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NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS FOR NATURALISTS, AND
COMPENDIUM OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE FOR ORNITHOLOGISTS.
BY
ROBERT RIDGWAY, CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
.
-V
WITH TEN COLORED PLATES AND SEVEN PLATES OF OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS.
BOSTON: LITTLE, BROWN,
AND COMPANY.
1886.
Copyright, 1885,
Br Egbert Ridgway.
University Press
JoHK "Wilson and
:
Son, Cambridge.
TO
PROFESSOR SPENCER
F.
BAIRD,
SECKETART OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
AND DIKECTOK OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
THIS BOOK IS
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY
Washington, November, 1886.
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction
9
PART
I.
NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS. Preface
15
Principles of Color and General Remarks
.
.
19
Colors required by the Zoological or Botanical Artist
27
Comparative Vocabulary of Colors
38
Bibliography
57
PART
II.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM. Glossary of Technical Terms used in Descriptive Ornithology
61
Table for Converting Millimetres into English Inches and Decimals
119
Table for Converting English Inches and Decimals into Millimetres
125
LIST OF PLATES.
I.
Combinations
of
Primary
and
Secondary
Colors. II.
Grays.
III.
Browns.
IV.
Eed-Browns.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XL
Brown-Yellows.
Yellows
"and Oranges.
PvEDS.
Purples. Blues.
Greens.
Figure illustrating External Anatomy of
A Bird. XII.
Figures
illustrating
Anatomy of a XIII.
Details
in
External
Bird's Head.
Figures illustrating
Under Surface
of a
Bird's Wing.
XIV. N
XV. XVI.
XVII.
Figures illustrating Various Color-markings. Figures illustrating Various Color-markings.
Figures illustrating Various Egg-contours.
Comparative Scale of Measurement Standards.
INTRODUCTION.
THEmuch
present volume
intended to supply a want
is
by the author during the course of his and therefore presumably experienced by other workers in the same field namely, a nomenclature of colors and a compendious dictionary of technical felt
ornithological studies,
;
terms used in descriptive ornithology, together with a series of plates or
omy
diagrams illustrating the external anat-
of a bird in relation to the terms employed,
and such
other things as are more clearly expressed by a picture
than by a mere definition. ists
Probably few,
if
any, natural-
have not on more than one occasion deplored the
absence of such an aid to their studies difficult, if
;
for it is
not impossible, for any one to keep
very
all these
things clearly in mind.
Undoubtedly one of the chief desiderata both professional and amateur, is a means
of naturalists, of identifying
named in descriptions, and determine exactly what name to apply
th6 various shades of colors
of
being able to
to
a particular tint which original description. it
appears,
is
extant,
it
is
desired to designate in an
No modern work
— the
of this character,
latest publication of the
kind
which the author has been able to consult being Syme's edition of " Werner's Nomenclature of Colors," published
A NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS.
10
in Edinburgh in 1821/ a copy of which the writer has been able to procure through the kind attentions of a
correspondent in
In the selection of plates
England.
which accompany the present work, and in forming the definitions to which they refer, the book just cited has been carefully consulted, as have also various others bearing to a greater or less degree upon the same subject. It is found, however, that in Syme's " Nomenclature " the have become so modified by time, that in very few
colors
cases do they correspond with the tints they were intended to represent.
except
m
On
this account
a very few
has not been possible,
it
make
instances, to
the examples
given in the present volume agree with those of the book in question,
— which
is
much
great uniformity as possible
portant a matter.
to be
is
regretted, since as
highly desirable in so im-
It has occurred to the writer,
however,
by careful selection from the fine artists' colors manufactured by the most celebrated makers of the present that
day (which are believed
to be very far superior in purity,
much more varied, than those made in Werner's some of these may be made the standard by which
as well as time),
names for must remain more or less
A
arbitrary,
may
nomenclature of colors
which otherwise
certain tints
to fix definitely
basis for a fixed
— with this
thus be obtained,
may
additional advantage, that artists
thereby be furnished
a clew to the manufactured colors which are required for 1
to
Werner's
render
it
Nomenclature of Colors,
|
highly useful to the
|
|
with additions
Arts and
Sciences,
|
arranged so as particularly |
Zoology, Botany, Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Morbid Anatomy. to
which are
]
examples selected from well-known objects
=
I
Annexed
|
|
the
in
|
and Mineral Kingdoms. By Patrick Syme, Flower-Painter, Edinburgh Painter to the "Wernerian and Caledonian Horticultural Societies. Edinburgh Printed for Second Edition. William Blackwood, Edinburgh and T. Cadell, Strand, London. Animal,
Vegetable,
|
;
|
|
;
I
|
|
|
1821.
|
Small 8vo., pp. 47, 13
pis.
|
=
:
|
|
|
—
|
INTRODUCTION.
11
As having
the reproduction of particular tints.
the high-
and perhaps the greatest merit, the colors & Newton of London, and Fr. Schoenfeld & Co. of Diisseldorf, have been chiefly The colors selected as the standards for this work. manufactured by these firms embrace so great a variety that it has been found possible to identify with them a est reputation
manufactured by Messrs. Winsor
number of those named in descriptions, the mixture of two or more being of course occasionally necessary. In regard to the external anatomy or " topography " of
large
a bird, a system as
little
complicated as possible
is
desir-
The one presented in this work, while substantially the same as that usually adopted, and offering no innova-
able.
tions, is considerably simplified,
thereby greatly facilitating
the acquirement by the student of a knowledge of
this
essential adjunct of descriptive ornithology. It
is
believed
also
that
the figures
typical forms of color-markings,
and
representing the
and
of egg-contours,
the concordant scale of different standards of measurement, will also be found of great practical utility.
The author has accuracy.
All
in every case endeavored to give the definition
possible
plainest
expressions
internal characters,
of
a
term consistent with
having
reference
solely
and which therefore seldom
if
to
ever
enter into ordinary descriptions of birds, have been excluded, though
many
anatomical 'and osteological terms
occasionally employed in diagnoses of the higher groups,
and others pertaining
to the general
treatment of the
and carefully defined. Acknowledgments are due from the author
subject, are considered
friends
for
their
generous
assistance.
Dr.
to several
Leonhard
Stejneger suggested and prepared the comparative scale of standard measurements and the tables for the conversion of English inches to millimetres, and vice versa,
A NOMENCLATURE OF
12
together with the explanations also aided in
COLORS.
pertaining thereto.
He
the compilation of the comparative color-
vocabulary, in which
he was substantially assisted by Mr. Jose C. Zeledon. The outline drawings were executed by Mr. John L. Ridgway from the author's cruder originals.
In the hope that ornithologists in general, and those of the " rising generation " in particular,
volume a convenient and useful book respectfully submitted by
may
find in this
of reference, it is
THE AUTHOR.
PART
I.
NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS.
PREFACE. THE want
of a
nomenclature of colors adapted par-
ticularly to the use of
naturalists has ever been
an obstacle to the study of Nature and although there have been many works published on the
more or
less
;
subject of color, they either pertain
exclusively to the
purely scientific or technical aspects of the case or to the manufacturing
industries, or are
otherwise unsuited
to the special purposes of the zoologist, the botanist,
and
the mineralogist.
Accordmg
to a learned authority,
who, among others,
has been carefully consulted in the preparation of this "
work,
little to
the names of colors, as usually employed, have so
do with the
subject, that ties of
we
scientific or technical aspects of
the
are in reality dealing with the peculiari-
language."
^
This
is
of course true as considered
from the stand-point of pure science; but popular and even technical natural history demands a nomenclature
which shall fix a standard for the numerous hues, tints, and shades which are currently adopted, and now form part of the language of descriptive natural history. It
has been the earnest endeavor of the author to
work and in order to do so he has spared no pains, having for this purpose attain this object in the present
1
Von Bezold
:
Theory of Color,
;
p. 99.
A NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS.
16
known
procured the finest prepared colors
to
modern
including those of all the best manufacturers,
art,
—
as
Newton, George Eowney & Co., and Ackermann, of London, England Dr. Fr. Schoenfeld & Co., Diisseldorf Chenal, Burgeois, Binant, and Lefranc, of Paris
Winsor &
;
;
;
Osborne of Philadelphia, and
He
others.
has, besides, con-
sulted all the authorities accessible to him.
In
determining the standard for those arbitrary or
conventional tints and shades (as chestnut, hair-brown,
whose names are taken from some familiar substance or object, which itself varies so much in color that the name without such fixed standard would ash-color, lilac,
etc.)
be practically valueless, care has been taken to select a characteristic example.
The
selection of appropriate
names for the colors desome cases a matter of
picted on the plates has been in
With regard
considerable difficulty.
may
to certain
factory; but, to forestall such criticism,
plained that the purpose of these plates color
ones
appear that the names adopted are not entirely
of the particular
suggest, but to provide
it
is
objects or substances
for the colors ivhich
may be
ex-
not to show the
which it
it
satis-
the
names
has seemed de-
sirable to represent, ai^propriate, or at least approximately
appropriate, names.
In other words, certain colors are
which names must be proand when names that are exclusively pertinent
selected for illustration, for
vided
;
or otherwise
entirely satisfactory are not at hand, they
must be looked up or invented. in mind that almost any object
It should also be borne
or substance varies
more
and that therefore if the " orange," "lemon," or "chestnut" of the plates does not match or
less
in
color
;
exactly in color the particular orange, lemon, or chestnut
which one may compare
it
with,
it
correspond with other specimens.
may It
(or in fact does)
is,
in fact, only in
PREFACE. the case of those colors which derive their
17
names
directly
from the pigments which represent them (as Paris green, orange-cadmium, vermilion, ultramarine blue, madderbrown, to color.
etc.)
that
we have
absolute pertinence of
name
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR GENERAL REMARKS.
THE
popular nomenclature of colors has of late years,
especially since the introduction of aniline dyes
and
pigments, become involved in almost chaotic confusion
through the coinage of a multitude of new names, of
them synonymous, and
variable in their meaning.
numerous
to
more
many
them vague or These new names are far too
still
be of any practical
of
utility,
one identiiiable with a particular fixed
even were each tint.
Many
of
manufacturer of fabrics, and are as capricious in their meaning among them being such fanciful names as in their origin as " Zulu," " Crushed Strawberry," " Baby Blue," " Woodbiile-berry," "Night Green," etc., besides such nonsensical names as " Ashes of Ptoses" and " Elephant's Breath." An them
are
mvented
at the caprice of the dyer or
;
inspection of the sample-books of manufacturers of various
fancy goods (such as embroidery silks and crewels) sufficient to fication
show the absolute want
which
of
system or
names peculwhere absolute
prevails, thus rendering these
iarly unavailable for the purposes of science,
is
classi-
A NOMENCLATURE OF
20
nomenclature
fixity of the
COLORS.
even more necessary than
is
its simplification.^
As
stated on page 23,
is
had we pigments representing it would
the three primary colors in their absolute purity,
be a simple matter to produce all possible modifications of color by their combination with one another, together
with the addition of black or white, when required. with the imperfect pigments
number can be made
larger
by
:
The same author
—
Gold, silver, hlack,
Full
colors, or
red,
—
and
or, as
some
authorities have
it,
is,
blue, green,
and
especially
and red).
a.
Dark
h.
Light colors (diluted or mixed with white) and pale
c.
Broken
colors, or those shaded with black. Such may be properly termed " shades " of blue, green, red, etc.
colors (which are
still
further lightened or diluted).
by which is meant "those colors which reach the eye mixed with faint white, that is to say, colors,
but in which the
gray
light,
hue
is still
specific character of their
expressed with tolerable decision.
gray predominates to such an extent that only a very slight sensation of
color,
we
gray with the addition of the name of a greenish gray, bluish gray,
The author
of Florence, silks,
classifies
white.
those of the solar spectrum (that
as popularly supposed, blue, yellow,
1
far the
(see pages 29-32).
;
and III.
Even
;
colors as follows
I.
by
Von
to
color
color darkened with black.
II.
available,
Bezold, the term "hue" is synonya " tint " denotes a color or hue modiadmixture of white while a " shade " implies a
According
mous with fied
now
is
Mass.,
If the
receive
speak of a
color,
such as
(pages 97, 98).
under obligations to the Nonotuck Silk Company, for
sample-books
which at his request were most
supplied.
etc.'"'
we
of
their
Corticelli
courteously
embroidery-
and gratuitously
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR.
21
Without thought of improving upon the above arrangement, the author would nevertheless present the following classification, as perhaps a more convenient one for the purposes of the present work. I.
Pure coloi's of the solar spectrum. a. Primary colors, or those not produced by mixture.
h.
1.
Eed.
2.
Yellow.
3.
Blue.
Secondary
colors, or those produced
by the mixture
of two primary colors. 4.
Orange
5.
Greeif
6.
II.
Impure a.
(= red + yellow).
(= yellow + blue) Purple (= blue + red). colors,
or those not found in the solar spectrum.
Shades, which
may
consist of either primary or secon-
dary colors ^ darkened by black
(= complete or absolute
shade). h.
may
Tints, which
consist ot either primary or secondary
by the admixture
colors lightened
of white
(= absolute
degree of light).
Subdued
colors, which consist of combinations of two more secondary colors, or of a secondary color with the primary which does not enter into its composition,
c.
or
that
is, its
complementary
as green with red,
color,
purple with yellow, orange with blue,
—
etc., the effect being to subdue or neutralize the colors which are thus combined. 1
The
principal shades
a.
1. 2.
3. b.
may
Shades of primary
be classified as follows
5.
—
Of red (= red + black) = "maroon." Of j'ellow (= yellow + black = " olive." Of blue (=blue + black) = "indigo" or "bhie-black." )
Shades of secondary 4.
:
colors.
colors.
Of orange (= yellow + red + black) = brown. Of green (= yellow -f blue + black) = dark
green,
"bottle-
green," " myrlle-green." 6.
Of purple (= blue
+ red
-f-
black)
= "j?Zzrai-pMrpZe."
/
A NOMENCLATURE OF
22 It
COLORS.
seems scarcely necessary to include the so-called
gold and silver colors in the above classification, since
they are nearly related, or at least analogous, to yellow
and white
respectively, the
difference consisting chiefly
medium
in the existence of a metallic
or surface.
Observing the colors of the solar spectrum,
it is
obvious
that each secondary color grades insensibly into the two it, and that thus results an unbroken end of the series to the other. The transitions may be shown by the following sequence, the names of the primary colors being given in heavyfaced type (and also preceded by a Roman numeral) and
primaries composing transition from one
those of the secondary colors in
Spectrum I.
II.
italics.
Series.
1.
Red.
2.
Orange-red.
3.
Eeddish orange.
4.
Orange.
5.
Yellowish orange.
6.
Orange-yellow.
7.
Yellow.
8.
Greenish yellow.
9.
Yellowish greeu.
1 0.
Green.
11. Bluish green. 12..
Greenish blue.
III. 13. Blue. 14. Purplish blue.
15. Bluish purple.
16. Purple. 17.
Reddish purple.
18. Purplish red.
the transition complete from nos. 1 to 18, but could the names be arranged in the form of a circle,
Not only
is
PRINCITLES OF COLOR. SO as to bring the
would be found
23
and last in juxtaposition, these and thus complete an unbroken The three primary colors each enter
first
to merge,
ring of graded colors.
into the composition of eleven of the eighteen as follows
list,
:
in the
and Uue, in nos. 8 to 18. the impure colors, or those which do not
yellow, in nos. 2 to 12
Eeturning to
named
Red, in nos. 1 to 6 and 14 to 18, inclusive ;
occur in the solar spectrum,
it
may
be premised that
black and white represent, respectively, the absorption and refraction of the sun's rays, the former being in reality
a combination of It
all colors.
an axiom
is
of
chromatologists
that the
multitu-
dinous hues, shades, and tints of Nature are simply the results of various combinations of three
primary
colors,
together with the two additional elements of absorption
and refraction it
of
;
making
five
elements in
all,
from which
course follows, as a mathematical deduction, that
one hundred and twenty combinations, that colors (using the latter
is,
specific
term in the comprehensive sense)
Additional modifications almost ad infinitum are produced by varying circumstances, as different
are possible.
proportions of the component
relative
elements, effects
of contrast, etc.
Accepting this theory as correct,
seem that in order
it
would therefore
from Nature any color, tint, or shade whatsoever, that might be desired, the artist would require only three pigments to represent the
pnmary ^
that
colors, that
to reproduce
is,
a red, a yellow,^ and a blue
"We here speak of yellow as one of the primary it is
really so to all appearance
of the artist are concerned.
proven that
it is
and
It has, however,
Says
together
colors, for the reason
intent, so far as the requirements
green and not yellow which
addition to red and hlue.
;
we
is
Von Bezold
think, been conclusively
the third primary color, in
(Theory of Color, p. 128)
" Red, yellow, and blue were generally looked upon in former times as the fundamental colors, the results accepted by the mixture of pigments
A NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS.
24
with black and white, the two
latter
to represent the
elements of absorption and refraction of the sun's rays (or
Such would
darkness and light respectively).
really be
the case, and the manipulation of colors therefore a very
simple process, were
we
able to get pigments representing
absolutely pure primary colors.
the
artist's palette
Unfortunately, however,
does not yet contain even one of
in its requisite purity, neither
them
do the black and white
pigments represent satisfactorily the elements of darkness
and
Therefore,
light.
it
becomes necessary, in order to
obtain certain desired results, to
make
a combination of
pigments different from that of the solar spectrum,
as,
for example, the substitution of yellow for green. ^
We may
take hope, however, from the fact that
many
important discoveries and improvements in the manufacture of artist's colors have been years, that the
may be
final
surmounting
made
in the past
few
present difficulties
of
entirely within the possibilities of chemistry.^
having Leen accepted as a
Later investigations lead to the conclu-
basis.
must he substituted for yellow and a variety of reasons might be cited, all of which speak unanimously in favor of assuming red, green, and a hlue which borders closely upon violet, to be the fundamental And again, on p. 138: "Yellow was formerly included among colors." sion that green
;
the fundamental colors, from purely technical motives.
This was simply
can be produced by mixing yellow and blue pigments, while by the mixture of green and red only a very dark yellow,
owing to the
that 1
is to say,
fact that green
a brown, can be obtained."
See preceding foot-note.
2 Already colors approaching very minutely to the pure hues of the spectrum have been discovered indeed, they are even manufactured, and The Unfortunately they are not permanent. to some extent used. aniline reds and purples ("rose-Tyrien," "geranium-red," "solferino," ;
"magenta," "mauve," etc.) are of a purity and richness not approached by the madder or cochineal tints, nor by any combination of these with other colors. The " rose-carthame," or " safflorroth," of Schoenfeld is incomparably purer than the
and
is
finest vermilions, madder-reds, or carmines,
perhaps as permanent as the last named, but fades after exposure to
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR.
The scope
work
the present
of
25
will not allow
an ex-
tended dissertation on this subject, the aim being to furnish the student with a convenient means of identifying
which he may be
or determining those colors regarding
more
It is obviously impracticable to
or less uncertain.
illustrate all the
numerous hues, shades, and
occur in the plumage of birds
but
;
it is
which
tints
believed that the
carefully selected assortment depicted on plates II. to X. will
A
answer every reasonable requirement.
culty has been encountered in the colors on the plates, series,
is
the
all
the relations, gradations, and
here quite as unpossible as in zoological or
botanical classifications. or less of blue
diffi-
of
from the circumstance that a linear
which shall express
transitions,
great
arrangement
and red
Thus,
all
the purples have
in their composition
;
more
but some of
them through the admixture of yellow or gray (black and white) tend more or less toward brown or gray any other series of compound colors presenting equally perplexing ;
the
liglit
;
which
is
unfortunate, since in this color
we have almost the
exact red of the solar spectrum, and can therefore produce by tion
its
combina-
with the purest yellow (light cadmium) and blue (ultramarine),
purer orange and purple tints than can be obtained by the use of any other red.
Genuine ultramarine
pigments, and the same
may
that the great desideratum vermilion, Paris green, as those
is
is
said to be the
Among
a perfect red.
and ultramarine
are
it
;
so
trustworthy pigments,
named by Von Bezold
which most nearly represent the primary
the two latter are probably as pure as first is
most perfect of known
be said of the lighter cadmium-yellows
colors.
(p.
136)
However, while
will be possible to obtain, the
very far from a perfect red, making neither a pure orange with
yellow nor a purple with any blue.
Speaking of this matter, a writer in the " Art Union quotation at second hand, from the
"Art
"
(we make the
Interchange," vol.
xii.
no. 13,
makes the following observations: "We have a good supply of yellows of every shade, some of them quite durable we are pretty well furnished with blues, but good reds are very few. The reds of iron [Venetian red, light red, etc.] are too dull, the madder preparations are p.
148)
;
too weak.
Vermilion
no true red
of
is
excellent in its place,
good body and quite durable."
but there
is
absolutely
A NOMENCLATURE OF
26
complications.
COLORS.
In order to make comparison of allied
shades and tints more easy,
it
has been endeavored to
place all belonging to a particular class together on one plate
;
but in not a few cases
it
has been a
difficult
mat-
ter to decide upon which plate a certain one should be put, the decision being in some instances almost purely
arbitrary.
COLORS REQUIRED BY THE ZOOLOGICAL OR BOTANICAL ARTIST.
Notwithstanding
so great a variety of colors exist in
Nature, especially in the animal
and vegetable kingdoms,
and that an almost unlimited number of pigments are for the use of artists, a comparatively
manufactured
very
The author has in his considerably over three hundred water-colors,
smaU number collection
is
really required.
each bearing a different name, representing the productions of
hundred
the best makers of
them
(see
page
16).
Nearly three
are put aside, however, since very care-
have proved that they are superfluous. from the above number, is thirty-six colors, at least one half of which are
ful experiments
His working limited to
palette, selected
used for convenience rather than because they are necessary.
Following
distinguished
is
by an
the
list,
those most essential being
asterisk (*).
Black. *1. Lamp-Black.
Broims. *2. Bone-Brown, or Bistre. *3. *4.
Eoman Brown Eaw Umber.
*5. Sepia.
(Schoenfeld's).
A NOMENCLATURE OF
28
COLORS.
Brown-Reds. *6. Burnt Sienna. 7.
Light Eed.
8.
iN'eutral
*9. Indian
Orange.
Red
(Sclioenfeld's).
Reds. *10.
Madder Carmine (Winsor Lake (Schoenfeld's).
*1L
Scarlet Vermilion.
&
Newton's), or
Deep Madder
Orange. *12. Orange
Cadmium (Winsor &
Newton's).
Yellows. 13.
Middle Cadmium (Schoenfeld's).
Cadmium
*14. Light
(Winsor
(Schoenfeld's).
Yellow
15. Ultramarine
&
(Schoenfeld's)
Newton's).
16. Aureolin.
Brown-Yellows. *17. Yellow Ochre.
*18.
Raw
Sienna. Greens.
19. Terre Verte
*20,
& Newton's.)
(Winsor
Dark Zinnober Green
21. Light
(Schoenfeld's).
Zinnober Green (Schoenfeld's).
*22. Viridian (Winsor 23. Green Oxide
&
Newton's).
Chromium
(Schoenfeld's).
24. Paris Green.
*25. Emerald Green. Blues. 26,
Intense Blue (Winsor
*27. Antwerp Blue.
&
Newton's).
or
Lemon Yellow
PRINCIPLES OF COLOE.
29
*28. Violet Ultramarine (Schoenfeld's). *29. French Ultramarine. 30. Italian Ultramarine (Rowney's).
*31. Cobalt Blue.
Gray. 32. Payne's Gray.
Purples. 33. Violet Krapplaok (Schoenfeld's). 34. Blue
Krapplaok (Schoenfeld's).
*35, Purple
Madder (Winsor
&
Newton's).
Wliite.
*36. Chinese
White (Schoenfeld's " gouache-farben ").
Colors (including some of the above-named) which are
sometimes considered necessary,
by combination Burnt Umher,
of others, as follows
by mixture of
:
be readily produced
—
sepia or bistre with burnt sienna.
Raio Umber,
Vandyke Broivn, Ultramarine Blue,
Smalt
may
„
„
„
,,
„
„
,,
Bltie,
,,
raw
French blue and „
sienna.
burnt sienna. cobalt.
violet ultramarine,
Paris Green,
emerald green and light cadmium.
Violet Bladder-lake,
French blue and madder-carmine. viridian with black
Terre-verte Green,
As may be
and white.
from the circumstance that the author has, in the above list, occasionally indicated his preference for the particular "make," colors of the same name vary in tone or quality according to the manufacThus, the olive-greens of Winsor & Newton and turer. inferred
Schoenfeld respectively are conspicuously different, being equally useful, however. of each
manufacturer
may
It
is
quite likely that the wares
vary to a greater or less extent,
A NOMENCLATURE OF
30
COLORS.
but the writer's actual experience preferences
noted
is
Certain
above.
it
indicated is
that
by the he
has
uniformly found Schoenfeld's Permanent Chinese White
up
("gouache-farben"), put bottles,
superior in
Winsor
&
wide-mouthed glass
in small
working and
Newton's preparation
keeping qualities to
of
the same name.
It
should further be explained that for convenience English
names are given in the above list to Schoenfeld's colors, and that the names by which they are labelled may be found in the comparative vernacular synonymy (giving English, French, and German names for each pigment) on pages 38-55. Were the cochineal and aniline colors permanent, the above list would have to be increased by the addition of carmine, rosalack (light), mauve (aniline-violet), rose Tyrien, and dark aniline-green ^ since, with possibly the exception of the first, it is impossible to imitate them by combinations of other colors, so great are their purity and ;
intensity.
Eose-carthame
vegetable color, of vermilion or
is
(safilorroth, or safflower-red), a
incomparably purer than any variety
carmine
in fact,
;
it is
the only red which
combined with yellow and
blue respectively, produce
both a pure orange and purple.
It has the reputation of
will,
being evanescent, however, and therefore, like the aniline
and cochineal colors, should not be used where permanence of color is an object, unless in cases where the pictures thus colored are to be only occasionally, and for short periods at a time, exposed to the light.
1
The
nearest approach to
permanent
mauve that can be attained by mixture by combination of permanent blue,
colors is that produced
Italian ultramarine, with madder-carmine or madder-lake.
Carmine may
be quite closely imitated by mixture of madder-carmine and milion.
of
or
scarlet- ver-
Eose-carthame, rosalack, rose Tyrien, and dark aniline-green are
absolutely inimitable
;
so, for
that matter,
is
mauve.
PEINCrPLES OF COLOR.
31
A very large use,
number of pigments which are in general but which are really superfluous, can be exactly imi-
by mixtures example
tated for
:
—
of
named
those
in the foregoing list
The cochineal reds (crimson-lake, carmine, scarlet-lake, etc.), by mixture of madder-carmine (or deep madder-lake) and scarletvermilion, in proper proportion. Red-lead, Saturn-red,
scarlet-vermUion
and orange-chrome, by combination of
and orange-cadmium
;
the colors thus pro-
duced being decidedly superior in working
ments they are intended to
replace,
qualities to the pig-
while they are at least
equal in brilliancy.
may be
P^irple-lake
imitated
by mixture
of madder-carmine
and lamp-black. Bragovb s-hlood red, by light vermilion and lamp-black.
Mars
violet,
by ultramarine blue
(or Italian ultra)
and
light
vermilion.
Burnt madder -laTce, by madder-carmine and permanent blue. Purple (Schoenfeld's), by madder-carmine and Antwerp blue.
Madder-violet (Chenal's),
by Antwerp blue and rose-madder.
Ruhens^s madder, by madder-carmine and burnt sienna.
Brown madder, by madder-carmine, burnt sienna, and sepia. Burnt carmine, by madder-carmine and lamp-black. Violet carmine, by madder-carmine, lamp-black, and Antwerp blue.
Dahlia carmine, by madder-carmine and lamp-black. by Italian ultra or permanent blue and lamp-black.
Indigo,
Middle cadmium, by orange-cadmium and pale cadmium. Olive-green (Schoenfeld's),
cadmium, and Olive-green
by ItaHan
ultra, lamp-black, pale
sepia.
(Winsor
& Newton's),
by Antwerp
blue, aureolin,
lamp-black, and sepia.
Baric aniline-hlue and violet-ultramarine, by mixture of French blue and madder-carmine.
A NOMENCLATURE OF
32
Azure-blue, by comlDinations of and Chinese white.
COLORS. permanent blue
Italian ultra or
Turquoise-blue, celestial blue [colinblau of Schoenfeld), rockblue {bergUau of Schoenfeld), cerulean blue,
and blue oxide, by
mixture of Antwerp blue and Chinese white. Blue-verditer
and
by Antwerp
g7-een-blue oxide,
blue, light cad-
miu7n, and Chinese white. Green-lake,
by
viridian
The foregoing
and lamp-black.
few examples, and the list but these will
are only a
might be increased almost
indefinitely
;
suffice.
Regarding the selection of colors by an thority in the
"Among many
"
Art Union
"
says
:
artist,
—
the pigments prepared by the
an au-
modern colormen,
of the most attractive are utterly untrustworthy.
will say nothing of the brilliant aniline colors
showy and yet will scarcely last a day, but we colors which are in constant use, and which impossible to get along without. carmine-red, and Prussian blue.
strong
light
will within a year
which
We
are so
will select three it
seems almost
These are chrome-yellow, Samples of these hung in a completely lose their color,
turning green and black."
With very few
exceptions, all of the colors depicted on
the plates of this work can be produced from a palette of five
pigments,
—
black, white, red, yellow,
and
blue.
For
convenience, however, the primary colors should be com-
bined into secondaries (orange, green, and purple), while a gray and a brown should be added, the
first
produced by
mixture of black and white, the second by combination of red
follows
and green, :
—
— making
all
together ten elements, as
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR.
33
Black (lamp-black).
1. 2.
White (Chinese white).
3.
