Water Sensitive Urbanism for relocated Informal settlements in Hyderabad, India by Ateeb Hussein

Water Sensitive Urbanism for relocated Informal settlements in Hyderabad, India

Ateeb Hussain Shaik Registration no. 150127057 Supervisor: Dr. Beatrice De Carli

Thesis submitted to the University of Sheffield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Urban Design

KEY WORDS

WATER CHALLENGES INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS WATER MANAGEMENT URBAN QUALITY VULNERABILITY INFORMAL HYDROLOGICAL REGENERATION WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY COHESIVE NEIGHBOURHOOD SOCIAL IDENTITY CHARACTER SPATIAL WATER POLICIES GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE GARDENS ATTRACTIVE PLACES HEALTH ECONOMIC GROWTH ECOLOGY GOVERNMENT COMMUNITY SOCIETY LOCAL ECONOMY

ABSTRACT Informal settlements in India have always been a subject to several problems such as hygiene, lack of proper housing and basic services such as water and electricity. The research examine the existing program under which these settlements were relocated from the center of the city to further away from the city causing disruption to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. The program guarantee the supply of basic services but in the end fails to deliver. This research reviews the condition of water supply for these informal settlements and tries to evaluate and generate solutions for daily supply of water to these informal settlements on a daily basis. This study is motivated by my main research questions, how can water supply issues be solved for relocated settlements of Hyderabad, India. Subsequent to this, my further research will focus on finding sustainable solutions to solve these issues. The research will also criticize these policies from the subjective point of view of the people living in the Informal settlements and identify the issues of informal and illegal services that are prevalent on the site. The research begins with the introduction of the city and its historical importance with water. We then move on to discuss about the current condition of settlements in the city. Furthermore it will briefly explain the current situation of how water is supplied in the city. Bulk of the research is focused on my subjective findings on the site. A brief visit of the site and interview with the residents has led to the findings. The findings from these studies is what will drive this research. Since this is a design based research, the research methods used to understand the site are mostly done with the use of illustrated mappings and images of the site. It also used simple graphics to present my design solutions for the dwelling from the point of view of an urban designer. TO find the solution for water the research aims to solve social problems in the community. The preliminary goals of this research are to find solutions for these problems with the help of intangible strategies along with ideas for participation for the residents of the settlement to take control and responsibility of their homes from social, ecological and economical aspects. To conclude studying the movement of informal settlements depending on the availability of water is what shaped the urban areas of many populated cities on earth. Understanding this complicated situation of water will help us understand the urban morphologies of the city from a different point of view.

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

INTRO DUCTIO N

1.1

P R E FA C E

1.2

RESEARCH QUESTION

1.3

M O T I VAT I O N

1.4

OBJECTIVES

1.5

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

1.6

METHODOLOGY

BACKGROUND & C O N TE X T

2.1

L O C AT I N G H Y D E R A B A D

2.2

H Y D E R A B A D - O R I G I N S O F T H E W AT E R C I T Y

2.3

H Y D E R A B A D - R E M A I N S O F T H E W AT E R C I T Y

2.4

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE CITY

2.5

H Y D E R A B A D W A T E R S U P P LY B O A R D

2.6

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS FOR THE POOR

S ITE, S TO RIES & CHA L L E N G E S

3.1

SITE SELECTION

3.2

A B O U T R E L O C AT I O N

3.3

W AT E R F R A M E W O R K

3.4

URBAN CONTEXT

3.5

NEIGHBOURHOOD MAPPING

3.6

FINDINGS

DES IGN PRO PO S AL & R E FL E CTI O N

4.1

CONCEPT

4.2

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

4.3

S T R AT E G Y R E L AT I O N S H I P M A P

4.4

S TA K E H O L D E R N E T W O R K

4.5

U R B A N D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S

4.6

CONCLUSION

116

BIBLIOGRAPHY

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would first like to thank my supervisor Dr. Beatrice De carli at The University of Sheffield. The door to her office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing. She consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right the direction whenever he thought I needed it. I would also like to acknowledge Poojitha Sagar from School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi as the second reader of this thesis, and I am gratefully indebted for her very valuable comments on this thesis. I would also like to thank my peers in India who have helped me gather information that has helped me present my best work for this research. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and to my friends for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

INTRODUCTION

1.1

P R E FA C E

1.2

RESEARCH QUESTION

1.3

M O T I V AT I O N

1.4

OBJECTIVES

1.5

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.6

METHODOLOGY

1 . 1 P R E FA C E

The research is divided in to four chapters. The introductory chapter is divided in to six sections. I first introduce my research question and my motivation behind this research. Secondly, I will talk about my objectives and the methodology of my study. Finally, I will discuss the papers and articles discussing about similar issues concerning informal settlements and provide my insights on the topic. In the first part of the second chapter I introduce the city of Hyderabad and briefly situate it with the concept of being a water city. The second part of the chapter explains the current conditions of informal settlements in the city and the authority responsible for the supply of water in the city. Finally, the programmes that were responsible for relocation of the slum will be introduced and briefly explained. The third chapter we situate ourselves within the relocated informal settlement. The research will present the relocation story of the settlement. Maps of different scales are used to map the site physically, socially and subjectively. The chapter ends with the final findings about issues and challenges of the site. In the final chapter I present my concept, design principles and design strategies to find solutions for the problems faced by the residents of the informal settlements.

