and information on volunteering, call the SES on 1800 201 000 Information reproduced with the permission of State Emergency Service – www.ses.nsw.gov.au

FLOOD AND STORM SAFETY

One of the most important things

One of the most important things you can you can do to prepare your home for do to prepare your home for floods floodsand and storms put together a storms is tois puttotogether a

Home Emergency Home EmergencyKit Kit

Your Emergency Home Emergency Kit contents: Your Home Kit contents • Portable radio with spare batteries • Portable radio with spare batteries • Torch with spare batteries • Torch with sparenecessary batteriesfor your household) • First aid kit (with supplies • Candles and waterproof matches • First aid kit (with supplies necessary for your household) • Important papers including emergency contact numbers Candles waterproof • Copy • of any Homeand Emergency Plansmatches (eg. Home FloodSafe Toolkit available from the SES) • Important papers including emergency contact numbers • Waterproof bag for valuables • Copy of any Home Emergency Plans Home FloodSafe Toolkit available from If you have(eg. to evacuate, add to your Home- Emergency Kit: the SES) • A good supply of required medications • Waterproof bag for valuables

• Any special requirements for babies, the disabled, infi rm and/or elderly If shoes you have to evacuate, add to your Home Emergency Kit: • Strong • Fresh•food and drinks A good supply of required medications • Any special requirements for babies, the disabled, infirm and/or elderly Your Home Emergency kit should be kept in a waterproof storage box.

• Strong Check your Homeshoes Emergency Kit contents regularly and restock any out-of• Fresh and drinks date items suchfood as batteries.

Your Home Emergency kit should be kept in a waterproof storage box.

Check your Home Emergency Kit contents regularly and restock any out-of-date items such as batteries.

Child Safety Handbook

37

BACKYARD SAFETY

come from falls. Children trip over objects (toys, tools, animals), fall off play equipment (swings, slides, cubbies), fall off verandahs, down steps and out of trees. Other main types of backyard injury include cuts (12 per cent), poisons (nine per cent), scalds/burns (six percent), choking (five per cent), bites (three per cent) and drownings or near drownings (one per cent).

Many of these injuries can be serious or even fatal.

But, at the same time, most can be prevented.

A SAFE PLACE TO PLAY

BACKYARD SAFETY SAFE BACKYARD The backyard is a wonderful place for children to explore and learn about their environment.

It is also a place where the happiest childhood memories are created, experiences are learned and it is a great place to get children more physically active.

• Many children are injured in their home backyard. On an average day in Australia, about 5,000 children have accidents that require medical attention, 200 children are admitted to hospital, and there are one or two child deaths.

• About half of the injuries to children under 15 happen at home and about half of all children injured at home are under five. Many of these home injuries happen in the home backyard • Nearly half (44 per cent) of all backyard injuries 38

Child Safety Handbook

A kidsafe backyard is a place where there are plenty of child-friendly things to do, but without major hazards.

• Children need a safe place to play that is fenced off from the driveway, the pool, from any steps or stairs in the garden or around a verandah and from animals that might harm them.

• Fences should be well-maintained, effective and without sharp edges.

• Children also need an area that is open and clear of obstacles.

SAFE BACKYARD PLAY • The backyard should be clear from general rubbish and trip hazards.

• Tools, equipment and chemicals should be locked away in safe storage.

• It is recommended that play equipment should comply to the Australian Standard AS 4685.

• Position play equipment in an area that is densely shaded, easily supervised and accessible and away from the driveway, pool or other hazards.

• Ensure play equipment including bikes are age appropriate and size appropriate.

• Ensure play equipment is strong, sturdy and securely anchored, secure any ropes top and bottom so they are not slack and cannot form a noose.

• Play equipment should not have sharp edges,

splinters or protruding parts that could pierce skin, or tangle children’s hair or clothing.

• Remove cords from children’s clothing.

• Supervise young children on and around play equipment at all times.

• Regularly check play equipment for wear and tear.

• Fence off driveways and garages/carports from play areas.

• Ensure pool gates are self closing, self locking and well maintained. Regularly inspect fence panels and gates.

• Remove any plants that may harm or cause illness in children.

• Keep animals that may harm children away from the area when children are playing.

HOW TO PREVENT BACKYARD ACCIDENTS

Accidents don’t just happen. Sometimes there is an obvious cause, at other time s accidents seem unavoidable but most can easily be prevented. Children are ofte n unaware of danger but adults underst and the type of things that can cause accidents. It’s really up to parents to try and prevent accidents by thinking ahe ad.

BICYCLES IN THE BACKYARD Many children learn to ride a bicycle in their backyard. It’s safe and the surface is usually softer than concrete or bitumen. But a backyard can also be small and difficult to ride in.

Most injuries from bicycles are the result of falls; falls from riding into objects and being unbalanced.

To guard against falls and other bicycle injuries: • Make the bike riding area safe, preferably fenced off from the roadway. Keep it clear of obstacles and tripping hazards.

• Make sure that the bike fits the child. Younger children need to start with three-wheelers, move to two-wheelers with trainers, until they can balance well on two wheels (at about four to five years).

• Make sure that the child can get on and off, steer and brake easily. They should be able to rest their feet on the ground when the bike is not moving.

• Children should wear bike helmets, even in the backyard. Head injuries are the most serious type of bicycle injury.

• The bike should be well maintained; • Take time to teach children how to ride a bicycle.

• Older children may need a more challenging

BACKYARD SAFETY

place to ride a bike. There are good BMX tracks where they can ride in safety.

• Store bikes safely when not in use; left lying around the garden they become another object to fall over.

CUTTING HAZARDS The home backyard may contain sharp, cutting edges on play equipment, toys that are broken or badly designed, broken glass or empty drink cans, garden tools and garden equipment. All of these are cutting hazards.

To protect children against cutting injuries: • Store all tools with sharp edges in locked areas, out of children’s reach.

• Keep the backyard clear of rubbish.

• Buy well-made and well-designed play equipment and children’s toys.

DOGS IN THE BACKYARD Dogs can, and often do, make wonderful pets. At the same time, nearly half of all dog bites happen to children at home and usually the child and the dog know each other well. About half of the children who are bitten are under six years old.

Because of their size they can get bitten on the face and head and can be badly scarred.

Most of the time it is not the dog’s fault. Often, a young child will tease and upset a dog, or take its food away. The dog will try to protect itself.

EFFECTIVE SUPERVISION IN THE BACKYARD AND PLAYGROUND Good adult supervision involves careful, attentive monitoring of a child. The backyard and playground can be unpredictable and uncontrollable, even within established boundaries of a safe play area.

• Constant supervision means that an adult is always within sight and sound of a child.

• Intermittent supervision occurs when an adult is out of sight and sound for up to 15 minutes.

• Periodic supervision involves visual observation of a child at least every 15 - 30 minutes.

The proper amount of supervision depends on the age of the child, the number of children engaged in play, the type of play occurring and the location of play.

Children 0 to 6 years of age need constant supervision during play. They are slowly developing their muscles and balance. They are learning about spatial relationships and how to solve problems. Children this age are entirely dependent on adults to provide them with appropriate and safe play opportunities.

Adults should: • Allow exploration within strict boundaries under careful watch

• Provide reassurance to children that an adult is near and will keep them safe • Give simple explanations about why some things are “off limits” Children 7 to 9 years of age have increased mobility and require larger spaces for play. They should have constant or intermittent supervision during play. Adults should: • Be firm and consistent and promote respect for safety rules • Take questions seriously and explain consequences of unsafe play • Explain how and where to contact an adult quickly in case of emergency Children 10 years of age and older require intermittent or periodic supervision, depending on play activities. Children this age are very mobile. They begin seeking new play/recreation experiences that are more complex and may pose greater risk for harm. They still do not fully understand hazards and the potential consequences of hazards. Adults should: • Set and enforce consistent rules and explain consequences of breaking those rules • Explain how and where to contact an adult quickly in case of emergency

Sometimes the dog will be jealous of a child.

To keep your child safe from dogs: • Keep young children and babies separate from dogs.

• If possible, don’t buy a dog until children are at school.

• Match the type of dog to your family. Check with the RSPCA about breeds.

• Dogs that have been trained as working or guard dogs do not mix well with children.

• Teach your child not to go near a dog when it is eating or upset.

• Take your dog to obedience school so that it learns to obey simple commands.

• Watch over young children when they are near dogs.

• Don’t always expect your child or your dog to obey you.

EATING OUT OF DOORS Outdoor eating often means barbecues, parties and social eating. But barbecues can be dangerous.

• Petrol and barbecues are an explosive mixture.

Inflammable liquids should never be used to light any fire.

• Always watch children around barbecues. It is easy for children to get burnt by the hot metal or the heat of the flames.

• Children can also be burnt by hot and spitting oils and fats. If the barbecue uses gas, always turn off the gas and disconnect the bottle when not in use.

• Keep matches out of children’s reach. Children love to play with matches!

BARBECUES AND PARTIES HAVE OTHER DANGERS FOR CHILDREN

• Party food often includes small, hard food, such as peanuts. Young children find these hard to chew and can choke on them. Keep these foods out of the reach of toddlers. Don’t include these kinds of foods at young children’s parties.

• Keep glasses with alcoholic drinks out of the

reach of small children. Young children like to taste everything and even a small amount of alcohol can make young children very ill.

• Supervise young children when you are eating out of doors. Be sure that you know what to do if a child is choking or if there is a burn or scald. If you don’t know find out!

ELECTROCUTION Electrocution for children is rare but it can happen. So, to make your electrical equipment safe: Child Safety Handbook

39

BACKYARD SAFETY

• Check that the wiring in your house is safe.

• Install an electrical safety switch. These are usually connected to the switchboard by an electrician.

• Children `repairing’ or experimenting with appliances are most at risk, so store electrical equipment in locked storage areas, out of children’s reach.

• Use safety plugs in power points.

• Remember that electricity, children and water can be very dangerous. Keep them well apart.

NOT SO FRIENDLY BACKYARD CREATURES Time outdoors means the possibility of being bitten or stung by a variety of backyard creatures.

These creatures will vary from place to place so it’s best to know what creatures snare your home environment and what dangers they can present.

TO MINIMISE THE DANGERS FROM BACKYARD CREATURES:

• Empty out soft drink cans or cover them when they are not being used. Open soft drink cans attract European wasps and a sting in the mouth is very dangerous.

• Drink out of paper cups rather than cans when you are out of doors.

• Know what creatures share your home environment.

• Learn the correct first aid for a bite or sting this will vary depending on the creature.

• Have emergency telephone numbers displayed near the telephone.

• Tell and show your children about the creatures in their home backyard that could harm them.

OUTDOOR PLAY AND EQUIPMENT The backyard is a place for children to play with toys, with outdoor play equipment - with just about 40

Child Safety Handbook

• Ensure the connections of the swing at the seat do not present sharp protruding parts which could injure the child’s hand or catch clothing.

anything. For backyard play, children need things that are safe, well maintained and which suit the age of the child.

OUTDOOR PLAY-EQUIPMENT

All outdoor play equipment needs to be strong, sturdy and well-made. But as well as that: • Ensure that the play equipment provided in your backyard is appropriate for the ages and stages of the children using them.

• Most injuries from play equipment involve falls, so the height of the equipment should suit the age and size of the child. The higher the fall, the more likely and more serious the injury.

• Play equipment needs a good surface underneath such as wood chips, pinebark or sand. The surface should be about 200mm deep, in a two metre radius around the equipment.

• Play equipment should have no sharp edges or pieces that can come loose. There should be no openings or moving parts that can trap and injure children.

• Children should be supervised on play equipment.

TRAMPOLINES Trampolines require active supervision and parents/ carers need to ensure they can meet certain safety measures to reduce the risk of injury: When buying and installing a trampoline Kidsafe NSW recommends the following: • The trampoline complies to Australian Standard AS 4989.

• Safety pads are installed to cover the frame and springs.

• Locate the trampoline on a flat, soft surface and secure to the ground.

• A clearance (fall zone) around the trampoline of 2500mm for open and in ground trampolines and 1500mm for enclosed trampolines.

• A clearance of 8 metres above the trampoline.

• Do not provide access to the trampoline by using linked ladders or planks.

OUTDOOR SPORT

When using the trampoline: • Children under 6 years require constant supervision.

• Older children need firm guidelines on proper use of the trampoline.

• Allow only one child at a time on the trampoline and encourage skill development.

• Teach your child to jump in the centre of the mat and focus their eyes on the trampoline to help to control bounce.

• Teach your child to climb on and off the trampoline rather than jumping off .

• Regularly check the condition of the trampoline frame, springs and bed for tears, rust, detachment and general weakening of the structure.

SWINGS • Swings should be free-standing—not attached to any other play equipment.

• Ensure swing frames are well anchored into the ground. It is recommended that tested playground surfacing be provided in the fall zone of the swing.

• Swing seats should be made of a soft flexible plastic or rubber. There should be no more than 2 seats per frame and at least 600mm separating the two swing seats.