Eed
(madder-carmine
madder-lake + scarlet-ver-
deep
or
milion).^
Orange (scarlet-vermilion + Schoenfeld's light cadmium).
4.
cadmium).
5.
Yellow (Schoenfeld's
6.
Green (Schoenfeld's
7.
Blue (Italian ultramarine).
8.
Purple (Italian ultramarine + madder-carmine).
light
light
cadmium +
Italian ultramarine).
Gray (lamp-black -F Chinese white).
9.
Brown
10.
(red -I- green).
With these may be made,
ten elements ninety binary combinations
many more or less distinct which may be increased almost indefinitely by varying the relative proportion of the component parts. The following is a list of these combinations, together with the names of the resultant colors colors, the
resulting in as
number
of
:
a.
+ + + + + + +
11.
1
—
Modifications of Black.
= = seal-brown. orange = clove-brown. yellow = dark green = greenish = bluish black blue purple = purplish white
slate.
red
olive-green.
black. ;
indigo.
black.
In compnumling a purple, the madiler-reLl should be used, and not
vermihon, while in preparing an orange, the latter should be used and not
These two reds are necessary,
the former.
the nearest approach to a pure red for
permanence.
is
itself serve
is
all
the
necessary, since a pure orange cannot be
the madder-reds, nor a purple with vermilion.
or safflorroth (safflower-red)
they form
that can be relied on
Neither of them, however, will by
purposes for which a pure red
made with
for the reason that
among pigments
Rose-carthame
of the requisite purity, but is said to lack
permanence. 3
A NOMENCLATURE
34 18.
Black
19.
„
+ gray + brown
= = brownish
slate-black.
black.
Modifications of
b.
22.
„
23.
„
24.
„
25.
„
26.
„
27.
„
= = pink. orange = yellowish yellow = + green = + blue = + purple == + gray =
„
+
20. 21.
28.
White „
+ + + +
black
Eed
30.
„
31.
„
32.
,,
33.
„
34.
„
35.
„
36.
„
37.
„
gray.
pea-green.
pale blue. lilac.
pale gray.
brown ==
= burnt carmine. = reddish pink. + orange = + yellow = + green = brownish red brick + blue = reddish + purple = purplish + gray = grayish + brown = brownish red brick + +
black
white
orange-red. orange-red.
;
red.
purple. ;
= = creamy =: reddish orange red + yellow = yellowish + green = yellowish ochraceous. + blue = brownish + purple = tawny = gray + brown = orpiment-orange brownish black
+ +
white
„
42.
„
43.
„
44.
45. 46.
„ ,,
„
red.
Modifications of Orange.
+
41.
red.
purple.
39.
„
Isabella-color.
Modifications of Red.
38. Orange
40.
salmon-color.
primrose-yellow.
d.
J,
WMte.
red
c.
29.
OF COLORS.
russet-olive.
orange.
;
intense orange.
orange.
ochraceous.
ochraceous.
H-
ochraceous-bufF.
;
orange.
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR.
e.
47. Yellow 48.
„
49.
„
50.
„
51.
„
52.
„
53.
„
54.
„
55.
„
Modifications of Yello"w.
= = = red orange = green = + blue = yellowish + purple = wax-yellow. + gray = + brown = + + + +
black
olive-green.
white
canary-yellow. orange.
orange-yellow.
citron-yellow.
-^
green.
olive-yellow.
saffron-yellow.
Modifications of Green.
/.
56.
Green
57.
„
58.
„
59.
„
60.
„
61.
„
62. 63.
„ „
64.
„
= = = = = = = =
bottle-green. + black + white r= malachite-green. + red sage-green. + orange olive-green. + yellow yellowish green. bluish green. + blue + purple dark sage-green. + gray grayish green. + brown olive.
Modifications of Blue.
g.
71.
„
+ + + + + + +
72.
„
4-
73.
„
+
65. Blue 66.
„
67.
„
68.
„
69. 70.
„ ^
„
= = red = orange = dark yellow = bluish green green = greenish purple = purplish blue = grayish gray brown = black
marine-blue.
white
cobalt-blue
75.
„
+ +
azure-blue.
sage-green. sea-green,
j
blue. ;
hyacinth-blue.
blue.
indigo.
Ji.
74. Purple
;
violet.
black f^hite
Modifications of Purple.
= =
auricula-purple. lilac-purple.
35
A NOMENCLATURE OF
36 76. Purple 77.
„
78.
„
79.
„
80.
„
81.
„
82.
„
+ + + + + + +
= reddish purple magenta. = brownisli yellow = brownish green = grayish purple purple. = blue gray = grayish brown = brownish purple Indian red
;
orange
purple.
purple.
purple.
;
purple.
Modifications of Gray.
= = red = + orange = + yellow = yellowish gray + green = greenish + blue = + purple = purplish brown = brownish gray + + +
livid
;
violet.
i.
83.
COLORS.
black
slate-color.
white
pale gray.
vinaceous-gray.
Isabella-drab.
;
olive-gray.
;
drab-gray.
gray.
bluish gray.
gray.
4-
j.
+ + + + + + + + +
Brown
92.
93.
„
94.
„
95.
„
96.
,,
97.
,,
98.
„
99.
„
100.
„
Note.
—
Modifications of Brown.
= dark brown = wood-brown. red = reddish brown. orange = yellow = yellowish brown. green = olive-brown. blue = dark purple = purplish brown Vandyke brown. gray = grayish brown black
;
bistre.
white
It should be
russet.
olive.
;
;
drab.
remembered that each of the above represents a Por example, "red-f black" all the others.
combination distinct from
and "black colors
;
-)-
red" imply very
different relative proportions of the
two
the former being black modified by admixture of a small quantity
of red, the latter being red modified by the addition of a little black.
PRINCIPLES OF COLOR.
37
have after careful experiment been found to be unsafe, as being liable to fade or change in time, or produce chemical reaction when combined with their absolute rejection by the artist is therefore others
The following
colors
;
advised
The
:
chronie-ycllows,
for
which the cadmiums
should be substituted; the chrome-greens, which exactly imitated by mixture of
cadmium
all
;
ing the pigments
scarlet-lake)
known
;
all
the aniline
(safllorroth)
pink ; 23urc
scarlet
evanescent),
;
yclloio
(which
is
lake,
mauve,
etc.
;
ovse-
completely and very rapidly
guano red and Prussian
pure transparent yellow known. is
includ-
Italian pink, hrown-
also of doubtful permanence, but there
colors
colors,
as geranium-red (geranium-lack of
Schoenfield), rosalack, solferino, magenta,
carthame
light
the cochineal colons (carmine, crimson-lake,
and
purple-lahe,
may be
Antwerp blue and
The
blue. is
Gainboge
is
no other equally
list
of unreliable
a very large one; therefore, instead of giving
it
in full, the author will merely caution the reader against
the use of any of those mentioned above, and at the same
time assure him that by adopting the "palette" recom-
mended on pages 27-29 he almost any color that he
will
may have
be able to reproduce occasion to imitate.
A NOMENCLATURE
38
OF COLORS.
COMPARATIVE GIVING EQUIVALENT NAMES IN ENGLISH, LATIN, GERMAN, English.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.
VOCABULARY OF COLORS, FRENCH, SPANISH, ITALIAN, NORWEGIAN, AND DANISH.i French.
39
A NOMENCLATUEE OF
40
COLORS.
Comparative Vocabulary English.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULAEY. OF Colors.
41
— Continued.
French.
Spanish.
Bronc^.
Bronceado.
Vert broncd. Pourpre broncd. Brun.
Verde bronceado. Purpura bronceado. Moreno. Moreuuzco. Negro morenuzco.
Brunatre.
Brun
noir; noir brunatre. Chamois brunatre.
Italian.
nokwhgian and Banish.
Bronzato. Verde bronzato. Porpora brcnzata.
Bronse-; bronseret. Bronse-grcin.
Bruno.
Brun.
Brunastro.
P>runagtig. Brun-sort.
Nero brunastro.
P)!
onse-purpur.
Ante morenuzco.
Camoscio brunas-
Gris morenuzco.
Grigio brunastro.
Verde morenuzco.
Verde brunastro. Ocraceo brunastro.
Brun gron.
Ocre morenuzco.
Olive brunatre.
Aceitunado
Olivaceo brunastro.
Brunagtig oliven-
Orange brunatre.
Naranjado morenuzco
Aranciato brunas-
Brunagtig orange-
tro.
Gris brunatre bruncendr^. Vert brunatre. Ocre brune. ;
Brunagtig Irederfarvet brunagtig blak. Brun-graa. ;
Brunagtig okertarvet.
more-
nuzco.
farvet. farvet.
tro.
Koseclair brunatre.
Encarnado morenuzco
Pourpre brunatre.
Purpura morenuzco.
Eoseo-chiaro brunastro. Porpoi'ino brunastro.
Brunagtig nellikercid.
Brunagtig purpurfarvet. Brun-rtid.
Brun-rouge. Ardois6 brunS,tre.
Eojo morenuzco. Pizarreiio morenuzco.
Kosso brunastro. Ardesiaco brunas-
Vineux brunatre.
Moreno vinoso.
Blanc brunatre. Jaune brunatre. Chamois. Jaune chamois.
Blanco morenuzco. Amarillo morenuzco.
Vinato brunastro. Bianco brunastro.
farvet. F)runagtig vinfarvet. Brunagtig hvid.
Giallo brunastro.
Brun-gul.
Ante. Amarillo de ante.
Colore camoscio. Giallo-camoscio.
Chamois-gul.
Brun chamois.
Moreno de
tro.
Gris chamois.
Gris de ante.
Ocre chamois. Blanc chamois.
Ocre de ante. Blanco de ante.
Bruno-camoscio. Grigio-camoscio. Ocraceo-camoscio. Bianco-camoscio.
Carmin
Carmin quemado.
Carmino
brule.
ante.
Terre de Sienna brulee. Tierra de Siena que-
mada. Terre
d' Ombre brulee.
Tierra de sombra que-
mada.
Cadmium
Cadmio naranjado.
bruciato.
Terra di Sienna
('hamois.
Chamois. Clianiois-graa.
Chamois. Chamois. Branidt karinin. Braendt sienna.
bruciata.
Terra di
Ombria
Brandt umber.
bruciata.
Jaune de cadmium.
Amarillo de cadmio.
Aranciato di cadmio. Giallo di cadmio.
Bleu de campanule.
Azul de campanula.
Azzurro di campa-
Carmin. Bleu celeste.
Carmin. Azul celeste.
Carmino.
orange.
Brunagtig skiefer-
Kadmium-orange.
Kadmium-gul. Blaaklokke-blaa.
nella.
Kastanje-; kastanje-
Rojizo castaiio.
gnino. Bruno castagnino. Kosso castagnino.
Kastanje-brun. Kastanje-rod.
Naranjado chino
Aranciato di Cina.
Chocolate.
Bruno-cioccolata.
Chatain.
Castaiio.
Brun de
Moreno
Roux
chatain.
de chatain.
Orange
chinois.
Couleur de chocolat.
Karmin. Himmel-blaa.
Ceriileo; celeste; celestino. Castagno ; casla-
castaiio.
farvet.
Kinesisk orange. Chokoladefarvet.
A NOMENCLATUEE OF
42
COLORS. Comparative Vocabulary
English.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. OF Colors.
Fkench.
— Continued.
43
A NOMENCLATURE OF
44
COLORS. Comparative Vocabulary
English.
COMPAEATIVE VOCABULARY. OF Colors.
— Continued. Spanish.
Fkexch.
Oscuro.
Sombre.
Gomme
lTALI.\Jf.
Fosco.
guta. Rojo de granate. Rojo de geranio. Rosado de geranio,
Rosso di granato. Rosso di gerauio. Rosso chiaro di
nium.
nokavegian and Danisu.
Morkfarvet.
Goma
gutte.
Rouge de grenat. Rouge (le geranium. Rouge claire de gera-
Gummi-gut. Granat-rcd.
Geranium-red. Geranium-rosa.
geranio.
Couleur d'or.
Or faux. Vert
45
(I'or.
Jauiic d'or.
Vert'd'lierbe;
vert
Glauco.
Glauco.
Azul glauco.
Azurio glauco.
Gris glauco.
Grigio glauco.
Verde glauco.
Verde glauco.
Blanco glauco. Aureo. Bronce dorado. Vorde dorado. Amarillo dorado.
Bronzo dorato.
Verde hierba.
Kaal-blaa.
Bianco glauco. Dorato. Vci'de dorato. Giallo dorato. Verde di erba.
Guld-; gylden. Guld-brouse. Guld-gnJn. Guld-gul. Grres-griiu.
vtgctal. Gris.
Gris.
Grigio; cano.
Graa.
Grisatre.
Grisoso.
Grigiastro.
Graa-agtig.
Xegro
Nero
Graa-sort.
Noir grisatre
;
gris-
grisoso.
grigiastro.
noir.
Bleu grisatre.
Azul
grisoso.
Turquino-grigias-
Graa-blaa.
tro.
Vert griMitre.
Moreno grisoso. Ante grisoso. Verde grisoso.
Olive grisatre.
Pourpre grisatre.
Brun grisatre. Chamois grisiltre.
Bruno-grigiastro. Cauo-lutoso.
Graa-brun. Graa-blak.
Verde
Graa-gri;n.
Aceitunado grisoso.
grigiastro. Olivaceo grigiastro.
Purpura
Porporino grigias-
Graa-agtig purpur-
Gra.-i-agtig olivcn-
farvet.
grisoso.
Violet grisatre.
Violeta grisoso.
Violetto grigiastro.
Blanc grisatre.
Bianco grisoso. Amarillo grisoso. Verde. Verdoso.
Bianco grigiastro.
farvet. Graa-violet. (Jraa-hvid.
Giallo grigiastro.
Graa-gul.
Verde. Verdastro ; verdic-
Grcn. Grcnagtig.
Negro verdoso.
Nero verdastro.
Chamois verdatre.
Azul verdoso. Moreno verdoso. Ante verdoso.
Gri n-blaa. Verdazurro. Gronlig brun. Bruno verdastro. Camoscio verdastro Griinagtig chamois.
Gris verdatre. Olive verdatre.
Gris verdoso.
Grigio-verdastro. Olivaceo verdastro
Grcn-graa.
Aceitunado verdoso.
Ardoisd verdatre.
Pizarreiio verdoso.
Ardesia verdastro.
Griinagtig skicfer-
Blanc verdatre.
Blanco verdoso. Amarillo verdoso. I\[oreno de pelo. Moreno de avellana.
Bianco verdastro.
Grun-hvid.
tro.
Jaunc
grisatre.
Vert. Verdatre.
cio.
Noir verdatre. Bleu verdatre. Brufl verdatre.
Griin-sort.
Gronagtig olivenfarvet. farvct.
-Jaune verdatre.
Brun de cheveux. Brun-noisette.
Grison.
Canoso.
Couleur de come.
Color de cuemo.
(iiallo verdastro.
Gri n-gul.
Bruno
Color nocciola.
Haar-brun. Hassel-brun;
Color di corno.
brun. Frost-graa graaskimlet. Horn-; hornfarvet.
di capello.
;
nod-
A NOMENCLATUEE OF
46
COLOES.
Comparative Vocabulary English.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULAEY. OF Colors. French.
— Continued.
47
A NOMENCLATUKE OF
48
COLORS.
Comparative Vocabulary English.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. OF Colors.
49
— Continued.
French.
Spanish.
Italian.
Norwegian and Danish.
Jaune olivatre. Orange.
Amarillo aceitunado. Naranjado.
Aranciato.
Oliven-gul. Orange; brand-gul.
Brun orang^.
Moreno naranjado.
Bruno
Orange-brun.
Chamois orang^.
Ante naranjado.
Camoscio aranciato.
Orange-blak.
Rouge orang^.
Rojo naranja.
Rosso aranciato.
Orange-riid.
Roiix orang^.
Rojizo naranjado.
Rosso aranciato.
Orange-rcidbrun.
Giallo olivastro.
aranciato.
Jaune orange.
Amarillo nai'anja.
Giallo aranciato.
Orange-gul.
Orange d'orpiment.
Naranjado oropimento
Auripigment orange.
Bleu clair; bleu pale. Pourpre de la pensee.
Azul claro. Purpura de pensami-
Aranciato di orpimento. Azzurro-chiaro.
Bleu de Paris. Vert de Paris. Vert perruche
Azul de Paris. Verde de Paris. Verde papagallo.
Azzurro di Paris. Verde di Paris. Verde di pappa-
Verde guisante.
Verde di
Colore fiore di pesca. Azzurro-perla.
Gris perle.
Flor de durazno. Azul de perla. Gris de perla.
Rose-claire.
Rosado
Lyseblaa. Pense-purpur.
euto.
;
vert
paroquet.
Vert de pois. Rose fleur de pecher. Bleu perle.
Pariser-blaa. Pariser-griin. Papegoje-griin.
gallo.
claro.
pisello.
jErte-grijn.
Fersken-blomst-rod.
Grigio-perla.
Perle-blaa. Perle-graa.
Roseo-chiaro.
Nellik-rod, Nellik-rcidlig.
Pourpre de la prune.
Purpura de
Ponceau.
Punzo, Amarillo de prfmula.
Jaune primev^re.
ciruela.
Porpora di prugna.
Blomme-purpur.
Ponso.
Valmue-rod; ponceau,
Giallo di fiore di
Primel-gul.
primavere.
Pourpre de pruneau.
Purpura de ciruela
Porpora
di sussina.
Sveske-purpur.
pasa.
Bleu prussien. Vert prussien.
Azul de Prusia. Verde de Prusia.
Azzurro di Prussia.
Projsisk-blaat. Projsisk-gront.
Pourpre.
Purpura.
Porpora
Purpur
;
porpo-
rino.
Tirant sur le pourpre.
Purpureo.
Noir pourpre.
Negro purpureo.
Porporeggiante. Nero porporeggiante; porporinonero.
;
purpur-
farvet.
Purpur-. Purpur-sort.
.
A NOMENCLATURE OF
50
COLORS.
Comparative Vocabulary English.
COMPAEATIVE VOCABULAKY. OF Colors. FKE>"CH.
— Continued.
51
A NOMENCLATURE OF
52
COLORS.
Comparative Vocabulary English.
COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY. OF Colors. French.
— Continued.
53
A NOMENCLATUEE OF
54
COLOES.
Comparative Vocabulary
Violet Purple. Violet Ultramarine.
Geeman.
Latin.
English.
Violaceo-purpureus. Violaceo-ultramarinus.
Violet-Purpur.
Veronese Green. *Viridian Green. *\Vax Yellow.
Viridian ginin.
*WaInut Brown.
Wallnuss-braun.
Warbler Green
(see Olive
(Olivaceo-viridis.
Laubsiinger-griin (Oliven-
Albus. Albescens; albidus.
Weiss.
Albo-luteus.
Weisslich fahl. Wein braun. AVein purpur. Wcinroth.
Green).
griin).
White. Whitish.
Whitish Buff.
Wine Brown. *Wine Purple. Wine Red.
Weisslich.
Vinaceo-brunneus. Vinaceo-purpureus. Vinaceo-rubrum.
*Wood Brown. Yellow. Yellowish.
Flavus. Flavescens ;
Yellowish Brown. Yellowish Buff. Yellowish Drab.
Flavo-brunneus.
Gelbbraun.
Flavo-luteus.
Gelbfahl.
Flavo-viridis.
Gelbgriin.
flavicans ;
flavi-
Gelb. Gelblich.
dus.
Yellowish *Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish
Green. Ochraceous. Olive.
Orange. Y'ellowish White. Zinc Y'ellow.
Flavo-ochraceus. Flavo-olivaceus. Flavo-aurantius. Flavo-albus.
Gelblich olivenfarbig. Gelblich orangefarbig. Gelblich weiss. Zinkgelb.
COMPAEATIVE VOCABULAEY. OF Colors.
— Concluded.
French.
Pourpre
55
violet.
Spanish.
Italian.
Norwegian and Danish.
Violet-purpur.
Purpureo violaceo.
Vert Paul V^ron^se.
Verde de Veronese.
Verde Paulo Vero-
Vert ^meraude.
Verde viridian.
Verde viridian.
Viridian-gron.
Brun de
Moreno de
Bruno
Valncid-brun. Lijvsauger-gron.
Veronese-gron.
nese.
noix.
noiral.
di noce.
(Vert olivatre.) Blanc. Blancliatre.
Blanco, Blauquecino.
Bianco
;
albo.
Biancastro; bian-
Hvid. Hvidagtig.
chiccio; albescenti; albiccio.
Chamois blanchatre. Brun vineux.
Rouge vineux.
Ante blanquecino. Moreno vinaceo. Purpura vinaceo. Rojo vinaceo.
Jaune. Jaunatre.
Amarillo. Amarillento.
Pourpre vineux.
Bruno-vinato.
Giallo. Giallastro; giallic-
Hvid-blak. Vin-brun. Vin-purpur. Vin-rod. Gul. Gulagtig.
cio.
Brun jaunatre. Chamois jaunatre.
Moreno amarillento.
Gamuza
Bruno
giallastro.
amarillento.
Gul-brun. Gul-blak.
Couleur de drap jaunatre.
Vert jaunatre.
Verde amarillento.
Gul-gron.
Olive jaunatre.
Oliva amarillento.
Orange jaunatre. Blanc jaunatre.
Naranja amarillento. Blanco amarillento.
Gulagtig oliven-farÂŤ Gulagtig orange. Gul-hvid.
Jaune de
Amarillo de zinc.
[vet.
zinc.
Giallo di zinco.
Zink-gul.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The more important works
specially consulted in this
connection are the following, mentioned nearly in order
importance
of their relative
relation to
its
von.
"William
Dr.
Bezold, in
|
:
—
— The
|
Art and Art-Industry
Theory
of Color
By
Dr. William
]
|
|
Professor of Physics at the Eoyal Polytechnic von Bezold School of Munich, and member of the Ptoyal Bavarian Academy by S. E. Koehler. Translated from the German of Sciences|
|
With an
|
|
|
Introduction and Notes
by J
j
Edward
|
C. Pickering
|
Thayer Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Eevised and enAuthorized American edition. Technology. |
|
by the Author,
larged
and Wood-cuts. 1876
|
Vignette.
|
|
8vo. pp. iii-xxxiii,
I
clature of colors.]
Rood, Ogden N. Students'
|
by chromo-lithographic Plates Boston L. Prang and Company. [W^ithout nomen1-274, pis. xi.
Illustrated
— The
with
|
Applications to
|
International
Scientific
Series. |
Modern ChromatArt and Industry, By Ogden N.
Text-Book of Color
I
ics,
:
;
|
or,
|
j
|
I
I
Professor of Physics in Columbia College,
Rood,
New
York.
I
With 130 Company, 329
;
1
original illustrations. j
1, 3,
Herrick,
H. "W.
of Materials Practice.
By
and 5 Bond
colored plate.
|
—
W.
with
|
|
Street.
— Water |
|
New York |
1881.
:
|
|
D. Appleton and Small 8vo., pages
Color Painting
:
|
Description
directions for their use in elementary
Sketching from Nature in Water Color.
—
|
—
|
Contaming hand-washed examples of one hundred and twenty colors on H.
I
Herrick.
|
|
"Artists'
Edition."
A NOMENCLATURE OF
58
Water-Color Paper.
—
|
New York
]
COLORS.
:
pages i-vii, 9-128,
pis. I, II,
—
A—
R
j
Corner Fultou and William Streets.
—
|
W. Devoe & 1882.
|
Co., |
12 mo.,
|
I.
A Nomenclature Hay, D. R. the Arts and Natural Sciences to
of Colours
|
|
|
applicable to
|
Manufactures
and other
|
J
Purposes of General
and
Blackwood
William
MDCCCXLVI
Utility
|
Second Edition improved
[
|
Sons
and London
Edinburgh
|
|
40 full-page colored
[8vo., cloth, containing I
228
plates illustrating
named according Syme, Patrick.
not
with additions,
|
— Werner's
Mineralogy,
are
|
particularly
and Morbid Anatomy,
Vegetable, and Mineral Kingdoms.
Flower- Painter, Edinburgh;
Caledonian
Edinburgh
Horticultural
|
:
|
Annexed
|
|
=
By
|
|
|
Charles. — The
ing.
Societies.
which
in the Animal,
Patrick Syme, |
|
Second Edition.
|
—
|
Principles of Colouring |
to
Painter to the Wernerian and
|
"To
=
|
;
j
|
and
8vo., pages 47.
1821.
|
By Charles we must copy it differently from what we Martel.
|
Chem-
to
Printed for William Blackwood, Edinburgh
T. Cadell, Strand, London.
Martel,
Colors,
highly useful
Zoology, Botany,
|
|
it
examples selected from well-known objects
|
of
j
I
istry,
Natural History.]
Nomenclature
|
arranged so as to render
Arts and Sciences,
the
and shades, but these
colors, hues, tints,
to the requirements of
imitate the
model
|
in Paintfaithfully,
I
Twelfth Edition. 38,
\
^rs probat a;tificem.
Rathbone Place,
Appointment
Special
nesses the Prince
Radde,
Gammen
Otto.
|
to
|
London
see it."
Chevreul. |
:
|
Winsor & Newton,
Manufacturing Artists' Colourmen, by
Her Majesty
|
and Their Eoyal High-
and Princess of Wales.
— Eadde's
|
Internationale
mit circa 900 Tonen.
[Index.]
|
Farbenskala.
Verlag der Stenochromatischen Anstalt von Otto Eadde, [This
burg.
work
|
42
Gesetzlich deponirt.
Ham-
consists of a single separate leaf of un-
I
paged text and 42 colored quarto box.]
plates, enclosed in
book-shaped
PAl^T
II.
OENITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN
DESCRIPTIVE
ORNITHOLOGY.
A. Ab'domen
The
(L. ahdo'men), n.
Abdo'minal, Aber'rant,
(Plate XI.) Pertaining to the abdomen. Deviating from the usual, or normal, belly.
(L. abdomina'lis), a.
(L. aber'rans),
a.
character.
Abnor'mal (L. abnorma'lis), a. Of very unusual or extraordinary character. The opposite of normal. Abor'tive (L. abor'tivus), a. Imperfectly developed. Acces'sory, a. Joined to another thing; additional (as an accessory plume). Accip'itres (L.),
Plural of Accipiter
n.
;
also the
group of birds, including the Raptores of some authors. artificial
Accip'itrine (L. accipitri'nus), a. Hawk-like. Acic'ular (L. adcula'ris), a. Needle-shaped.
Acu'leate (L.
aculea'tus), a.
name
Adult',
n.
As
n.
more or
less
(Plate
XIV.
fig. 11.)
Slender-pointed.
Acu'minate (L. acumina'tus), a. Tapering gradually Acute' (L. acutus), a. Sharp-pointed. Adoles'cence,
of a
so-called " Birds of Prey," or
to a point.
Youth.
applied to birds, an individual which has attained the final
or mature plumage.
In Ornithology, having reached the fully mature or final plumage. (A bird may be adult as regards organization without being of adult plumage.) ^stiv'al (L. (Bstiva'lis), a. Pertaining to summer. Aetomor'phae (L.), w. nam ^ (signifying "eagle-formed") proposed by Professor Huxley for the Birds of Prey (Raptores or Accipitres Adult', a.
A
of other authors).
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
62
a. Collected together; accumulated. Thus, by aggregaa number of individual spots or other markings may form, collectively, a larger patch or stripe. Affin'ed (L. af 'finis), a. Related by affinity.
Ag'gregated, tion,
Direct relationship.
Affin'ity, n.
Properly, the stem of the supplementary plume springing from near the base of some feathers ordinarily, however, applied to the plume itself.
After-shaft,
n.
;
Al'ar (L. alaris),
a.
Pertaining to the wing.
Alaud'ine (L. alaudi'nus), a. Lark-like. Arbinism, n. An abnormal condition of plumage, with white replacing the ordinary colors to a greater or less extent. Albinism results from a deficiency or entire absence of pigment in the skiu which supplies the coloring of the feathers, and is complete only wlien all colors are (In birds, complete albinism of the obliterated from the plumage. plumage is not necessarily accompanied by change of colors of the biU, feet, and eyes.) Albi'no, n. An animal affected with albinism. Albinis'tic,
)
Albinot'ic,
)
^^
Affected with albinism.
Alec'troid (L. aIectroi'deus),a. (
Galius ferr uginens,
Alec'torine (L.
6
Cock-like; resembling the domestic cock
)
aleclori'nus), a.
Pertaining to the domestic cock.
The Huxleyan name Alectoromorph'ae (L), n. formed") for the Gallinaceous birds ( Gallinece or
(meaning "cockGallinacece of other
authors).
Ariform
Wing-like. Pertaining to the Alps. (Often used in relation to any high mountain-range for species inhabiting high altitudes, (L. alif^r'mis), a.
Alp'ine (L.
alpi'nus), a.
which are termed " Alpine " species. Birds whose young are reared n.
Al'trices (L.),
in the nest
and fed by
"With the exception of the Raptores, some of the Steganopodes and Pygopodes, the Longipennes and Sphenisci, the young of the Altrices are psilopiedic, that is, born naked, or only partially the parents.
clad.
Having the character
Altri'cial, a.
Alu'la (L.
;
pi. alu'lce), n.
The
of, or pertaining to, the Altrices. " bastard-wing," composed of several
feathers growing on the so-called thumb.
They
stiff
are situated directly
below the secondary or greater coverts, and collectively resemble a miniature wing, whence the name. (Plate XL) Alu'lar,
a.
Pertaining to the alula.
Am'bulatory, n. Gradient; walking or running. (Opposite of /S'a/tafory, hopping or leaping.) Amphimorph'ae (L.), w. The Huxleyan name for a natural group, or so-called "order" of birds, including only the Flamingoes (Phoenicopteridce).
A'nal
(L. ana'lis), a.
Pertaining to the anus.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. A'nal region (L.