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION

A relocated informal settlement in Hyderabad, India lacks the service of basic need of water on daily basis causing severe social and health issues among the residents. How can this be solved with the use of urban design strategies?

How can the water problems be solved with the help of sustainable methods?

How can the local economy of the neighbourhood be developed by the residents?

What role can the residents of the settlement play in the process of creating their community a better living space?

How does the water situation help understanding the subject of urban design of the cities urban development?

1 . 3 M O T I V AT I O N My motivation for this graduation project is the crisis that my city is facing in terms of water availability. The mismanagement and miss use of water in Hyderabad request for new spatial alternatives and design solutions that combine water management and urban design to enhance the communal relations with the government. The second reason is when I visited the site the residents came out strongly about their opinions about the relocation and their problems. So I want their voice to be heard. I believe there is a great potential to integrate water in spatial urban strategies in order to improve quality of life and attain sustainable development of informal settlements in the city of Hyderabad.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

OB_1

OB_2

OB_3

The main objective of this research is to analyse, discuss and find solutions for the issues concerning water supply to the relocated informal settlement in Hyderabad.

The second objective is to solve and strengthen the social relations in the community.

The final objective is to make the society economically stable by generating income from the local economy.

KEYWORDS BUILDING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION BUILDING RESILIENCE REDUCE VULNERABILITY SUSTAINING LIVELIHOODS URBAN GOVERNANCE WATER SIDE DEVELOPMENT RAIN WATER HARVESTING WATER UTILITIES PIPED WATER SUPPLY WATER CHALLENGES WATER GOVERNANCE PUBLIC AGENCIES ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR URBAN SANITATION URBAN PROGRAMMES URBAN POLICY URBAN POOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION RESETTLEMENT SUBSIDY-BASED UPGRADING JNNURM & BSUP RELOCATION URBAN GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN WATER POLICIES URBAN REDEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT LIVABILITY WASTE WATER LOCAL ECONOMY

Figure 1.2 : Literature & Keywords

1.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

BOOKS THE PLACEMAKER’S GUIDE TO BUILDING COMMUNITY - Nabeel Hamdi WATER URBANISMS – EAST - Edited by Kelly Shannon and Bruno de Meulder

ARTICLES WHEN UTILITIES MUDDLE THROUGH: PRO-POOR GOVERNANCE IN BANGALORE’S PUBLIC WATER SECTOR - Genevieve Connors URBAN SANITATION IN INDIA: KEY SHIFTS IN THE NATIONAL POLICY FRAME - Kavita Wankhade

JNNURM - AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION - Kavita Wankhade

UPGRADE, REHOUSE OR RESETTLE? AN ASSESSMENT OF THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT’S BASIC SERVICES FOR THE URBAN POOR (BSUP) PROGRAMME - Sheela Patel

FROM THREAT TO OPPORTUNITY: SPATIAL STRATEGIES INTEGRATING URBAN AND WATER DYNAMICS TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE REDEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN MEXICO CITY’S PERIPHERY - Angela Lopez Cruz

DISSERTATIONS POLITICS OF ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER IN URBAN AREAS IN INDIA: STATE AND MARKET INTERVENTIONS - A CASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD - Samantha Sahu

D I S C U S S I N G T H E L I T E R AT U R E As observed from my research questions my thesis is mainly focused on the issues generated with the lack of supply of water to the informal settlements in Hyderabad causing social tensions among the residents as well as with the government. Moreover this also causes health and sanitation issues. In Hyderabad, the term ‘Slum’ is an administrative designation used to refer to a wide variety of informal housing settlements comprising “poorly built congested tenements, an unhygienic environment usually with poor infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities” (Census of India, 2001). These slums are entitled to several benefits from the government one of them being subsidized water supply connections. In figure 1.2 the selected literature has been summarised and connected them with keywords that relate to my topic from a broader view as well as topics related to the notion of water. In the following text the existing literature that relate to the motion of water will be discussed. Each paragraph will discuss about a particular keyword and how the same keyword in different literature has helped me understand that subject. Furthermore the literature review consists of literature that will help me with my research of the area and also to produce design proposals for the space. SLUM RELOCATION PROGRAMMES - JNNURM & BSUP JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) was a city upgradation scheme launched by the government of India in 2005 and was closed in 2014. One of the sub-missions of this program was BSUP (Basic Services to the Urban Poor) of which the primary aim was to provide upgradation to the settlement and provide them basic service of water and sanitation. But Patel, founder of SPARC, India has criticized that the slums were not upgraded but contractors were appointed by the government to build new houses which were often of degraded quality or build at another location (relocation). The paper speaks about how these programmes focus on outputs rather than the quality of provision. It firmly criticizes the program by saying that the main focus of these programs is to benefit the slum residents. Yet in almost all the site visited the residents were extremely dissatisfied. The study claims that the main reason for these situations was the inability of the government to understand what upgradation means. Majority of the times the work was carried on without consulting the beneficiaries. It is evident from the data that even though the documents of BSUP mention the importance of participation, it is only viewed as providing information to the communities about the project. “Slum upgrading should be a process rooted in consultation, discussion and agreement with slum residents with regard to design...” (Sheela Patel, 2013). WATER CHALLENGES / WATER GOVERNANCE Mappings the site and understanding the organisational structure of the provision of water on the site was difficult to understand in the beginning. The main fault