• Chain links can entrap and crush fingers. A short link chain is recommended or cover chains with a plastic/rubber sheath.

At any time, children will be kicking balls, playing cricket, balancing on skateboards or testing out roller blades in the backyard at home. Some sports bring with them particular types of injury.

With cricket, it is getting hit by the bat or ball.

Skateboarding or roller blading injuries usually come from falls and from scrapes to the knees and elbows.

ALTHOUGH THE INJURIES VARY, THE GENERAL RULES FOR OUTDOOR SPORTS ARE THE SAME.

• For some sports, children should wear protective gear such as helmets and knee and elbow pads.

The extra padding is better than bruised and injured bodies.

• Children should know the basic `rules of the game’ before they play. That way, everyone knows what is happening and there is less chance of injury.

• Children must have a safe place to play sport.

That means a clear, open area, safe from any hazards.

• Sports equipment should suit the age and size of the child. Younger children need lighter and often smaller equipment, such as balls and bats.

• If a mixed age group of children are playing, they should use equipment that suits the younger children.

RURAL BACKYARD SAFETY • A farm is a home but it is also a busy and dangerous workplace. Farm children are injured about twice as often as children in a city environment. Dangers come especially from farm machinery, chemicals, water and animals.

BACKYARD SAFETY

• A safe approach in a farm environment means: knowing the dangers; finding ways to keep young children and dangers separate; teaching children about dangers as they get older; and giving them safe strategies for dealing with danger.

A SAFE PLACE TO PLAY

• Provide a safe place to play, especially for younger children. The safest place is one that is next to the house and fenced away from water, farm animals and farm machinery.

• Supervise young children whenever necessary.

Always know where they are.

FARM MACHINERY

• Young children should not ride on farm machinery.

• Don’t leave farm machinery switched on without an adult around.

• Children should not use dirtbikes unless they have had some training, they can use the controls well and they always wear a helmet.

SO, TO STAY SAFE IN THE SUN:

• Stay out of the sun during the hottest times of the day, in general between 10am and 3pm • Provide good quality shade in the backyard so that children can play out of the sun. This may be a verandah, a pergola, a large leafy tree or a children’s cubby.

• Children need clothing that gives them a natural protection from the sun. Hats, with a neck flap

and a brim or visor, and long-sleeved shirts are good. Cottons and lycras are good sun-protective materials.

• Use an SPF 30+ sunscreen on parts of the body that are exposed to the sun. Mild sunscreens are often better for young children with sensitive skin.

• Young babies have very sensitive skin and are best kept out of the sun until they are at least 12 months old.

SAFE STORAGE The garage or garden shed often contains a treasure trove of bits and pieces. It is an exciting place for children to be. But most storage areas also contain tools, equipment and chemicals that are dangerous to children. Young children should not be allowed in the garage/shed without an adult.

Many things need safe storage, especially things like electrical tools, pool chemicals, household chemicals and cleaners, garden chemicals, garden tools and inflammable materials such as petrol and kerosene.

ANIMALS ON A FARM

WHAT IS SAFE STORAGE?

• Farm animals can be unpredictable, so keep young children away.

• Most horse-related injuries on farms are from falls, bites and kicks. Match the child’s size and experience to a horse and teach them to ride properly. They should always wear a helmet and suitable footwear when riding.

Storage is safe when it keeps children away from danger. This means that: • A shed or garage must be lockable.

• Storage within the shed must have child-resistant locks.

• Safe storage is high storage, out of children’s reach.

• Ladders need to be stored away from children’s reach.

SAFE IN THE SUN - A REMINDER When children spend time in the backyard, they often spend time in the sun. Children need to be protected from the sun. Too much sun during childhood can cause skin cancer as they get older. The younger any sunburn occurs, the greater the risk.

• Store poisons in boxes and cupboards with childresistant catches.

• Always store poisons in their correct, labelled containers.

• Never put poisons into food or drink containers (anything in a soft drink bottle is a soft drink to a young child).

• Get rid of unwanted poisons. You could check if your council has a ‘collection dump’.

• If you think your child has been poisoned take the child plus the container to the phone and telephone your local Poisons Information Centre 131126 for the correct advice.

CARS AND SAFE STORAGE

• Turn off and lock a car or vehicle in an enclosed space.

• Take the key out of the ignition.

• Always know where your children are around cars. Many children have been run over in their own driveway.

SAFE STORAGE IN RURAL AREAS

Many types of farm chemicals and farm equipment are very dangerous to children. The best way to protect your children is to give them a safe place to play.

As well as that you need:

• Some lockable sheds for dangerous chemicals and equipment.

• Cupboards and boxes with child-resistant locks.

• High storage that is inaccessible to children.

• Ladders stored out of children’s reach.

• Farm machinery that is turned off, with keys out of the ignition.

WATER SAFETY

POISONS AND SAFE STORAGE

Everyday items such as weed killer, pesticides, kerosene, household cleaners and pool chemicals are deadly to toddlers and even older children who put things in their mouths. To safeguard children from poisons: • Store them in a lockable garage or garden shed.

Children love playing in water. It’s wet, it moves and it’s fun. Unfortunately, water presents some risks, especially for young children. They must always be supervised by an adult.

Children can drown easily and often, silently.

Every year, about 100 children drown in Australia.

Child Safety Handbook

41

BACKYARD SAFETY

Most of the children are under five years of age.

The most high-risk group are children aged from one to three years.

Children can drown in only five cm of water, which means just about any water at all. Most young children drown in their own backyard pool or at the pool of a family friend.

POOLS AND SPAS

• One way to protect your children is to have isolation fencing around a pool or a spa, with a self-latching and self-closing gate.

• The fencing should meet the Australian Standard. The fence and gate should be in excellent working order. Your local council, pool shop or a fencing trader can help you here.

• Always watch your child near the water. Always!

• Learn what to do in an emergency, learn basic first aid and resuscitation techniques.

• Fix a resuscitation techniques display chart to the pool fence. This is the law.

• Always check if there is a pool or a spa when visiting the house of a friend.

WATER IN THE BACKYARD

• Always empty wading and paddling pools and store them upright and deflate them after use.

• Supervise children on a water slide. After use,

turn the water off.

• Empty out water from containers such as buckets or sandpit toys.

• Put a cover or mesh or a metal grille over a backyard pond to protect young children.

WATER SAFETY IN RURAL AREAS

Rural environments have even more water hazards. Young children drown in areas of water such as dams and creeks. Older children can drown because they try things that are beyond their abilities. Or they drown because of unexpected hazards in rural water areas. Boys eight to 10 years old are especially at risk.

TO PROTECT CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS:

• Have a safe, fenced-off area where young children can play.

• Young children should always be supervised near water.

• Children should be taught how to swim when they start school.

• Have clear rules about where older children are allowed to go.

Information reproduced with the permission of Kidsafe, The

Child Accident Prevention Foundation – www.kidsafe.com.au

PROTECT YOUR POOL, PROTECT YOUR KIDS Drowning is a leading cause of death for children under five years of age.

• Approximately 70% of all drowning deaths in this age group occur in backyard swimming pools.

• A large number of children under five years of age drown in swimming pools because of pool fencing that does not meet NSW pool fencing standards.

With assistance from The Samuel Morris Foundation and The Swimming Pool and Spa Association of NSW (SPASA NSW), The Children’s Hospital at Westmead have developed the Protect Your Pool, Protect Your Kids video, available on the Hospital’s website.

'Children can drown in as little as 5cm of water' Swimming pool fencing saves lives.

Visit the website to learn about pool fencing and the common faults.

Always remember to: • Check your pool fence regularly throughout the year, especially in the months leading up to summer.

• Supervise from within arms reach when children are in and around water.

• Learn Infant and Child Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

• Familiarise your children with water and teach them to swim, but never assume that they are not likely to drown.

For more information, please visit: www.chw.edu.au/kidshealth/pool_ fencing

42

Child Safety Handbook

BACKYARD SAFETY

swallowed and the size of the child. The most common problems are stinging around the mouth and skin allergies.

FIRST AID

POISONOUS PLANTS IN THE BACKYARD Lots of plants are poisonous or capable of causing highly allergic reactions. Some will also pierce you with their sharp spines. Few actually do lasting harm but some should be treated with care and respect. Garden and household chemicals, fires, backyard swimming pools and even ladders are far more dangerous backyard hazards for children than plants.

WHO’S AT RISK?

Children that are crawling or toddlers, particularly around twelve months of age, are most at risk of eating strange bits of plants. To reduce the likelihood of babies and young children eating anything poisonous take the following precautions: • Teach children not to eat anything straight from a plant or bush.

• Fence off or remove known poisonous or dangerous plants (see list).

• Keep the Poison Information Centre phone number 13 11 26 near your phone.

SYMPTOMS TO RECOGNISE

Symptoms of poisoning from plants can include: • Vomiting.

• Stomach cramps.

• Irregular heart beat.

• Burning to the mouth.

• Convulsions (fits) The type and severity of symptoms will vary according to the type of plant eaten, the amount

If you suspect a child has been exposed to something poisonous or harmful, first aid measures include: • For skin contact - gently wash the skin with clear running water.

• For eye contact - irrigate the eye with clear running water for 20 minutes.

• For swallowed plants - remove any remaining plant pieces and wash out child’s mouth.

• Phone the Poison Information Centre on 13 11 26 for further information.

If you need to go to hospital, take a piece of the plant with you if you can. If your child is having difficulty breathing, is unconscious or convulsing call an ambulance on 000.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO RECOGNISE A POISONOUS OR HARMFUL PLANT?

There are no common characteristics of form, colouring, odour or taste, which distinguish a poisonous or harmful plant from a non-poisonous plant. But as a general rule of thumb, plants with a bitter taste, funny smell, milky sap or red seeds or berries may be poisonous.

To avoid poisoning, we need to learn to recognise and avoid poisonous plants so that we can teach our children to also avoid poisonous plants.

Many plants have poisonous bulbs or roots but as these are usually safely underground, they are not likely to poison anyone. Others taste so awful that it is difficult to eat enough to cause a serious injury. Oleander, for example tastes so bitter and unpalatable that it is difficult to accidentally eat very many of the leaves. On the other hand there are plants that look appealing but contact can have bad results. See the list on plants to avoid.

WHICH PLANTS ARE POISONOUS? THESE ARE HIGHLY POISONOUS OR ALLERGIC PLANTS, WHICH SHOULDN’T BE INCLUDED IN GARDENS. ASTHMA OR STICK WEED (PARIETARIA JUDAICA)

Although a weed, this plant may be associated with asthma attacks and can also cause skin allergies. Remove it from your garden and surroundings. It can be a weed of wastelands and footpaths particularly around Sydney and coastal NSW. RHUS (TOXICODENDRON SUCCEDANEUM)

Most people are very allergic to all parts of this plant. It is classified as weed in most areas.

Don’t plant it or allow self sown plants to grow.

Remove existing plants with care. Cover your hands and body to avoid contact. If you have an allergic reaction, don’t touch the tree again-get someone else to remove it.

YELLOW OLEANDER (THEVETIA PERUVIANA)

All parts of this plant are toxic.

Seeds are very poisonous but also highly appealing, especially, to kids, often called lucky nuts.

Plants are evergreen with yellow tubular flowers.

Mainly found in warm climates or coastal gardens.

Yellow oleander is different to the oleander commonly found in Sydney, Australia.

AVOID HANDLING THESE PLANTS AND DON’T GROW THEM WHERE CHILDREN PLAY OR IN AREAS WHERE YOU WALK. CACTUS AND MANY SUCCULENTS (ALL SPECIES WITH SPINES)

Stylish but highly dangerous, especially to eyes. If you want to grow succulents, plant those without spines such as Agave attenuata.

CHILLIES (ESPECIALLY HOT VARIETIES)

Chillies especially the small pretty coloured forms are very attractive to children. Although eating them is unlikely to be fatal hot chillies can cause children a lot of damage and distress. If you love chillies, warn children not to touch.

DUMB CANE (DIEFFENBACHIA)

Dumb Cane is a popular indoor plant but if it is eaten it can cause the mouth to become highly irritated and swell. It will not do any permanent injury and will not affect the brain.

MUSHROOMS AND TOADSTOOLS

There are many highly toxic species and it is difficult to tell the difference between edible and inedible forms. Particularly dangerous are death caps (which have caused deaths in the ACT) and the attractive fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) which is red with white spots. Most of the toxic species are found in forests or among trees not in backyards.

Information reproduced with the permission of Poisons Informations Centre 13 11 26 – Childrens Hospital Westmead – www.chw.edu.au

Child Safety Handbook

43

Your child should always wear a helmet when they ride or skate Can they place two fingers between their eyebrows and helmet?

Do the straps join in a ‘V’ just below their ears?

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STREET SMART

STREET SMART KEEPING SAFE IN CROWDS Any parent who has had a child wander away while in a crowded place knows that having a lost child is a very scary situation. Since kids are adventurous, having a lost child is relatively normal, but thankfully there are ways to protect their safety while you are out.