An'alogue,
feathers immediately surrounding
Having analogy. Anything having analogy with another. Thus, the are the New World analogues of the Old World vultures. Having analogy.
a. n.
CathartidoR
Anal'ogous, Anal'ogy, n.
The
(Plate XI.)
the anus.
Analog'ical,
re'gio-ana'lis), n.
63
a.
Superficial or general resemblance, without structural agreement, or affinity the resemblance between the Cathartidw (New World Vultures) and the Vultures of the Old World (Falconida) is ;
purely one of analogy. Anal'ysis, j>. In the usual natural history sense, the definition of species or higher groups by a tabular arrangement of characters, usually antithetical, with subdivisions under appropriate headings. . ' (^' -^^ analytical, table is a tabular arrangement of anti1 ,
,
'
'
,
An'atine
higher groups. ( Duck-like. (L. anati'nus), a.
Ancip'ital,
Angle
thetical characters, distinguishing genera, species, or
-l '
of
Two-edged
a.
Chin
;
double-edged.
(L. atigulus menta'lis), n.
The
between the rhami of the lower jaw.
anterior point of the space
(See Mental Apex.
Plate XII.
fig. 4.)
Anisodac'tylae
The name
(L.), n.
toes in front
Anisodac'tylous
of a
group of birds having three
and one behind.
Having three
(L. anisodac'tijlus), a.
toes in front
and
one behind.
Anisopo'gonous,
a.
Said of a feather
when
the two webs are of unequal
breadtli.
An'notine (L. annoti'nits), n. A bird one year or less old, or which has moulted but once. (Little used.) An'nular (L. anmda'ris), a. Ringed. Anomalogona'tae (L.), n. A primary subdivision of the order Euripidura, proposed by A. H. Garrod. Ano'malovLS {L. ano'malus), a. Very unusual; strange; abnormal. An'serine (L. anseri'mis), a. Goose-like. An'te (in composition). Anterior to, or before; as anteorbital, anteocular, etc.
Forward
Ante'rior, a.
An'thine
;
in front of.
(L. anthi'nus), a.
Antith'esis,
n.
An
Pipit like.
opposition of words or sentences distinguishing at a
glance the diagnostic characters of two or more groups or species. , > a. Contrasted by, ,. i J' or pertaining & to, antitheses. Antithetical, 5 Antrorse', a. Directed forward, as the nasal tufts of most jays and crows, '
>
and the
rictal bristles of
Ant'werp Blue,
A
many
birds.
very rich and intense blue color, similar to but purer than Prussian Blue. (Plate IX. fig. 10.) A'pex (L. pi. a'pices), n. The tip or point of anything. ;
n.
OKNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
64 Apple Green,
A
n.
very light yellowish green color.
zinnober 4- lemon yellow
+
(Plate X.
white.)
(Light green
fig. 20.)
Aquat'ic (L. aqua'ticus), a. Pertaining to the water. Aquatic birds are those which derive their subsistence chiefly from seas, lakes, or " Waders " and rivers, and include two artificial groups known as "
Swimmers."
Aq'uiline (L. aquili'nus), a. Eagle-like. Arbo'real .^ arbo'reus), ^ " a. Tree-inhabiting. Arbor'icole, I
P
Arcu'ate
Bow-shaped
(L. arcua'tus), a.
Are'olae (L.
of areola),
pi.
n.
;
arched.
The small naked
spaces between the scales
of the feet, usually called interspaces.
Arie'tiform (L. arie'tiform'is), a. Having the form of the zodiacal sign (PlateXV.fig.il.) Aries, f. colored ring round the lower end of the tibia; an Armiria (L.), n.
A
anklet.
Articula'tion,
n.
A joint or hinge.
(Usually applied to the limbs.)
Ash-color (L. cine'reus), n. (See Cinereous.) (Plate II. fig. 16.) rich clear purple color, like some varieties of the As'ter Purple, n. aster. ( Winsor & Newton's intense blue, or Schoenf eld's violet madder
A
lake -f Bourgeois's "rose tyrien.")
Asymmet'rical,
a.
(Plate VIII.
Without symmetry, or without
between corresponding parts, as opposite
fig. 8.)
close
resemblance
(The pattern of
sides.
is often asymmetrical.) Disproportion, or want of close resemblance, between corresponding parts or organs. (Very decided asymmetry of opposite sides of the skull is observable in some Owls.)
coloration in partial albinos
Asym'metry,
n.
At'rophy, n. The wasting away, or obliteration, of an organ or part through deficient nutrition. Atten'uate (L. attenua'tus), a. Tapering or growing gradually narrower toward the extremity, but not necessarily pointed (which would be acuminate)
Auric'ular (L. auricula'ris), a. Pertaining to the ear. deep but rather dull purple, like the color of Auric'ula Purple, n.
A
the purple auricula.
(Schoenfeld's violet
madder
lake, or
Winsor
&
Newton's violet carmine.) (Plate VIII. fig. 3.) Auric'ulars (L. re'gio auricula' ris), n. The (usually) well-defined feathered area which conceals the ears in birds. (Plate XI.) Autop'tical,
Autum'nal
a.
Personally inspected.
Plu'mage
(L.
ves'tis
autumna'lis),
n.
The
full
dress of
remains essentially unchanged till the spring moult. In many species the young possess a peculiar autumnal plumage (assumed by their first moult) which differs not only from their In such, first livery but also from that of adults at the same season. the adult or mature plumage may be completely assumed at the next
autumn.
In most birds
moult, or
it
may
it
be gradually acquired by successive moults, as in the
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. case of
many
65
Orioles (Icteridce), Tanagers, and other bright-colored
Passerine groups. .
The
'fa.
,
.
Ax'illa (L.), .
,.,,
'
.
,...
.
.
,...
(
Ax illary,
The
n.
bird-life of
(L. axilla'ris), " a. ^
)
( '
Ax mars,
locality.
Pertaininsr to the armpit. '^ '
(L. axilla'res), n.
A more or less distinct tuft of graduated,
usually soft and elongated, feathers growing from the
\ (
armpit.
Az'ure Blue (L. the sky.
a particular country or
armpit.
(Plate
azu'reus), n.
(Cobalt blue
A
XIIL
fig. 4.)
fine liglit
+ white.)
blue color, like the blue of
(Plate IX.
fig. 15.)
B. Back
(L. dor' sum), n. In descriptive Ornithology, usually includes the scapulars and interscapulars, but should properly be restricted to the (Plate XI.) latter alone.
Band
A broad transverse mark with regular and a broad bar of color. (A broad band is usually (Plate IV. fig. 18.)
(L. vifta; fas'cia), n.
nearly parallel edges called a zone.)
Band'ed
;
(L. vitta'tus; fascia'tus), a.
Marked with
bands.
(Plate
XV-
fig. 18.)
Bar
(L. vit'ta; fas'cia), n.
IV.
A
narrow transverse mark of
Barb (L. bar'hus), n. Any one web of a feather.
oi the
fibrillas,
(Plate
or laminaj, composing the
Barb'ed (L. barba'tus), a. Furnished with barbs Barb'ule (L. bar'bulus), n. A barb of a barb.
Barred
color.
fig. 17.)
(L.
vitta'tus; fascia'tus), a.
;
bearded.
Marked with
bars.
(Plate
XV.
fig. 17.)
Base
Bay
Root;
(L. ba'sis), n.
Ba'sal (L.
basa'lis), a.
A very rich
(L. ba'dius), n.
-|-
origin.
Pertaining to the base.
purple madder.)
dark reddish chestnut.
(Plate IV.
(Burnt sienna
fig. 5.)
The central posterior portion of the under surbounded laterally by the sides, posteriorly by the vent or anal region, and anteriorly by the breast. (Plate XL) Belt (L. bal'tPAis), n. A broad band of color across the breast or belly. (Distinguished from zone in that the latter may cross the wings or
^Bel'ly (L. abdo'men), face of the
body
n. ;
tail.)
Belt'ed (L.
baltea'tus), a.
Marked with a broad band
or belt of color
across the lower part of the body.
Bend
of the
Wing
(L. flex'ura; pli'ca), n.
The angle
the carpus, or wrist-joint, in the folded wing. 5
or prominence at
(Plate
XIIL
fig. 5.)
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
66
A
deep dark blue color, rather lighter and less purplish Berlin' Blue, n. (Plate IX. fig. 4.) than marine blue. (Schoenfeld's Berlin blue.) light bluish green similar to verdigris Beryl Green (L. benjli'nus), n.
A
(Dark permanent green
but more bluish. (Plate X.
blau.")
-\-
Schoenfeld's
" licht
fig. 14.)
Having two plane surfaces joining obliquely. a. flock of quails or partridges. Bev'y, n. Bi- (in composition). Twice; double. As hicolored (two-colored), biped Bev'elled,
A
(two-footed), bifurcate (double-forked), etc.
Bibliog'raphy, Bice Green, n.
Condensed
n.
A
liistory of the literature of
yellowish green color, lighter and
(Light ziunober-green
parrot green.
+
a subject.
more yellow than
lemon-yellow.)
(Plate X.
fig. 10.)
Bi'colored (L. Bifur'cate (L.
Two-colored.
hi'color), a.
hlfuvca'tus), a.
Two-named,
The
Bino'mial, Bino'minal,
binomial sjjstem of nomenclature, instituted iu 1758
by LinuKus, and adopted by zoologists and botanists, promulgates the use of two terms as the name of each species,
Biol'ogy,
Doubly forked. or, more properly, named by two terms.
The study
n.
— the
first
generic, the second specific.
of living beings with relation to the laws
and
results of their organization.
Biolog'ical,
study of
Pertaining to Biology.
a. all
Biological science
embraces the
organic creations, and thus includes Zoology and Botany,
both recent and fossil. dark brown color somewhat more reddish than sepia, but n. much less so than burnt umber. (Plate III. fig. 6.)
A
Bis'tre,
Boat-shaped
(L. cymbifor'mis), a.
sides, or halves, meeting below
The tail of
A
boat-shaped
along the median
tail
has the opposite
line,
the outer edges
Quiscalus (Boat-tailed Blackbird)
is a familexample, while that of the domestic fowl ( Gallus bankiva) exemplifies the opposite form, with the edges below and the middle feathers boat-shaped bill is one in which forming the ridge instead of the keel. the maxilla resembles an inverted boat, as in the genus Cancroma.
being elevated.
iar
A
Boot, n. Boot'ed
In birds, the tarsal envelope, when entire. booted tarsus has the usual scales fused so
(L. ocrea'tus), a.
A
form a continuous or uninterrupted covering. The tarsus of the smaller Thrushes and the American Robin (Merula viigratoria) well
as to
illustrates this character.
Bor'dered iwith)
(L. limba'tus), a.
Having the edge or margin
all
round
of a different color.
Bo'real (L.
borea'lis), a.
Northern.
Boss, n. A knob or short rounded protuberance. Bottle Green, n. A dark green color like the color of some varieties of (Schoenfeld's " dark zinnober-green " or Winsor & Newton's glass. Prussian green -\- Winsor & Newton's " olive-green.") (Plate X. fig. 1 .)
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Brac'cate (L.
67
Having the feathers on the outer
bracca'tus), a.
side of
the tibia elongated, or plume-like, as in most of the Falconidae.
Brace-shaped,
ii.
Shaped
like the brace
—
(
)
(Plate
of printers.
XV.
fig. 6.)
Brach'ial (L. hrachia'Us),
Pertaining to the wing.
a.
(Little used.)
Brachyp'terous (L. brachijp'terus), a. Short-winged. Brachyu'rous (L. brach>jurus), a. Short-tailed. Breast (L. pec'tas), n. Li birds, an artificial and somewhat arbitrary subdivision of the under surface, lying between the jugulum and abdoIts position corresponds nearly with that of the underlying men. (Plate XI.)
pectoral muscles.
Brevipen'nes
(L.), n.
The
Brevipen'nine
name of a group and kindred forms.
systematic
birds, including the ostriches
Short-feathered; short-winged (im-
(L. brevipennis), a.
properly so used)
;
of short-winged
pertaining to the Brevipennes.
A
dull brownish red (Corresponding very nearly with Winsor & Newton's Indian red. Same as tile red.) (Plate IV. fig. 11.) stripe of color extending back from the bill, Bridle (L. fre'imm), n.
Brick
Red
(L. testa'ceus; lateri'tius; ru't'dus),n.
color like the color of burnt bricks.
A
along the lower sides of the head. Bridled (L.frena'tus), a. Marked with a distinct stripe of color from the bill backward, beneath the eye, along the lower jaw, or the sides of the throat. Bris'tle,
n.
A
small
liair-like feather,
commonly developed near
consisting chiefly of the shaft,
the angle of the mouth, or rictus, but some-
times on other portions of the plumage also. grayish brown color, intermediate in tone beBroc'coli Brovi^n, n. tween drab and hair-brown. (Bistre -\- raw umber -j- black -{- white.)
A
(Plate III.
fig. 15.)
Buc'cal (L. bucca'lis), a. Pertaining to the cheeks. Buff (L. lu'teus ; luteo'lus), n. A light dull brownish yellow, of dressed buckskin or chamois.
(Raw
sienna
like the color
+ white.)
Plate V.
fig. 13.
Buff-Pink, n. A pink color tinged with, or inclining to, buff. (Light red -f cadmium-orange -|- white.) (Plate IV. fig. 20.) Buff- Yellow (L. lu'teo-fla'vus), n. A yellow color tinged with or inclining to buff. (Orange-cadmium -f pale cadmium white.) (Plate VI. ^
+
fig. 19.)
Bul'late (L. huUa'tus),
Burnt Carmine,
n.
or claret-color.
VII.
fig.
a.
Having a
A very
blistered appearance.
rich brownish crimson inclining to
(Madder-carmine
-\-
scarlet-vermilion
+ black.
maroon )
(Plate
I.)
Burnt Sienna
(L. spadi'ceus), n.
pigment of the same name.
A
brown
rich reddish
(Plate IV.
Burnt Umber (L. satura'te umbri'nns), more reddish than sepia and bistre.
n.
color, like the
fig. 6.)
A
deep rich brown
(Plate III.
fig. 8.)
color,
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
68
c.
Cad'mium Orange
(L. cadmiumi'no-auran'tins),
An
71.
exquisitely rich,
mellow orauge-color (much purer in tint than a true orange) like the breast of the fully adult male Baltimore oriole, or the throat of the (Plate VI.
Blackburniun Warbler.
Cad'mium Yellow
fig. 2.)
A
n. very intense pure deeper and much purer than Indian yellow, and much more orange than gamboge. (Plate VI. fig. 6.) Cadu'cous (L. cadu'cus), a. Falling off early.
cadmiumi'no-Jia'vus),
(L.
orange-yellow color, a
Calca'reous,
little
Chalky. Blue, n.
a.
A moderately deep purplish blue color, like the hue of some species or varieties of the blue-bell or Canterbury-bell (Campanula). (Smalt -|- white.) (Plate IX. fig. 11.) Canal'iculated (L. canalicula'tus), a. Channelled or furroAved. Cana'ry Yellow, n. A delicate pure yellow color, paler than gamboge but deeper than maize or primrose. Nearly the same tint as King's yellow. ( Schoeufeld's "heller cadmium" and white.) (Plate VI. Campanula
%•
12.)
Can'cellate (L. cancella'tus),
Latticed;
a.
and transversely. Candes'cent (L. candes'cens),)^
Canes cent
(L. canes cens),
Cap'illary (L. capilla'rius),
(L), n.
A
Whitish; hoary;
frost-like.
)
a.
Cap'istrate (L. capistra'tus),
Capis'trum
marked both longitudinally
Hair-like.
a.
Hooded or cowled.
hood or cowl.
In descriptive Ornithology, the
fore part of the head all round, or that portion immediately surround-
ing the base of the Cap'ital (L. capita'Us),
bill.
Pertaining to the head.
a.
A capitate feather has the end enlarged. Cap'ut (L. gen. cap'itis, pi. cap'ita), n. The head. Carbona'ceous (L. carbona'ceus), a. Pertaining to carbon, or charcoal. Cap'itate (L. capita' tun),
a.
;
=
Thus, cai-bonaceoits-black coal-black. Cari'na (L.) n. keel, or median ridge. Car'inate (L. carina'tiis) a. Keeled, or with a median ridge. Carinate Birds {Ai;es carinatce) are those furnished with a keeled sternum.
A
,
Car'neous (L. car'neus), a. Fleshy. Carniv'orous (L. camiv'onis), a. Flesh-eating. Car'mine (Jj. carmin'cus ; coccin'etis) n. A very pure and intense crimson. ,
The
purest of the cochineal colors.
vermilion.)
Car'pal (L.
(Plate VII.
carpa'lis), a.
(Madder-carmine
fig. 6.)
Pertaining to the wrist, or carpus.
-\-
scarlet-
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. {L. carpus), n.
69
The prominence formed by the wristwhen the wing is closed. The length
joint, or carpus,
Car'pal joint, Car'pal angle,
of the wing, in descriptions,
is
measured from the
carpal angle to the tip of the longest quill.
Bend of the Car'po-metacar'pal joint, n. The as
(Plate XIII.
the alula.
Wi7ig, or Jiexura.) last wing-joint,
(Fl.
XIII.
(
Same
fig. 5.)
covered exteriorly by
fig. 6.)
The wrist. In a bird, the space between the bend and the hand-joint of the wing. Car'uncle (L. carun' cuius) n. A naked fleshy excrescence, usually about the head or neck, and ordinarily brightly colored, wrinkled, or warty. Car'pus
(L.), n.
{Jiexura)
,
Carun'culate, „ , Carun culated, .
Castan'eous
Caud'a
i
n
\
P(L. carunculatus)," i
a.
(L. casta'neus), a. or n.
(Plate IV.
Caud'al (L.
,^
)
,
tt
•
Having *
i
caruncles.
Chestnut-colored
;
chestnut-color.
fig. 9.)
Pertaining to the
cauda'lis), a.
The
(L.), n.
tail.
tail.
Caud'ate (L. cauda'tus), a. Tailed. Cecomorph'ae (L.), «. The Huxleyan name (meaning "gull-formed") of the gull-tribe, or Gavicc.
The Huxleyan name (meaning "woodpeckerCeleomorph'ae (L) n. formed") of the natural group of birds including the Woodpeckers (Picidtc).
Cephal'ic (L. cephaVicus), a. Cera'ceous (L. ceraceus) a.
Pertaining to the head.
Wax-like.
The naked
skin or membrane in which the nostrils most Birds of Prey (Raptores) and many of the Parrot-tribe (Psittaci), as Avell as the Pigeons (Colnmbce) and
Cere
(L. ce'ra), n.
are situated,
common
to
some other groups.
It usually has a more or less distinct line of demarcation anteriorly (except in the Pigeons). Ceru'lean Blue (L. coeru'leus; coelesti'nus ; cceles'tis ; ccdico'lor), n.
A
fine
light
(Winsor
&
Cer'vical (L.
blue color, less purplish or more greenish than azure. Kewton's cerulean blue.) (Plate IX. fig. 21.)
cervica'lis), a.
Pertaining to the cervix or hind neck.
The hind neck, extending from the occiput to commencement of the back. It has two subdivisions, namely,
Cer'vix /
(L.),
n.
the the
nape and scruff {nucha and auchemum), which occupy respectively (Plate XI.) the upper and lower halves of the cervix. Change'able, a. As applied to colors, varying in tint with different inclinations to the light; iridescent.
Char'acter,
n.
Any peculiarity of structure or plumage, or other distinctive
attribute, available for the diagnosis of
a species, genus, or higher group.
Charadriomorph'ae (L.), n. The Huxleyan name (meaning "ploverformed ") for the group of smaller wading birds usually called Limicolce,
An arbitrary subdivision of the side of the (L. ge'na; hiic'ca), n. head, differently employed by various writers, but usually corresponding to the malar region, or the feathered portion of the lower jaw.
Cheek
(Plate XII.)
OKNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
70
Chenomorph'ae
The Huxleyan name (meaning
(L.), n.
of a group of birds equivalent to the
Chest'nut
(L. casta' neus
;
slightly purplish cast.
Chin
men
(L.
The
turn), n.
" goose-formed ")
Anatida of authors.
A
rich darlc reddish brown, of a (Vermilion -1- burnt umber.) (Plate IV. fig. 9.) extreme anterior point of the gular region, or the spadi'ceus), n.
space between the lateral branches [rhami) of the lower jaw. (Plate XI.)
China Blue,
A
n.
(Plate IX.
dull
medium
blue color.
(Intense
blue
-|-
white.)
fig. 13.)
A
Chinese Or'ange,
n. very intense orange-red color, of a peculiar very different from orange-chrome. (Cadmium-orange burnt sienna.) (Plate VII. fig. 15.)
+
tint,
Brown
Choc'olate
(L. chocolati'nus),
A
n.
rich dark reddish brown cake of chocolate. (Purple
color, like the exterior glazed surface of a
madder
(Plate III.
sepia.)
-|-
fig. 4.)
A
Chrome
Yellow, n. deep yellow, much less pure or intense than light cadmium. (Winsor & Newton's " chrome-yellow.") (Plate VI. fig. 8.) dull green color, nearly intermediate between Chro'mium Green, n. malachite green and sage green. (Green oxide of chromium.) (Plate X. fig. 12.) Cic'onine (L. ciconi'nus), a. Stork-like.
A
Cirium _.
(L.
,
;
pi. cilia), n. •
,-r
/
An
eyelash.
in.
»
Cine reous (L. ctne reiis), > _. / /T 1 / Cinera ceous (L. aweraceus), "I. .
•
V
Ash-gray: a clear bluish gray color. ° :, , /t , / lighter than plumbeous. (Lamp-black ° ,
or
A
I
] <-
Cin'namon Ru'fous of cinnamon.
(Plate IV.
Cir'cular,
Cir'cum-
7j.
(L.
a.
;
\^
(Plate II.
.
fig. 16.)
light reddish
brown
color, like the inner surface of
cinnamon bark. (Indian red -jraw umber.) (Plate III. fig. 20.)
cinnamo'meo-rufus) ,
(Burnt sienna
i
,
\ white.)
r n.
Cinnamo'meous (L. cinnavio'meus), C'm'namon {li. cinnamomi'nus),
,
Chmese
-|-
+ burnt
n.
Rufous, with a tinge light red white.)
umber -f
+
fig. 16.)
Of a rounded shape.
(in composition).
(Plate
XIV.
Around, encircling
;
fig. 4.)
as, ciVcumor6z7a/
(around
the eye), circumventral (around the vent), etc.
Cir'rhous (L. cirra'tus), a. Tufted. light greenish yellow, deeper and less pure than Cit'ron Yellow, n. sulphur-yellow. (Light cadmium light zinnober-green.) (Plate VI.
A
+
fig. 15.)
Clar'et
Brown
much
(L. vina'ceo-hrunn'eus), n.
A
rich dark brownish purple,
the pigment called " Purple-madder."
Nearly the same "maroon," but more purple. (Purple-madder.) (Plate IV. fig. 1.) Class (L. clas'sis), n. A primary division of animals, as the class of like
as
Birds {Class Aves). Classifica'tion, n.
Claw
(L.
A systematic arrangement.
im'fjiu's), n.
The
horny, pointed, and compressed sheath of the
terminal phalanx of the toe.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Clay-color (L.
lutes'cens, lute'olus, hito'sus),
A
n.
71
dull light brownish
yellow color, nearly intermediate between yellow-ochre and Isabella(Yellow ochre raw umber white.) color. (Plate V. fig. 8.)
+
Clove Brown,
A
+
dark brown
dried cloves. (Black cadmium-orange). (Plate III. fig. 2.) nest-complement or "set" of eggs. Clutch, 71. Co'balt Blue (L. cobalti'nus), n. very fine pure light blue color, less intense and more azure than ultramarine. (Plate IX. fig. 12.) Coccy'ges (L.) n. The systematic name of a natural group of zygodactyle birds, including the Cuckoos Cuculida), Plantain-eaters, Turacous {Musophafjid(E), Trogons {Trogonida), etc. n.
color, like
A
A
(
Coccygomcrph'ae formed")
Col'lar (L. tor'ques),
Collared
colla'ris), a.
from surrounding
The
(L.), n.
Colora'tion,
A ring of color encircling the neck.
n.
torqua'tus;
(L.
different color
Col'lum
The Huxleyan name (meaning "Cuckoo-
(L). n.
of the Coccyges.
Marked with a neck-ring
of a
parts.
neck.
Pattern of coloring, or the colors of the plumage
n.
col-
lectively.
Col'ored
In Ornithology, different from white.
(L. coJora'tus) a.
the colored phase of a dichromatic species is
is
that in which the
Thus,
plumage
other than white.
Comb,
n.
An
erect, fleshy, longitudinal caruncle
as in the domestic fowl
(
on the top of the head,
Galium ferrugineus, var.) and the adult male
Condor (Sarcorhamphus gri/phus). Commis'sural, a. Pertaining to the commissure.
Com'missure
(L. commis'sura),
n.
The
outlines of the closed mouth, or
the opposed edges of the mandible and maxilla.
Compress'ed, pressed
tail
a.
Flattened sideways, or higher than broad.
has the
two
A
com-
halves folded together with the two edges
separated below, the median feathers forming the ridge, as in the
domestic fowl.
(The opposite form
is
seen in the boat-shaped
tail
of
the American Crackles, QuiscaJus.)
Con'cave curved
(L. conca'vus), a. line,
Hollowed on one
side, as the inside of
a
the under side of an arch, or the hollow of a spoon.
Concen'tric (L. concen'tricus), a. Having a common centre, as a series (Plate XV. fig. 19.) of rings one within another. Con'colored (L. conco'lor), a. Of a uniform color. (Same as unicolored.) Con'fluent (L. conflnen'tus), a. Run together. species belonging to the same genus with another. Con'gener, n. Congener'ic, a. Belonging to the same genus with another. Coniros'tral, a. Having a conical bill, like that of a Finch or Sparrow;
A
pertaining to the so-caUed Conirostres.
Coniros'tres
(L.), n.
An
arbitrary group of birds, in classifications, of
Sparrow tribe Contin'uous, a. (As applied whicli the
{Fringillidce} are typical.
to markings.)
Without interruption.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
72
Con'toar Feathers, n. The surface feathers of the head, neck, and body. Coracomorph'as (L.), n. The Huxleyau name (meaning raven-formed) for the Passeres.
Cor'al
Red
(
the color of red coral.
+ white.)
milion
(Plate VII.
Cord'ate (L. -,
cordn'tus), \ / •\ ;•-,T [L,. cor I mis),)f«-
,,.,
Cora norm
A
L. coralU'nus, coraUi'no-ru'ber), n.
milion, like
fig. 4.)
tt u j Heart-shaped. r
/-m
,.
a for
light, rather dull ver-
(Madder-carmine, orange-ver-
.
(Plate \
^-ttt XIV.
^
,,
>
fig. 15.) o /
Coria'ceous (L. coria'ceus), a. Of leathery texture. Corn'eous (L. cor'neus), a. Horny. Cornic'ulate (L. conucida'tus), a. Furnished with a small horn. Corn'iplume, 7i. A horn-like tuft of feathers on the liead. Crowned; having the top of the head Cor'onate (L. corona'tus), a. ornamented by lengthened or otherwise distinguished feathers.
Cor 'rugate
)
Cor rugated,
)
Co'vey,
A
n.
.^ corruga'tus), "
a.
j
^
Wrinkled.
family (or brood with or without their parents) of Quaila
or other game-birds.
Cream-color,
n.
A
light pinkish yellow color, like cream.
+ white.)
yellow
Cream'y Buff,
('Plate
VI.
(Yellow ochre
?!.
(Cadmium
20.)
fig.
+ white.)
(Plate.
V.
fig. 11.)
Cre'nate, .^ crena'tus), a. Having rounded teeth. (Plate XV. fig. 21.) Cre'nated, ) Cren'ulate (L. cremda'tus), a. Finely crenate. Crepus'cular (L. crepuscula'ris), a. Pertaining to twilight. (Crepuscular )
birds are those which
Cres'cent,
A figure
n.
become
active after sunset.)
having the shape of the new moon.
Crescent'ic (L. ham'tus),
Shaped
a.
like the
new moon.
(Plate
XV.
fig. 9.)
Crest (L.
A more or
cris'ia), n.
less
lengthened, erectile, or permanently
on top of the head. Furnished with a a.
erect, tuft of feathers
Crest'ed (L.
crista'tus),
(L. carmesi'mis; sangidn'eus
Crim'son
;
the color of the cruder sorts of carmine.
madder-lake.)
Cris'sum
(L.), n.
(Plate VII.
crest.
Blood-red; (Madder-carmine, or dark
sanguin'eo-ru'her), n.
fig. 3.)
A term usually applied to the lower tail-coverts
collec-
but properly belonging to the feathers situated between the lower tail-coverts and the anal region. (Plate XL See especially tivelv,
note facing plate.)
Pertaining to the crissum. Properly the vertex, or that portion of the top (Plate XL) of the head between the forehead and the occiput. ) ^ ,., Cru'ciate (L. cru«'a'<!<s), .-r,, -^-.r ,„x Cris'sal (L. crissa'lis),
Crown
„
.
.,,
^
Cruci form Cru'ral (L.
Crus
a.
(L. coro'na), a.
,^
..
,
.
(L. cruafor mis) , criira'lis), a.
(L.), n.
i a.
Cross-like.
(Plate
Pertaining to the cms, or
The "thigh,"
XV.
)
or tibia.
tibia.
/.
fig. 10.)
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
73
Cu'bital (Jj..cubita'lis), a. Pertaining to the forearm. Hooded, or having the head Cu'cullate (L. cuculla'tus), a. differently from the rest of the plumage.
Cul'men (L
),
Curminal
The
n.
(Plate
mandible.
ridge or upper outline of the maxilla, or upper
XH.
fig. 7.)
Pertaining to the culmen.
(L. cnlmina'tus), a.
Cul'trate (L. cultra'tus), Cultriros'tral (L.
colored
Knife-like.
a.
Having a knife-shaped
cultriros'tris), a.
bill,
lengthened, compres.sed, and pointed, like a Heron's.
or the bill
Pertaining to
the so-called Cultrirostres.
An artificial groxip of wading birds, including the and Storks [Ciconuike) &o named on account of the knife-shaped bill, and in this sense nearly equivalent to Herodiones. Also applied to a group of Passerine birds, which includes the Cor-
Cultriros'tres (L.),
Herons
n.
{Ardeiclce)
,
vidce, SturnidcE, Icteridce, etc.
Cu'neate
_
.
(L. cunea'tus),
.,
.,
^ir
)
,
,
-./-,,,,
,
Wedge-shaped. j &
fa.
-v (L. ciineijor mis) ,r
Cuneiform
)
Cu'preous
{1,.
cu'preus), a.
Curso'rial,
a.
Running; pertaining
\
-.^t^t-
Plata XIV.
ÂŤ fig. 13. t>
/
Coppery; like copper. Curso'res (L.), n. An artificial group of birds, in the older systems, including the Bustards and other " coursers " or " runners." Cus'pidate (L.
Cutaneous,
cuspida'tits), a.
Pertaining to the skin.
a.
Cyp'seline (L.
to the Cursores.
Stiff-pointed.
cijpseU'nus), a.
(Same
as dermal.)
Swift-like; pertaining to the Ci/pselidce,OT
Swifts.
Cypselomorph'as (L.), ÂŤ. The Huxleyau name (meaning "swift-formed") of a group of a^githognathous " Picarice," including the Goat-suckers {Caprimid(jid(x), Swifts (Qz/JseZ/Jce), and Humming-birds Z'cocAi'Wce). (Equivalent to the Macrochlres and Ci/pseli of other authors.) (
Cylin'dric-o'vate,
An
n.
elongate ovate with parallel sides.
(Plate
XVL fig. 6.) Cym'biform
(L. cymhifor'mis), a.
Boat-shaped.
D. Dahlia
Pur'ple,
n.
A
rich dark purple color, like
dalilia (Dahlia variabilis).
VIIL
(Madder-carmine
some
varieties of the
+ intense blue.)
(Plate
fig. 2.)
Dasypas'dic,
a.
Clothed with down at birth.
(Same
as Plilopcedic.)
Decid'uous, a. Temporary, or shed periodically, as the horns of a deer and the " nuptial ornaments" of many birds. Declin'ate, r ' A
De
)
\
,^ ^
,
,.
,
^
declinatus), a.
-^
Bent downward.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
74 Decompos'ed,
Said of a feather when the barbs are separated, not
a.
forming a continuous or compact web.
Decum'bent
Hanging downward drooping. Crossed intersected. (Plate XV. fig. 16.) very deep but not brilliant yellow color. Deep Chrome Yellow, n. (Wiusor & Newton's "deep chrome," or Schoenfeld's "goldgelb" or "niittelchromgelb.") (Plate VI. fig. 9.) Del'toid (L. deltoid' ens), a. Triangular, or shaped like the Greek character Decus'sate
{h. decum'bens), a.
;
(L. d(:cussa'liis),a.
;
A
" Delta," A.
(Plate
XIV.
fig. 14.)
Den'tate (L. denta'tus), a. Toothed. (Plate XV. fig. 20.) Dentic'ulate (L. denticula'tus), a. With small teeth. Dentig'erous (L. dentiyer'), a. Bearing teeth. Dentiros'tres (L.), n. An artificial or arbitrary group in classifications, the members of which have the maxilla more or less notched near the tip.
Dentiros'tral (L.
Tooth-billed; pertaining to the Denti-
dentiros'tris) , a.
rostrts.
Denuda'tion,
Deplum'ate Depress'ed
Nakedness.
a.
Bare of
(L. depluma'tus), a.
(L. depres'sus), a.
feathers.
Flattened vertically; broader than high.
(Opposite of compressed.)
Der'mal (L. derma'lis), a. Pertaining to the Desquama'tion, n. Peeling or scaling off. Di-
skin.
Twice; double (as (//t7Âťo;ÂŤa<('c= two colored). condensed statement of the characters which are exclusively applicable to a species, genus, or higher group a description (in composition).
Diagno'sis,
A
n.
;
M'hich omits all nonessential characters.
Diagnos'tic,
Pertaining to diagnoses;
a.
exclusively
applicable, or
distinctly characteristic.
Dichot'omous, Dichromat'ic, chromatic
Paired, or by twos.
a.
is said to be diplumages which are entirely These distinct plumages were
In descriptive Ornithology a species
a.
when
it
exists in
two
distinct
independent of sex, age, or season. formerly, in the case of most dichromatic birds, supposed to represent distinct species, and the nature of their real relationship is a comparatively recent discovery.
Familiar examples of dichromatism are
the rufous and gray forms of the little Screech Owl (Scops asio), and the white and bluish or dusky forms of some Herons (as Ardea occidental is and Dichromanassa rufa). Dichrom'atism, n. The state of existing in two distinct phases of coloration, which are wholly independent of the usual causes of color Dichromatism among birds is differences (as sex, age, and season). somewhat analogous to dimorphism in insects.
Didac'tyle, DKiac tylous, Dig'itigrade,
)
--^
didac'tdus), a. '
Two-toed, as the Ostrich.
J
a.
Walking on the
toes.
(Applicable to most birds.)
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Dimorph'ic,
Existing in two forms, as some species of insects.
a.
Dimorph'ism,
The
n.
which
two forms.
state of existing in
among
approacii to dimorphism
Disc, Disk,
75
birds
is
(Tlie nearest
the state of dichromatism,
see.)
Set of radiating feathers surrounding the eye in some birds, especially the Owls.
)
" )
Toward
Dis'tal, a.
(Opposite ol proximal, or toward
or at the extremity.
the base.)
Dis'tichous (L. dis'tichus), a. Two-rowed, as the webs of a feather. Ditok'ous, a. Producing but two eggs for each clutch, as the Pigeons (Coluinhidai), Humming-birds (Trvclulidce), and a few other groups. Diur'nal (L. diurna'lis), a. Pertaining to the daytime. Among birds, those which are active during the daytime and repose at night. (Many diurnal birds, however, are nocturnal in their migrations). Divar'icate (L. divarka'tus), a. Spreading or curving apart. Dor'sal (L. dorsa'lis), a. Pertaining to the back.
Dor'sum
The back.
(L), n.
^ Double-emarginate,
(
_,
\
,
,
,
,
^
.
Doubly ' emargmate, Double-forked
^
Doublv forked'
)
'
^
Double-rounded Doublv rounded' '
Down
i
A
>
•
•
\
between. {
A
doubly rounded tail has the middle and lateral feathers shorter than those
(^' ^^''('(^nda'tus), a.
i '
between.
many
soft decomposed feathers, which clothe the and which also grow between and under-
Small birds,
neath the true feathers in the adults of various kinds of water-fowl.
Down'y
•
A
doubli/ forked tail has the middle ^^' ^?/"''^''''"*)i ^^'"^ lateral feathers decidedly longer than those
(L. Jloc'cus), n.
nestlings of
XL)
a. doubly emarqinate tail .., i n ^ i ^ ii ..i has ^i the middle andi ilateral feathers sliehtly , ^ longer ^i than ^i, the intervening ones.
V
..
(Plate
(L. biemarqina'tus),
(L. pubes'cens), a.
many
others, especially the
Pertaining to or having the nature of down,
or clad with down.
Drab,
n.
A brownish gray color.
(Black
-\-
white
-j-
raw umber.)
(Plate
III. fig. 18.)
Drab-Gray, n. (Black -f white + burnt umber.) (Plate II. fig. 13.) Dragon's-blood Red, n. A rich brownish red color, of a peculiar tint. (Tlie pigment called dragon's blood is made from the inspissated juice of certain tropical plants, particularly the Calamus draco draco.)
(Light red
-f-
madder-brown.)
(Plate IV.
and Dracaena
fig. 8.)
Dusk'y (L. obscu'rus nicjrcs'cens ; ni'gricans), n. or a. A dark color of more or less indefinite or neutral tint of a dark, indefinite color. Dysporomorph'ae (L.),n. The Huxleyau name meaning gannet-formed) ;
;
(
for the Steganopodes.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
76
E. Ear-cov'erts (L.
re'gio auricula' ris), n.
The
usually well-defined tract
most birds. The ear-coverts (or auriculars, as they are usually termed in descriptions) are bounded above by the backward extension of the siipercilium, or lateral portion of the crown, posteriorly by the occiput and nape, below by the malar region or " cheeks," and anterioi'ly by the suborbital region. Same of feathers overlying the ears of
(Plate XI.)
as awiculars.
Ear'ed
Decorated with tufts of feathers, distinguished color, which by their appearance suggest the
(L. auri'tus), a.
by length or
either
external ears of
mammals.
Erectile tufts of elongated feathers springing
from each
crown or forehead, and presenting a close resemblance to the external ears of many mammalia. especially characteristic of certain Owls (Strigidw).
superficial
Ear-tufts,
h.
side of the
Econ'omy,
umber
Physiological disposition.
n.
E'cru Drab,
A
n.
very
somewhat
liglit,
+ sepia + white.)
Ec'to- (in composition).
Edg'ed
They are
(Plate III.
Outer; as
(with) (L. limha'tus),
ectozoon,
an external parasite.
Having the edge or
v.
(Burnt
pinkish, drab color.
fig. 21.)
lateral
margin
of
a different color.
Edge
of
wing
of the wing,
El'evated,
ÂŤ.
(L. campte'rium
;
mar'go-car'pi),
n.
The
anterior border
from the armpit to the base of the outer primary.
Said of the hallux, or hind toe,
when
inserted above the
level of the anterior toes.
Ellip'tical, n.
XVI.
Having the form
of an ellipse.
(Plate
XIV.
fig.
9
;
plate
fig. 14.)
See plate XVI. fig. 10. Ellip'tical-oval, n. Ellip'tical-ovate, n. See plate XVI. fig. 4.
Elon'gate (L. elomja'tus), a. Lengthened. Elon'gate-ovate, n. See plate XVI. fig. 5. (L. emargina'tus), a.
An
emarginate
tail
has the middle little longer
feather shortest, the rest si;ccessively a
Emarg'inate, Emarg'inated,
hence an emarginate tail is very slightly forked. emarginate quill has the web suddenly narrowed bv an abrupt cutting away of the edge. (Plate XIII. fig. a.)
An
Em'bryo, n. In birds, the young before leaving the egg. Em'erald Green (L. smaragdi'nus), n. A very bright light peculiar green color, like an emerald, but more especially like the pigment (Plate X. fig. 16.) so called. En'sate (L. erisa'tus), ) Sword-shaped. ^ En'siform (L. ensifor'mis), ) En'to- (in composition). Inner as entozoon, an internal ;
parasite.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TEEMS. Upon;
Ep'i- (in composition).
77
as epidermis, wYion the skin, that
is,
the
surface skin.
Epider'mis (L.), n. The cuticle, or scarf-skin. Epider'mic, a. Pertaining to the epidermis. Epignath'ous (L. epigna'thus). Hook-billed, as a Hawk or Parrot. Epithe'ma, n. A horny excrescence upon the bill. Capable of being raised or erected, as an erectile crest. Erec'tile, a. Erythris'mal, a. The state of being red or rufous, instead of the usual or " normal " color.
E'rythrism
A
plumage caused one of the dichromatic states birds, as certain species of Owls (Strix stridula, Scops asio, etc.), (L. erytliris'mus), n.
particular state of
by excess of red or rufous pigmeut of
many
also
some
and Micrastur, among Hawks. Whitened; bleached. Tending away from normal or typical character.
cEi/«i'o/a7[(s), a.
a.
Eurhipidu'ra
(L.), n.
comprising
E'ven
it is
sjjecies of Acci/iiter
E'tiolated (L. Etyp'ical,
;
The name
of one of the primary groups of birds,
all existing species.
An
(L. trunca'tus),a.
even ox " square" tail has,
the feathers terminating on the same transverse line it
is
closed, all
in other words,
When spread, the tips of the feathers while an emargiuate or slightly forked tail
truncated at the tip.
describe a semicircle,
Ex-
when ;
becomes even or truncated when spread. (in composition). Out; out of; away from.
As,
exterior,
on the
outside.
Excres'cence,
Any
n.
outgrowth, whether
cutaneous, corneous, or
fleshy.
Exot'ic (L.
exot'icus), a.
Exten'sile (L.
Eye'brow
Foreign. Susceptible of being extended or lengthened.
exten'silis), a.
(L. supercil'ium), n.
The middle
portion of the superciliary
region, or that part immediately above the eye.
—^,
.^
in.
The
nest of a bird of prey, especially an Eagle.
F. Fa'cial CL.facia'lis), a. Pertaining to the face. Fal'cate (L./a/ca'<»s), \ ou j ti -n ^t, Shaped like a sickle or scythe. ( o,c. -c IT r -r ' ^ Fal ciform (L.ya/q/or »»s), -i,
J
\
•'
)
Farconine {Ij. falconi'nus), a. Falcon-like. Fam'ily (L. fami'lia), n. A systematic group in scientific classification, embracing a greater or less number of genera which agree in certain characters not shared by other birds of the same Order. In rank, a Fami/i/ stands between Order and Genus, the former being composed of a greater or less number of nearly related families. In
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
78
name
zoological nomenclature the
Genus, the name of which Fa/conidce,
Cohunhidue, etc.
termination
ince.)
is
of a
Family
is
taken from a typical
modified by the termination are
[Suhfamilies
idee
;
as
distinguished by the
A
band or broad bar of color. Fas'cia (L.), n. Fas'ciated [h. fascia' tus), a. Banded or broadly barred. Fas'cicle (Ij.fasci'culus), n. A bundle. Fas'cicled, \
Fascic ulate,
ii^r^scicula'tus), a.
Fastig'iate (L./astipia'tus),
Fau'na
Bundled.
)
The
(L.), ÂŤ.
Bundled together
a.
like a sheaf.
(Distinguished from the
animal-life of a country.
Flora, or plant-life.)
Fawn-color,
cervin'eus),
(L. cervi'nus;
(Burnt umber -f white.)
n.
(Plate III.
A fig.
light
warm brown
color,
22.)
Fem'oral (h. femora'lis), a. Pertaining to the thigh proper, or the inner segment of the leg. (To be carefully distinguished from tibial, which refers to the so-called " thigh," or middle segment of the leg.) Fe'mur (L.), n. The thigh the thigh-bone. Fe'ral {h. fe'rits), a. Wild, or undomesticated. The wild Jungle Fowl ;
{Gallus ferrugineus)
Ferru^-in'eous, { '\ f c. F erru ffinous, I ^ '
Fibril'Ia (L.
Firament
;
^^'
(
is t\\Q
feral stock of the domestic fowl.
/e'"''".V*"'e"s),
"â&#x20AC;˘
or
(Medium
iron-rust.
^
a.
or the color of burnt sienna.) (Plate IV.
Rust-red,
tint of
fig. 10.)
pi. Jibril'ke}, n.
(h.fitamen'lum),
n.
A small fibre. A slender or thread-like
fibre.
Filament'ous (l..Jilamento'siis), Tj^^ead-like. ^_ Firiform (\j. filiform' is), Haviug the structure of a Filopluma'ceous (L. filophtma'ceus), a. )
)
filoplume.
Firoplume
{L.filoplii'ma), n.
A thread-like
feather.
Fim'briated {L. fimbria'tus), a. Fringed. Fissipal'mate (L. fissipulma'lus), a. With half-webbed
feet,
the free
portion of the toeslobed, as a Grebe's foot.
Fis'siped
{L.fis'sipes), a.
Haviug
cleft toes.
(Opposite oi palmiped.)
Fissiros'tral (L.fissiros'ti-is), a. Having the mouth cleft far back of the biise of the bill, as in the Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. ; pertaining to the Fissiiostres.
Fissiros'tres (L),
n.
An
obsolete
name
of an artificial group of birds,
with deeply cleft mouths, including the Goatsuckers, Swifts, and other " fissirostral " families.
f{h. flam' mens; ifneus), n. A very intense orange-red color, intermediate between scarlet and saturn-red. '( (Rose carthame-|- cadmium-orange.) (Pl.VII.fig. 14.) Flam'mulated (L.fiammula'tus), a. Pervaded with a reddish color. Flanks (L. hypoclwn'dria), n. In descriptive Ornithology the most pos-
_,.
_j
_,.
^
,
'i
t
1
terior feathers of the sides.
(Plate XI.)
GLOSSAKY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Flax-flower Blue,
Flesh-color
A
n.
+ white.)
blue
delicate light purplish
(Plate IX.
blue color.
n.
A
pinkish color, like that
observable in the cheeks of a person of fair complexion
+ white.)
(Scarlet-vermilion
(French
fig. 14.)
incarua'tus),
car'neus;
(L.
79
(Plate VII.
;
carnation.
fig. 18.)
Floc'culent {h.Jloccula'tus), a. In descriptive Ornithology, pertaining to the down of newly hatched or unfledged young birds. Floc'cus (L.), n. The down peculiar to unfledged or newly hatched
young birds in ptilopxcUc birds it covers the general surface and is unconnected with the future plumage, while in psilopcEclic birds it sprouts only from the undeveloped feathers, to the tips of which it is often seen clinging when the latter are considerably grown. ;
Pertaining to rivers.
Flu'viatile (li.Jlavia'tilis), a.
Fore'head, (L frons), n. Fore part of the top of the head, from the base of the bill to the vertex, or crown. Front, (Plate XI.) rather indefinite and arbitrary term, Fore'-neck (L. gut'tur), n. variously applied, but usually referring to the lower throat and jugulum, though not infrequently to the whole of the space included by the chin, throat, and jugulum. In long-necked birds only does the term become of definite ai^plication. (See note facing plate XL) For'ficate (h. forjica'tus), a. Deeply forked, as the tail of a Kite. Form {h. for' is), n. In a special sense, a sort of non-committal term frequently used by modern writers to designate what is of doubtful rank. The term " form " is thus used for what may prove to be a species, or may be only a race, but as to the rank of which the j
I
A
III
author
Fos'sa
is
in doubt.
A
ditch or groove. In descriptive Ornithology, used chiefly in the plural, to denote the depressions in which the (L.
;
pl./os'sfc), n.
nostrils are placed. a. Digging into the earth for a habitation. (The Burrowing Owl, Speoti/to cuniculaiia, is a fossorial bird.) Fos'ter-parent, n. bird which has reared the young of a parasitic
Fosso'rial,
A
species.
Fos'ter-young,
The young
n.
of a parasitic species
which has been
reared in the nest of another bird.
Free,
Said of a leg with the tibia unconfined within the skin of the
a.
body.
French Blue,
n.
(French blue.)
French Gray, ligliter
blue
A
very rich blue color, deeper than ultramarine.
(Plate IX.
A
+ white.)
French Green,
n.
fine light bluish
(Plate II.
A
(L.), n.
A
recalling a bridle.
fig. 17.)
very pure rich green color
;
the typical green.
cadmium.) (Plate X. fig. 19.) bridle or marking about the head resembling or
(Italian ultramarine
Fre'num
fig. 6.)
gray color, darker than pearl-gray, and bluer than cinereous. (Black -(- intense blue -)- smaltn.
-1-
light
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
80 Fringe
(L. h'ma;fim'bria Front'al (h.fronta'tus), a.
Frontlet
(L. an'tia),n.
;
A
lacin' ia) n. lacerated marginal membrane. Pertaining to the forehead. ,
The extreme
anterior portion of the forehead;
usually distiuguished by a difference of level (usually
called anticE.
more depressed)
Woodpeckers. When divided by the (as in the Woodpeckers), the frontal points are (See plate XII. fig. 1.)
from the forehead, base of the culmen
as in the
Frugiv'orous (L.frwji'vorus), a. Fruit-eating. Fulig'inous (L. fuligino'sus), n. or a. Sooty brown, or dark smoke-color. Fulves'cent (Ij.fuivts'cens), a. Inclining to a fulvous color. Ful'vous (h.fuL'vus), n. A rather indefinite brownish yellow, or yellowish
brown tint, like tanned leather; tawny. Fur'cate {L.furca'tus),a. Forked. Fus'cous {L.fus'cus), n. or a. Dark brown, of a rather indefinite shade. Fu'siform (\j. fusifor'mis), a. Spindle-shaped, or tapering at each end.
XVI.
(Plate
fig. 13.)
G. Gal'eate (L.
Helmeted, or armed or ornamented with a
galea'tus), a.
frontal shield, as the Galliuules, Coots, Cassowaries, etc.
Gallina'cea (L.),
n.
A name of the Fowl tribe, or Order
GaUlnece of
some
authors.
Belonging to the Order Gallinacea Gallina'ceous (L. galUna'ceus), a. or Ga/linece, or that which embraces the domestic fowl and kindred
Having the
birds.
Gall'-stone Yel'low,
n.
characteristics or nature of the GalUnece.
A
very strong brownish yellow, somewhat like
yellow ochre, but transparent, and
much
brighter in
its
paler tints.
raw sienna, and cadmium-orange.) (Plate V. fig. 6.) Gam'boge Yellow, n. A pure yellow color, of a lemon tint less intense and somewhat less pure than the lighter cadmiums, but very transparent. The pigment thus called is the concreted juice of the Hebradendron cambogioides, a plant which grows in Cambodia. (Plate (Aureolin,
;
VI.
fig. 10.)
The opening of the mouth. Gastrse'um (L.), n. The lower parts, collectively. Gen'a (L.), n. The cheek, or feathered portion of the lower jaw.
Gape
(L. ric'tm), n.
Gen'era,
Generic, Gen'esis,
n. a.
n.
Plural of Genus.
Pertaining to a Genus.
In biological science, the derivation or origin of a form,
whether by evolution or direct creation. Genet'ic,
Ge'nus
a.
Pertaining to Genesis.
(pi. gen'era),
n.
An
assemblage of species which agree in the
possession of certain characters distinguishing
them from otherwise
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
(In taxonomic value a genus ranks next below a
forms.
allied
81
subfamily.)
Gen'ys (L.), n. (Same as Gonys, which see.) Geograph'ical Race, n. (See Race.) Geograph'ical Varia'tion, n. Modification of form or coloration according to change of locality or country. (The majority of widely distributed species are more or less affected by geographical variation, from varying influences of climate and other surroundings. Many species have evidently sprung from Geographical Races through tlie extermination of intermediate specimens, or, in the case of remote by long and complete isolation from the parent stock.)
islands,
A lighter tint of geranium red.
Gera'nium Pink,??. Gera'nium Red (L.
curtkimi'mts), ÂŤ.
The
(Plate VII.
fig. 19.)
purest possible red color, or
a red which combined with yellow will produce a pure orange, and with blue a pure purple. It is less orange in tint than scarlet. (Rose (Plate VII. fig. 7.) cartliame or safflorroth.)
Gib'bose, j^_ aibbo'sus), " a. Swollen. -^ Gib bous, swelling, or rounded protuberance. Gibbosity, n. Gla'brous (L. gla'hrus), a. Smooth. Gla'cial (L. glacia'lis), a. Pertaining to ice. Glauces'cent (L. rjlauces'cens), a. Inclining to Glaucous. )
,
P
A
Glau'cous (L. glau'cus), a. or n. A whiti.sh blue color, like the "bloom" (Black -f Antwerp blue -f white.) (Plate IX. of a cabbage-leaf. fig. 19) Glau'cous GxeQn {h. glau'co-Vir'idis),n. (Viridian -|- white.) (See plate X. fig. 17.) Gnathid'ium (L. pi. gnathid'ia), n. The branch or rhamus of the lower (Chiefly used in jaw, as far as it is covered by the horny sheath. :
the plural.)
Gol'den Yel'low
au'rens), n.
(L. au'reo-Jla'vus;
A
very intense yellow
pigment called Jaime d'Or (that is, golden yellow), which, however, in its deeper tint becomes an intense color, like the paler tints of the
orange.
Go'nys
(L.), n.
,
The
from the
dible,
(Plate XII.
keel or lower outline of the maxilla or lower
tip to the point
where the rhami begin
man-
to diverge.
fig. 6.)
An ornamented throat-patch, distinguished by color or Gorg'et, n. texture of feathers, as the gorget of a Humming-bird. Gra'dient (L. gra'dlens), a. Walking or running by steps. (Same as amhulatorjj, but preferable to that term.) graduated (ail has the middle feathers (L. gradita'lus), a. ^
uraa ua ua
A
e
i
longest, the rest successively shorter
the difference in length not so great, however, as in a cuneate tail.
,
e,
Grallato'res, Grallato'riae,
^ j
)
(L.),
)i.
An
;
arbitrary and artificial group of the older
classifications, including the
6
wading
birds.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
82 Grallato'rial,
Wading
a.
Graminiv'orous
;
pertaining to the wading birds, or Grallatores.
(Geese are (jrami-
Grass-eating.
(L. gramini'vorus), a.
nirorus.)
Graniv'orous CL.grani' varus), a. Seed-eating, lil^e certain finches. Gran'ular (L. 5rranu/a'm), )a. "With a roughened surface, like coarse sand-paper. Gran'ulate (L. gramda'tus), ) deep green color, like growing Grass-Green (L. vir'idis ; prasi'nus), n. (Plate X. fig. 4.) (Sap-green.) grass.
A
Gray
(L. gris'eus; cce'sius;
ca'mis;' leucophce'us),
cine' reus ;
A
n.
color
Various shades, produced by the mixture of black and white. dependent on varying relative proportions of the components, are represented on Plate II. figs. 2-10. The most posterior series of wing-coverts, or
those which
immediately
over-
lay the base of the
Greater coverts (L. tec'trices a'lce ma'jor), Greater Wing-coverts (L. tec'trices seconda'rii)
secondaries
;
hence,
often and very ap-
propriately
called
Secondary coverts. (Plate XI.)
Grega'rious (L. Ground-color, n.
grega'rius), a.
The
Going
in flocks.
prevalent color of the general surface.
(Used
chiefly in oology.
Gu'la(L.), n. The throat. (Plate XL) Gu'lar (L. gula'ris), a. Pertaining to the throat. (a. Drop-shaped or tear-shaped having , ,_ ^ , Gutt^tc{Lguttatus) ) drop-or tear-shaped spots. (Plate XIV. Gut tiform (L. guttifor mis), / fi^. g ;
.
\
Gymnopaed'ic, Gymnorhin'al
Naked
a.
at birth.
(L. gymnorhi'nus) a.
(Synonymous with piilopadic.) Having naked or unfeathered
nos-
trils.
H. Hab'itat (L. hahita'tus) n. The Hab'itus (L.), n. Mode of life. Hack'le, n. long lanceolate the domestic cock. (Used with neck, as neck-hackles.) Haematit'ic (L. hcemati'tlcus) a. ,
A
region or locality inhabited by a species. or falcate feather adorning the neck of chiefly in the plural, or in
combination
Of a blood-red color crimson. somewhat grayish tint of brown, resembling hair of human beings the typical brown color, comequal proportions of red and green. (Bistre -|- raw umber -|-
Hair Brown, n. the " brown "
A
posed of black -f white.)
;
clear,
;
(Plate III.
fig. 12.)
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Hal'Iucal,
Hallux
Pertaining to the hallux, or hind toe.
a.
In birds possessing four
(L.), n.
halhix,
83
no known bird having four
birds, as certain Plovers, the
toes,
the hinder one
toes directed forwards.
Bustards
(Oticlidce),
is
the
In some
the Slruthiones,
etc.,
wanting.
In three-toed birds having two toes in front and one behind, the hallux is usually the one Avanting, the hind toe being in reality the fourtli (or oi;ter) toe reversed. When the liallux or hind toe
is
the toes are in pairs (two before and two behind), the hallux is usually the inner of the hinder pair, the exception being in the Trogons
The hallux
{Trogonidce).
the Accrpitres, in
which
it is
Stn'ijes,
the anterior toes.
best development in the Passeres,
if
more
especially in the
first,
not stronger than the largest of
(Plate XI.)
(L. hamula'tus), a.
Ham'ulus
(L.
kam'uli), n.
pi.
its
Rallidce, but
usually as strong as
Ham'ulate
;
reaches
and
Furnished with a small hook. A small hook; sometimes applied to the
barbules or barbiids of a feather,
when hook-shaped.
Hand-quills, n. The Primary quills, or primaries. Has'tate (L. hnsta'tus), a. Shaped like a spear-head. (Plate XV. fig. 2.) Ha'zel (L. corijUin'us; avellin'us ; avellan' ens) n. An orange-brown color, similar to chestnut, but with like the shell of a hazel-nut or filbert I'aw sienna -|- black.) less red and more yellow. (Vermilion (Plate IV. fig. 12.) Heel {h. suffra'go ; calca'neits ; ta'lus),n. The upper posterior extremity ,
;
+
of the tarsus.
(Plate XI.)
Heliotrope Pur'ple, n. A grayish purple color. (Violet madder-lake -\sepia + French blue -f white.) (Plate VIII. fig, 18.) Hel'met (L. galeu'tus), n. A naked shield or protuberance on the top or fore part of the head.
Hepatic
(L. hepa'ticus), a.
Herodio'nes
Pertaining to the liver; hence, liver-colored.
A
natural group of altricial waders, embracing the Storks, AYood-Ibises, true Ibises, Spoonbills, Boatbills, and Herons. (L.), n.
Herodio'nine,
a.
Pertaining to or partaking of the character of the
Ilerodiones.
A
Her'ring-bone
series of transverse lines or bars con[marlcinris], n. nected along the middle of a feather by a longitudinal stripe or line
of the
same
(Plate
color.
XV.
fig. 15.)
Jieterodac'tylae (L.), only the Trogons.
n.