FOLLOWING ARE SOME TIPS ON KEEPING KIDS SAFE AND NEARBY WHILE IN A CROWD.

• Take a picture on your phone before you leave the house. If you are separated from your child when you are out, a digital photo from your phone (taken the day of the event or travel) can be utilised by police to immediately get your child’s face out to other law enforcement officials. In addition to their face, you’ll have a photo of exactly what they were wearing, as well as what they look like.

• Teach children to identify help if they are separated from mum or dad. While it’s easy to tell children to find help, young children may have a difficult time understanding just what “help” means. To kids, any adult might mean help, and it’s important for parents to teach children just

• • • •

who they should be looking for. You can do this by pointing out policemen, firemen, or security guards when you are out. Teach children to recognise store employees as well (look for name tags or someone behind the counter).

All children should know their full name, address and telephone number.

Try to keep your kids in sight at all times. Never send them to the bathrooms alone, even if they’re old enough to use them without help.

If you are in a crowded location, establish an easy to find meeting spot just in case anyone gets separated from you.

Using a safety harness is another possibility to keep toddlers from wandering away, since in most cases, they aren’t old enough to know that it is dangerous to walk away.

IF SOMEONE TRIES TO SNATCH YOUR CHILD:

• Teach your children to struggle with anyone whom they don’t know, or whom they don’t trust, if they are trying to grab or force the children to go with them • Tell children to make a lot of noise if they’re scared. They have probably been told lots of times not to yell. Tell your children when they

think they might be in danger, forget all of that advice! That’s the perfect time to be noisy!

DEALING WITH STRANGERS

When you’re walking home from school, a person in a car pulls up and asks you for directions. At the park, someone says he needs you to help look for his lost puppy. These people may seem friendly, but no matter what they say to you, they have one thing in common: They’re strangers. Most strangers aren’t dangerous and wouldn’t do anything to hurt kids. Unfortunately, though, some strangers can be dangerous, and it’s impossible to tell who’s OK and who’s not. A dangerous person doesn’t necessarily look scary or mean — the person might look nice.

THAT’S WHY IT’S IMPORTANT TO FOLLOW THESE BASIC SAFETY RULES ALL THE TIME:

• Stick With a Friend – it’s more fun and safer to do things with friends. Take along a buddy when you walk to school, bike around the park, or go to the store. Travelling with a friend whenever you can is a good idea, and travelling with a bunch of kids is even better.

• Let Grown-Ups (and Only Grown-Ups) Help Strangers – it’s nice to help people. But remem-

ber: Strangers should ask adults, not kids, for help.

• If a Stranger Pulls Up in a Car and Offers you a Ride, Don’t Get In. You probably know that rule, right? But that’s not all of it. It’s also important to avoid a stranger’s car completely. If a stranger asks you to look in the car, don’t do it. Don’t put your arm in the window to take something or point to something. Don’t agree to come closer to see a pet or to get a toy that’s offered.

• If a Stranger Offers You a Toy, Some Candy, a Stuffed Animal, or Anything Else, Don’t Ever Take It. Even if it’s something you really want, if the offer is coming from a stranger, you should ignore the person and walk the other way.

• If a Stranger Walks Up or Pulls Up in a Car and You’re Too Far Away to Hear the Person, Don’t Go Closer, Even If the Person Waves You Over.

Just get away. Run the opposite way that the car is heading. Get to an adult you know, a police officer, a security guard, or one of your safe spots as fast as you can if the stranger comes toward you.

• What If a Stranger Comes To Pick You Up From School, Sports, Dancing Lessons, or the Park? This is no different from any other time — a stranger is a stranger, so don’t get in the car. Even if the stranger says that your parents sent him or her, or that there’s an emergency and you must get in the car and go to the hospital, turn right around and tell an adult what happened. Your parents would have told you if someone else was coming to pick you up, and if an emergency really did occur, they would send someone you already know, not a stranger.

• Even if The Stranger Knows Your Name, Don’t Be Fooled. There are lots of ways to find out kids’ names, even when someone doesn’t know them or their families.

• Trust Your Instincts – kids need to follow the rules of street smarts all the time with every stranger, even if the situation seems fine. And if your instinct is telling you something is dangerous or just not quite right, get out of the area, tell an adult, or a police officer or call 000.

Child Safety Handbook

45

Please mind the

gap

Take care when stepping on and off the train.

Visit transportnsw.info

Skills to help keep your child safe when catching a train Teaching children how to be safe around trains is just as important as teaching them to look both ways before crossing the road.

Use this 10-minute checklist the next time you and your child catch a train. The good habits they learn from you could save their life.

Track safety

✓

Always stay off train tracks

Platform safety

✓

If you drop something on the tracks, never try to get it yourself.

Jumping onto the tracks is very dangerous because a train might be coming. Always ask station staff for help to get it back.

✓

Remember trains can’t stop suddenly or swerve A train travelling at 60km per hour (the same speed as a car on a main road) takes the length of two and a half football fields to stop! Even if a driver sees you, they may not be able to stop in time. Because they travel on tracks, they can’t swerve if something is in their path.

TfNSW ST010_9 08/13

✓

Always use a bridge, overpass or crossing Tracks are for trains only. Bridges, overpasses and pedestrian level crossings are for people. When you have to get to the other side of the tracks, always use the bridge, overpass or pedestrian level crossing to get there safely.

Stay behind the yellow line

Level crossings

✓

When you are walking on the platform or waiting for a train, stay well back from the yellow line in case you accidentally slip or get pushed. Always walk, and wait behind the yellow line.

✓

✓

✓

STOP behind the gate or yellow line.

LOOK left and right for trains coming.

✓

LISTEN for trains – they might be THINK is it safe to cross?

Am I holding an adult’s hand?

If there is no danger, you can walk. Keep on looking left, right and ahead.

✓

Wait for the lights and bells to finish If the pedestrian level crossing has lights or bells, never cross while they are flashing or ringing.

Always wait until they finish, then STOP, LOOK, LISTEN and THINK before you cross.

The platform is not a place to run, bounce balls or play games. You can do that at the park! Always walk, and hold an adult’s hand on the platform.

✓

Always use the footpath Only cross at pedestrian level crossings designed for people to cross. Walk between the double yellow lines on the footpath and keep looking left, right and ahead.

Press the Emergency Help Point button In an emergency, look for the orange Emergency Help Point button on the train or platform and press it. When staff answer, tell them what happened – it’s just like talking on the phone. They can see you on camera and will send someone to help.

closer than you think.

There is a gap between the train and platform – when you get on and off the train you could fall into the gap and get hurt. Always hold an adult’s hand and watch where you step.

Ask a staff member in uniform If you need help or feel unsafe, ask staff on the train, station staff or police. They are there to help you.

Be extra alert before you cross at a pedestrian level crossing:

Mind the gap

Hold hands and always walk

STOP, LOOK, LISTEN, THINK

How do I get help?

✓

MOVE and REPORT If you ever feel unsafe: MOVE to another carriage or a safer part of the station.

REPORT what you’re afraid of. Tell the adult who is with you, station staff or a police officer, or press the Emergency Help Point button.

You can also call Triple Zero (000).

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STREET SMART

• If you prefer to keep your child in the pram or stroller, put the brakes on and hold it firmly at all times.

Ferries are just one type of public transport in NSW you and your family can use. You can also travel on trains, buses and light rail. What they all have in common is how much they care about the safety of you and your family. Please follow any special rules they have to keep you safe.

ROAD SAFETY KEEPING YOUR CHILDREN SAFE

FERRY SAFETY Catching a ferry is a great way to add fun and excitement to family outings – which makes it tempting to play on wharves and on board. Running around can be dangerous. With so much water around, it’s important to be careful.

Be at the wharf at least five minutes before your ferry is due to leave so you have time to board safely, and remember that ferries are not playgrounds.

SAFETY HINTS

• Don’t run around on the wharf, and don’t go near the edge. Hold an adult’s hand when you get on and off.

• Yellow and black stripes on wharves mean danger. Stay away from them – they are a no-go zone.

• Don’t run around on board, and never climb on or over railings. It is easy to fall over, and you could even fall into the water.

• Look for the big orange Emergency Help Point on wharves. In an emergency (like someone falling into the water) press the button and talk into it like a phone. Staff can see you and talk to you, and will send someone straight away.

• Tell the ferry crew if you feel like you are in trouble or need help. They are there to keep you safe.

PRAMS AND STROLLERS

• Small children need a helping hand to get through ticket gates. When you travel as a family, or with a pram or stroller, use the wide gates.

• Keep a firm hold while you are on the wharf, and use the brakes.

• Larger prams and strollers may not fit on gangways and will need to be collapsed before boarding.

• If possible on board, collapse and store strollers and prams, and sit your child on your lap or on the seat next to you.

Children are vulnerable road users. They are at risk in the traffic environment because of their size, their difficulty in judging speed and distance and the fact that they may behave unpredictably.

More than one million children in NSW travel to and from school each day by car, bike, public transport or as a pedestrian. Each form of transport poses potential hazards. The RTA has introduced a program of 40km school zones and also funds the Road Safety Education Program in NSW schools. But this alone is not enough; you can help by following some simple safety steps and by regularly reinforcing important road safety messages with your children.

PEDESTRIAN SAFETY

Each year, kids, just like you and your friends are killed and injured playing near or trying to cross the road. Often they just forgot to look or are distracted by other things.

Hints for kids to remember:

• Use a pedestrian crossing where possible. Take care whenever you cross. Cars don’t always stop, even when they should.

• Children aged up to 10 years old should always be supervised when near traffic. Children aged up to 8 years old should always hold an adult’s hand when crossing the road or walking near traffic.

• Always look for the safest place to cross the

road. Traffic lights or a pedestrian crossing are the best.

• Cross in a group with your friends. A group or pair is more visible than a person on their own.

• When crossing a road STOP, LOOK for any traffic, LISTEN for any approaching cars and WAIT until there is no sign of traffic before you cross the road. Even if you are crossing at a traffic light.

• Cross the road completely - roads are not places where you can play.

• Never run out onto the road without first looking, even if it is a quiet street.

• Don’t cross between parked cars - often drivers can’t see you and you can’t see them.

• Always walk on the footpath. If there isn’t one, walk on the side of the road towards approaching cars not on the road.

• Don’t forget to look out for cyclists who may be riding their bikes on the footpath.

• At night, carry or wear something light in colour so that drivers can see you more easily.

SKATEBOARDS AND ROLLERBLADES

You must stay off the road when riding your skateboard or skating on rollerskates or rollerblades.

Keep to the footpath or bikepath or head down

Road crashes account for 58% of all accidental deaths among children aged 5-14 years Child Safety Handbook

49

Looking for the safest child restraint?

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Visit CREP.com.au for more information.

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CHECK YOUR TYRES REGULARLY Tyres which are incorrectly inflated, or without sufficient tread, are dangerous. Drop into your local Bob Jane T-Marts and we will check your tyres are safe and correct the pressures if required. Or Mum can do some extra homework and visit our website for our top 10 tyre safety tips.

Visit bobjane.com.au or call 13 26 25 for your nearest store.

STREET SMART

Children under 6 months (rearward)

to your local park and only use the road when you need to cross.

When crossing the road, STOP, LOOK and LISTEN and WAIT until the road is clear. Don’t use your board when crossing as you have less control. Even the most experienced rollerbladers or skateboarders have crashes. Protect yourself from injury by always wearing a helmet and protective clothing. Never hold onto a moving vehicle when on your skateboard, rollerskates or rollerblades.

There’s a high risk of injury.

CYCLING SAFETY

Riding your bike is a fun way to get around but it can be dangerous if you’re not careful. Every year more than 200 young cyclists are killed or injured. In many cases, they weren’t wearing helmets or following the road rules.

• Make sure your children always wear a helmet when riding a bike – it’s the law. A helmet will save your life and will greatly reduce your chances of being killed or badly injured in a crash. And let’s face it, almost everyone has had a crash, at least once. Remember if the Police see you not wearing a helmet, you could receive a fine.

• Children aged up to 12 years should ride their bikes on the footpath or away from the road – around 10% of child road casualties are cyclists. Older children should use the bike lane.

Children aged between 6 months and 4 years

• Be cautious when riding on the road - remember motorists can’t always see you so don’t expect them to stop for you.

• Always ride your bike on the left hand side of the road, as close to the kerb as possible.

• Be courteous. Drivers don’t do anything that could put yourself or other people in danger.

• Like car drivers, you have to obey all traffic signs and traffic lights.

• Leave at least one metre between you and the traffic.

• Use hand signal to let drivers know if you’re turning or stopping.

• Never ride your bike across a pedestrian crossing.

• Do not double anyone. Let your friends walk beside your bike if necessary.

• Keep your bike in control by keeping one hand on the handle bars at all times.

• Be visible on the road! Wear light coloured or reflective clothing when you are riding your bike, especially at night.

• Drivers will also see you more easily if your bike has a flag and reflectors on both front and rear.