The name
Heteroge'neous,
Of
dissimilar nature
a.
of a natural group of birds, including
or miscellaneous character.
(Opposite of homorjeiieous.)
Hex'agon, n. A figure of six sides. Hexag'onal (L. hexngonalis), a. Having Hiber'nal
(L. hiber'nus), a.
Hind-neck Hind-toe
(L. cer'vix), n.
(L. Iial'lux), n.
six sides.
Pertaining to winter. (See plate XI.)
The
posterior toe or hallux (which see).
plate XI).
Hir'sute
{L. hirsutus), a.
Hairy, or shaggy, as the foot of a Grouse.
(See
OKNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
84 Histol'ogy,
Hoar'y
Minute anatomy.
n.
(L. al'bens; albes'cens; canes'cens
; pruino'sus), n. or a. Of a frosty gray or silvery hue. Holorhi'nal, a. Haviug the posterior border of the osseous nares rounded.
(See Schlzorhinal.)
Homogeneity, n. Homoge'neous,
Structural similarity.
Of the same character or nature.
a.
(Opposite of
heterogeneous.)
Homolog'ical,
\
Homorogous,
)
Structurally related or affined.
a.
(Opposite to ana-
logical or analogous.)
Homologonat'ae
A primary subdivision
(L.), n.
of the
Order Euripidura,
proposed by Professor A. H. Garrod. Homorogy, n. Structural affinity. (Opposite of analocjii, or superficial resemblance. Ho'monym, n. A word which in several senses has different meanings. As iSijIvicola, Swaiuson, a genus of birds (now called Dendroica) is
a homonym
of Sijlcicola,
Homotyp'ical,
Homot'opy, Hood'ed (L.
Humphreys, previously applied
to a
genus of
(Opposite of sjjnonym.)
mollusks.
Of the same
a.
A
n.
structural type.
particular kind of homology.
Having the head conspicuously different in cuciilla'tus), a. from the rest of the plumage. Hor'notine (L. hornoti'nus) a. or n. A young bird in its first year. Hu'meral (L. humera'lis), a. Pertaining to the humerus, or, more generally, to the upper arm. Hu'merus (L.), n. The upper arm-bone; or, the whole of the upper color
,
arm.
Hy'acinth Blue
(L. hyacin'thinus)
,
n.
An
exceedingly intense purplish
blue color, similar to but richer than smalt blue. (Plate IX. fig. 5.) "violet ultramarine.")
Hy'brid
(L. hybri'das), a. or n.
The progeny
resulting
(
Schoenfeld's
from sexual
inter-
course of distinct species.
Hybridiza'tion, Hy'bridize, a. of
two
Hye'mal Hy'oid,
n.
Production of hybrids.
To
cross and bear offspring which unite the characters
species.
(L. hiema'lis), a.
a.
Pertaining to winter.
Properly, pertaining to the os hyoides, or tongue-bone, but
frequently applied Avith reference to the tongue
itself.
Hyperbo'rean (L. hypcrbo'reus), a. Pertaining to the extreme North. Hyperchrom'atism, n. State of highly increased brightness or intensity of coloration, or excess of pigment.
Hyper'trophy,
n.
Unusual development of a part or organ.
(Opposite
of atrophy.)
The flanks. (Used chiefly (L. pi. hypochon'dria). (See plate XI.) in the plural.) Hypochon'drium, 1 Hypochon'driac (L. hypochondria'cus), a. Pertaining to the flanks. Hypognath'ous, a. Having the maxilla, or lower mandible, longer than the mandible, as in the Skimmers (Rhynchops).
Hypochon'driis,
|
;
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
85
An accessory plume, attached to the barrel or (L.), n. stem of ordiuary feathers, excepting always the remiges and rectrices.
Hypopti'lum
(Essentially the same as ajler-shaj}.) Hypora'dii (L. pi), n. Barbs of the hypotilum, or after-shaft. Hyporrha'chis (L.), n. The after-shiift, or stem of the accessory plume, ;
or hypoptilum.
Hypoth'esis,
A
n.
reasonable presumption to account for what
understood, and hence to be distinguished from
known
theory,
is
not
based upon
facts.
Reasonably presumptive, or probable, though assumed
Hypothet'ical, a. without proof.
I.
The determination of the species to which a given specimen belongs. Iden'tify, v. To determine the systematic name of a specimen. Igno'ble (L. igno'hilis), a. Said of certain Hawks used in falconry. TechIdentifica'tion, n.
nically, applied to the short-winged
Hawks
(that
Sparrowliawk), to distinguish them from the
is,
noble
Goshawk and Ealcons (that is,
the
true Falcons). Il'iac (L. ili'acus), a.
Im'bricate, Im'bricated,
)
(L.
Overlapped, like
a.
shingles
upon a
roof.
)
Immac'ulate
Pertaining to the flanks.
inihrica'tus),
(L. immacula'tus)
,
a.
Entirely free from spots or other
markings.
Immature',
a.
Not
adult.
Not pierced through. Cut out; cut away. Incuba'tion, n. The act of sitting on eggs in order to hatch them. Incum'bent (L. incum'bens), a. Laid at full length. (Said of the hallux, or hind toe, when inserted on a level with the anterior toes.) Indent'ed (L. indenta'lus), a. Notched along the margin with a different Imper'forate (L.
Incised' (L.
imperfora'tus), a.
inci'sus), a.
color.
In'dian Pur'ple,
same name.
n.
A
very dull purple color, like the pigment of the
(Madder-carmine -f intense blue
+ black.)
(Plate VIII.
fig. 6.)
A
In'dian Red, n. fine rufous-red color, of a slightly more purplish tint than the pigments called Light Red and Venetian Red. Same as brick red. (See plate IV. fig. 11.) In'dian Yel'low, n. very intense, rich yellow color, much deeper than gamboge, but less pure than cadmium. (Plate VII. fig. 5.) Indig'enous, a. Native of a country. In'digo Blue (L. indir/o'ticus), n. dark dull blue color, hke the indigo
A
A
of
commerce.
(Plate IX.
fig. 1.)
OENITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
86 In'fra-
(in
composition).
— above.
supra,
Infraorbital (L.
which
is
Situated under, or beneath.
Below the
infraorbiUi'lis), a.
more
orbit.
(Opposite of
(Same as
suborbital,
often used.)
Infla'ted (L. injia'tus), a.
Inflex'ed (L. inflex'us)
a.
Blown out. Turned inward.
Infundibu'liform, a. Funnel-shaped. Inguin'al (L. inguina'lis), a. Pertaining to the groin. In'ner Toe, n. That situated on the inner side of the foot, whether anterior or posterior, but usually the former.
(The anterior inner toe
is
some zygodactyle forms, as the Trogous, the second toe being reversed, thus becoming the inner
usually the second, but in it is
the third,
—
—
In a very few as certain Kingfishers the second rudimentary or wanting while in others the first, or hallux, is reversed, and tlms becomes the inner anterior toe.) (Plate XI.) Insectiv'orous (L. insecti'vorus), a. Feeding upon insects. Insesso'res (L. ), n. An obsolete name formerly applied to an artificial group embracing the Passeres and other " perching " birds. Insesso'rial, a. Pertaining to or having the character of perching birds. Said of the hind toe when the greater part of its under Insist'ent, a. (Same as incumbent.) surface touches the ground. " A certain power or disposition of mind, by which, indeIn'stinct, n. posterior toe.
toe
is
;
pendent of all instruction or experience, without deliberation, and without having any end in view, animals are unerringly directed to do spontaneously whatever is necessary for the preservation of the individual or the continuation of the kind."
Integ'ument,
A
n.
covering or envelope, usually membraneous, as the
skin of animals, the covering In'ter (in composition).
Intermax'illary,
n.
a.
a seed,
etc.
The
principal bone of the upper jaw, or relating
(Same as pre maxillary.) Between the eye-sockets. Between the forks or rhami
to the same.
Interorb'ital, a.
Interrham'al, a. Interrupt'ed (L. Interme'diae,
or
of,
Between.
inlerrup'tus), a.
The middle
n.
of the lower jaw.
Discontinued, or broken
iip.
pair of tail-feathers, or middle rectrices.
(Plate XI.)
Interscap'ular (L. Interscap'ulars, n.
Interscap'ulum
(Plate
Intertrop'ical, a.
Inverse',
a.
,.,,.'
fa.
Irid'ian,
)
The
(L.), n.
back proper.
Invag'inate (L.
interscapula'ris), a.
Between the
scapulars.
feathers of the interscapulum, or back.
The region between
the scapular tracts, or the
XL)
Between the Tropics
invarjina'lus), a.
;
tropical.
Sheathed.
Inverted; upside down.
Pertaining to the *=
Irides'cent (L.
ir ides'cens), a.
iris.
With changeable
vary with different inclinations to the
light.
colors, or tints
which
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. The
I'ris, n.
87
(usually) colored circle of the eye surrounding the pupil.
(PlateXII.fig.il.)
A
Isabel'la-coror (L. isahelli'nus), n. light grayish cinnamon color, or light buffy brown. (Raw umber -|- raw sienna -f white. ) (Plate 111. fig. 23.)
Isopo'gonous, a. Having the two webs equal in breadth. Isth'mus, n. A narrow strip, or neck, connecting two larger areas.
J. Pertaining to the jugulum. throat or foreneck, immediately above the breast. It is a well-defined area in the Hawks, Vultures, Pigeons, Ducks, and some other groups. (Plate XI.)
Jug'ular
(Jj.jitgula'ris), a.
Jug'ulum
The lower
(L.), n.
K. Kid'ney-shaped
(L. rcmfor'mis), a.
the point, and broader than
Knee,
Somewhat
heart-shaped, but without
(See reniform, plate
loi:g.
XIV.
fig. 19.)
Properly the femoro-tibial joint, concealed in most birds
n.
usually the tibio-metatarsal articulation, or
heel, is
;
but
so called.
)a. Jagged, or slashed at the end or along Lac'erate CL. lacera'tus) the edge. Lacin'iate (L. lacinia'tus), ) large bone bounding the orbit anteriorly and Lach'rymal [hone), n. above it is especially well-developed in certain Falconidce, Lacus'trine (L. laais'(ris), a. Lake-inhabiting. ,
A
;
Lake Red, tint of
n.
A
purplish red color, not so intense as crimson.
madder-carmine.)
(Plate VII.
(Medium
fig. 2.)
Lamb'doid,
a. L-shaped. Lamelliros'tral (L. [amelUros'tds),
a. Having a lamellate biU. Lamelliros'tres (L.), n. A group of birds embracing the Anatidce and Flamingoes, in which the bill is lamellate-edged.
Lam'ina,
\
Lamel
)
la,
.j^
-j
^^
^ ^^^^^
Lam'inate
)
r Lam
r )
(L. lamiim'tus), / 7; ', 11 /T lamella \ tus), ellate (L. 7 ..
,
^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ -,,,
ÂŤâ&#x20AC;˘
,
,
,
Plated,' or scaled.
Lan'ceolate (L. lanceola'tus), a. Lance-shaped; tapering gradually to a point at one end, and more abruptly at the other. (Plate XIV. fig. 12.)
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
88 Lanu'ginous
Lat'erally,
Woolly.
(L. lamigino'sus), a.
Lat'eral (L. latera'lis), side of anything. Sidewise
a.
Towards or on the
a.
toward the
;
side; pertaining to the
side.
Lav'ender (L. lavendida'cens), n. A very pale purplish color, paler and more delicate than lilac. (Violet + white.) (Plate VII. fig. 16.) (Black + white + smaltLav'ender-Gray (L. hivenchda'ceo-ca'nus), n. (Platell.
hlue.)
fig. 19).
Lead-col'or {L.plum'beus),
Leg,
n.
=
As
n.
(See plumbeous.)
(Plate
generally used, synonymous with tarsus
;
I. fig. 15.)
as, " legs
and
feet,"
and toes. Lem'on Yel'low (L. cifreits ; citn'n'us), n. A very pure light yellow color, much like gamboge, but purer and richer. (Schoenf eld's "heller cadmium.") (Plate VI. fig. 11.) Les'ser Wing-cov'erts (L. tec'trices mino'res), n. The smaller wingcoverts, forming a more or less well-defined tract immediately anterior to the middle coverts, and thence to the anterior border of the inner tarsi
wiug.
(Plate
Li'lac,
I
Lila'ceous,
f
XL)
(L. idaci'nus; llla'ceus), n.
Li'lac-Gray (L.
flowers of the
lilac.
(Plate II.
light purple color, like the
+ white.)
(Lamp-black
Idaci'no-ca'nus), n.
madder-carmine.)
A
(Purple
-j-
(Pl.VIII.
white
-j-
fig. 19.)
cobalt blue
-|-
fig. 18.)
(L. limha'tus), a. Edged with a different color. Limico'lae (L.), n. The group of shore-birds; a more or less natural group, embracing the Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipe, Curlew, etc. Limic'oline {L..limico'liis),a. Shore-inhabiting. Pertaining to, or having
Lim'bate
the character
Lin'ear (L. (Plate
of,
the Limicolce.
linea'ris), a.
XIV.
Narrow, with straight parallel edges;
line-like.
fig. 10.)
Lin'eate (L. Unea'tus), a. Marked with lines. Lin'eolate (L. lineola'tus), a. Marked with little lines. Li'ning of the Wing, n. The under wiug-coverts collectively, especially the lesser and middle. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.) Lit'toral (L. lilto' rails ; litora'Us), a. Pertaining to the sea-shore. dark purplish brown color, like raw Liv'er Brown (L. hepa'ticus), n. liver. (Vermilion black.) (Plate IV. fig. 4.) Lo'bate, ) (L. hha'tus), a. Furnished with membraneous flaps, as the Lobed, ) toes of a Coot {Fidica).
A
+
Lobe
(L. lo'hus), n.
Long-exsert'ed, a. than the rest.
A membraneous
flap.
Said of tail-feathers when abruptly
much
A
longer
(L.), n. group of long-winged swimming birds, formerly embracing the gulls and their allies, and the Procellariidre (petrels, albatrosses, and fulmars), but properly restricted to the Larida', Rhynchopidce, and Stercorariidce.
Longipen'nes
Longipen'nine
(L. longipen'nis), a.
Pertaining to the Longipennes.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Longiros'tral (L.
Having a long
longiros'tris), a.
bill,
89
or pertaining to
the artificial and obsolete group Longirostres.
Longiros'tres
An
(L.), n.
obsolete group of birds, embracing certain
long-billed forms.
Longitud'inal (L.
longitudlna'lis),
Running lengthwise, or
a.
direction of the antero-posterior axis of a
Lo'ral (L.
Lore
(Plate
Pertaining to the lores.
lorci'lis), a.
CL.'lo'rum),
body or
The
n.
space between
in the
object.
(Plate XII.
fig. 16.)
the eye and
bill
in
birds.
XL)
Low'er Parts
(L. gas'trceum) ,
from the chin
The
ii.
entire under surface of a bird,
to the crissum, inclusive.
(See plate
XL, and
note
facing the same.)
Low'er Tail-cov'erts (L. tec'trices cau'dce inferio'res ; The feathers immediately underneath cla'les), n. Crissum.)
(Plate
(L.
(See
the taU.
XL)
Lum'bar, a. Pertaining to the loins. Lu'minous {h. lumino'sus), a. Brilliantly shining Lu'nulate
subcau-
tec'trices
lunula'tus),
;
emitting light.
Narrowly crescent-shaped.
a.
(Plate
XV.
fig. 5.)
Lu'nule
A small or narrow crescent.
(L. lu'nulus), n.
Lur'id (L. hm'dus),
"A
a.
color between purple, yeUow,
and gray;"
livid.
(L. lu'teus), a. Yellowish; more or less like buff or clay-color. Ly'rate (L. Igra'tus), a. Shaped like a lyre, as the tail of the male Blackcock {Lyrurus tetrix), or that of the Lyre-bird (Menura superba).
Lu'teous
M. Mac'ula (L. ma'cuJa), n. A spot. Mac'ulate (L. macula'tiis), a. Spotted.
Mad'der Brown,
A
n.
very rich reddish brown color, more purplish (Purple madder -|- burnt sienna.) (Plate IV.
than burnt sienna. fig. 3.)
...
.,,',, Magenta Purple ^
^
i
;
(Plate
Ma'la
/
'^
Maize Yel'low, n. paler
An exceedingly rich reddish purple color, similar
(n.
A
to
solferino, ...
anilme
but darker.
...
+ andme ,
.
(L.), n.
^>
(Anilinrosa or rose ,t^, , ^tttt ^ (Plate VIII. fig. 14.)
delicate pale yellow, similar to Naples Yellow, but
more creamy than primrose-yellow.
VL
,
violet.)
(Light
cadmium
-j-
white.)
fig. 21.)
The
side of the lower jaw, behind the
horny covering of
the mandible.
Mal'achite Green, chite. fig. 6.)
n.
A
light green color, like the mineral called mala-
(Italian ultramarine
+ light
cadmium
+
white.)
(Plate X.
OENITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
90
Ma'lar (L. mala'ris), a. Pertaining to the mala. (Plate XII. figs. 3, 19.) Ma'lar A'pex (L. an'gulus vudar'is), n. The extreme anterior point of the malar region. (Plate XII. fig. 3.) The side of the lower jaw behind Ma'lar Re'gion (L.?-e'^('o H)a/ÂŤ'm),n. the horny covering of the mandible, usually feathered. In most birds it is a well-defined tract, extending backward from the base of the maxilla, beneath the lores, orbits, and auriculars; and bounded beneath by the chin and throat. (Plate XI.) Man'dible (L. mamU'hula), n. The jaw; when not otherwise indicated, the lower part of the
understood.
bill is
(Plate XI.) Pertaining to the mandible.
Mandib'ular (L. maiidibula'ris) a. Man'tle (L. pal'lium; stra'gulum), ,
In certain Laridce and some other upper plumage distinguished from the other parts by a peculiar and uniform color, suggesting, by It usually includes its position, a mantle thrown over the bod)-. simply the back, scapulars, and wings, and the term is perhaps appropriate only when thus restricted. (See plate XL, and note n.
birds, the mantle is that portion of the
facing the same.)
Mar'bled
Distinctly varied with irregular markings,
(L. marmora'tus), a.
or a confused blending of irregular spots, streaks, etc.
Mar'bling, n. Markings which resemble, or suggest, the variegation of In marbling, as applied to the plumage of birds, the markmarble. ings are much more definite and distinct than in clouding, or nebulation.
Marine' (L. mari'nus), a. Pertaining to the Marine' Blue, n. A very ricli dark blue (Plate IX.
"intense blue.")
Mar'gined
Maroon'
;
(Winsor & Newton's
fig. 2.)
Narrowly bordered with a different color. A rich brownish crimson,
(L. margina'tus), a.
(L. a'tro-purpu'reus
sea.
color.
a'tro-coccin'ens), n.
nearly like the pigment called Purple
Madder
;
claret color.
carmine -|- purple madder.) (Plate IV. fig. 2.) Maroon'-Pur'ple, n. See plate VIII. fig. 9. (Madder-carmine madder.)
Mars Brown,
A
n.
bright,
somewhat yellowish brown
intermediate between cinnamon and
luummy brown.
(Madder-
+ purple
color,
(Sepia
umber -)- orange-cadmium.) (Plate III. fig. 13.) Mask'ed {h. posona'tus ; larua'tus ; capistra'tus), a. Having
nearly
-)-
burnt
the anterior
portion of the head colored differently, in a conspicuous manner, from
the rest of the plumage. Max'illa (L.), n. The jaw; but best restricted to the upper jaw, some(Plate XL) times called upper mandible.
ax
Max
1
ar, /
illary,
Mauve
,-j^^
maxilla'ris), a.
(L. viaJva'ceus
violet
+ white.)
;
malvi'nus), n.
(Plate
Me'dian,
Me,,.
'
.
[
Pertaining to the maxilla or upper
bill.
)
(L. media'nus), a.
VIIL
A
light tint of violet.
fig. 13.)
Along the middle
line.
(Aniline
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TEEMS. Mel'anism
A
(L. melanis'mus), n.
91
peculiar state of coloration resulting
from excess of black or dark pigment. The normal colors of the plumage are replaced by a more or less continuous black or dusky The opposite extreme of color from albinism, and of frequent color. occurrence in the family Falconidoe.
Melanis'tic (L. ,.
,
Melanot
7He/(M!is'iic«s), '
^
,.
.«•
)
^
•
-^i Affectedi with melanism.
a.
>
ic,
i
)
A thin, flexible integument or skin, as the (L. mem'brana), n. webs between the toes of ducks, etc. Mem'braneous, a. Of a soft skinny nature, as the soft skin about the base of the bill of pigeons, the webs between the toes in ducks, etc. Men'tal (L. menta'lis), a. Pertaining to the chin, or mentum. Men'tal A'pex (L. an'gulus menta'lis), n. The extreme anterior point Mem'brane
(Plate XII.
of the chin.
Men'tum
(L.), n.
The
fig. 4.)
chin, or anterior part of the space
rhami of the lower jaw. Me'sial, a. Along the middle
Meso-
as medial.)
Middle; median.
(in composition).
Mesorhin'al
(Same
line.
between the
(L. mesorhi'nus], a.
Situated between the nostrils.
Metacarpal (L. metacarpa'lis), a. Pertaining to the hand, or metacarpus. Metacar'pus (L.), n. The hand, exclusive of the fingers; the segment of the wing between the carpus and Metagnath'ous (L. metagna'thus), a.
digits.
Cross-billed, with the points of
the maxilla and mandible crossing on the right and
Metallic
left.
As
applied to colors having a brilliant appearance, like burnished metal. (L.
vietaVliciis),
a.
Pertaining to the metatarsus.
Metatar'sal,
a.
Metatar'sus
(L-), n.
That portion
of the leg of birds
which
in descrip-
Ornithology is called the tarsus; or that portion, usually unfeathered, which extends from the toes to the so-called '' knee " (that is, the tive
heel).
Mid'dle Toe, n. The middle one of the three anterior toes. It is usually 4-jointed, and longer than the lateral toes. In numerical order it is the third, the hind toe, or hallux, being the first, and the inner toe the second. toe,
In zygodactylous birds
the fourth toe being reversed. (L.
corresponds to the outer anterior
it
(Plate XI.)
tec' trices
a'lcB
ver'sre), n.
Mid'dle Cov'erts, Mid'dle Wing-cov'erts,
Me'dian Cov'erts,
me' dice;
The
tec' trices
a'lce
per-
series of coverts, usually
in a single transverse row, situated between the lesser and greater, or secondary coverts.
They
usually overlap one another in the
reverse
manner from the other
coverts, the
inner or upper edge being the one exposed. (Plate XI.)
Migra'tion (L. mirjra'tio), n. Periodical change of abode, influenced chiefly by seasonal changes in climate, in which case the migration
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
92
regularly periodical, the vernal or spring migration being in the northern hemisphere, northward, tlie autumnal migration southward, but vice versa in the southern hemisphere. The migrations of many birds, however, are irregular or erratic, being prompted by the necesThe Passenger Pigeon {Ecsity of finding the requisite food-supply. topistes migratoria), American Robin (Merula migratoria), Cedar-bird {Ampelis cpxlrorum), etc., are migratory in this sense; while the Tanagers, Orioles, and others, which pass the summer only in northern is
and the winter
latitudes
entirely within the tropics, are periodical
migrants.
Mimetic
(L. mimet'icm), a.
Mim'esis
(
L),
Mim'icry,
Imitative
pertaining to or given to mimicry,
;
Mocivery, or imitation of voice, sliape, color, etc.
n.
f
The term protective
J
luimicn/
is
applied to animals which
imitate in color or shape objects by which they are
1
surrounded or species with which they are associated. name occasionally given to the speculum n.
[
A
Mir'ror (L. speculum),
or metallic wing-spot of ducks,
etc.
Mol'lipilose (L. mollipilo'sus), a. Softly dorny. Monogamous, a. Mating with a single individual of the opposite sex.
Applied to species which pair. Those in which the male assists in incubation and rearing the young are cloubli/ monogamous. Monog'amy, n. The state of pairing, or having a single companion. Mon'ograph, n. A special treatise upon a given subject as, a Monograph of the Woodpeckers, a Monograph of the Genus Sylvia, a Monograph of the Great Auk, etc. ;
Monomorph'ic,
Of
a.
essentially the
same or similar type
of structure.
(Opposite of poh/morphic.)
Monoto'kous, a.s
Laying a single G^g,
a.
as the Petrels,
Auks,
etc.
(Same
nniparoiis.)
Morpholog'ical,
Morphorogy,
Pertaining to morphology.
a.
n.
The
science which treats of the laws of form, or the
principles of structure.
analogy
is
Mouse Gray
based upon
(L. muri'no-gris'eus
(Plate II.
sepia.)
Morphology
is
the basis of homology, while
teleology.
fig.
;
murinus),
n.
(Lamp-black
-(- "^'hite -[-
11.)
(L. mys'tax), n. In descriptive Ornithology any conspicuous on the side of the head beneath the e3-e.
Moustache' stripe
Mu'cronate
(L. mucrona'tus), a.
Spine-tipped, as the rectrices of
the
Chatura pelagica). Mucron'ulate (L. mncromda'tus), a. Tipped with small points. Multip'arous, ÂŤ. Producing many eggs. Chimney-swift
Mum my
Brown,
(
n.
A
bright
brown
color, nearly intermediate in tint
between l)urnt umber and raw umber. The pigment of this name is prepared from ground Egyptian mummies. (]Mummy; also, sepia -|-
raw umber + burnt sienna.) (Plate Mu'ral (L. mura'lis), a. Pertaining to a
III. fig. 10.)
wall.
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. ..
',
Mu ricated, ,
.
I
(L. murica'tiis), a.
Clothed with sharp points, or prickles. r r r >
)
Myr'motherine upon
93
Applied to birds which feed
(L. mijrmotheri'nus), a.
ants.
Myr'tle Green,
n.
A dark
bluish green color, like the upper surface of (Schoenfeld's " dark zinnober
leaves of the myrtle (Mijrtus commuiiis).
green," or Winsor
&
Newton's "Prussian green.")
(Plate
X.
fig. 2.)
N. Nape (L. nn'cha), n. The upper portion of the hind-neck, or cervix. Na'ples Yel'low, n. A very pale ochrey yellow, varying in shade from a very pale buff (as in the pigment called French Naples-yellow) to a deep yellowish buff or straw-yellow tint (as in the English pigment). (Plate VI.
fig. 18.)
na'res), n. The no.stril. The external nares open upon some part of the maxilla or upper mandible. In some birds (as the Pelicans, Cormorants, and other Stefjanopodes, and the Toucans, they are basal and more or less obsolete in others, as the Woodpeckers and members of the Crow family, they are concealed by the antrorse frontal tufts of feathers. The internal nares open as longitudinal
Na'ris (L.
;
pi.
;
slits in
the posterior portion of the palate.
Na'sal (L. nasa'lis), a. Pertaining to the nostrils. Na'sal oper'culum, n. The scale or hardened membrane overhanging the nostril in
some
birds.
(Plate XII.
fig. 9.)
Beginning to grow or exist, or in process of development. A nascent species is one which is yet connected with the ancestral stock by individuals of intermediate character. Well-known examples may be cited in the Colaptes auratns and C. mexicanus, which possess veryuniform and pronounced characteristics of color, etc., but are connected by specimens of intermediate characters, formerly supposed to be hybrids, but which are now with good reason believed to be merely representatives of the ancestral stock, and tending more or less toward one or the other of the extremes of differentiation represented by the above-named nascetit species. Nata'tion, n. Act of swimming. Natato'res (L.), n. Swimming birds, as geese, ducks, gulls, etc. Natato'rial (L. natafo'rius), a. Capable of swimming; pertaining to the act of swimming, or to swimming birds. Navic'ular (L. navicula'ris), a. Boat-shaped. Nearc'tic (L. nearc'ticus), a. Pertaining to the northern portion of the New World or Western Hemisphere. The Nearctic Realm, or Region, is a primary zoo-geographical division of the earth's surface. Nas'cent,
a.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
94 made with
reference to the natural distribution of animals, and
essentiiilly coincident in
Neb'ulated (L.
nebulo'sus),
faint, indefinite,
is
area with the North American continent.
Clouded, or indistinctly marked with
a.
and irregular
colors.
Pertaining to a wood or grove. Neogae'an, a. Pertaining to the Western Hemisphere or New World. Neossol'ogy, n. The study of young birds. Neotrop'ical (L. neotropica'lus), n. Pertaining to the tropical portions of
Ne'moral
(L. nemora'lis), a.
America, or the Nidifica'tion,
Nile Blue,
New
World.
Nest-buikling, or nesting habits.
n.
A very delicate
n.
feld's " lichtblau.")
No'menclature,
fine light
(Plate IX.
The names
n.
greenish blue color.
(Schoen-
fig. 23.)
of
things, according to a recognized
any department of science. Various systems of nomenclature have been employed in the naming of animals and plants. Previous to the institution of the binomial system by Linnteus (first promulgated as to zoology in 1758), the poI//nomial system, or the use of several terms as the name of a species, was much in vogue. That now employed is the binomial system of Linnaeus, in which usually only two terms are used, the one generic, the other specific, but occasionally modified, according to the requirements of modern science, by the use of a tliird term principle of naming, or those peculiar to
after the
specific
one, for the
designation of nascent species, or
" subspecies."
Nor'mal
(L. norma'lis), a.
Usual; regular; or in conformity with a
particular rule or standard.
Nos'tril (L. va'ris,
pi.
na'res), n.
The
external openings of the organs
of respiration.
Notae'um (L. ), n. The Latin equivalent for "Upper Parts." Nu'cha (L.), n. The nape, or upper part of the cervix. incorrectly, used for the
(Often, but
whole cervix.)
Nu'chal (L. nucha'lis), a. Pertaining to the nape. Nup'tial or'naments (L. omamen'ta miptia'lia), n. As distinguished from nuptial plumes, any temporary growth from the unfeathered portion of a bird, characteristic of or peculiar to the breeding season. The compressed maxillary process of the American White Pelican (PeJecanus eri/throrh)jnchos), and the accessory or supernumerary portions of the bill in many Alcidce, are among the best-known examples. Nup'tial plu'mage (L. ves'tis nuplia'lis) n. A particular plumage, peculiar to the breeding season, characteristic of some birds. Nup'tial plumes (L. plu'moB nuptia'les), n. Ornamental feathers acquired at the approach of the breeding season, and cast at the close of that period as the lengthened plumes of many Herons, the crests and filamentous feathers of some Cormorants, etc. ,
;
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
95
0. Oar'ed,
An
a.
oared foot (L. slegano'pus) has the hind toe or hallux united tlie anterior toes by a web or connecting membrane.
on one side with
Hence the name Sleganopodes, applied
to the
group including the
Pelicans, Cormorants, etc., in which the feet are of this character.
Obcord'ate (L. obcorda'tus), a. Shaped like an inverted he.art. Oblique' (L. obli'quus), a. Slanting; crossing, or running, diagonally. Ob'long (L. ohlon'gus), a. Longer than broad.
Obome'goid
(L.
ohome'goideus),
a.
Obversely omegoid.
(Plate
XV.
fig. 8.)
Obo'vate (L. ohova'tus), a. Inversely ovate. (Plate XIV. fig. 6.) Obscure' (L. obscu'rus), a. Dusky, or without distinct definition; little known. It is sometimes improperly used in the same seu.se as obsolete, but the two terms are Cjuite distinct in meaning; an obscure or obscured marking is one which is rendered indefinite by a suffusion with the surrounding color an obsolete marking is one rendered indistinct by ;
lack of intensity or depth of color.
Ob'solete (L.
An
As applied to words or writings, disused or In the natural-history sense, indistinct, rudimeutal, faded. spot, or bar, is one which, while representing a well-
obsole'tus), a.
neglected. obsolete
developed marking on another individual of the same species, or on another species with which the one being described is compared, is nearly or quite wanting from encroachment of the adjacent color, or lack of intensity of color in this sense, is quite distinct
from
itself.
Hence,
obscure,
obsolete,
as
used in
often improperly treated
as synonymous; an obscure spot or other marking being one which lacks distinct definition through suffusion of its own color with that adjacent.
Obtuse'
Blunt.
(L. obtu'sus), a.
Occip'ital (L. occipital Is),
(Opposed to
acute.)
Pertaining to the hind-head, or occiput. Oc'ciput (L.), n. The back part of the head, bounded below by the nape, anteriorly by the vertex. (Plate XI.) Oc'ellate {h. ocella'tus), a. Marked with oce//(', or eye-spots. (Plate XIV. a.
fig. 3.)
Ocel'lus (L. spot,
;
less
A
distinct, rounded, usually brightly colored resembling the " eyes," or ocelli, of a Peacock's
pi. ocel'li), n.
more or
train.
Ochra'ceous, \ (L. ochra'ceus), a. Of the color of certain ochre pigments; Och'reous, a brownish orange color, or intense buff. (Light > Och'rey, ochre. No. 2, of Schoenfeld.) ) (Plate V. fig. 7.) Ochra'ceous-Buff (L. ochra'cto-lu'teus), n. (Yellow ochre -f burnt sienna white.) (Plate V. fig. 10.)
+
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
96
Ochra'ceous-Ru'fous O'chre-Yel'low
(Plate V.
The
color of the pigment called
fig. 9.)
Booted, or having the anterior covering of
ocrea'tus), a.
the tarsns undivided for the greater part of
Odontor'nithes
The name
(L.), n.
+ hurut sienna
fig. 5.)
(L. ochra'ceo-flavus), n.
yellow ochre.
Oc'reate (L.
(L. ochra'ceo-ru'fus), n.( Yellow ochre
(Plate V.
-f light red).
length.
its
of an extinct order or primary
group
of birds, comprising forms which possessed teeth in sockets, and thus, as well as in other features, their structure than
Oil
Green
A dull light yellowish
(L. okagin'eus), n.
yellow-green zinnober. Olfac'tory,
^,-
reptiles in
(Plate X.
)
green.
(Schoenfeld's
fig. 21.)
Pertaining to the sense of smell.
n.
Oligoto'kous,
Oliva'ceouq
more nearly approaching the
any living forms.
a.
Producing few eggs.
i(^-olu'a'ceus; oUvi'nvs), n. A- greenish brown color, like '\ tliat of olives. (Sepia-|- light zinnober green.) (Plate
'
III. fig. 9.)
(
Ol'ive-Buff (L. (Plate V.
Ol'ive-Gray (Plate
oUva'ceo-lu'teus), n.
(Yellow ochre
-J-
cobalt blue
-|-
white.)
fig. 12.)
(Black
(L. olka'ceo-ca'nus), n.
-\-
white
+ light
cadmium.)
II. fig. 14.)
Ol'ive-Green
A peculiar color,
(L. oliva'ceo-vi'ridis), n.
common
in birds
the Warblers, and
hence sometimes called "warblergreen"), produced by the mixture of yellow and gray, resulting in a tint somewhat between olive and dull yellowish green. (Light zinnober green raw umber.) (Plate X. fig. 18.) (Light cadmium -}- black -|Ol'ive-Yel'Iow (L. oliva'ceo-fla'vus), n. white.) (Plate VI. fig. 16.) Omniv'orous (L. omniv'orus), a. Feeding upon anything eatable; eating (especially
+
indiscriminately.
Ome'goid
(L. ome'goideus),
letter Ome'ga,
Oolog'ical,
a.
Resembling
in
form the Greek
capital
Ci.
Pertaining to oology.
a.
Ool'ogy, n. The science of birds' eggs. Opales'cence, n. A reflection of pearly
tints
from a pale or milky
ground-color.
Opales'cent (L. opales'cens ; margarita'ceus^), tints from a pale or milky ground-color.
Opaque'
(L.
Oper'culum
(L.), n.
A
Dull, or without gloss. lid,
or cover, such as the scale overhanging the
nostrils {operculum naris) of
Ophthal'mic Op'tic, a. â&#x20AC;˘
many
(L. ophthal'micus), a.
birds.
Pertaining to the eye.
Pertaining to the sight.
Properly, this term means
essentially
Reflecting changeable
In descriptive Ornithology, the opposite of
opa'cus), a.
metallic, or brilliant.
a.
synonymous.
pearly;
but as used in descriptions the terms are
GLOSSAKY OF TECHNICAL TEEMS.
97
Pertaining to the mouth. deep reddish yellow, like the rind of an (Winsor & Newton's cadmium-yellow.) (Plate VI. fig. 3.)
O'ral (L.
ora'lis), a.
Or'ange
(L. auran'tius), n.
orange.
Or'ange-Buff
(L.
(Plate VI.
A
auran'tio-lu'teus),
(Cadmium-orange -f white.)
n.
fig. 22.)
A fine
auran'tio-ru'bnim; Jlam'meus; ig'neus),n.
red color, verging somewhat to orange, I(L. (Plate like the pigment called orange-chrome. bright
VII.
Or'ange-Ochra'ceous
liglit
fig. 13.)
(Plate V.
yellow ochre -f burnt sienna.)
Or'ange-Ru'fous
(L. auran'tio-ru'fus), n.
orange 4- hght
-|-
(L. auran'tio-Jla'vus), n.
n.
Or'bital Ring,
A
n.
(Plate XII.
eye.
Or'der (L. Or'dinal,
fig. 12.
A
color intermediate between
Circular.
a.
the eye.
ring or circle of color immediately surrounding the fig. 12.)
common
In natural history, a group of families
peculiar characteristics.
Pertaining to an order.
a.
Ornith'ic,
See plate VII.
The region immediately around
or' do, pi. ordines), n.
possessing in
(Neutral orange, or cadmium-
fig. 13.)
orange-cadmium.)
orange and yeUow. Orbic'ular (L. orbicida'ris), Or'bit (L. or'hitus),
-{-
fig. 3.)
(L. auran'tio-cinnahari'nus), n.
(Scarlet-vermilion
Or'ange-Yellow
(Plate IV.
red.)
Or'ange-Vermil'ion
(Cadmium-orange
(L. auran'tio-ochra'ceus), n.
Pertaining to birds.
a.
Ornithol'ogy,
The
n.
science of birds.
Ornithot'omy, n. The anatomy of birds. Or'piment Or'ange, n. A deep duU orange color, much less pure than cadmium. (Cadmium-orange -\- burnt sienna.) (Plate VI. fig. 1.) Os'cinine,
Os'cines
Pertaining to the Oscines ; musical, or capable of singing. The name of a natural group of singing passerine
a.
(L.), n.
birds,
comprising the singing-birds par
a highly specialized vocal apjiaratus.
Os'seous, Os'siiied,
Become bony.
Osteolog'ical,
a.
n.
Pertaining to osteology.
The
science of bones; description of the bones or the
bou}' structure of animals
Out'er
Web
web
by
as Polymyodce.)
Bony.
a. a.
Osteol'ogy,
excellence, characterized
(Same
;
also, the osseous system.
(L. pogo'nium exte'rius,; pogo'nium externum), n.
of a feather
is
The
that farthest from the central line of the
outer
body
it is that farthest from the base of the wing, or toward the outer edge of the wing. Out'er Toe, n. See plate XL O'val (L. ova'lis), a. Shaped like the longitudinal outline of an egg which has both ends of equal or of similar contour. (Plate XIV.
in wing-feathers
fig.
5; plate
XVL fig.
11.)
7
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
98 O'vate,
(
O'void,'
]
Ovoid'al,
'
Shaped
(L. ova'tus), a.
an egg which has one end more
like
(Plate
pointed than the other.
XIV.
fig.
7; plate
XVI.
fig. 1.)
Ova'rium (L. pi. ova'ria), „, j j \n. The organ in which eggs / '/. r os are developed. O vary (pi. ova'nes), oviduct (L.), n. The tube through which the egg passes from the .
(
;
,
,
.
,
i
>
,
I
ovary.
Ovip'arous,
Producing eggs in which the young develop after
a.
exclusion from the body.
Oviposi'tion,
Act
n.
of laying eggs.
P. Palsearc'tic (L. palcearc'ticus), a. Pertaining to the northern portion of the Eastern Hemisphere, or Old World.
Pertaining to the Eastern Hemisphere, or Old World.
Palseogse'an, a.
The science of fossil birds. The web or membrane between
Palaeornithol'ogy,
Parama
n.
(L.), n.
the toes of certain
birds. _,
,,
^.
'
Pal atine,
Pertaining to the palate.
la. j
Pal'ate (L. pal'ahnn),
Pal'ea
Turkey
as in a
Pariium
(L.), n.
Pal mate, ^ "^
< '
n.
The
A dewlap,
(L.), n.
roof of the mouth.
or fleshy pendulous skin on the throat or chin,
or domestic fowl.
A mantle. Having the three anterior toes a. Semipalmate and Totipalmate.) (Compare ^ i
^^^ palma'tus),
webbed.
)
full-
v
Pal'miped, ( Pal'pebra (L.), n. The eyelid. Pal'pebral (L. palpehro'sus), a. Pertaining to the eyelids. Pal'pebrate {L. palpehra'tus), a. Having eyelids. Palu'dicole (L. paludi'colus), a. Marsh-inhabiting. Pal'udine (L. paludi'nus), ) , «• Pertaining to a marsh or swamp. /* ,^ _, ,T \ .
-r-,
7
,
.
,
(
(Plate XIV. Fiddle-shaped. a. Pan'durate (L. pandura'lus), fig. 18.) Pandu'riform (L. pandurifor'mis), Pan'sy Pur'ple, n. An exceedingly rich and very intense deep purple (Intense color, like that of some varieties of the pansy Viola tricolor). madder carmine -|- rose tyrien.) (Plate VIII. fig. 5.) blue \
)
(
+
Pap'illa (L.
pi. papil'lce), n.
Pap'illose (L. papillo' sus)
,
|
A small nipple-like elevation. „ .„ Having papilla. .
Pap'illate(L.>«p<7/a'/«s),('^-
Pap'ula (L.
;
pi. pap'ulce), n.
A pimple, or pimple-like elevation.
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Pap
ulous,
ij^
I
papulo'sus), a.
Papulose, Paragnath'ous,
99
Pertaining to or having pimples.
)
Having both mandibles
a.
of
equal length, the tips
meeting. n. In Oology, a species which constructs no nest and performs none of the duties of incubation or rearing of the young, but imposes on other birds for this purpose. A parasitic bird is also a species which obtains its food by systematically robbing other species as the Parasitic Jaeger (Stercoranus paTcisiticus) Bald Eagle {Haliceetus leuco-
Par'asite,
;
,
cephalns).
Parasitic (L. parasit'icus), a. Depositing the eggs in the nests of other birds, to which are left the duties of incubation and care of the young. The European Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and the common Cow Blackbird {Mulotkrus ate?-) are well-known examples. rich blue color, nearly intermediate between Berlin Par'is Blue, n. blue and Antwerp blue. (Schoenfeld's Paris blue.) (Plate IX. fig. 7.) Par'is Green, n. The finest and most intense of aU green pigments. (Plate X. fig. 13.) (Paris green.) Pertaining to the region immediately (L. parot'icus), a. Parot'ic, beneath the ear. Parotid, (
A
(
Par'rot
Green
(L. psitta'ceus
psittacin'us), n.
;
green color, like the plumage of
many
A rich, somewhat yellowish species of Parrots.
(Schoen-
green zinnober.) (Plate X. fig. 7.) Pas'seres (L.), n. A group of birds including the most highly developed forms, such as the Thrushes, Warblers, the Sparrow tribe, Crow family, etc., but not the Swifts, Humming-birds, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, etc., which belong to entirely distinct orders. Pas'serine (L. passer i'nus), a. Pertaining to or having the characters feld's light
of the Passeres.
Pea Green,
A pale duU
n.
(Sap green
+ white.)
Peach-blossom Pink,
n.
green color, like the color of green pea-pods.
(Plate X.
A
fig. 9.)
delicate light pink color, of a
more
fleshy
than rose pink. (Schoenfeld's pink madder.) (PlateVII. fig.21.) French blue.) very pale purplish blue color. (White Pearl Blue, n. (Plate IX. fig. 17.") very pale, Pearl Gray (L. margarita'ceus ; margarita'ceo-ca'nus), n. tint
+
A
A
delicate blue-gray color, like the
intense blue.)
Pec'tinate,
)
Pec'tinated,
)
Pectina'tion,
(Plate II.
mantle of certain
gulls.
(White -f
fig. 20.)
(L. pectina'tits) , a.
Having
tooth-like projections like the
teeth of a comb, as the toes of the grouse. n.
Comb-like toothing. Pertaining to the breast. a.
Pec'toral (L. pectora'lis),
Pec'tus (L.), n. The breast. Pe'des (L. pi. of pes), n. The feet, which in birds includes the leg below the tibia. Pelag'ic (L. pela'gicus), a. Frequenting the high seas. ;
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
100
Pelas'gic (L. pelas'gicus), a. "Wandering. Pel'ma (L.),n. The under surface of the foot. Penicil'late (L. penicilla'tus), a. Brush-tipped or pencil-like.
Pen'na (L.), n. A perfect feather. Penna'ceous (L. penna'ceus), a. Pertaining
to a perfect feather, or having the character of the same. Per'forate (L. perfora'lus), a. Pierced through; said of nostrils which communicate with one another by reason of the absence of a septum,
American Vultures
as in the
Peristeromorph'ae
(Cathartidie).
The Huxlcyan name, meaning "dove-formed,"
(L.), n.
of the order Columbae.
Per'vious,
Open
a.
used synonymously with perforate, as applied to the
;
nostrils.
Stony
Pe'trous,
a.
Phal'anx
(L.
;
hard
In birds, a joint (not hinge, or articula-
n.
toes.
especially in the case of dichromatic species, as the
Used more
n.
like stone.
phalanges),
pi.
segment of the
tion) or
Phase,
;
melanistic phase, the rufescent phase, etc.
Phlox Pur'ple,
n.
A very
like the color of
(Plate VIII.
tyrien.)
Phys'ical,
fine,
some
medium, or rather
varieties of Phlox.
light reddish purple,
(Violet
madder
-+ rose
fig. 11.)
Pertaining to the bodily organization.
a.
Physiog'nomy,
n.
The
general appearance.
Properly, the countenance,
with respect to the temper of the mind.
The science of bodily functions. The name of a natural group, or Order, of zygodactyle birds, comprising the Woodpeckers and Wrynecks. Pi'cine [h.picl'nus), a. Pertaining to the Woodpecker tribe woodpecker-
Physiol'ogy, Pi'ci (L. ),
n.
n.
;
like.
Pictu'ra (L. pi. pictu'rce), n. or a particular feather. ;
Pig'ment,
n. f
Coloring-matter.
Capped, or with the whole pileum crested. Differing from crested, in that the latter is used to
(L. pilea'tus), a.
Pil'eate,
PU'eated,
Pattern of coloration of a particular part,
J 1 I
designate an elongation of the feathers on a particular part of the pileum, as a frontal,
vertical,
or occipital crest.
Pil'eum (L. pi'leus), n. The cap, or whole top of head from bill and therefore including the forehead, vertex (or crown), and
to nape,
occiput.
(Plate XII.)
Pil'ose
Pink
{Jj. pilo'sus), a.
Slightly hairy.
A
dilute rose-red color. (See Eose Pink, and Peach -blossom Pink.) Pink'ish Buff (L. cari/ophylla'ceo-lu'teus), n. (Yellow ochre -f light red -\white.) (Plate V. fig. U.) Pink'ish Vina'ceous (L. carijophylla'ceo-vina'ceus), n. ( Winsor & Newton's Indian red -\- white.) (Plate IV. fig. 18.) (L. caryophi/lla'ceus), n.
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TEEMS. Pin'nate,
I
Pinnated,
)
(L. pinna' tus),
a.
Having wing-like
101 of
tufts
elongated
feathers on the side of the neck.
Pin'niform (L. pinnifor'mis),
Having the
Pin'tailed, a.
a.
Fin-like, as a Penguin's wing.
central tail-feathers elongated
and narrowly
acuminate, as in tlie male Pin-tail Duck [Dajila acuta). Pisciv'orous (L. pisci varus), a. Feeding upon fish.
A stripe.
Pla'ga {L.),n. Plan'ta
Plan
The
(L.), n.
posterior face of the tarsus.
Pertaining to the planta.
tar, a.
a. Walking on the back of the tarsus. Capable of being moulded easily modified. rich dark violet-purple. (Madder carmine Plum Pur'ple, n. (Plate VIII. fig. 4.) intense blue.)
Plan'tigrade, Plas'tic, a.
;
A
+
Plu'ma (L.), n. A feather. Plu'mage (L. indumen'tum), n. The feathering in general. Plum'beous ('L.plum'beus),n. A deep bluish gray color, like tarnished lead, (Lamp-black
lead-color.
-\-
intense blue
white.)
-|-
(Plate II.
fig. 15.)
Plum'iped (L. pJum'ipes), a. Having the feet feathered. Plu'mose (L. plumo'sus), a. Feathered. Plu'mula (L.), n. A down-feather. Plumula'ceous (L. plumula'ceus), a. Downy; bearing down. Po'dium (L.), n. The foot. Podothe'ca (L.), n. The whole envelope of the legs and feet. Pogo'nium (L. pi. pogo'nia), n. The web of a feather. ;
Pol'lex (L.),
The thumb.
n.
index-finger of
Polyg'amous,
a.
In birds, the joint (homologous with the
man) which bears the alula, or bastard-wing. Mating with many females, as the domestic cock.
containing or consisting of many " In Ornithology, a species is " polymorphic when it presents several distinct phases of coloration in the same locality or within a restricted geographical area. Thus, some of the hawks- (e. g. Buteo swainsoni) are polymorphic in this sense.
Polymorph'ic,
]\Iany-formed
a.
;
forms, or different types.
Polymyo'dae,
The name
n.
of a natural
group of passerine birds, (Synonymous with
characterized by highly specialized vocal organs. Oscines.)
Polyno'mial,
a.
or
n.
Consisting of several words, as the polynomial
nomenclature, by which a species was designated by a descriptive phrase. This system of nomenclature preceded the establishment of the binomial system, established by Linnaeus.
A
name
consisting of
several words.
Polyto'kous,
a.
Producing many eggs, or young.
(Synonymous with
multiparous.)
Pomegran'ate Pur'ple
A
(L. puni'ceo-purpu'reus
;
puni'ceus; phoeni'ceus), n.
some (Madder carmine
dull reddish-purple color, like the pulp of
pomegranate (Plate
{Piinica granatum).
Vm. fig.
12.)
varieties of the
+ violet madder.)
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM,
102 Pop'py Red,
A
n.
very intense red color, intermediate between ver. (Bourgeois's " laque ponceau.") (Plate VII.
milion and carmine. fig. 9.)
Lower) Parts,
Poste'rior (Upper or
The hinder
n.
half of a bird, above
or below.
Poste'rior Toe, n. In most birds, the hallux, or hind toe. In some, however, one of the " anterior " toes is directed backward, and also
becomes a
posterior, or hind, toe.
Postoc'ular(L. postoCM/'am), Postor'bital (L.
"• ^
^^ ^T''/^' ^*'""^^' ?^*^
postor'bitalis), ) ' C
Pow'der-down Feath'ers, in
matted
patches,
feather-tracts tion.
;
n.
P°'*'™"
'^
*^"
*°'
"^^'^ "^^'J'
">•'•
^H"
i^^''^^
fig. 17.)
Peculiar, imperfect feathers, which
usually on the
grow
between the true characterized by a greasy texture and scurfy exfoliainterspaces
They are particularly characteristic of
the
Heron
tribe (Ardeidce),
but are found in other groups also.
A
more or less artificial group of birds, whose young Praeco'ces (L.), n. run about and feed themselves immediately after emerging from the egg.
The group
torides, Anseres,
is
composed
of the orders Gallinece, Limicoloe, Alec-
Pygopodes, and Struthiones.
Having the nature
Praeco'cial, a.
or pertaining to, the Prcecoces,
of,
Pertaining to the Pressirostres. Pressiros'tres (L.), n. The systematic name of a Cuvierian artificial group of grallatorial birds with hard and compressed bill, comprising
Pressiros'tral, a.
the Plovers, Cranes, etc.
Pri'mary (L. rem'iges prima'ricE), n. Any one of the quill-feathers of the "hand-wing," usually nine to eleven in number. Used chiefly in the plural, as distinguished from the secondaries, or those remiges which grow upon the forearm. (Plate XI.) Pri'mary Cov'erts (L. tec'trkes prima'rioi), n. The series of stiff feathers, lasually corresponding with the primaries in their graduation, which overlie the basal portion of the latter.
(Plate
XL)
A
very delicate pale Prim'rose Yel'low (L. primula'ceo-Jla'vus), n. (Pale cadmium -f yellow, of a more creamy tint than sulphur-yellow. white.)
(Plate
Proce'res,
)
Proce'ri,
)
,j^ ^
VL
fig. 13.)
^ ^^^^ * .^^
,
'
-^ .
Uliger to the Struthiones. c
Capable of being thrust forward or elongated, as the tongue of a Woodpecker or a Humming-bird. medium brown color, or the typical brown, comProut's Brown n. posed of equal proportions of green and red. (Madder carmine
Protrac'tile,
)
Protru'sile,
)
a.
A
+
vermilion
-4-
pale
cadmium
-|-
Italian
ultramarine
;
or,
Winsor
&
Newton's "Prout's brown.") (Plate III. fig. 11.) Prune Pur'ple, n. A dark reddish-purple color, darker and duller than (Plate VIII. violet madder.) (Purple madder dahlia purple.
+
fig. 1.)
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
103
A
very intense and rich blue color, darker and more Prus'sian Blue, n. greenish than ultramarine and cobalt. Similar to, but less pure than, Antwerp blue, and not a reliable color. more or less artificial group of birds born weak Psilopae'des (L.), n. and helpless, and further distinguished by a scant growth of down affixed to the undeveloped pterylie, or future feathers, to which it is temporarily attached. The Passeres and most of the Picarice belong (Synonymous with Gymtiopcedes.) to this group. Psilopae'dic, a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, the Psilopjedes, very natural group of birds, comprising the ParrotPsitta'ci (L.), ?2.
A
A
tribe only.
Psittacomorph'ae
(L.),?;.
The Huxleyan name, meaning "Parrot formed,"
for the order Psitlaci.
Pteryla
(L.
;
pi. pteri/lce), n.
Pterylog'raphy,
An
area or tract of the skin on which
A " feather tract." A description of the
feathers grow. n.
plumage, with reference to the
distribution of the feather-tracts or pterylse.
Pterylo'sis
(L.),
distribution
n.
on the
The plumage, considered with
reference to
its
skin.
n. A more or less artificial group of birds, instituted by Professor Sundevall, including those which at birth are covered with down. (Synonymous with Dasypcedes.) Ptilopae'dic, a. Pertaining to or having the character of Ptilopcedes. Clothed at birth with down, like the chick of the domestic fowl, a duckling, or a gosling. Plumage. Ptilo'sis (L.), n. Pul'lus (L.), n. A chick. Applied to the downy young of Ptilopcedic
Ptilopae'des (L.),
or Proecocial birds.
Punc'tate (L.
puncta'tus), a.
Pu'pil (L. pup'd'la),
Dotted.
(Plate
XV.
fig. 12.)
The
central black (or dark blue) spot or disk of the eye, enclosed within the iris. (Plate XII. fig. 10.) n.
Pur'ple {L. purpu'reus),n. A color intermediate between red and blue, or produced by the combination of these colors. Pygopo'des (L.), n. A group of swimming birds, containing the families Podicipididce, Colymbidce, and Alcidce, distinguished by the extreme posterior position of the legs.
Pygop'odous, Pyr'iform {L.
XVI.
a.
Pertaining to or having the character of the Pygopodes. Pear-shaped. (Plate XIV. fig. 17; plate
pyrifor'mis), a.
fig. 7.)
Q. Quadran'gular (L. qnadrangula'ris), a. Quad'rate (L. quadia'tus), a. Square. Quill, n.
As
Four-angled, or square. (Plate XIV. fig. 2.)
generally used, one of the primary remiges; and perhaps
best so restricted.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
104 Qui'nary,
Consisting
a.
classification,
natural group (that
or arranged by,
of,
formerly is,
much
in vogue,
five species to
The
fives.
presumed a genus,
quinary system of
five types for
five
each genera to a fam-
ily,, etc.).
Quin'cunx
A set of five, arranged thus
(L.), n.
*
* .
E. Race,
A
n.
nascent species, or a "form," which on account of the
existence of intermediate specimens cannot be considered a species,
no matter how great a degree of differentiation may have been Races are distinguished as "Geographical" and "Local," according as to whether they occupy extensive or limited areas of
reached.
Geographical races are usually correlative with definite
country.
geographical areas, being, in fact, the expression of geographical variation.
Ra'dial,
Pertaining to the radius.
a.
Ra'dii Accesso'rii (L.),
The
n.
barbs of a supplementary feather, or
aftershaft.
Ra'dii (L.),
The barbs of a The barbs of
n.
Radio'li (L.),
n.
Radio'li Accesso'rii
perfect feather.
the Radii, or barbules.
The barbules
(L.), n.
of a supplementary plume,
or aftershaft.
Ra'dius
The
(L.), n.
outer bone of the forearm.
A branch or fork, as the ramus of the lower mandible (that is, mandibular ramus), (Plate XII. fig. 5.) Rapto'res, n. An artificial group of birds, including the so-called Birds of
Ra'mus
(L.
;
pi. ra'mi), n.
Prey. Rapto'rial,
Pertaining to the Birds of Prey, or having the character-
a.
istics of the
Raso'res
Raptores.
The name
(L.), n.
of the Gallinacece in
some
of the older
classifications.
Raso'rial,
with a
Pertaining to the Rasores, or scratching birds. group of birds, more or less artificial, including those
a.
Rati'tae (L.),
A
n.
flat
or unkeeled sternum, and comprising the orders Struthiones
and Apteryges, all other existing birds being included in the CariNAT^, which have a keeled sternum.
Rau'cous
Raw
(L. rau'cus), a.
Sien'na,
name.
n.
Hoarse-voiced.
A bright yellowish brown, like the pigment of the same
(Plate V.
fig. 2.)
Um'ber, n. A light, rather yellowish brown, (Plate III. fig. 14.) of the same name.
Raw
Rec'trix (L.
;
pi.
rec'trices),
chiefly in the plural.)
n.
Any one
(Plate XI.)
similar to the
pigment
of the tail-feathers.
(Used
GLOSSARY OE TECHNICAL TERMS. Recur'ved
Curved upward. Turned backward. Change of color with
(L. recurv'us), a.
Reflect'ed (L. reflec'tus), a. Reflec'tion (L. rejiec'tio), n.
105
different inclination
to the light.
Refract'ed (L.
Re'gion
re(jion (regio analis),
Re'mex Used
(L.
pi.
;
Abruptly bent, as
refrac'tus), a.
Any
(L. re'gio), n.
broken.
dorsal region {regie dorsalis), etc.
rem'iges),
Any
one of the longer wing-feathers. are of two kinds namely, the of the hand-wing, and the secondary remiges,
n.
chiefly in the plural.
primary remiges, or
if
portion of the body localized, as the anal
quills
The remiges
;
or quills of the forearm.
Ren'iform
Kidney-shaped.
(L. reniform'is), a.
Replicate,
(Plate
XIV.
fig. 19.)
Folded over so as to form a groove or
(L. replica'tus), a.
|
channel. Rep'licated, ) {'L.reticula'tus),a. Marked with cross-lines like the meshes Retic'ulate, of a net. Retic'ulated, ) Reticula'tion, n. Net-work. Susceptible of being drawn back and driven forward, as Retrac'tile, a. )
a cat's claw. Retrorse' (L. retror'sus),
Directed backward.
a.