• If you’re riding at night, have proper front and rear lights fitted otherwise people cannot see you.

• Make yourself heard on the road - check your bike

Children aged between 4 years and 7 years

has a horn or a bell.

• Check your tyres and brakes regularly. You don’t want the tyre to blow out or your brakes to fail when coming down a hill.

• Ride a bike that is the right size for you.

SAFETY IN CARS

Older children 145 cm or taller

over four years of age can only sit in the front row of a vehicle with two or more rows when all other seats are occupied by children of a lesser age in an approved child restraint.

For detailed information on correct child restraint visit ‘Seat Me Safely ‘ on www.kidsafensw. org/roadsafety/seat_me_safely.html

Other important things to remember are: BASIC SAFETY You must do:

The overriding basic rule for the safety of children in cars is for every child to use the right restraint on every trip. Over the past 20 years, our road toll has dropped dramatically. Today, Australia is one of the safest countries in which to drive. There are now new national road rules for keeping children safer when travelling in the car.

• All children under seven must be secured in a child restraint or booster seat when travelling in a vehicle.

• Babies up to six months of age must be restrained in a rearward facing restraint.

• Children from six months to under four must be restrained in a rearward facing or forward facing restraint. Children under four years of age must not be in the front row of a vehicle with two or more rows.

• From four years to under seven children must use a forward facing restraint or booster seat. Children

• If your child is too small for a restraint specified for their age, they should stay in their current restraint for as long as necessary.

• If your child is too large for a restraint specified for their age, they may move to the next level of restraint • It is important to check that the restraint is properly fitted.

• Children must use a child restraint on every trip.

• Children should always get in and out of the car using the Safety Door which is the rear kerb side door.

WHAT YOU MUST NOT DO?

• Do not carry a child on your lap. It is impossible to hold onto a child in an accident and it is illegal.

• Do not put two children in one seat belt as it is not safe and is illegal; in a crash they can be injured by colliding with each other.

• Do not sit a child on an adult’s lap with the seat belt around both of them. The child is likely to be crushed by the adult’s weight against the seat Child Safety Handbook

51

STREET SMART

belt and it is illegal.

• Let children ride in the luggage space of cars. This is also illegal and very dangerous. All children must be restrained in an appropriate child restraint.

GENERAL SAFETY IN THE CAR

Drive carefully, take rests, take care in the heat Fasten your seat belt and make sure every-one is safely and appropriately restrained before starting the car. Many accidents are the result of driver error and fatigue. Rest stops help restore concentration, and beat drowsiness. Babies, toddlers and children lose fluid quickly so it is important when travelling on hot days, to allow extra time for stops and to provide plenty of cool water or fluids.

Never leave your child in a car for any period of time without adult supervision.

BEING SEEN CLEARLY

Drivers need to be able to see clearly. All sunblinds on backside windows and the rear window must allow 35 per cent light transmission. Make sure they are securely fastened and can’t distract you. Never use a nappy in the side windows to keep the sun off the baby; it will block the driver’s view. Window signs - such as baby on board should be out of the line of sight.

BUCKLE UP • Small children don’t understand the dangers of not using a child restraint.

• Remind children that the car won’t start until everyone is buckled up.

• Children should be instructed to not undo their seat belts until you say they can - when you have reached your destination and the car is stopped.

• Check that older children have not accidentally undone the restraints of their baby brother or sister.

DRIVER DISTRACTION

Don’t let your children’s behaviour distract you. Keep them occupied by talking or singing to them; provide soft toys to play with. On long trips, provide unspillable drinks, healthy snack foods; and avoid milkbased drinks for carsick-prone children. Take regular driver breaks and let the children out to run around.

KIDS IN CARS - WARNING

Leaving children unattended in the car, even for a few minutes, can be very dangerous. Children can set the car moving, become tangled in the restraint harness or suffer dehydration and heat stress. On a 30°C day, the air in a closed car will reach 40°C in eight minutes; and over 45°C after 15 minutes.

Half-open windows do not reduce the inside car temperature significantly and dangerously high temperatures can still be reached very quickly.

Child Safety Handbook

SCHOOL BUS SAFETY DID YOU KNOW?

Every day, more than a million NSW school children travel to and from school in safety - many of them by bus. The school bus is an extremely safe form of transport for school students.

Traffic congestion outside the school can in-

FLYING OBJECTS AND CARGO BARRIERS

When cars brake suddenly, or are in a crash, flying objects cause many injuries. Items on the parcel shelf are particularly dangerous. Even light items such as tissue boxes can become a force 20 times their own weight. A book can become a 10kg missile. So keep that parcel shelf clear.

Vehicles which have cargo areas that open directly into passenger space or which have a back seat which can fold down are particularly risky.

Unrestrained luggage moving forward can cause split seats to collapse, injuring passengers.

A cargo barrier will protect your passengers Station wagons, hatchback cars and panel vans especially, need this protection. Only cargo barriers approved to Australian Standards should be used and installed by an approved fitter. If you do not have a cargo barrier, consider having one installed. In the meantime, pack luggage so it is spread evenly and as low as possible. Don’t pack luggage higher than the back of the seat.

OTHER SAFETY TIPS

• Check your child’s restraint harness to make sure 52

they can’t reach and open doors while you’re driving.

• Cigarette lighters can pose a risk to children so please remove them.

• Use the child locks on rear doors to stop children opening them.

• Do not smoke in your vehicle with children as this is illegal.

crease when many families resort to driving short distances to and from school.

PARENTS AND CARERS:

• Hold your child’s hand and walk together to the bus stop or bus interchange in the morning.

• If you cannot be with your child, organise for another trusted adult to take your place.

• Meet your child AT the bus stop or bus interchange after school. NEVER wait on the opposite side of the road.

• Wait on the footpath until the bus has been driven away.

• Together, choose the safest place to cross the road, and:

Q: When is your child at most risk travelling by bus?

A: In the minutes after getting off the bus.

• STOP! One step back from the kerb.

• LOOK! For traffic to your right, left and right.

• LISTEN! For the sounds of approaching traffic.

• THINK! Whether it is safe to cross.

• Explain each action in turn as you cross safely.

Talk with your child about what to do: • If you are delayed and cannot meet them as usual.

• If they catch the wrong bus.

• If they get off the bus at the wrong bus stop.

• Until they are at least 10 years old, children do not have the developmental maturity required to cross the road safely without holding an adult’s hand There is a 40km/h speed limit for traffic passing a school bus that is picking up or setting down school children. The speed limit is for all traffic travelling in the same direction as the bus, whether the bus is stationary or moving.

The 40km/h speed limit must be observed when the rear ‘wig-wag’ lights on the bus are flashing. Flashing headlights on these buses also alert oncoming motorists that children are close.

Information reproduced with permission of the Transport Roads and Maritime Services – www.rms.nsw.gov.au

STREET SMART

TRAIN SAFETY

DIRTBIKES, MINIBIKES AND MINI QUAD BIKES

SAFETY HINTS:

• Keep behind the yellow lines.

• Mind the Gap between the platform and train doors.

• Hold onto small children when boarding and leaving the train.

• Pay special attention when the platform is crowded or when travelling to large events.

PRAMS AND STROLLERS SAFETY HINTS

If you are travelling with a pram or stroller, we recommend you either strap the infant into the pram/ stroller, or remove the infant from it completely to board the train.

• Always keep a firm hold of your pram anywhere on stations and trains.

• Always apply pram brakes when you are at the station or on the train.

• Ensure your child is securely strapped into the pram.

• Park the pram parallel to the edge of the platform, not pointing towards the tracks.

• Board the train near the guard’s compartment so they can see you when closing the train doors.

• Don’t rush – allow plenty of time for your journey.

• If you require assistance, please ask CityRail staff - they are there to help you.

RAIL CROSSING SAFETY

Always cross train tracks using a footbridge or underpass, or at designated pedestrian railway crossings. Crossing anywhere else is illegal and extremely dangerous.

HERE’S SOME ADVICE THAT COULD SAVE YOUR LIFE:

• Stop, look, listen and think at level crossings.

• Obey the safety signs at every railway crossing

and cross at marked crossings only.

• Stay on the path. Listen and look in both directions for approaching trains.

• If the red lights are flashing or the gate is closed, a train is coming so keep clear of the tracks.

• Never jump fences, gates or barriers. This is extremely dangerous and it is very likely the oncoming train is close to the crossing.

• If a train is coming, wait for it to pass and then stop, look and listen again before crossing as another train may be approaching.

• You might not hear a train, especially when using your earphones or mobile phone. Never assume a train is a long way off.

• Don’t ride bicycles, skateboards, skates or rollerblades across any pedestrian crossing.

• Never assume that it is safe to cross when the lights are still flashing. Even if a train has passed, there may be another train coming in the other direction. Only enter the crossing when the lights have stopped flashing or the gate has opened.

It takes a lot to stop an eight-carriage train travelling at 100kmh. The braking distance for a train is approximately five football fields (500m).

Information reproduced with permission of Cityrail – www.cityrail.info

Children nowadays are getting more adventurous and open to trying out big toys that were previously only available for adults. But since the kids really don’t know much about the realities of being a responsible driver, it’s your duty as an adult to educate your kids about safety tips to avoid accidents and injuries. After all, bike riding should be fun and enjoyable.

There are some guidelines and tips you can give your kids regarding the practice of safety measures when riding bikes.

• First, you can teach your kids to always wear protective clothing and gear to protect them from harm and injuries. Getting the right accessories and proper riding apparel is something you mustn’t skimp on, as these are good investments to ensure your kid’s safety.

• Instill responsible riding in your child. Before you allow your child to ride bikes, you might consider teaching them the basics of driving, as well as some rules. This is to inculcate responsible riding even at a young age.

• Prepare your child for emergencies. In case something goes wrong or your child gets injured, it helps to teach him or her about basic first aid.

• Always remind your child that there are some rules concerning where he is allowed to ride and where he is not. Accidents can happen if your kid takes his bike on public roads like streets or parks. In some areas, riding on these roads is illegal, so inform your kid on where he can take his bike to avoid harm from coming your way.

• Since most kids are adventurous, they most likely want to explore the terrain with their bikes.

That’s why it helps to teach your kid to memorise your phone number and address, which is extremely helpful if he gets lost. In the first place, go over the area with your child first, so he or she becomes familiar with it as much as possible.

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53

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OUTDOOR SAFETY

SAFETY T IP The mos t im gear is th portant item of boating e lifejack safety e but only if they ar t. Lifejackets sa ve lives, e worn.

WEAR A LIFEJACKET

• Boating is enjoyed by people of all ages and can be a great family pastime. It is also a safe activity, so long as the boat is well maintained and has the correct safety equipment and everyone onboard is shown how to use it.

• Children who head out on the water should be made aware of boating safety rules and taught safe boating practices from an early age.

• The most important item of boating safety gear is the lifejacket. Lifejackets save lives, but only if they are worn.

Legislation which came into effect in 2010 requires people to wear lifejackets in a range of conditions and circumstances when boating on NSW waterways.

Children under the age of 12 are required to wear a lifejacket at all times when out on a boat under 4.8 metres in length. On larger boats from 4.8m to 8m in length, children must also wear a lifejacket whenever they are in an open area such as the cockpit or deck when the boat is underway.

For the full list of circumstances when a lifejacket must be worn by children and adults, visit www.lifejacketwearit.com.au.

For a lifejacket to be effective it must fit snugly and securely, and not allow the child’s head to slip through the jacket, generally by incorporating adjustable chest fasteners and sometimes a strap between the legs. Adult lifejackets are not suitable for children.

In the case of boating with infants too small to be fitted with a lifejacket, it is the parents’ responsibility to ensure that the child is safe. It is strongly recommended that the parent wears a lifejacket and holds on to the infant at all times.

To ensure a lifejacket is appropriate for your child, seek advice from your local marine supplier and test the lifejacket to ensure adequate support, comfort and flotation is provided. An infant’s lifejacket should be compliant with a standard accepted by Roads and Maritime Services.

If you are planning to head out on a boat with a small child, you should first determine whether your passenger would be able to assist you should the need arise. As well as making sure they are wearing a lifejacket, always put yours on too.

WHEN IT COMES TO LIFEJACKETS WHEN BOATING – JUST WEAR IT.

TfNSW M134 20.03.13

OUTDOOR SAFETY

BOATING SAFETY

Be safe and wear yours

Go to www.lifejacketwearit.com.au for more information.

Child Safety Handbook

55

OUTDOOR SAFETY

And if you are in charge of the boat, always remember: You’re the Skipper, You’re Responsible.

For more information on boating safety with children see www.rms.nsw.gov.au.

Information reproduced with the permission of Roads and Maritime Services – www.maritime.nsw.gov.au

BUSHWALKING AND HIKING As with any type of safety measures, bushwalking and hiking safety can be maintained through simple, commonsense measures. No one should go bushwalking without the proper supplies, knowledge and experience. This applies especially for children. Parents should not allow their children to be taken, or take their children into areas they are unfamiliar with, particularly if those areas require special skills, such as first aid, navigation and bush survival. For an enjoyable and safe bushwalking experience, plan ahead and take the following precautions.

WHEN PLANNING A BUSHWALK OR HIKE

• Always plan your trip carefully in advance.

• Give complete route details of where you are going to close relatives or friends, and when you expect to get back.

• Take your time; set a pace that the slowest member of your party can handle.

• Take appropriate clothing and wear closed footwear – preferably boots or runners. Regardless of the season, always take a windproof/waterproof jacket, and clothing that can keep you warm when wet.

• For any walk of more than a kilometre or so, take extra water, snacks (such as fruit or health bars) and a first aid kit. Insect repellent and a torch can prove to be very useful.

• Check weather forecasts and local park conditions and modify your plans accordingly.

• Always carry a well-equipped first aid kit.

• Never light a campfire on a day of total fire ban.

BITES AND STINGS Quick guide to first aid management Pressure immobilisation

Cold compress (ice pack)

Hot water

Vinegar

Funnel-web and Mouse spiders

Bees

Blue-bottle (Pacific Man-O-War) jellyfish

Box jellyfish

Snakes

Wasps (European)

Bullrout fish

Irukandji jellyfish

Blue-ringed octopus

Ants

Catfish

Sea anenomes

Coneshells

Ticks

Crown-of-Thomas starfish

Tropical marine stings of unknown origin

Sea snakes

Scorpians

Stingray

1. Follow DRSABCD 2. Calm patient and keep still.

3. Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage 4. Ensure call for ambulance has been made – triple zero (000).

Centipedes

Stonefish

Red-backed spider

Non-tropical minor jellyfish

All other spiders

1. Follow DRSABCD 2. Calm patient.

3. Place patient’s stung limb in hot water

1. Follow DRSSBCD 2. Calm patient.

3. Flood stung area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds.

4. If vinegar not available, flick tentacles off using a stick or gloved fingers.

5. Ensure call for ambulance has been made – triple zero (000).

1. Apply a cold compress or ice pack directly over the bite site to relieve the pain.

2. Seek medical aid if necessary.

56

Child Safety Handbook

(as hot as you, the first aider, can tolerate).

4. Ensure call for ambulance has been made – triple zero (000).

OUTDOOR SAFETY

KEEPING SAFE AT THE BEACH • Children should be supervised at all times at the beach and near water, no matter what age they are. However, it is important to teach children safety practices so that they know how to prevent a situation occurring.

• Water safety is about using and practising common sense. Encourage sensible habits in your children so that it becomes a natural action or reaction. Always show the correct way of keeping safe in the water by setting a good example. It is important to avoid being contradictory.

SURF SAFETY

Always swim between the red and yellow flags.

That is where the surf lifesavers patrol and can help if you have problems in the surf. If there are no flags, ask a lifesaver to show you the safest place to swim. If there is no lifesaver, do not enter the water.

To locate a patrolled beach near you, visit www. beachsafe.org.au Another important point is to train yourself and your children to recognise the hazards at the beach, such as rips. This chapter is designed to help people understand the processes behind how the hazards form and how to cope with them should they find themselves in difficulty.

RIPS

dB

ar

What is a rip current? A rip current, generally referred to as a rip, is a moving current of water,

San

Waves

Beach

Rip Current

ar

B Sand

Waves

which can be strong and fast flowing. It will usually start near the shoreline and flow away from the beach. For an animated description and further information, please visit http://www.ripcurrents. com.au/About-Rip-Currents/What-is-a-RipCurrent.aspx Why are rip currents dangerous?

Rips are the number one hazard on Australia’s beaches, and are the cause of most rescues and many drowning deaths every year. They can drag swimmers away from the beach, and often result in drowning when swimmers attempt to fight the current, become exhausted and panic. Rips can also be deadly for non-swimmers as a person standing in waist deep water can be dragged out into deeper waters where they can drown if they are unable to swim and are not wearing a flotation device.

• A choppy or rippled look, when the water around is generally calm.

• In large surf, a smoother surface with much smaller waves (a calm patch).

Common Rip Locations: HOW CAN I SPOT A RIP?

The first thing to note is that rip currents can be difficult to identify. Surf Lifesavers and Lifeguards receive training to be able to identify them and use them which is why the best place to swim is between the red and yellow flags.

One or more of the following natural features may alert you to the presence of a rip. For an animated description and further information, please visit http://www.ripcurrents.com.au/ Rip-Currents-Safety/How-to-spot-a-RipCurrent.aspx • Darker water, indicating deeper water.

• Murky brown water caused by sand stirred up by faster moving water.

Rips can occur anywhere on a beach, but are common: • Around headlands, jetty’s, break walls.

• Around rocks.

• In front of rivers, creeks and storm water outlets.

WHAT DO I DO IF I GET CAUGHT IN A RIP?

• Avoid rip currents by always swimming between the red and yellow flags.

• To escape a rip current, swim parallel to the beach.

• For assistance, stay calm, float and raise an arm to attract attention.

• Conserve your energy by using waves to assist you back to the beach.

BEACH SAFETY FOR VISITORS TO AUSTRALIAN BEACHES

1. Always swim between the red and yellow flags (www.beachsafe.org.au).

2. Read the safety signs.

3. Ask a Lifesaver/Lifeguard for safety advice.

4. Swim with a friend.

5. If you need help, stay calm and attract attention.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE BEACHSAFE?

The beach is one of Australia’s most important and enjoyable features. Everyone will visit the beach at least once in their life and sometimes as often once a week or more. Unfortunately the beach has hidden dangers that you may not be aware of, so it’s important that you follow some simple tips so you can enjoy the beach safely.

Information reproduced with the permission of Surf Lifesaving NSW – www.surflifesaving.com.au

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OUTDOOR SAFETY

FUN IN THE SUN THREE SIMPLE TIPS TO KEEP YOU SAFE AT THE BEACH

SUN SAFETY Why is sun safety important to you?

What should you be looking out for?

The red and yellow flags The red and yellow flags show the supervised area of the beach and that a lifesaving service is operating.

WARNING

The lifeguards and lifesavers Lifeguards and lifesavers are person there to supervise you and provide advice on beach conditions. You should check to see what uniform your life saving service is wearing when you get to the beach so you know what to look for in an emergency.

SHALLOW WATER

UNEXPECTED LARGE WAVES

EVERYONE • Always swim between the red and yellow flags.

• Stay calm. Don’t panic.

• Raise an arm to attract attention if you feel you need help.

• Do not try to swim against the current.

NO SWIMMING

F L AG S

58

Look at, understand and obey the safety signs.

Child Safety Handbook

Ask a lifeguard or lifesaver for advice before you enter the water.

Get a friend to swim with you.

Why is getting sunburnt bad?

SWIMMING NOT ADVISED

To enjoy the beach safely, remember:

Find the red and yellow flags and swim between them.

Australia is known for its hot sunny days which make the beach even more enjoyable. However, the hot sun means there is increased exposure to the heat and the suns rays (UV rays). Lifeguards and lifesavers treat dehydrated persons almost every day during summer and getting sun burnt is far too common, which may have serious immediate results and later on in life.

Warning signs Warning signs will highlight any potential hazards you should be looking out for.

Stick your hand up, stay calm and call for help if you get into trouble.

STRONG SWIMMERS • If you are confident, swim parallel to the beach – often this is towards the sandbank or breaking waves which can assist you back to shore.

WEAK SWIMMERS • If you are not a confident swimmer – don’t go in the water. Learn how to swim by visiting these websites and finding a local swim school: • http://www.swimkids.com.au/find-aswimming-school/ • http://www.austswim.com.au/ Swimcentres/FindaSwimCentre.aspx

Ongoing over-exposure to the sun without proper protection can have immediate results such as soreness of your skin, becoming too hot and feeling sick. A common long term result is skin cancer. In fact, Australia has the highest per person rate of skin cancer (melanomas) in the world!

What is dehydration?

The heat created by the sun can affect you in a number of ways. It can cause your body temperature to rise and loose fluids by sweating. If you are not mindful of this you can become dehydrated, which essentially means you become too hot and do not have enough fluids in your body. Headaches and fatigue are common symptoms of dehydration.

OUTDOOR SAFETY

HOW CAN YOU BE SUN SAFE? To avoid sunburn and dehydration while you enjoy a day outside, follow these simple steps:

SLIP Slip on a long sleeve shirt to get the best protection from the suns rays

SLOP Slop on some SPF30+ sunscreen at least 15 minutes before you go out in the sun and then don’t forget to reapply every two hours after that

SLAP Slap on a hat, a wide-brim hat will provide the best protection to your head and face

SEEK Seek some shade, particularly between the hours of 10am and 3pm when the sun is at its hottest

SLIDE Slide on a pair of UV rated sunglasses

SLURP Drink plenty of water in moderation and avoid fizzy and alcoholic drinks that will dehydrate you

PLAYGROUND SAFETY Playgrounds are fun places for kids because there’s so much to do and other kids to have fun with. But sometimes kids get hurt at playgrounds, so here are some ways to keep safe.

1. Take a grown-up. As kids get bigger, they like doing things on their own. Going to the playground shouldn’t be one of them, though.

Grown-ups come in handy because they might spot problems at the playground, they can help you down if you get in a tight spot, and they can help if you happen to get hurt.

2. Take a good look around. If the playground has lots of trash, such as broken glass, or the equipment looks broken, don’t play there.

3. Keep your size in mind. Many playgrounds have some equipment that’s for little kids (like 2- to 5-year-olds) and other equipment that’s meant for older kids. Use the equipment that’s right for your age. If you squeeze yourself onto a swing for toddlers, you might get stuck. Likewise, if your little brother or sister starts climbing something meant for older kids, guide him or her to the equipment for younger kids.

4. Don’t go too high. Many playgrounds have tall stuff to play on, such as towers or open passageways between equipment. Don’t climb higher than you feel comfortable, and feel free to ask your grown-up if you need help getting down. Never climb up the outside of equipment, or hoist yourself up on the roof. The view might be cool, but it’s a long way down.

5. Look out below. The best playgrounds put down special surfacing material, such as mulch, wood chips, sand, gravel, or rubber matting. These surfaces can help soften a fall, but that doesn’t mean you won’t get hurt, especially if you tumble from a high spot.

6. Swing safely. Kids often get hurt at the play ground because they get hit by someone on a swing. If you’re swinging, watch out for people

SAFETY TIP

Don’t go too high.

Many playgroun ds have tall stuff to play on, such as towers or open passageways between equipme nt. Don’t climb hig her than you fee comfortable, and l feel free to ask a trusterd grownif you need help up getting down.

who might be getting too close. And if you’re walking around the playground, don’t get too close to the swingers.

7. Use your head. Sometimes you’ll see kids going headfirst down the slide or maybe two or three kids will get on a piece of equipment that’s only meant for one. Or some kids might start goofing around and trying to push each other off a swing or off of a high spot. If your grown-up sees you doing this, he or she will probably say, “Someone’s going to get hurt.” It’s true, so try to use the playground equipment properly. And if you get stuck, or don’t know how to get down from something, call your grown-up over so he or she can help you down.

8. Report problems to your local council. If you see graffiti (when people write or paint on stuff), a broken swing, or find any other problems while you’re playing, tell your grown-up. He or she can report the problem so it can be fixed.

When at a playground remember: • It is very important to supervise children • Ensure the children under your care only play on age-appropriate equipment.

• Make sure the children under your care have appropriate sun protection.

• Make sure the children under your care have appropriate clothing and footwear.

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HEALTH & SAFETY

CHILDREN’S MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING What is children’s mental health?

Mental health is about the way a child thinks and feels about themselves and their world.

It’s about how they handle their everyday lives, including making and keeping friends, keeping up with school work and getting along with family members. Like our physical health, there are times we feel well and happy, and times when we don’t feel so great. As children develop and grow they can experience some bumps along the way, which may influence their thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

What are the warning signs of mental health problems in children?

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Child Safety Handbook

Children do not show symptoms of poor mental health in the same way that adults do and symptoms must be considered in terms of their developmental stage. It can be difficult to distinguish between normal developmental behaviours and emerging mental health problems as children’s behaviour can change quickly as they grow. For example, children may find it hard to concentrate and may lose interest in school work and play.

Some may even refuse to go to school, while others complain of feeling bored or lonely, even when they have friends. Changes in behaviour may be gradual or may happen quite suddenly.

The Children’s Hospital Westmead provides a number of fact sheets for parents on specific mental illnesses, such as; anxiety, disruptive disorders, depression and anorexia nervosa. For more information visit: http://www.chw.edu.au/healthykids/

When to seek help?

Parents or carers are often the first to recognise that their child is experiencing difficulties with their emotions or behaviour. When children are experiencing ongoing distress they may have difficulties with coping, getting on with others, and

HEALTH & SAFETY

keeping an interest in what they are doing. It is important to take note of any significant changes in your child’s usual pattern of behaviour including their eating and sleeping patterns.