The shaft of a feather, exclusive of the hollow basal portion, or " barrel." Rhi'nal (L. rhina'lis), a. Pertaining to the nose. Rhomb'oid (L. rhomboid'eus), a. Lozenge-shaped. (Plate XIV. fig. 1.) (Plate XII. fig. 18.) Ric'tal, n. Pertaining to the rictus. Rhach'is
(L.
;
pi. rhach'ides), n.
Ric'tus (L.), ?i. The gape; sometimes restricted to the corner of the mouth, or angulus oris. (Plate XII. fig. 2.) very )(L. rosa'ceus; pal'lide-ro' sens ; caryophylla'ceus) n.
A
,
pure purplish-pink color, like some varieties of roses. (Rose carthame -f- rose tyrien -j- white.) (Plate VII. fig. 20.)
Rose Pur'ple
(L. rosa'ceo-purpu'reus)
(Plate VIII.
white.)
Rose Red
n.
(Rose carthame
(L.), n.
The
A
light rosy purple hue, like
+ violet
ultramarine -f
fig. 20.)
{Jj.ro'seus; rosa'ceo-ruber), n.
red color.
Ros'trum Round'ed
,
(Madder carmine
the petals of some roses.
The
+ rose tyrien.)
purest possible puri^lish (Plate
VIL
fig. 5.)
beak.
A
rounded tail has the central pair of (L. rotunda'tus) a. rounded feathers longest, the remainder successively a little shorter. wing is one in which the first primary is short, the longest quill being ,
A
the third, fourth, or
fifth,
or one nearly
midway between
the
first
and
last.
A
Roy'al Pur'ple (L. ianthin'us), n. ing toward blue. (Anilin violet fig. 7.)
Ru'diment,
n.
A beginning.
very rich intense violet color, verg(Plate VIII.
+ violet-ultramarine.)
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
106 Rudiment'ary, Rufes'cent (L. Ruff,
Imperfectly developed, as if only begun. Inclining to a rufous color. collar of elongated or otherwise modified feathers round or on
A
n.
a.
rufes'cens), a.
the neck. (L. ru'fus), n. A brownish red color, like the pigments called Venetian Red, Light Red, Indian Red, Red Chalk, etc., wliich repThe typical shade is light red. resent various shades of rufous. (Plate IV. fig. 7.)
Ru'fous
Ru'ga (L.), M. A ridge or wrinkle. Ru'gose (L. rugo'sus), a. Wrinkled.
Rump
That portion of the upper surface of the body
(L. uropy'gium), n.
lying between the interscapulars and upper tail-coverts. Rupi'coline (L. rupi'colus), n. Rock-inhabiting.
Rus'set
(L. russa'tus), n.
A
(Burnt sienna
rusty.
-}-
XL)
(Plate
bright tawny-brown color, with a tinge of
cadmium orange
-j-
raw umber.)
(Plate
III. fig. 16.)
S. Saffron Yel'low (L. cro'ceus), n. A peculiar shade of yellow, like that produced from the infusion of flowers of tlie saffron Crocus sativus). (
(Plate VI.
Sage Green, sage.
fig. 4.)
A
n.
dull grayish-green color, like leaves of the garden
(Green oxide of chromium
-j-
black
-\-
(Plate X.
white.)
fig. 15.)
Sag'ittate (L. sagitta'tus), a.
Shaped
like
an arrow-head.
(Plate
XV.
fig. 1.)
Sali'va (L.),
Spittle.
n.
Sal'ivary Glands,
Sarmon-Buff
n.
The organs which
(L. sal mona'ceo-lu' tens), n.
+ white.)
(Plate IV.
secrete the saliva, or spittle.
(Light red
-|-
cadmium orange
fig. 19.)
A color intermediate between flesh(L. salmona'ceus), n. and orange, like the flesh of the salmon. (Saturn red or orange. chrome -f white.) (Plate VIL fig. 17.) (Opposite to ambulatory, Sal'tatory, a. Progressing by leaps; hopping. Sarmon-Coror color
or gradient.)
Sanguina'ceous (L. sangmna'ceus ; (Same as crimson). (Plate VII.
Blood-red
sanguin'eus), n. or a. fig. 3.)
A very fine orange-red color the same (Red lead or saturn red.) (Plate VII. fig. 16.) Saurop'sida (L.), n. A primary group of vertebrate animals comprising birds and reptiles. Sauru'rae (L.), n. The name of an extinct primary group or order of Sat'urn
Red
(L. minia'tus), n.
as red lead.
birds, including the fossil Archceopteryx,
;
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Saxic'oline
Stone-inhabiting; pertaining
saxi'cohis), a.
(Jj.
107 to,
or having
the characteristics of, the Stone Chats (Saxicola).
Scab'rous, a. Scabby scnrfy scaly. Scal'loped (L. crena'tus), a. Cut along the edge, or border, into segments of a circle. (Plate XV. fig. 21.) Scan'dent (L. scan'dens), a. Climbing. Scanso'rial, a. Capable of climbing, as a Woodpecker. Pertaining to the obsolete group Scansores. ;
;
Scap'ula (L.), n. The shoulder-blade. Scap'ular (L. scapula'ris), a. Pertaining to the scapula. Scap'ular Re'gion (L. re'gio scapula'ris), n. The usually well-defined
They
longitudinal area of feathers overlying the shoulder-blade.
lie
along each side of the back (whence the feathers of the latter region are frequently called interscapulars).
Scap'ulars, Scap'ularies,
Scarlet
(
(L. scapula'res) , n.
J
(Plate XI.)
The
The
(L. scarhili'nus), n.
feathers of the scapular region.
purest possible red color, lighter and
rosy than carmine, richer and purer than vermilion.
(Rose carthame -|-. cadmium orange.) (Plate VII. fig. 11.) Scar'let-Vermirion (L. scarlati'no-cinnahari'nus), n. Scarlet-vermilion -}cadmium orange.) (Plate VII. fig. 10.) rose carthame Schista'ceous (L. schista'ceus), n. Slate-color. (Plate II. fig. 4.) Schizognath'ous, a. Having the maxillo-palatine bones sejmrated. Schizorhi'nal, a. Having the posterior margin of the osseous nares deless
+
cidedly slit-like or triangular.
A
Scis'sor-shaped, a. scissor-shaped tail is one that is deeply forficate, thus resembling the blades of a pair of shears. Scolo'pacine (L. scolopaci'nus) a. Snipe-like. Pertaining to or having characteristics of the Snipe family {Scolopacidce). Scu'tellate (L. scutdla'tus), a. Provided with scutella, or transverse ,
scales.
Scutel'lum (L.
;
pi. scutcVla), n.
One
of the regular transverse scales or
plates of the tarsus or toes of a bird.
Scu'tiform (L.
Sea Green
scut i/or' mis), a.
Shield-shaped.
(L. thalassi'nus), n.
(Italian ultramarine
Seal Brown, seal-skin.
n.
A
(Plate
XIV.
fig. 16.)
beautiful deep bluish green color.
viridian.) (Plate X. fig. .5.) very dark brown color, like the fur of dressed
-f-
rich,
(Lamp-black
Sec'ondary Cov'erts
A
-{-
vermilion.)
(Plate III.
(L. tec'trices seconda'ria
;
fig. 1.)
tec'in'ces a'lce wa'jores), n.
Properly, the posterior row of wing-coverts, which overlie the basal portion of the secondaries.
q
/
J
\
.
Sec'ondary Quills, r,
/
,
Seg'ment,
T-.
n.
*^^ÂŽ \
in
/â&#x20AC;˘'
SecondaryRemiges,
i
The
greater wing-coverts.
{h.rem'iges seconda'ricB),n.
(Plate
The long
XL)
feathers of
forearm, which in the spread wing appear a continuous row with the primaries.
(pj^^e
XL)
A division or specified portion
of anytjiing.
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
108
Segmenta'tion, Semicir'cular,
XIV.
â&#x20AC;˘
a.
.,
.
"
Division into parts or segments.
Divided into one half of a circular
(Plate
figure.
fig. 20.)
Semilu'nar,
â&#x20AC;&#x17E;
a.
a.
Shaped
like a half-moon. i(h. semipalma'tus), a. Half-webbed having the membraue between the anterior toes reaching not more A I ( than half-way to their ends. ;
1'
f
'
Se'nile (L.
Se'pia
Aged; pertaining to old age. brown color, with little
seni'lis), a.
A deep dark
(L.), n.
The pigment
tion.
called sepia is
from the natural ink
Sep'tum
(L.), n.
red in
its
composi-
a carbonaceous matter prepared
of a species of cuttle-fish.
(Plate III.
fig. 3.)
A partition.
Seri'ceous (L. seri'ceus), a. Silky. Serrate, I Toothed like a saw. ,j^ g^j-j-a'tus), a. Ser rated, ) ^ directly upon an object, without stem, Resting a. ses'silis), (L. Ses'sile or peduncle. Bristly, bristled.
Seta'ceous (L.
seta'ceiis), a.
Se'tae (L.), n.
Bristles, or bristle-like feathers.
Se'tiform (L. setifor'mis), a. Bristle-like. very light blue color. (Antwerp blue Se'vres Blue, n. (Plate IX. fig. 18.) -f white.) Sex'ual, a. Pertaining to sex. Shaft (L. rha'dus), n. The mid-rib of a feather.
A
Sib'ilant (L. sibi'lans), a. Hissing. Side of neck (L. parauchen'ium), n.
The
-|-
cobalt blue
space included between the
(Plate XL) cervix and the jugulum. Sides, n. The lateral portions of the inferior surface of a bird's body,
extending from near the armpits
to,
and including, the
Sign
a.
Shaped
(L. stg'num), n.
As, ^ than;
and
(3)
(Plate XI.)
flanks.
Sig'moid,
The
flanks.
sides are subdivisible into (1) sides of breast, (2) sides proper, like the letter S.
Any
character or figure used to denote a word. more young ; > (in synonymy)
=male; 9 =feniale; o
<
(in
synonymy)
=
=
=
=
=
certainty, etc. doubt; than; 1 Pertaining to the sinciput, or anterior
less
!
Sincip'ital (L. sincipita'lis) , a. half of the pileum. Sin'ciput (L.), n. The anterior half of the pileum. (Nearly synonymous with forehead, but denoting a more extensive area, that is, the frontlet,
forehead, and anterior part of the crown, together.) Said of a feather when the edge (L. ainua'tus), a.
Sin'uate, Sin'uated,
)
]
ally cut
away.
(Plate XIII.
is
gradu-
fig. 6.)
(L. azureus ; caru'hus; cades' tis ; codesti'nus ; cce'lico'Ior) n. (Plate IX. fig. (Same as azure.) Azure, or light cobalt blue.
Sky Blue
,
15.)
Slate-Black
(L. schista'ceo-ni'ger), n.
See plate
II. fig. 2.
^
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TEEMS.
109
A
dark gray, or blackish gray color, less Slate-co'lor (L. schista'ceus), n. (Lamp-black -\- white.) bluish in tint than plumbeous or lead-color. (riate II.
fig. 4.)
(Plate II. fig. 5.) (Black -j- white.) very deep purplish-blue color, only less iutense aud (Plate IX. fig. 8.) (Smalt.) rich than hyacinth blue. raw umber.) Smoke-Gray (L. fum'ido-ca'nus), n. (Black -\- white
Slate-Gray
(L. schista'ceo-ca'nus), n.
Smalt Blue,
A
n.
+
(Plate II.
fig. 12.)
Snuff Brown,
A
n.
dark brown, essentially the same as a very deep Vandyke brown.
tone of sepia, bistre, or •/ o ir Solien no, e If «•'„« T3„,'^i-. Solieri no Fur pie,
A >..,
,i,t.
very beautiful purplish rose-color, intermediate
i n.
and rose-red. (Kose between magenta ° ,^. ,» ,rTTT (Plate VIII. fig. 17.) anihne rose tyrien.) Spat'ulate (L. spatula'tus), a. Spoon-shaped, or spatule-shaped, that is, gradually narrowed toward the end, when suddenly widely expanded. Spe'cies, n. The aggregate of individuals related by geuetic descent, and differing constantly in certain features whereby they are distinguished from all other beings. Specific (L. speci'Jicus), a. Pertaining to a species; as, specific name, in
\ i
tiut
.,.
V.
+
/.
.
,
»
specific characters, etc.
Spec'ulum
(L.),
A
n.
mirror-like
or brightly colored area, usually
comprising the secondaries, on the wing of certain ducks. Spher'ical, n. Having the form of a sphere or globe. (Plate XVI. fig. 12, representing a section of a sphere.) (L. spino'sus), a. Spi'nose, Having spines; sometimes said of a mucronate, or spine-tipped, feather. Spi'nous, ) Spu'rious {1,. spu'rius), a. False; imperfect; bastard; rudimentary. Spu'rious Pri'mary, n. The first primary, when much reduced in size(Plate XIII. fig. 3.) Spu'rious Wing, n. The alula or bastard wing. (Plate XI.) )
g
,
''
(Ij.
squamo'sus), a.
Scaly
;
scale-like, or
bearing scales.
Stage, n. Used specially for the progressive plumages of birds, as the immature stage, adult stage, downy stage, etc. The word state is also employed in the same sense. Steganopo'des (L.), n. A group of "Swimming Birds" characterized by having the hind-toe united, on the inner side, to the inner anterior one by a full web. The group includes the Pelicans and allied families.
(Same
Steganopo'dous,
as Tolipalmi.) a.
Having the hallux connected with the anterior
toes,
as in the Steganopodes.
Stellate (L.
stella'tus), a.
Star-shaped.
Stel'lulate (L. stellula'tus), a. Ster'ile
{\j. ster'ilis), a.
Stip'ula (L.),
Strag'ulum
n.
Resembling
little stars.
Unfruitful; barren.
A newly sprouted feather.
(L.), n.
The mantle, or the back and upper (Synonymous yt'iih. pallium.)
wings taken together.
surface of the
OENITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
110 Straw-co'lor
(
Straw Yel'low
)
Streak,
^^"
"â&#x20AC;˘
sf^(^^^^''^'^^'^)y
cured
'(
impure yellow, like -A- very light (Aureolin white.) (Plate VI.
+
straw.
fig. 17.)
A narrow longitudinal color-mark A streak. striae), n.
n.
;
a narrow stripe.
Stri'a (L.; pi. Stri'ate,
Stri'ated,
)
,j^ ^
Streaked.
stria'tus), " a.
)
Stri'dent (L. stri'dens), a. Shrill. Stri'ges (L., plural of Strix), n. The name given to the Owl-tribe by those who consider these birds as constituting a distinct order. Owl-like; pertaining to or having characteristics of the Owl Stri'gine, a. family (Strigidte). broad, longitudinal color-mark; a broad streak. Stripe (L. pla'ga), n.
A
Struthio'nes (L.), n. The ordinal name of the Ostrich-tribe. Struthio'nine (L. struihioni'nus), a. Pertaining to or having characteristics of
the Ostrich tribe (Struthiones).
Stru'thious, a. Ostrich-like. Sty'liform (L. styUfor'mis], " > a. ^ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ,-r ;, \
.
,
7
.
Styloid (L. styloi'deus), Subarc'uate, .-^ )
Subarc uated,
j Shaped ^ ot,
a peg i o or pin. if
Slightly arched.
a. subarcua'tus), '
^
im like
)
*
)
''
Sub-ba'sal (L. suhba'salis), a. Near the base. Sub-caud'al (L. subcauda'lis), a. Beneath the tail. Sub-class (L. subclas'sis), n. A group often recognized, having taxonomic rank intermediate between a class and an order. Subfam'ily (L. subfami'lia), n. A subdivision of a family including one or more genera. Subge'nus, n. A subdivision of a genus, of
name except
indefinite value,
and
fre-
grouping of species. Sub-malar, a. Beneath the malus, or malar region, as a sub-malar streak. (Plate XII. fig. 20.) Sub-or'bital, a. Beneath the eye. (Plate XII. fig. 21.) Sub-or'der (L. subo/do), n. A group intermediate In taxonomic rank between an order and a family. Sub-spe'cies, n. nascent species a variation, usually geographical, of a species, but not accorded full specific rank on account of the incompleteness of its differentiation hence, usually a geographical quently not recognized by
A
in the
;
;
race, or form.
Subtyp'ical,
a.
Not quite
typical
;
somewhat aberrant.
Sub'ulate (L. snhda'tus), a. Awl-shaped. Suffu'sion, n. A running together of colors. Sul'cate (L. sulca'tus), a. Grooved. Sul'cus (L.), n. groove. Sul'phur Yel'low (L. sulphu'reus), n. very pale pure yellow color, less orange in tint than dilute gamboge or lemon-yellow. (Wiusor & Newton's lemon-yellow, or Schoenfeld's gelber ultramarin.) (Plate VI. fig. 14.)
A
A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Supercil'iary (L.
Above
supercilia'ris), a.
in its usual sense, denotes a continuous
the eye.
Ill
A superciliary streak,
marking of color from the base and extended back above the
of the upper mandible over the eye, auriculars to the sides of the occiput.
(Plate XII.
figs.
13, 14, 15,
inclusive.)
Supercirium
The eyebrow.
(L.), n.
A
group containing several families, rank below a sub-order.) Supe'rior, a. Lying over topmost, or uppermost. group consisting of one or more Super-or'der (L. superor'do), n. orders, but not ranking as high as a class. (Next in rank below a Super-fam'ily (L.
superfami'lia), n.
yet not of ordinal rank.
(Next
in
;
A
sub-class.)
Supra-auri'cular (L.
supra-auricrda'?-is)
(Plate XII.
or ear-coverts.
Supralo'ral (L. supralora'lis),
,
a.
Situate above the auriculars
fig. 13.)
Situate above the lores.
a.
(Plate XII.
fig. 15.)
Su'pra-or'bital, (Plate XII.
Sym'bol,
a.
An
n.
Sym'phesis
Pertaining to the region immediately above the eye.
fig. 14.)
arbitrary sign to denote a word.
A growing together, as
(L.), n.
{See
Si(/n.)
si/mphesis of the lower
jaw
(si/mphesis menti).
â&#x20AC;&#x17E;
'
J tylous, Syndac _ , Syngne sious, ,.
,
.
\
(
(L. srindac'tiilus), a. ^
\ '
"
Having two
toes coalescent for a
â&#x20AC;˘' -^ ^ *i considerable portion oft ^Z their length. *= .
'^
syn'onyms or synon'yma),
In natural history, a suppressed on account of having been proposed subsequent to another name for the same object, or for reason of its being otherwise Syn'onym, unavailable. Thus, the common Song-sparrow having Syn'onyme, been first named fasciata, in 1788, by Gmelin, the name melodia, given by Wilson in 1810, becomes a synonym by reason of its later date. (The opposite of homonym, which see.) Synon'ymous, a. Expressing the same meaning in different terms or indicating the same genus, species, etc., by a different name. S3mon'ymy, n. A collection of synonyms, such as nearly every species is more or less burdened with. The pleasure derived from the study of natural history is seriously marred by the obstacles presented by the synonymy. S5mop'sis, n. A comprehensive treatment of a given subject, in which (PI.
specific or generic
n.
name which
is
;
only leading points are used. Synop'tical, a. Pertaining to a synopsis, as a synoptical table, in which species or higher groups are distinguished by only the leading characters,
arranged antithetically.
Syn'thesis,
n.
Generalization from analyzed facts.
(Opposed to
analysis.)
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
112
T. Tail-cov'erts (L. tec'trices-cauda'les), n. The most posterior feathers of the body, or those which immediately cover the basal iiortion of the tail.
Tar'sal (L. tarsal is), a. Pertaining to the tarsus, so-called. Tar'sus (L.), n. In descriptive Ornithology, the leg of a bird, or that portion from the foot (that '
the toes) to the heel joint.
is,
(Plate
XI.)
Taw'ny The
aluta'ceus;
(L. ful'vus; fulves'cens;
(Neutral orange -f raw sienna.)
Taw'ny-ochra'ceous sienna
+
(Plate III.
Tax'idermist,
(Plate
V.
;
fusees' ccns),
a.
fig. 1.)
(Yellow ochre
(L. ful'co-ochra'ceus), n.
(Plate V.
burnt umber.)
Taw'ny-Ol'ive
musteli'nus
(Nearly synonymous with fulvous.)
color of tanned leather.
(L. fuVvo-oliva'ceus),
-|-
burnt
fig. 4.)
n.
(Yellow ochre
+
raw umber.)
fig. 17.)
A
n.
person
who
prepares and preserves the skins of
animals, with the view to imitate their appearance in life. Taxid'ermy, n. The art of preparing and preserving the skins of animals so as to imitate the appearance of
Taxonom'ic,
Taxon'omy,
a. n.
Classificatory
life.
pertaining to taxonomy.
Classification, according to scientific principles.
Coverts, especially those of the wing.
Tec'trices (L.), n. Tec'trices A'lae,
Tec
;
,
trices Ala'res,
^^^
j
_
Wing-coverts.
(
Tec'trices Ala'res Inferio'res (L.), n. The under wing-coverts, or those of the under surface of the wing. Tec'trices Cau'dae (L.), n. Tail-coverts. Tec'trices Me'diae, . -n, ^'^'^'^ wmg-coverts. Tec'trices Perver'ss, } (^â&#x20AC;˘)' "' ^'^^ Teleolog'ical, a. Pertaining to teleology. teleoJogical character is a )
â&#x20AC;˘
A
modification resulting from necessity of adaptation to particular ends. Thus, the naked head and other "vulturiue" aspects of the Old
World Vultures (belonging
New World
and those of the inasmuch as their mode
to the family Falr.onidre)
(Catharlldce) are teleological,
of living necessitates in both certain modifications of external structure fitting them to act the part of scavengers, their actual (morphological) structure being very different.
Teleol'ogy,
Tem'poral
n.
The
science or doctrine of adaptation. Pertaining to the temples.
(L. tempora'Us), a.
Tenuiros'tral (L.
tenuiros'tris),
a.
obsolete group " Tenuirostres."
Slender-billed.
Pertaining to the
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. Tenuiros'tres (L.), n. An obsolete and exceedingly birds embracing various slender-billed forms. Te'rete, a. Cylindrical and tapering; fusiform.
Ter'minal
At
(L. termina'lis), a.
113
artificial
group of
the end.
Ter'minally, ad. Toward the end. Terminolog'ical, a. Pertaining to terminology.
Terminol'ogy,
The
n.
science of calling things
by
their right names,
according to fixed or scientific principles hence, essentially synonymous with Nomenclature. dull green color, like that produced by the Terre-verte' Green, n. ;
A
pigment
of the
same'name.
(Terre-verte.)
(Plate X.
fig. 3.)
Properly, the inner quills of the wing, growing from the elbow or humerus, and usually more or less concealed (in the closed wing) by the longer scapulars. Ter'tials,
Frequently, hoAvever, the graduated inner secondaries are incorrectly so called, especially when distinguished, as they very often arc, by different color, size, or shape.
Ter'tiaries,
XL)
(Plate
Tes'sellated (L.
tessellu'tus), a.
Checkered.
(Same
(L. testa'ceus), n. or a.
Testa'ceous
as brick-red.)
(Plate IV,
fig. 11.)
Tetradac'tyle (L.
tetradac'tylus), a.
Four-toed.
(Most birds are tetradac-
tyle.)
The'ory,
Scientific speculation, based
n.
upon inference from established
principles.
Thorac'ic (L.
Pertaining to the thorax, or chest.
thora'ci'cus), a.
Tho'rax (L.), n. The chest, or breast. Throat (L. Gu'la), n. In descriptive Ornithology, the space between the rami of the lower jaw, including also a small portion of the upper (Plate XI.)
part of the foreneck,
Thy'roid (L.
thyroi'des), a.
Shield-shaped.
In Osteology, the principal bone of the leg, between the knee and the heel but in descriptive Ornithology, the so-called "thigh," or shin. (Plate XI.) Tib'ial (L. tibia'lis), a. Pertaining to the tibia. Tib'ia (L.),
n.
;
Red
Tile
(L. testa'ceus), n.
Tinamomorph'ae
(L.),
(Same
n.
The
(Plate IV. fig. 11.) as brick red.) " Tinamou-form," equivalent to the
Dromao'gnathce of Huxley.
To'mium
(L.
;
pi. to'mia), n.
The
cutting-edge of the mandibles, that of
the upper being the maxillary tomiiim, that of the lower the mandibular tomium.
Tor'quate (L. Totipal'mate
torqun'tus), a.
anterior toes by a
ganopodes.
Totipal'mi
Collared.
(L. totipalma'tus), a.
web on one
Having the hind-toe united to the and other AS'^e-
side, as in the Pelicans
(Same as Steganopodous.) (Same as Steganopodes, which 8
(L.), n.
see,)
OKOTTHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
114
Tracheopho'nae
The name of a natural group of passerine by having the syriux placed at the lower end of
(L.), n.
birds, cliaracterized
the tracliea.
Transverse' (L.
transver'sus), a.
Crosswise, or at right angles with the
longitudinal axis of the body or feather.
Transversely, ad.
Crosswise.
Tridac'tyle (L. tridac'ti/lus), a. Three-toed. Composed of three names. In Biology, a name comTrino'mial, a. a generic, a specific, and a subspecific. posed of three terms, Trivial (L. trivia'lis), a. Sometimes said of a specijic name.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
The ordinal or sub-ordinal name of a natural n. " ricaria;," including only the Humming-birds ( Trorjiilida).
group of By most authors, however, the group is accorded only family rank, and associated with the families C/jpseiidce and Caprmulgidcc, in a so-called order
Trochi'Ii (L.),
Macrochires, or
Trun'cate (L.
Ci/pseli.
trunca'tus), a.
t(L.
Cut squarely
off.
turco'sus), n.
The
similar to
stone of
tlie
finest possible light blue color, tlie
same name.
(Italian
+
white.) ultramarine -f Schoenfeld's " lichtblau " (Plate IX. fig. 20.) Tylar'i (L. pi,), n. The pads on the under surface of the toes. Tym'panum (L.), n. Properly, the ear-drum; but also the naked inflatable air-sacs on the neck of some species of Grouse (TetraonidcE). Type (L. iifpus), n. Of various signification in Ornithology. The tijpe of a genus is that species from which the generic characters have been taken, or which is specified as the standard the tjipc of a species is ;
;
the particular specimen from which the species was originally described. The type, or typical, form of a group is that wliich answers best to the diagnosis of that group.
Typical,
a.
Agreeing closely with the characters assigned to a group,
genus, or species.
u.
Ul'na
(L.), n.
The
posterior bone of the forearm.
Pertaining to the ulna. Ultramarine' Blue (L. uJtmmari'nns Ul'nar,
a.
;
Jazuli'nus), n.
A
very pure lovely
blue color, like the pigment called ultramarine. (Plate IX. fig. 9.) Um'ber Brown (L. umhri'nvs), n. The color of the pigment caUed raw
umber.
Unarm'ed
(Plate III.
fig. 14.)
(L. vm'ticus), a.
Said of a toe which has no claw
or a wing, which has no spur ;
etc.
;
a
tarsus,
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
115
Un'ciform (L. imcifor'mis), ^ Hooked. Un'cinate (L. uncina'tus), ) Un'der Parts (L. (jastr(e'um), n. The entire lower surface of a bird, from (Same as Lower Parts.) (See note facing chin to crissum, inclusive. )
plate XI.)
Un'der Pri'mary-cov'erts, of the wing.
Un'der Tail-cov'erts
The
The primary-coverts
n.
(Plate XIII.
of the under surface
fig. 2.)
(L. tec'trices subcau'dales
feathers immediately beneath the
;
tail.
caljipte'ria infer io'ra),n.
(Practically
synonymous
(Plate XI.)
with Crissum.)
Un'der Wing-cov'erts
(L. tec'trices suba'Jares), n.
The
coverts of the
under surface of the wing. Taken collectively, the term Lining of the Wing, or Wing-lining, is generally used. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.) Marked with wavy lines. (Plate XV. Un'dulate, (L. undula'tus), a. Un'dulated, ) fig. 14.) Unguic'ulate (L. unguicula'tus), a. Clawed. \
Un'guis
(L.
;
pi. iin'gues), n.
A claw.
Unip'arous, a. Producing but one egg, as the Petrels [ProcellariidcB) and Auks {Alcidce). Up'per Parts (L. notce'um), n. The entire upper surface, from forehead (See note facing plate XI.)
to tail inclusive.
Up'per Tail-cov'erts (L. tec'trices cau'dce siiperio'res ; calypte'ria superio'ra), n. The feathers overlying the base of the tail, sometimes produced
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
beyond
and simulating the true tail, as in the Peacock {Pavo cristatus) and Paradise Trogon (Pharomacriis moccino). Uropy'gial (L. uropi/gia'lis), a. Pertaining to the rump. Uropy'gium (L.), n. The rump. (See plate XI.) U-shaped, a. Having the form of the letter U. (Plate XV. fig. 4.) its tip
V. Vandyke' Brown,
n.
A rich
deep brown, very similar to burnt umber
(Plate III. fig. 5.) but rather less reddish. Vane, n. The whole of a feather excepting the stem.
Pertaining to or having the characteristics of a variety. Properly, an individual or unusual and irregular variation from the normal type of form or coloration, as the various breeds or "strains" of domesticated animals. But the term is often, though improperly, applied to subspecies, or geographical races.
Vari'etal,
a.
Vari'ety (L.
Vent
vari'etas), n.
(L. venter), n.
The
anus.
Vent'ral (L. ventra'lis), a. Pertaining to the vent. Vent'ral Re'gion (Tj. re'gio ventra'lis; re'gio anal'is), n. The feathers surrounding or immediately adjacent to the vent. (Plate XI.)
ORNITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
116
Ver'digris Green (L.
A very pure and
(erugino'sus), n.
appreciably more bluish than viridiau.
(
rich green color,
Schoenfeld's dark ijermaneut
(PlateX.fig.il.) green.) pale greenish blue, like tlie pigment of the same Ver'diter-Blue, ?i. name. (Plate IX. fig. 22.) Marked with irregular fine lines, (L. vermicula'tus), a. Vermic'ulate, like the tracks of small worms. (Plate XV. fig. 13.) Vermic'ulated, Ver'miform (L. vermifor'mis), a. Worm-shaped, as a Woodpecker's
A
)
)
tongue.
VermiPion
(L. cinnabar i'nus
cinnabar i'no-ru'her),
;
lighter and less rosy than carmine,
(Plate VII.
A very fine red color,
n.
and not so pure or rich as
scarlet.
fig. 8.)
Ver'nal (L. vernaiis), a. Pertaining to Spring. Ver'rucose, , ih. verrucosvs),a. Warty. ., " Ver rucous, )( ^ )
,
•'
Ver'satile,
way
Susceptible of being turned either
a.
;
reversible as to
position.
Ver'tex
(L.), n.
Ver'tical (L.
Vesti'tus
The crown, or central
vertica'lis), a.
(L.), a. or n.
vesti'tas nuptia'lis,
portion of the pileum. Pertaining to the vertex.
(Plate XI.)
Clothing, or plumage, as
Clothed; feathered.
nuptial or breeding plumage.
(L.), n. The whole of a feather excepting the stem. bristly or bristle-tipped feather, such Vibris'sa (L. pi. vihriss'ce), n. as those about the gape of a bird. brownish pink, or delicate brownish Vina'ceous (L. vina'ceus), n. or a.
Vexirium
A
;
A
purple color, like wine-dregs purple.
(Plate V.
burnt sienna
Vina'ceous-Pink light red
+
,
+ (
__.,.' s Violaceous,/ ^
+
wine-colored pink or
(Plate IV.
white.)
(Indian red
-\-
fig. 17.)
yellow ochre
-\-
fig. 15.)
+
(L.
white.)
vina'ceo-cinnamo'meus),
(Plate IV.
(Plate IV.
(Burnt umber
(Madder carmine
+
(Schoenfeld's Indian red
-\-
fig. 21.)
(L. vina'reo-ru'fi(s), n.
white.)
n.
fig. 15.)
(L. vina'ceo-can/ophylla'ceus), n.
white.)
Vina'ceous-Ru'fous light red
soft, delicate
(L. vina'ceo-luteus), n.
Vina'ceous-Cin'namon -f-
a
(Schoenfeld's Indian red
Vina'ceous-Buff white.)
;
(Plate IV.'fig. 14.)
(L. viola'ceus; iantlunus), n.
the petals of a violet. ,„, / „ttt c ,r^\ (Plate \III. fig.
A
purplish blue color, like
(Aniline-violet,
or
mauve.)
10.)
Vires'cent (L. vires'cens), a. Greenish. rich bright green color, somewhat similar to Virid'ian Green, n. (Plate X. fig. 8.) grass-green, but much purer. Vit'reous (L. vit'reus), a. Glassy, or resembling glass. Vit'ta (L.), n. A band of color. V-shaped, a. Having the form of the letter V. (Plate XV. fig. 3.)
A
GLOSSAEY OF TECHNICAL TEEMS.
117
w. Wal'nut Brown,
n.
War'bler Green,
Wash'ed
A
n.
warm brown
deep
(Sepia
black walnut.
affla'lus; perfu'sus
(L.
(Plate III.
(Plate X.
(See Olice- Green.)
lava'tus), a.
;
heart-wood of the
color, like
+ purple madder.)
fig. 7.)
fig. 18.)
Thinly overlaid with a
different color.
Wat'tle
(L. pa'lea
;
A pendulous, somewhat fleshy cutaneous
verru'ca), n.
usually brightly colored, and often more or less wrinkled, as the " dewlap " of a turkey and the " gills " of the domestic cock.
flap,
Wa'ved
Marked
narrow undulating lines of color. deep but dull yellow, resembliug the (Winsor & Newton's "aureolin," or Schoencolor of fresh bees-wax. (Plate VI. fig. 7.) feld's "gelber krapplack.") Either lateral half of the vane of a feather, (L. pogo'nium), n.
Wax
(L. undula'tus), a.
Yellow
witli
A
(L. cera'ceus), n.
Web
exclusive of the shaft.
Wedge-shaped
A
(L. cunea'tus), a.
tvedge-shaped tail has the middle
pair of feathers longest, the rest successively all
more or
Whis'kered
(Plate
less attenuate.
(L. mystaca'Us
;
XIV.
larha'tus), a.
and decidedly shorter,
fig. 13.)
Ornamented by lengthened
feathers on the malar region or contiguous portions of the head.
Pur'ple (L. vma'ceo-purpu'reus), n. A clear reddish purple of a (Plate brownish cast. (Madder carmine violet madder.) VIII. fig. 15.) Wood Brown, n. A light brown color, like some varieties of wood.
Wine
+
sliglitly
(Raw umber
-\-
burnt sienna
+
white.)
(Plate III.
fig. 19.)
X. Xiph'oid,
a.
Sword-shaped.
Y.
YeHow
O'chre, n. (Yellow ochre.)
A bright
yellowish ochraceous or ochre-yellow color.
(Plate V.
fig. 9.)
118
OENITHOLOGISTS' COMPENDIUM.
z.
Zone
(L. zo'nus), n.
A
broad band of
color,
completely encircling the
circumference of a body. Zoolog'ical, a. Pertaining to zoology. Zoorogy, n. The natural history of animals in general. group of zygodactyle birds comprising the Zygodac'tylae (L.), n. families Rhamphaslidce (Toucans), Vapitonidcz (Barbets), BucconidcB In obsolete systems the (Puff-birds), and Galbulidce (Jacamars). group Avas much more extensive, embracing all yoke-footed birds, which are now divided in several distinct groups, e. <j., the Pici (Woodpeckers and Wrynecks), Anisodactylce (Motmots, Todies, Kingfishers,
A
etc.), and Coccyges (Cuckoos and Plaintain-eaters.) Zygodac'tyle (L. zygodac'tylus), a. Yoke-toed, or with the toes in two before and two behind, as in the Woodpeckers, Parrots, etc.
taining to the Zygodactyliie.
pairs,
Per-
TABLE FOE CONVERTING MILLIMETRES INTO ENGLISH INCHES AND DECIMALS.
EXPLANATION. The
table herewith given shows the equivalents in
lish inches,
and decimals
From 100
metre, from 1.0 to 100.9.
may
Eng-
thereof, of every tenth of a millito 1,000 millimetres
be reduced to inches and decimals by multiplying the
corresponding figures of this table by ten
;
that
is,
by mov-
ing the point in the column of inches one place to the right.
In a similar
wa}', if
multiplying by 100, move the
point two places to the right. (1)
To reduce
For example
:
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
72.7 millimetres to English inches
:
the vertical column to the left the figures 72 follow the horizontal line to the column headed .7. in
number found
there (or,
practical purposes, 2.86)
is
what would be
;
Find then
The
sufficient for all
the equivalent of 72.7 millimetres
in English inches. (2)
To reduce 605 millimetres
to English inches, find
column to the left 60, then follow the line to the column headed .5, where will be found 2.3819 move the point to the right, and you will have as the equivalent of 605 millimetres 23.819 (or, what is essentially the same, in the vertical
;
23.82) inches. (3)
To reduce 1930
millimetres, find in the
the equivalent of 19.3, which
is
0.7599
;
move
same way
the point two
places to the right, and 75.99 results, which expresses exactly the equivalent of 1930 millimetres in English inches.
120
REDUCTION OF MILLIMETRES TO INCHES.
REDUCTION OF MILLIMETRES TO INCHES.
n t^ ao rroic-i^o
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121
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122
REDUCTION OF MILLIMETRES TO INCHES.
ft
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Hi
w O
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REDUCTION OF MILLIMETRES TO INCHES. m OS rH
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123
TABLE rOR CONVERTING ENGLISH INCHES AND DECIMALS INTO MILLIMETRES.
EXPLANATION. The accompanying table shows the equivalent of every hundredth of an English inch, from 0.01 to 10.09 inches, in millimetres and decimals thereof. From 10 to 100 inches may be reduced to millimetres and decimals by multiplying that is, by the corresponding figures of this table by 10 moving the point in the column of inches one place to the right. In a similar way, if multiplying by 100, move the point two places to the right. For example Find in the (1) To reduce 4.36 inches to millimetres then follow the first or left-hand column the figures 4.3 horizontal line toward the right to the column headed .06. The number found there, 110.74 (or, what would be suffi;
:
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; :
;
ciently near for all practical purposes. 111),
is
the equiva-
lent of 4.36 inches in millimetres. (2)
To reduce
first or
15.77 inches to millimetres
:
Find in the
left-hand column the figures 1.5; then follow the
horizontal line toward the right to the column headed .07,
where will be found the figures 39.88 now move the point one place to the right, and you have 398.8, which is the ;
exact equivalent of 15.70 inches of 0.07 inches, which
is
;
now
find the equivalent
1.78 millimetres,
and add
tcr
the
REDUCTION OF INCHES TO MILLIMETRES.
125
above amount, the result being 400.58 millimetres (or, what is sufficiently near, 401 millimetres), which 15.77
=
inches. (3)
To
reduce 120.44 inches to millimetres, find in the
same manner the equivalent of 1.2, which is 30.48, move the point two places to the right, and 3048. results add the equivalent of 0.44, which is 11.18, and the result is ;
3059 millimetres
= 120.44 inches.
126
EEDUCTION OF mCHES TO MILLIMETRES.
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H
O CO
W o ;?;
I—
w CO l-H
w Eh
O
o o p p w p^
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H
REDUCTION OF INCHES TO MILLIMETRES. OO
-fi 00 (M CO "^ CO 00 "^ CO lO 00 00 CD t- J:~ t^ t^
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127
128
EEDUCTION OF INCHES TO ]\nLLIMETRES.
9 •
'«
o O
o o l-H
H P5
•J
REDUCTION OF INCHES TO MILLIMETRES. OO
:^ O —o — —
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CO
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129
PLATE I.
— Primary The
I.
Combinations.
Yellow
— — light cadmium.
Red
scarlet
primaries here used are
:
— vermilion + madder carmine. — ultramarine.
Blue
The
secondaries, however, are not all of tliera produced
of the pigments used as primaries, the orange being oranije
the purple, aniline
violet.
This
is
by the mixture cadmimn, and
necessary on account of the impurity
of
the red.
II.
— Secondary
Combinations.
The pure secondaries in this figure are the same as those in the one The tertiaries, however, are here in each case actual mixtures of
above.
the pigments.
Plate I._
Primarv Combinations.
YelloAv
Blue
II. _
Secondary Combinations.
Purple
-,
Green
Orange
I.
PLATE
II.
Composed of 1.
Black
2.
Plumbeous
3.
Olive-Gray
.
.
.
Lam2>hlack.
4.
Slate-color
.
5.
Cinereous
.
Lamp-black Lamp-black Lamp-black Lamp-black
6.
Mouse Gray
7.
Slate-Gray
.
Lamp-black Lamp-black
8.
Lilac Gray
.
Lamp-black
.
+ white + smalt blue. + white -f light cadmium. -f white.
-f
white
+
smalt blue.
-f
white
-\-
sepia.
-f white.
+
white
-f cobalt
blue
+
mine. 9.
Smoke Gray.
10.
French Gray.
11.
Lavender Gray
12.
Drab-Gray
.
Gray
.
13. Pearl
Lamp-black Lamp-black Lamp-black Lamp-black Lamp-black
-f
white
+ raw
-f
white
-f intense blue.
umber.
+ white + smalt blue. + white + burnt umber. +
white
+
cobalt blue.
madder
cf car-
Plate
se Graj-
II.
PLATE
III.
Composed of
Brown Clove Brown Seal
Sepia
.
.
.
Lamp-black
-f vermilion.
.
Lamp-black
-j-
cadmium
Chocolate Brown Purple madder
Vand3'ke Brown Bistre
.
.
Burnt umber
Burnt Umber
.
Olive
.
.
.
+
sepia.
(Vandyke brown). (Bistre).
.
Walnut Brown
10.
orange.
(Sepia).
.
+
purple madder.
(Burnt umber). -j- yellow oclire + Antwerp blue. umber + burnt sienna. Raw umber + burnt umber + sepia. Kaw umber + sejiia + black -f white. Burnt umber -f yellow oclire + burnt sienna. (Raw umber). Sepia + raw umber + white. Burnt umber + burnt sienna + yellow ochre. Raw umber -|- yellow ochre.
Sepia
Mummy Brown Kaw Brown
11.
Front's
12.
Hair Brown
.
13.
Mars Brown
.
14.
Raw Umber
.
Brown
15. Broccoli 16.
Russet
17.
Tawny
18.
Drab
19.
Wood Brown
20.
Cinnamon
.
.
21.
Ecru-Drab
.
.
22.
Fawn-color
.
23.
Isabella-color
.
.
.
.
Olive .
.
.
.
Sepia -f white.
Burnt umber -f raw umber -f- yellow ochre + white. Yellow oclire -f burnt umber + burnt sienna + white. Burnt umber + sepia + white.
+ white. + yellow ochre
Burnt umber
Raw umber
-f white.
Plate
lO.
Mummy Brown.
22.Fav^^i color.
li. ft-oiifs
Brown,
23. Isabella color.
12.
II[
Hair Browii.
^
PLATE
IV.
Composed 1.
2.
Brown Maroon .
of
Purple madder.
Claret
+
Purple madder
.
madder carmine
+
scarlet ver-
milion.
Madder Brown Liver Brown Bay
Purple madder
(Burnt sienna).
7.
Bnrnt Sienna Rufous
8.
Dragon's-blood
9.
Chestnut
3. 4.
5. 6.
,
.
.
.
Schoenfeld's Indian red
.
Red
Light red
+
vermilion
Burnt umber
.
Ferruginous
11.
Brick
12.
Hazel
13.
Orange-Rufous
14.
Vinaceous Rufous
15.
Vinaceous Cinnamon Burnt umber
.
.
+
madder carmine.
vermilion. tint).
Winsor & Newton's Indian red. Burnt sienna + vermilion -|- raw
.
.
Neutral orange, or light red
16.
Cinnamon-Rufous
17.
Vinaceous
.
.
.
.
18.
Pinkish Vinaceous
19.
Salmon-BufF.
.
.
20.
Buff-Pink
.
.
21.
Vinaceous Pink
.
+
(Burnt sienna, light
.
.
+ burnt sienna.
(Light red).
.
10.
Red
+ burnt sienna.
Schoenfeld's Indian red or Persian red.
+
sienna.
orange cadmium.
+ light red -f white. -f burnt sienna + white. Burnt sienna + burnt umber + light red Schoenfeld's Indian red + white.
Persian red
-|-
Winsor & Newton's Indian red + white. Light red + cadmium orange -f white. Light red
+ white.
Madder carmine
-f light red
-f-
white.
white.
Plate
13.
Orange -Rufous.
19 Salmon-Buff.
14.
Mnaceous -Rufous.
20. Buff- Pink.
IV;
Ij.Vinajreous-Cimi.uni
*l."Vinaceous-PinlÂŁ.
PLATE
V.
Composed of
....
Tawny Raw Sienna
Raw
sienna
+
burnt sienna.
(Raw sienna). Orange-Oehraceuus Cadmium orange + yellow ochre + burnt sienna. Tawny Ochraceous Burnt sienna + burnt umber + yellow ochre. .
.
Ochraceous Rufous
Ochraceous Clay-color 9.
.
Ochre Yellow
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.
Ochraceous Buff
11.
Cream Buff
12. Olive-Buff
.
.
.
.
.
.
13. Buff 14.
Pinkish Bull'
15.
Vinaceous Buff
.
+ light red + burnt sienna. + light cadmium. Yellow ochre + burnt umber + burnt sienna. Yellow ochre + raw umber + burnt sienna + white. Yellow ochre
Raw
Gallstone Yellow
.
.
sienna
(Yellow ochre).
+ burnt sienna + white. + white. Yellow ochre + white + cobalt blue. Raw sienna + white. Yellow ochre
Yellow ochre
Yellow ochre
-f light
Yellow ochre
+
white
red -f white. -f
Schoenfeld's Indian red.
Plate
.TsRVTiy OchraceoTis.
S.Ochraceous-Rufous.
Othrareoui-
S. Clay color.
9.
U. Cream-Buff.
12.
7.
lO.Ochraceous-Buff.
13.
Buff.
U. Pinkish Buff
Y
6. (Jallslone Yfll
15.
Ochre Yellow.
Olive-Buff^
Vinaceous-Buff.
PLATE Composed
VI.
of
+
Oi'piment Orange
Cadmium
Cadmium Orange
(Cadmium orange). Orange cadmium + pale cadmium. Pale cadmium + orange cadmium + raw sienna. Pale cadmium + orange cadmium + yellow ochre. Pale cadmium + orange cadmium. Pale cadmium + raw umber. Pale cadmium + orange cadmium -f- white. Pale cadmium -f orange cadmium + white. Pale cadmium + yellow ochre.
Orange
.
.
.
Saffron Yellow
Indian Yellow
.
.
Cadmium Yellow
Wax
Yellow
Chrome Yellow Deep Chrome Gamboge Yellow .
Lemon Yellow
.
Canary Yellow Primrose Yellow .
Sulphur Yellow Citron Yellow Olive Yellow Straw Yellow Naples Yellow Buff Yellow Cream-color
.
Maize Yellow Oranee-Buff
orange
burnt sienna.
Pale cadmium.
cadmium + white. cadmium + white. Pale cadmium + wliite + Paris green. Pale cadmium + Antwerp blue. Pale cadmium + black + white. Pale cadmium + raw umber + white. Pale cadmium + yellow ochre + white. Pale cadmium + orange cadmium + white. Orange cadmium + pale cadmium + white. Orange cadmium + pale cadmium + white. Pale
Pale
Orange cadmium
+
white.
Plate
1.
Orpiment Orange.
4.
Saffron Yello\v.
7.
10.
Wax
Yellow.
Gamboge Yellow
13. Primrose
Yellow.
2.
Cadmium Orange.
5.
8.
Indian Yello\v.
Chrome Yellow
II.
14.
Lemon
Yello-vv.
Sulphur Yellow.
16. Olive -Yellow.
17.
19.
Buff- Yellow.
20.
22.
Orange-Buff.
Straw Yellow.
Cream
color.
3.
VI,
Orange.
G. Cadniiuni Yellow.
9.
Deep Cliiome.
12.
Canary Yellow.
15.
Citron YeJlow.
18
Naples Yellow.
21.
Maize Yellow.
PLATE
VII.
Composed
Burnt Carmine Lake Red Crimson
.
.
....
Coral
Red
.
.
Madder Madder Madder Madder
carmine
of
+
scarlet vermilion
+ black.
carmine or deep madder lake.
carmine or deep madder lake. carmine
+ cadmium
orange
+
vermilion
-{-
white.
Rose Red
Burgeois's
" rose-Tyrien "
+
Schoenfeld's
"safflor-
roth."
Carmine.
Geranium Red
.
.
Poppy Red
.
Burgeois's " laque ponceau."
.
Scarlet Vermilion Scarlet
.
....
Orange- Vermilion
.
Orange Chrome Flame-scarlet
.
.
.
.
Saturn Red
.
.
.
.
.
Salmon-color .
Geranium Pink Rose Pink .
Winsor & Newton's scarlet vermilion. Safflorroth -}- cadmium orange.
+ cadmium orange. cadmium orange. Safflorroth -f cadmium orange. Scarlet vermilion + cadmium orange -f burnt sienna. Scarlet vermilion + cadmium orange. Scarlet vermilion + cadmium orange -f- white.
Scarlet vermilion
Vermilion
Chinese Orange
Flesh-color
Schoenfeld's "safflorroth."
Winsor & Newton's vermilion.
Vermilion
.
.
Peach-blossom Pink
+
Scarlet vermilion
+
Safflorroth
+ white.
Safflorroth
-+-
white.
Pink madder.
white.
Plate
13.
Orange Chrome.
14. Flame
17.
J9. Geraniuiri
Pink
Scarlet.
Salmon
;0.
Âť;olor.
Rose Pink,
1.5.
VII.
Chinese Oraii^p
IH. '.-'losh
Sl.PeachBlossomPiiik.
PLATE
VIII.
Composed
Prune Purple
.
Dahlia Purple Auricula Purple
Plum Purple
.
Pansy Purple
.
Indian Purple
Royal Purple Aster Purple
.
.
"
of
madder lake + purple madder. Madder carmine + black + violet ultramarine. Violet madder lake (Schoenfeld's). Violet madder lake + Antwerp blue. Madder carmine + violet ultramarine + black. Violet madder lake + sepia. Violet
Aniline violet Violet
+
violet ultramarine.
+
madder lake
violet ultramarine
+
madder
+
maddei
carmine.
Maroon Purple
Madder carmine
Violet
Aniline violet.
.
.
Phlox Purple
.
.
Violet
+
+
Madder carmine-+
Mauve
Aniline violet
Magenta
Aniline
+
Madder carmine
Lavender
.
Violet ultramarine
.
Rose aniline.
.
Violet
â&#x20AC;˘
Heliotrope
violet
madder
lake.
+ white. violet + rose aniline.
Wine Purple Solferino
violet ultramarine
white.
Pomegranate Purple .
+
madder lake
carmine
.
purple madder.
madder lake
violet
madder
lake.
+ white. +
sepia -f violet ultramarine
white. Lilac
Violet ultramarine
Rose Purple
Violet ultramarine
+ madder carmine + white. + madder carmine + white.
PiATE
vin.
IS.JIeliotrope Purple.
19.
Lilac.
20.Rose Purple.
PLATE Comiwsed
Marine Blue Berlin Blue
Hyacinth Blue
Schoenfeld's violet ultramarine.
Frencli Blue
.
(French blue).
Paris Blue
.
Antwerp blue
Smalt Blue
+
French blue
Smalt, or French blue
Ultramarine Blue
Antwerp Blue Campanula Blue .
Cobalt Blue
.
Smalt blue
+
French blue
.
.
Glaucous Blue Turquoise Blue
black.
Italian ultramarine).
white.
+ black + white. + white. Cobalt blue + white. Antwerp blue + white. French blue + white. Antwerp blue + cobalt blue + white. Antwerp blue + black + white. Antwerp blue + cobalt blue + emerald
Antwerp blue
Sevres Blue
+
violet ultramarine.
Cobalt blue.
Flax-flower Blue
Azure Blue
+
(Genuine ultramarine, or (Antwerp blue).
China Blue
Pearl Blue
of
+ black. French blue + black. French blue + violet ultramarine. Antwerp blue + French blue + black.
Antwerp blue
Indigo Blue
.
IX.
green
-f-
white,
Cerulean Blue Verditer Blue
.
Nile Blue
.
.
Antwerp blue Antwerp blue Antwerp blue
+ cobalt blue + white. + black + light cadmium + + emerald gi-een + white.
white.
Pl^TE
7.
Paris
i31ue.
10. Antwerp Blue.
8.
11.
SmaltBlue.
[X.
9. Ultramarine Bhie.
Campanula Blue.
12.
Cobalt Blue.
k 13.
China
liliMv
16. Pale Blue.
19.
Glaucous-Blue.
?2.Verditer Blue.
I4-.
Flax Flower Blue.
17.
13
Azuie Blue.
Pearl Blue.
20. Turquoise Blue.
2.3.
Nile Blue.
21. Cerulean Blue.
PLATE
X.
Composed Bottle Green
.
Myrtle Green
.
Cadmium
orange
Antwerp blue
Terre-verte Green
(Terre verte).
Grass Green
Cadmium
+
of
+ Antwerp blue. cadmium orange. +
yellow
cadmium orange
+
Antwerp
blue.
Sea Green
.
.
Viridian
+
Antwerp
Malachite Green
Ultramarine blue
Parrot Green
Antwerp blue
.
+
pale
Viridian Green
(Viridian).
Pea Green
Ultramarine blue
.
.
blue.
cadmium + white. cadmium + raw sienna.
+ pale +
pale
cadmium
-j-
raw sienna
+
+
pale
cadmium
+
raw sienna
+
white.
Bice Green
.
.
Ultramarine blue white.
Verdigris Green
Chromium Green Paris Green
Beryl Green
Sage Green
.
cadmium + white. + pale cadmium + black + white. Emerald green + pale cadmium + white. Viridian + emerald green + Antwerp blue + white. Ultramarine blue + pale cadmium + black + white. Viridian
+
pale
Ultramarine blue
Emerald Green
(Emerald green).
Glaucous Green
Viridian
Olive-Green
Raw
French Green Apple Green Oil Green
.
+
sienna
white.
+
Antwerp
Italian ultramarine
.
.
.
Antwerp blue Antwerp blue
+
+ pale + pale
blue.
pale
cadmium.
cadmium cadmium
+ white. + raw sienna.
Plate
1. Bottle
Green.
16. Emerald
Green
19. French.
Green.
l?.Mvrtle Greeu.
17.
Glaiirous-Green.
I'U.AppJe Gx-een.
X.
3.Terreverte Green.
18 01r\-e-GreÂŤ
21.011 Green.
NOTE. The pileum includes the. forehead, crown, and ocdput. The term cheeks is more or less indefinite in meaning, but sense
may
in its widest
be said to include the auriculars, suborbital region, and
onalar region.
It
is,
however, sometimes restricted to one or the
other of these divisions.
The supraloral
region (15), superciliary region (14),
region (13) together, or figure), constitute a
and siqyra-auricular
when continuous with one another
superciliary stripe.
(as in the
Plate
-—
XII
NOTE. The following
divisions include two or more of those distinguished on The Upper Parts comprise the entire upper surface, from forehead to tail, inclusive, and include also the outer or upper surface of the wings. (2) The Lower Parts comprise the entire under surface, from
the figure
:
(1)
chin to lower tail-coverts, inclusive, but do not necessarily include the
under surface of the wing.
The boundary
line
lower parts, on the sides of the head and neck,
and
is
between the upper and is indefinite,
or variable,
usually indicated in each particular case in the description of a bird.
(3) The Pileum includes thu forehead, crovni, and occiput. (4) The Foreneck includes the chin, throat, and jugulum. (5) The Sides, in the com-
prehensive sense of the term, include the flanks as well as the (6)
The Mantle includes the
back, scapulars,
sirZcs projoer.
and outer or upper surface
of the wings.
The Crissum
is
properly that portion between the lower tail-coverts and
anal region which in the figure loiver tail-covcrts
is
and crissum are
concealed by the primaries. diflferent in color,
When
the
they are then distin-
but when they are concolored, they are usually considered synonymous, the term crissum being used for the tract itself, and that of
guished
;
lower tail-covcrts for the individual feathers.
Plate Ml.
a.
An emai-^inated primary
b.
A
Under
1.
2
sinuafed primary-
.
Aviii^-
"lining of wing!
Under primary- coverts. Spurious primary.
4.
Axillars.
6.
quill.
coverts, or
3.
5.
quill.
"Bend of wing" or carpal
Carpo -metacarpal
joint.
joint.
Plate XIV
4 x^
1.
Rhoiiifcoid
2.
Quadrate
6.
Obovate.
ll.AcicuIar
9. Elliptical.
13.Cuneate.
3. Ocellate.
14-.Deltoid.
15. Cordate.
IS^LanceoIate.
IG.Scutiib
..J
ILPvTiform.
iS.Pajidurale.
19.Reiiiform.
20. SeniicirculaT.
Plate XV.
r\ 1.
Sagittate.
2. Hastate.
:i
3. V-sliaped.
4-.
U-shaped.
A
w B-Jjunulate.
I
\/>' 6. Brace- shaped.
13.Vermiculate.
Harpoon-shaped.
S.Obomegoid.
f
si; 1
9. Crescenlic.
7.
Ur,
10.
Cruciform.
14.
Undulate
18.
Banded.
Jl.
15
Arietilbrm.
Herring bone'
19.
Concentric.
12 Punctate.
16.
d ci
Decussate.
NOTE. The diagrams shown ou
this plate, iu illustratiou of the various typical
variatious in the outline or contour of erable modification, from a title
:
bii'ds'
work on Swedish
eggs, are taken, with consid-
oology, having the followiug
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Skandiuavisk Oologi. jemte
foglar I
terland.
|
|
|
Utbredning, Bo och iigg af Sveriges och Norges
Ornithologisk Exkursions-Fauna |
Stockholm.
|
|
af
|
Carl Agardh Wes-
Albert Bonniers Forlag. \
(Published in 1867
;
8vo., pU. 4, pp. 1-250, i-vi, 1 pi.)
^'OTE.
Pied du Hoi,
This standard
is
used in the works of Bonapakte, Finsch,
Haktlaub, Schlegel, and Temminck, and
also in those of
most of
the older French authors.
English Duodecimal. all earlier
Used by Audubon, Macgillivray, Pallas, and
American, English, and Russian authors.
Used by Baikd, and most recent American, English, and Russian authors who have not adopted the metric system. Metric System. Most modern authors, except those mentioned above. Naumann uses " Leipzigei- oder gewohnliches Werkmass." The Leipzig English Decimal.
foot
=
The
0.9275 English foot, 0.2827 metre, or 0.8703 French foot used
English
foot,
by
foot.
Nilsson and other Swedish ornithologists
is
0.9742
0.9141 French foot, or 0.2969 metre.
The Rhineland Danish
S.
foot
(which
foot) is frequently
responds to 1.0298 English
is
the same as the Prussian, Rotterdam, and
used by the feet,
earlier
0.9663 French
German foot,
authors.
It cor-
and 0.3139 metre.
Plate
I
"
:=
S
K
X\ai.
I
>3
N
11