When the behaviour is distressing to your child and those around him or her, and persists over a period of time or across situations (e.g. at home and at school) then it is time to get support or advice.

It is important to speak with an experienced professional who works with children and understands mental illness. The services available to you may vary depending on where you live but may include; GPs, community health centres, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, private and school counsellors and Medicare Locals. Getting effective help early often prevents more serious problems developing at a later stage.

It may also be useful to find out about how you child is behaving in the school environment.

Mental illness and parents and carers

One in five adults experienced a mental illness in the previous 12 months (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007), some of these people are parents. If you’re a parent with a mental illness and need some support, it’s important that you get help as early as possible.

There are also services and programs to support you, if you are a carer or have a family member who is experiencing a mental illness.

The National Children of Parents with a Mental Illness (COPMI) Initiative aims to promote better mental health outcomes for children (0-18 years) of parents with a mental health problem or disorder.

Information for family members across Australia where a parent has a mental illness and for people who care for and work with them can be found on their website - http://www.copmi.net.au/

References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007) National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results. ABS, Canberra.

CHOKING ON FOOD

DENTAL HEALTH A healthy mouth helps people to eat and to speak and socialise without pain, discomfort or embarrassment.

The main diseases relating to the mouth are tooth decay and gum diseases. They are minor conditions but if they are not treated they can lead to infection, pain and swelling and eventually to tooth loss. Tooth decay may be painful or you may not even know it is there. Gum disease can start as mild bleeding when you clean your teeth. But they are both preventable.

WHY YOUNG CHILDREN ARE AT RISK OF CHOKING ON FOOD

• Young children do not have the back teeth needed to chew and grind lumps of food properly as these may not be fully developed until around four years of age. Before this age young children are still learning to eat solid food.

• Food swallowed in large pieces is more likely to get stuck and block off the airways. If it goes down the wrong way this can cause young children to choke.

• If young children run, play, laugh or cry while eating they are more likely to choke on their food.

WHAT CAUSES TOOTH DECAY?

• not brushing your teeth every day with fluoride toothpaste • eating sugary, sticky food frequently throughout the day (like cakes, biscuits, pastries, lollies, chocolate) • drinking sugary drinks between meals (like soft drink, cordial, fruit juice, flavoured milk)

WAYS TO MAKE EATING SAFER FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

• Do not give foods that can break off into hard pieces.

• Avoid foods like raw carrot, celery sticks and apple pieces. Hard foods should be grated, cooked or mashed.

• Cut sausages, frankfurts, and other meats into small pieces. Tough skins on frankfurts and other sausages should be removed.

• Do not give popcorn, nuts, hard lollies, cornchips or other similar foods to young children.

AT EATING TIMES

• Always stay with young children and watch them while they are eating.

• Make sure that young children sit quietly while eating.

• Never force young children to eat, as this may cause them to choke.

WHAT TO DO IF A YOUNG CHILD CHOKES ON FOOD

• Check first if the child is still able to breathe, cough or cry. If the child is breathing, coughing or crying, he or she may be able to dislodge the food by coughing.

• Do not try to dislodge the food by hitting the

HOW CAN I PREVENT TOOTH DECAY?

child on the back because this may move the food into a more dangerous position and make the child stop breathing.

• Stay with the child and watch to see if their breathing improves.

• If the child is not breathing easily within a few minutes, phone 000 for an ambulance.

IF THE CHILD IS NOT BREATHING

• Try to dislodge the piece of food by placing the child face down over your lap so that their head is lower than their chest.

• Give the child four sharp blows on the back just between the shoulder blades. This should provide enough force to dislodge the food.

• Check again for signs of breathing.

• If the child is still not breathing, urgently call 000 and ask for an ambulance. The ambulance service operator will be able to tell you what to do next.

• eat healthy snacks that help protect your teeth (like fruit, cheese and yoghurt) • limit sugary food and drinks, especially inbetween meals – they cause tooth decay • drink tap water throughout the day - it contains fluoride, which helps protect teeth from decay • brush your teeth morning and night with fluoride toothpaste for healthy teeth and gums • have regular dental check-ups – don’t wait for a problem • chew sugar-free gum – it creates saliva (spit), which protects your teeth.

INJURIES TO THE MOUTH

To avoid injuries to the teeth and mouth: • wear a mouthguard when playing contact sport • wear a full-faced helmet or face guard when playing sport like cricket.

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HEALTH & SAFETY KNOCKED OUT OR BROKEN TEETH

FOR FURTHER DENTAL INFORMATION

The following sequence should be followed when a tooth is knocked out of its socket:

Public dental services call-centre phone numbers:

STEP 1

• Remain calm and try to find the tooth. A dental professional will want to see the tooth and/or the tooth fragment(s). It is important to know whether the tooth or tooth fragment(s) have been inhaled.

• Inhaled teeth are a medical emergency and the child MUST be taken immediately to the Emergency Department of a Hospital for a check-up and a possible chest x-ray.

STEP 2 • If it is a baby tooth, do not put it back in the socket because it will damage the underlying developing permanent (adult) tooth. If there is any doubt about whether it is a baby tooth or an adult tooth, put the tooth in milk or saline and take the child to a dental clinic immediately.

• If a permanent tooth has been knocked out, locate the tooth and hold by the crown (top part) only. If the tooth is clean place it back into the socket immediately and hold the tooth in place by biting gently on a handkerchief or clean cloth.

• If it is not possible to replace the tooth into the socket place it in milk or saline (eg contact lens solution) immediately to avoid dehydrating and damaging the delicate cells on the root. Do not rinse or scrub dirt off the tooth. The dentist will do this if necessary. Do not allow the tooth to remain dry at any stage.

• Notify parents/carers of the incident.

• Go to a dental clinic or the Emergency Department of a Hospital as soon as possible. Time is a critical factor in saving the tooth.

Remember in the following weeks or months after the dental injury, if there are any unusual red or swollen gums, or if the tooth changes colour, make an appointment at a dental clinic as soon as possible.

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Local Health District

Phone Number

Central Coast Northern Sydney

1300 789 404

Hunter New England

1300 651 625

Mid North Coast Northern NSW

1300 651 625

Far West Western NSW

1300 552 626

Nepean Blue Mountains Western Sydney

1300 739 949 02 9845 6766

South Western Sydney Sydney

02 9293 3333

Illawarra Shoalhaven South Eastern Sydney

1300 369 651 1300 134 226

Murrumbidgee Southern NSW

1800 450 046

• Centre for Oral Health Strategy NSW: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/cohs/ • Australian Dental Association (NSW Branch) Limited: http://www.adansw.com.au/ • NSW Multicultural Health Communication Service: http://www.mhcs.health.nsw.gov.au/ Information reproduced with the permission of NSW Health – Centre for Oral Health – www.health.nsw.gov.au/cohs/

MOUTHRINSES

Regular use of a fluoride mouthrinse is effective in reducing decay. The effect is greater in high-risk populations and smaller in low-risk populations. Antibacterial mouthrinses with chlorhexidine are effective as a short-term solution to gingivitis. On this basis the following is recomended: Fluoride mouthrinses can be effective in reducing decay. Speak with your oral health professional about whether fluoride mouthrinsing is appropriate for you.

FOOD ALLERGIES: BE ALLERGY AWARE Food allergy occurs in around 1 in 20 children.

Allergic reactions happen when the immune system responds to specific foods in an abnormal way. Reactions can be mild, or they can be severe and cause a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.

If you think your child may have food allergy, it is important to have the allergy confirmed by a qualified medical practitioner.

Allergic reactions can be caused by any food, but the most common are: • peanut • tree nuts (e.g. cashew, almond, Brazil nut) • milk • egg • fish • shellfish • wheat • sesame • soy Products must include an ingredients list on the label or, if no label is present, ingredients must be available on request. Watch for alternate ingredient names and compound ingredients.

CARING FOR OTHERS’ CHILDREN

There are many situations where you may be responsible for other people’s children, such as during parties, sports activities and play dates.

It is important to check with another child’s parents if they have a food allergy and if so, find out what foods are appropriate. Exposure to even minute amounts of an allergen can be life threatening for someone with a severe allergy.

• Treat their allergy seriously. Understand their food safety needs and know how to recognise and respond to an allergic reaction. If the child carries an adrenaline autoinjector, such as an EpiPen®or an Anapen®, ask the parents to show you how to use it and the child’s ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis.

PREVENTING EXPOSURE IS ESSENTIAL

• Ask the parent of the child with an allergy to provide their food if they come for a play date or birthday party.

• Check product labels carefully every time for allergens. Be careful with foods that are not packaged or labelled. Foods from a bakery, butcher or deli, or meals in outlets such as restaurants or cafés can contain small amounts of allergens.

Ask about ingredients and risk of contamination when purchasing them. If you are not sure if a food contains the allergen, avoid it or contact the manufacturer for more information.

• Be aware of cross contamination risk when purchasing, preparing and storing foods. If possible, prepare the food for the allergic individual first. After preparing food containing an allergen, wash hands and clean cutting boards, utensils, and bench tops thoroughly.

RESPONDING TO A REACTION

• Know the signs and symptoms, which range from mild or moderate and include hives, vomiting, abdominal pain and /or swelling of the face, lips or eyes, to more severe reactions (anaphylaxis) such as tongue or throat swelling, hoarse voice, difficult breathing or persistent dizziness and collapse. Young children can become pale and floppy. Visit www.allergyfacts.org.au or call 1300 728 000 for more information.

• If you suspect a child is having a severe or anaphylactic reaction, follow their ASCIA Action Plan.

Give the adrenaline autoinjector (if available) and call an ambulance. Lay the child flat, allow them to sit if breathing is difficult, but not to stand or walk. Even if they start to feel better, make sure the child receives follow-up care and monitoring in hospital.

Information reproduced with the permission of NSW Food Authority – www.foodauthority.nsw.gov.au

HEALTH & SAFETY

GET ACTIVE

and active start in lifelong participation in sport and physical activity? ‘Gateway to Sport’ (www.dsr.nsw.gov.au/gatewaytosport) is a handy resource to help parents find out about over 70 sport and recreational activities including how to participate, links to state sport associations and local clubs in New South Wales.

LET’S GET PHYSICAL

Did you know that while being active is great for the body, it has important benefits for the mind? And when those minds belong to growing children, the benefits are even greater!

Research shows that taking part in regular sport and physical activity is particularly important for children. It’s essential for their health, growth and wellbeing. Being physically active improves fitness levels, strength, flexibility and coordination, and also establishes a solid foundation for a lifetime of healthy habits.

Sport and physical activity programs are also powerful, positive influences for a child’s personal and social development, right through to the teenage years and into early adulthood. Sport helps children and young people understand values of fair play and teamwork and how to cope with winning and losing. Taking part in sport helps develop communication, interpersonal and leadership skills.

It promotes self-discipline, responsibility and organisational skills.

On a more personal level, participation also builds self-esteem and confidence while improving concentration levels. Best of all it’s a great way to meet people and make new friends, breaking down barriers that can lead to social isolation.

MORE THAN JUST GOOD FUN

We know that taking part in sport is good for physical and mental health, but research also shows that aerobic exercise triggers the growth of new nerve cells in the brain. This is especially so in the area that controls learning and memory, decision-making, multi-tasking and planning. These effects are even more powerful when it comes to the developing brains of children.

Taking time out to participate in physical activity positively affects learning and improves

Information reproduced with the permission of New South Wales Department of Sport & Recreation. www.dsr.nsw.gov.au/gatewaytosport

IMMUNISATION

children’s academic performance. In 2001, researchers from the University of Tasmania compared school marks of some 8000 Australian 7-15 year olds with their activity level in the past week and results of a fitness test. They concluded that on average, the more fit and active children and young people are, the better they perform at school. So parents can rest assured that time spent in regular sport and physical activity does not adversely affect academic success or progress.

ACTIVE COMMUNITIES

A growing body of research suggests that physical activity can also help the brains of adults.

Participation in sport and active recreation contributes to lifelong learning for individuals.

This is particularly true for the volunteers who work in sport and recreation such as coaches, officials and sports administrators through training and professional development courses.

But the benefits don’t stop with the individual. Sport is a great way to bring people together socially, for the players, the volunteers who have a huge role in enabling community sport to take place, and spectators. According to the Premier’s Council for Active Living, active communities ‘are more connected, participate more in community activities, are more productive, and reduce the environmental impacts of car dependence.’

KICK START

So how do you get your child off to a healthy

Immunisation means becoming immune to a disease as a result of receiving a vaccine. It is an effective and safe way of preventing a person from getting an infectious disease.

HOW DOES IMMUNISATION WORK?

Every time your child has an infection, cells of his/ her immune system are stimulated and become active. They also produce some special protein chemicals called antibodies to fight against that infection. Different antibodies work against different infections.

Immunisation mimics a natural infection without giving the child the disease. This stimulates the body’s immune system so that it becomes prepared to fight against that infection if it comes along. The immunity produced by vaccines can survive for a long time; sometimes even a lifetime. So your child builds up resistance Child Safety Handbook

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HEALTH & SAFETY

to the virus or bacteria without having to suffer from the infection, with its distress and risks of complications. If the immunised person comes into contact with the disease in the future, the body is able to make antibodies fast enough to prevent the person getting sick most of the time.

Vaccines that are recommended for the general population to take are highly effective.

These days, children are recommended to receive more vaccines than in the past. Some parents may be concerned that their baby or small child might not be able to cope with so many vaccines at a time. In fact, several vaccines can safely and effectively be given at the same time. Some vaccines are being made as combination vaccines so that the child can get protected against many diseases using fewer needles (for example there is a vaccine formulation for infants that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, “Hib” disease, and hepatitis B in one injection). Humans are in contact with thousands of “antigens” (the part of a virus or bacteria) that stimulate the immune system every day. The small number of antigens in vaccines are like a “drop in the ocean” compared with those the body can react to at any one time.

It is safe, and in fact recommended, that all due vaccines are given at the same visit. Giving all due vaccines at the same visit will also cause less trauma for your child and yourself than stringing them out over several visits.

SIDE-EFFECTS OF IMMUNISATION

Immunisation is very safe and effective. The huge benefits of immunisation far outweigh the very small risks. Like many useful substances, be it a medication, a lotion or a food item, a vaccine can sometimes cause side-effects in an individual. These are usually minor, such as soreness at the injection site, mild fever or being a bit irritable. In very rare cases, a child may have an unknown sensitivity to a vaccine component and develop a more serious reaction. Sometimes a child may happen to get sick after taking a vaccine, but not because of the vaccination.

Discuss your concerns about possible sideeffects with the doctor or nurse who give your child the vaccine. They will also advise on ways to reduce side-effects. Having a cough or cold (with no or only mild fever) is not a reason to delay immunisation. In very rare cases, if your doctor thinks that it may not be wise for your child to have a particular vaccine in the GP surgery, there are special clinics held at both The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Sydney Children’s Hospital, which can provide expert advice and give the vaccine under supervision if necessary. Contact these hospitals for further information about these clinics.

Information reproduced with the permission of the Children’s Hospital Westmead – www.chw.edu.au

NUTRITION

quency of foods that are available for sale in their canteens.

The Canteen Menu Planning Guide offers a new way of designing school canteen menus.

You will see three categories: RED, AMBER and GREEN. This is the food spectrum – a visual guide that shows you where certain foods fit on the menu.

RED ‘Occasionally’ • Lack adequate nutritional value.

• Are high in saturated fat, and/or added sugar and/or salt.

• Can contribute excess energy (kilojoules).

AMBER ‘Select carefully’ • Have some nutritional value.

• Have moderate levels of saturated fat and/or added sugar and/or salt.

• Can, in large serve sizes, contribute excess energy (kilojoules).

GREEN ‘Fill the Menu’ • Are good sources of nutrients.

• Contain less saturated fat and/or added sugar and/or salt.

• Help to avoid an intake of excess energy (kilojoules).

Children and adolescents need sufficient nutritious foods to grow and develop normally. Growth should be checked regularly for young children.

Physical activity is important for all children and adolescents.

WHERE TO GO FOR IMMUNISATION

• Your local doctor (general practitioners - GPs).

• Your local council, hospital or community centre may have free immunisation clinics.

• NSW Health implements the NSW Schoolbased Vaccination Program. Through this program vaccines recommended for adolescents by the National Health and Medical Research Council are offered to students. http://www. health.nsw.gov.au/PublicHealth/Immunisation/ school_prog/index.asp.

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Maintaining a healthy diet is crucial for a healthy body and mind, especially for children.

HEALTHY SCHOOL CANTEEN

The Fresh Tastes NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy is all about giving students across NSW a taste for healthy foods. It heralds a move beyond nutrition guidelines for school canteens to a government-endorsed approach that helps schools determine the healthier types and fre-

Red

‘Occasional foods’ (Not recommended for schools)

Amber

‘select carefully’

Green

‘choose plenty’

Top

for Healthy Kids

1

Be a role model with your own healthy eating and activity habits

2

Sit down together as a family to share time over the evening meal

3

Include daily activity such as playing in the park or participating in sport

4

Limit sedentary activities such as television and computer games to less than 2 hours a day

5

Provide a nutritious breakfast to provide fuel for physical activity and maximum concentration

6

Use water to quench thirst

7

Include vegetables and fruit at every opportunity

8

Include dairy foods like yoghurt, milk and cheese to build strong bones and teeth (reduced fat varieties are suitable for children over 2 years of age)

9

Choose wholegrain varieties of breads and cereals

10

Choose snacks with minimal processing

HEALTH & SAFETY

SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATH IN INFANCY (SUDI) Babies spend a lot of their time sleeping. Some sleeping arrangements are not safe. They can increase the risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI) including SIDS and fatal sleeping accidents. SIDS remains the most common category of deaths between one month and one year of age.

Research has found some important ways to reduce the risk of sudden infant death and create a safe sleeping environment for babies. This section provides you with information to help you create a safe sleeping environment for your baby.

MAKE UP YOUR BABY'S COT USING SAFE SLEEPING Make sure your baby’s head remains uncovered during sleep

Put your baby on its back to sleep

Do not put your baby on a water bed or bean bag

Use a firm, clean well fitting mattress.

What is Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy?

SUDI is the sudden, FACT unexpected death of an infant in which the cause is not Many of the risk immediately obvious. SUDI factors for SUDI are includes Sudden Infant common to SIDS Death Syndrome (SIDS) and fatal sleeping accidents. When the term SIDS is used for a baby death, no known cause was found to explain the death after a thorough investigation. The term SUDI is used when CHECKLIST FOR SAFE SLEEPING investigations after the death have shown factors FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS that may have contributed to the death, eg. an 1. Has baby been placed on the back to sleep? infection.

2. Is baby sleeping in a safe bassinette or cot, and Since the Reducing the Risk of SIDS away from hazards? program was introduced in Australia in 1991, 3. Does the cot meet Australian Standard for cots? sudden infant deaths have been significantly 4. Is the mattress firm? reduced. However, this reduction has not been 5. Does the mattress fit the cot/bassinette well? as successful in Aboriginal and Torres Strait 6. Is the mattress clean and in good condition and Islander populations. flat (not titled or elevated)?

Many of the risk factors for SUDI are common 7. Is baby’s face and head uncovered? to SIDS and fatal sleeping accidents, therefore safe 8. Have any pillows, duvets, lambs wool, cot sleeping strategies will target all causes of SUDI. bumpers and soft toys been removed?

The risk of SUDI can be reduced by following 9. If using a baby sleeping bag, does it have a fitted some simple advice for taking care of baby. neck, armholes or sleeves and no hood?

Tuck in your baby’s bedclothes securely

Position your baby’s feet at the bottom of the cot

10. If using blankets rather than a sleeping bag, has baby been placed to sleep with feet touching the bottom of the cot /bassinette with blankets securely tucked in?

11. Is baby having tummy time to play when awake and supervised?

12. If you are a smoker have you stopped smoking or contacted your doctor or Quit line for help?

Quilts, doonas, duvets, pillows, soft toys and cot bumpers in the cot are not recommended

13. Remember never to sleep baby on a sofa, beanbag, waterbed or pillow?

14. Are other family members aware of how to sleep baby safely?

While every effort will be made to keep the FAQ up to date and to ensure that the information contained in it is accurate, SIDS and Kids cannot be held responsible for how readers make use of or understand the information contained in the FAQ. For more information: www.sidsandkids.org

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DRUG AWARENESS

DRUG AWARENESS WHAT IS A DRUG? A drug is a substance, other than food, which is taken to change the way the body and/or mind function.

Mood altering drugs are also called “psychoactive drugs”. They can affect the way a person thinks, feels and acts. These drugs usually have physical effects as well, but what sets them apart from other drugs is that they work on the mind and the senses.

HOW COULD DRUGS AFFECT YOU?

The effects of any drug vary from person to person.

How a drug affects a person can depend on their size, weight and health, also whether the person is used to taking the drug, and whether other drugs are in their system at the same time.

The effects will also depend on the amount taken. It can be hard to judge how much of an illegal drug has been taken, as they are uncontrolled, so quality and strength will vary from one batch to another.

DEPRESSANTS

These include alcohol, benzodiazepines (minor tranquillisers), cannabis, GHB, heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone, and some inhalants.

Depressants do not necessarily make a person feel depressed. They affect the central nervous system, slowing down the messages between the brain and the body.

They can affect concentration and coordination.

They slow down the person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations. In small doses they can cause a person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited. In larger doses they can cause drowsiness, vomiting, unconsciousness and death.

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STIMULANTS

These include caffeine, ephedrine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy (MDMA).

Stimulant drugs speed up the messages between the brain and the body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or energetic.

Large doses of stimulants can cause over-stimulation, causing anxiety, panic, seizures, headaches, stomach cramps, aggression and paranoia.

Long-term use of strong stimulants can also cause these effects.

HALLUCINOGENS

These include ketamine, LSD, datura, magic mushrooms (psilobycin) and mescaline (peyote cactus). Cannabis and ecstasy can also have hallucinogenic qualities.

Hallucinogens distort a person’s perception of reality. People who have taken them may imagine they see or hear things, or what they see may be distorted. The effects of different hallucinogens vary.

THERE IS NOT SAFE LEVEL OF DRUG USE.

Use of any drug always carries some risk—even medications can produce unwanted side effects. It is important to be careful when taking any type of drug.

TALKING WITH YOUNG PEOPLE ABOUT DRUGS

Parents need to realise that just like smoking or drinking, trying a type of drug or alcohol does not necessarily mean that your child is a drug addict or an alcoholic. If you do find out that your child has experimented with drugs or alcohol, the key is not to panic but to use this opportunity to open up the lines of communication.

TOP 10 TIPS

1

Be an active part of their lives Make sure you set aside time to spend with your kids. Take an interest in their interests and establish a routine for doing things with them. Spending time as a family is important, like eating together every day. When they go out, don’t be afraid to ask where they’re going or who they’ll be with.

2

Listen to your kids Showing that you’re prepared and willing to listen will help your kids feel more comfortable about listening to you. During a conversation try not to interrupt them or react in a way that will stop whatever you’re discussing. Encourage them to feel comfortable about telling you their problems, and ask for their input on family decisions to show that you value their opinions.

3

Be a role model When it comes to drugs there’s no such thing as ‘do as I say, not as I do’. If you take drugs yourself you can’t expect your kids to take your advice. It’s important not to underestimate the influence your behaviour has on them, particularly when it comes to alcohol or tobacco, or misuse of medications.

4

Be honest with them It’s natural that you won’t necessarily know everything about drugs. So while it’s important to be informed, you shouldn’t pretend to have answers to every question. Be prepared to say ‘I don’t know but I’ll find out for you’. If you’re honest and clear about where you stand, your kids will find it easier to be honest with you.

5

Pick your moment Make sure you pick the right time to discuss drugs with your kids, by looking for natural opportunities as they arise. This might be when you’re all watching TV, or when they’re talking about someone at their school or in their friendship group.

Here are 10 ways to encourage your kids to talk about drugs with you.

6

Be calm When it comes to talking about drugs, being calm and rational is important, as well as not overreacting. Make sure not to ridicule or lecture, as this could make future discussions about drugs more difficult and make your kids more resistant to talking about them at all.

7

Avoid conflict It is difficult to solve a problem where there’s a conflict. Try to see their point of view while encouraging them to understand yours.

If a confrontation does develop, stop the conversation and come back to it when you’re both calmer.

8

Keep talking Once you’ve had a discussion about drugs it’s important to have another. Start talking to your kids about drugs early, and be willing to talk to your kids about the issue at any time.

9

Set clear boundaries Generally kids expect and appreciate some ground rules. By actively involving them in setting the rules you can encourage them to take more responsibility for sticking to them. Once you’ve decided on these rules, enforce them, and let your kids know the consequences of breaking them.

Discuss and agree to ways your kids will act if they find themselves in situations where drugs are present. For example, let them know that you’ll always collect them if they need you to, whatever the hour.

However, make it absolutely clear that you would rather they didn’t put themselves in a situation where they are likely to be exposed to drugs in the first place.

10

Focus on positives Be sure to reward your kids’ good behaviour and emphasise the things they do well. Encourage them to feel good about themselves and let them know that they deserve respect and should also respect themselves.

DRUG AWARENESS

ALCOHOL WHAT IS ALCHOL?

Alcoholic drinks contain the drug ethanol (ethyl alcohol). A drug is a substance which changes the way your body and mind work. Alcohol is a powerful drug.

It is a depressant drug and not a stimulant, as many people believe. It slows down the activity in parts of the brain and the nervous system.

In March 2009, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) released new guidelines about alcohol consumption and health risk.

These guidelines moved away from previous threshold-based definitions of ‘risky’ or ‘high-risk’ drinking in recognition of the fact that the lifetime risk of harm from consuming alcohol increases progressively with the amount consumed.

According to the revised guidelines, for those aged under 18 years, not drinking is the safest option, and this is especially important for children aged under 15 years. Positively the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, the proportion of people aged 12–15 years and 16–17 years abstaining from alcohol has increased from 2007 to 2010 (from 69.9% to 77.2% and from 24.4% to 31.6%, respectively).

The 2010 Survey also found that people aged 18–29 years were more likely than any other age group to drink alcohol in a way that put them at risk of alcohol-related harm over their lifetime (31.7per cent for those aged 18–19 years and 26.9per cent for those aged 20–29 years).

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

The effects of alcohol will vary from person to person. They depend on: • How much and how quickly the alcohol is consumed.

• The person’s body size.

• How good their health is, and particularly, how well their liver works.

• The occasion on which the alcohol is consumed, eg with a meal, alone or at a party, after hard physical exercise.

• Whether the alcohol is consumed with other drugs.

• Age and gender.

NUMBER OF STANDARD DRINKS – BEER

SOME IMMEDIATE EFFECTS MAY INCLUDE;

• Relaxation.

• Feeling of well being.

• Loss of inhibitions.

• Flushing; dizziness.

• Unclear judgment.

• Uncoordinated movements.

• Slow reactions.

• Blurred vision.

• Slurred speech.

• Aggression.

• Vomiting.

• Unconsciousness.

SENSIBLE DRINKING

The use of standard drinks can help a person monitor his or her alcohol consumption and exercise control over the amount they drink. Different types of alcoholic drinks contain different amounts of pure alcohol. A standard drink is defined as one that contains 10 grams of pure alcohol.

NUMBER OF STANDARD DRINKS – WINE

KEEP IN MIND

• The ‘standard’ size of drinks served in some hotels may be bigger than a standard drink. Large wine glasses can hold two standard drinks – or even more.

• Drinks served at home often contain more alcohol than a standard drink.

• Cocktails can contain as many as five or six standard drinks, depending on the recipe.

MINIMIZING THE RISKS FROM DRINKING ALCOHOL FOR MEN AND WOMEN

At low levels of drinking there is little difference between men and women. However at higher levels of drinking: • Women are at a greater risk of developing an alcohol-related disease such as cancers, diabetes and obesity.

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• Men are at greater risk of an alcohol-related injury such as a car accident, assault and violence HINTS FOR DRINKING LESS

• Have a “spacer” every couple of drinks. Start with a non-alcoholic drink to quench your thirst before you start drinking alcohol and have a non-alcoholic drink every second or third drink.

• Pace yourself. Take sips, not gulps and drink at your own pace not someone else’s. This means trying to avoid drinking in rounds where you are trying to keep up with the fastest drinker. If you are in a round, drink a low or nonalcoholic drink.

• Use a smaller glass. Try drinking smaller glasses of beer or wine and make them last longer.

• Don’t let people top up your drink. Always finish your drink before getting a new one, this helps you keep track of how much alcohol you have consumed.

• Avoid drinking high-alcohol content drinks– try the low alcohol alternative. The number of standard drinks contained in an alcoholic beverage is listed on the side of the can or bottle.

Some cans may contain over two standard drinks. If mixing your own drinks, use less alcohol than normal.

• Eat before and while you are drinking. Eating slows your drinking pace and fills you up. If you have a full stomach, alcohol will be absorbed more slowly. But avoid the salty snacks as they make you thirsty, so you drink more.

• Don’t just sit and drink—stay busy. Play pool, dance, or talk to friends. If you have something to do, you tend to drink less.

• Don’t be pressured into drinking more than you want or intend to. It’s OK to say no.

SMOKING The health risks of tobacco are well known, but kids and teens continue to smoke. Many young people pick up these habits every year — in fact, 90% of all adult smokers started when they were kids. So it’s 68

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important to make sure kids understand the dangers of tobacco use. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the Australia, and can cause cancer, heart disease, and lung disease.

WHAT’S IN TOBACCO SMOKE?

There are more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke. Many of these chemicals are poisonous and at least 43 of them are carcinogenic (cause cancer).

THE THREE MAJOR CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO SMOKE ARE:

• Nicotine – the chemical on which smokers become dependent.

• Tar – which is released when a cigarette burns.

• Carbon monoxide (CO) – a colourless, odourless and very toxic gas. Smokers typically have high levels of CO in the blood.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO

The effects of any drug (including tobacco) vary from person to person. How tobacco affects a person depends on many things including their size, weight and health, also whether the person is used to taking it. The effects of tobacco, as with any drug, also depend on the amount taken.

In Australia, tobacco use is responsible for approximately 15,000 deaths each year. In 2004–2005 approximately three-quarters of a million hospital bed-days were a result of tobacco use.

THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF TOBACCO USE.

Use of any drug always carries some risk—even medications can produce unwanted side effects. It is important to be careful when taking any type of drug.

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS Low to moderate doses

Some of the effects that may be experienced after smoking tobacco include: • Initial stimulation, then reduction in activity of brain and nervous system.

• Increased alertness and concentration.

• Feelings of mild euphoria.

• Feelings of relaxation.

• Increased blood pressure and heart rate.

• Decreased blood flow to fingers and toes.

• Decreased skin temperature.

• Bad breath.

• Decreased appetite.

• Dizziness.

• Nausea, abdominal cramps and vomiting.

• Headache.

• Coughing, due to smoke irritation.

Higher doses

A high dose of nicotine can cause a person to overdose. This means that a person has taken more nicotine than their body can cope with. The effects of very large doses can include: • An increase in the unpleasant effects.

• Feeling faint.

• Confusion.

• Rapid decrease in blood pressure and breathing rate.

• Seizures.

• Respiratory arrest (stopping breathing) and death.

60 mg of nicotine taken orally can be fatal for an adult.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS

Tar in cigarettes coats the lungs and can cause lung and throat cancer in smokers. It is also responsible for the yellow–brown staining on smokers’ fingers and teeth.

Carbon monoxide in cigarettes reduces the amount of oxygen available to the muscles, brain and blood. This means the whole body—especially the heart—must work harder. Over time this causes airways to narrow and blood pressure to rise, which can lead to heart attack and stroke.

High levels of CO, together with nicotine, increase the risk of heart disease, hardening of the arteries and other circulatory problems.

Some of the long-term effects of smoking that may be experienced include:

• Increased risk of stroke and brain damage.

• Eye cataracts, macular degeneration, yellowing of white of eyes.

• Loss of sense of smell and taste.

• Yellow teeth, tooth decay and bad breath.

• Cancer of the nose, lip, tongue and mouth.

• Possible hearing loss .

• Laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers.

• Contributes of osteoporosis.

• Shortness of breath.

• Coughing.

• Chronic bronchitis.

• Cancer.

• Triggering asthma.

• Emphysema.

• Heart disease.

• Blockages in blood supply that can lead to a heart attack.

• High blood pressure (hypertension).

• Myeloid leukaemia, a cancer that affects bone marrow and organs that make blood.

• Stomach and bladder cancers.

• Stomach ulcers.

• Decreased appetite.

• Grey appearance.

• Early wrinkles.

• Slower healing wounds.

• Damage to blood vessel walls.

• Increased likelihood of back pain.

PASSIVE SMOKING

Passive smoking is a term used to describe the effect of tobacco smoke on people who don’t smoke but spend time with smokers. Mainstream smoke is smoke drawn through a cigarette into a smoker’s mouth and lungs. Second-hand smoke is the smoke exhaled (breathed-out). Side stream smoke is the smoke that drifts off the end of the cigarette into the air and is completely unfiltered. Some poisons in tobacco smoke are much more concentrated in side stream smoke than in mainstream smoke.

DRUG AWARENESS

There is evidence on passive smoking that it is a significant cause of lung cancer in non-smokers and acute asthma attacks in asthma sufferers. Children of smoking parents also have an increase risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and serious chest illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. The effects of passive smoking will depend on how long the nonsmoker spends in a smoke-filled environment, how well the air flows in the area and how many cigarettes are being smoked.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF QUITTING

• After twelve hours almost all of the nicotine is out of your system.

• After twenty-four hours the level of carbon monoxide in your blood has dropped dramatically. You now have more oxygen in your bloodstream.

• After five days most nicotine by-products have gone.

• Within days your sense of taste and smell improves.

• Within a month you blood pressure returns to its normal level and your immune system begins to show signs of recovery.

• Within three months the blood flow to your hands and feet improves.

• After twelve months your increased risk of dying from heart diseases is half that of a continuing smoker.

• Stopping smoking reduces the incidence and progression of diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

• After ten years of stopping your risk of lung cancer is less than half that of a continuing smoker and continues to decline (providing the disease is not already present).

• After fifteen years your risk of heart attack and stroke is almost the same as that of a person who has never smoked.

CAFFEINE Caffeine is the most popular and widely used drug in the world. It is a substance found in the leaves, seeds or fruit of a number of plant species, such as coffee

and tea plants. Caffeine is a stimulant which acts on the central nervous system to speed up the messages to and from the brain. It is made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

Caffeine consumption is a part of everyday life is Australia. People have tea or coffee for breakfast, with meals or as a break for morning or afternoon tea.

Children and adults consume caffeine through eating chocolate and drinking cola and energy drinks.

EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE

In small doses (such as a cup of coffee or a caffeinated energy drink) caffeine: • Increase general metabolism and body temperature • Increases urination • Increases alertness • Stimulates the secretion of gastric acid.

CAFFEINE AND SLEEP

When caffeine is taken before going to bed, it usually: • Delays and shortens sleep • Reduces the deep sleep cycle • Increase the amount of dream sleep early in the night, but reduces it overall.

WHAT ARE ENERGY DRINKS?

Energy drinks are drinks designed to increase stamina and improve physical performance. Some energy drinks are designed especially for elite athletes, but most are produced and marketed for the general community.

WHAT ARE THEIR MAIN INGREDIENTS?

The main ingredients in energy drinks are caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone. Some new drinks on the market also contain opium poppy seed extract or ephedrine.

• Taurine Taurine is an amino acid that occurs naturally in the body. Amino acids help to build protein. They are also believed to detoxify and cleanse the body of harmful substances. In times of stress and high physical activity, the body can lose small amounts of taurine. Some people use energy drinks to try to

replace or build up their body’s level of taurine.

• Glucuronolactone Glucuronolactone also occurs naturally in the body. It is a natural metabolite and carbohydrate formed when glucose breaks down, and is believed to be helpful in ridding the body of harmful substances and providing an instant energy boost.

• Caffeine Caffeine is a stimulant which acts on the central nervous system to speed up messages to and from the brain.

Beverage (250ml)

Caffeine content

Mother (500ml) 160mg Red Bull 80mg Monster (500ml) 160mg Rockstar 80mg ‘V’ 78mg Coca-Cola 48.75mg Diet Coke 48mg Diet Coke Caffeine-Free 2mg Pepsi 40mg Diet Pepsi 44mg Pepsi Max 44mg

WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENERGY DRINKS?

Not enough is currently known about energy drinks and their effect on health and well-being. The producers of energy drinks make many claims about the health effects of their products. They say that their products can increase physical endurance, improve reaction time, boost mental alertness and concentration, increase overall well-being, stimulate metabolism, improve stamina and help eliminate waste from the body.

The drinks are marketed as healthy, fun and youthful, and many children, young people and adults are taken in by the excitement created around them, believing these claims to be true. However, the evidence shows that it may be wise to be cautious in our consumption of energy drinks.

Caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone occur naturally in the body, but the fact that they are

present in much higher does in energy drinks may be cause for concern. Scientists say that caffeine can have an effect on the growing brain and that it may cause a decline in the body’s immune system.

The Australian Consumers’ Association advises that while energy drinks may be scientifically safe, young people especially need to be aware of their contents. Research shows that children and young people who consume energy drinks may suffer sleep problems, bed-wetting and anxiety. Children who consume two or more cans of energy drinks a day may become irritable and anxious.

When thinking about whether or not to allow your child to consume energy drinks, it is useful to consider the following factors:

• Would you be comfortable with your child drinking a cup of strong coffee? Most energy drinks contain around the same amount of caffeine as a strong cup of coffee and nearly twice as much as in a cola drink.

• Are you concerned about your child’s sugar intake? Some energy drink, such as Red Bull contains high amounts of sugar (equal to around 5 teaspoons per 250ml can). By comparison, a 250ml can of Coca-Cola contains 4 teaspoons of sugar while 250ml of a regular iced tea contains 18 teaspoons of sugar.

• Will the drink enhance your child’s well-being, or is it potentially harmful? There is little (if any) evidence of nutritional value in most energy drinks. Some energy drinks are said to include natural vitamins and minerals, but these can be easily obtained from simple foods such as fresh fruit and vegetables.

• How old is your child? Very little is known about the health effects of caffeine, so it is best to avoid giving children under age 10 products containing caffeine, especially energy drinks. Older children and young people should be careful too. The human brain continues to grow up to about age 16 (some say age 21). We know that caffeine can affect a growing brain, but we don’t as yet know how.

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