existed in the existing system of water provision which is discussed by Sahu in his dissertation about politics of access to water in Hyderabad. From the research understanding the policies and other factors that affect access to water such as high connection costs has helped me understand the current situation of water in the city. His detailed understanding of the organisation HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Service & Sewerage Board) has led to the conclusion that they are not in total control of the situation. “Irregular and erratic water supply, inequitable distribution, lack of adequate allocation to this sector and poor physical infrastructures continue to plague the system.”(Samantha Sahu, 2009). Whereas in a paper (Genevieve Connors,2005) about how Bangalore solved the situation by three different pilot projects and were able to provide legal piped water supply to the slums. Similar to the HMWSSB, BWSSB(Bangalore Water Service & Sewerage Board) was suffering from insuffient funds and rotating leadership. Unable to provide water for the growing population they were looking for solutions to provide water to slums in the city. Slum dwellers usually relied on illegal tap connections or purchasing water. But this was only possible in the city centre. The central problems faced by the slum dwellers was the irregular supply and insufficient water. After the intervention by NGOs, community participation was the central component. The residents were ready to pay subsidized rates for access to water. Hence the water could now be controlled and measured by the government and illegal connection would be closed. Similarly Wankhade’s paper (Kavita Wankhade,2015) identifies issues that restrict the access of poor to water. Issues along the lines of affordability and land ownership. Water is a very big challenge to understand in this era. With the population growing every day and water being a scarce resource important care must be taken to not waste this vital resource and make efficient use of it. My research will relate to these challenges and attempt to find solution for these issues. PUBLIC AGENCIES/NGOs As stated in the above paragraph BWSSB was helped by the AusAID pilot projects along with the cooperation of local NGOs to help the slums with two problems. Firstly the ability of households to pay for metered water connections and the problem with tenure status in slums. From the placemaker’s guide Hamdi (Nabeel Hamdi,2010) has explained the importance of involvement of NGOs in community development projects. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS/WATER MANAGEMENT The readings and books that have been referred talk about how to create a better neighbourhood and solve the question of water provision considering water as a vital resource which should not be wasted. Lopez’s article (Angela Lope Cruz,2011) describes ways to intervene on the site with ecological, economical and social strategies. Identical ideas could be found in Water Urbanisms - East ( Kelly Shannon and Bruno de Meulder, 2008)

They both have examples of saving water such as Rain water harvesting to reuse the storm water and the use of grey water instead of disposing it. Economical solutions such as providing support for the residents of the informal settlements to create products that will benefit their local economy. The overall notion of WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) to create spaces such as rain gardens, permeable pavements etc., These are just few of the many ideas presented by her in her paper. COMMUNITY ORGANISATION/ COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Every article that has been discussed has mentioned the importance of community participation. Whether it be the upgradation of the slums or in finding solutions for new problems generated every day in the society. Nabeel Hamdi has also used stories and states that listening is very important to communicate efficiently with the community. He also presents his idea of spatial planning which will help in organising the community. The next chapter will discuss how the literature review will help guide this research by identifying the relevant ideas needed to find solution to my research questions.

1.6 METHODOLOGY To acheive these objectives this research I will use the following methodology. Most of the data derived is by using qualitative reseach to collect evidence of existing subjects. It further helped this research in to understanding the existing issues that exist in the real world. L I T E R AT U R E REVIEW

PROJECT BACKGROUND

SITUATING

FIELD STUDIES

GATHERING

SURVEYING

articles on water issues in slums

official documents

organisational landscape walking

interviewing

photography

social relat

data from peers in india

economic s literature about informal settlements

water literature

D ATA A N A LY S I S

PROPOSALS

FINDINGS

MAPPING

tions

PROPOSING

spatial practice

FUTURE

COMMUNICATING

REFLECTING

design proposals reviews conclusion scenario building

physical space

status

water situation

Figure 1.1 : Methodology Map

METHODOLOGY SLUM RELOCATION PROGRAMMES - JNNURM & BSUP The beginning step of this research is to understand the programs under which the selected slum was relocated. Only after the site was selected the program was considered and criticized to move on to the next stage. WATER CHALLENGES / WATER GOVERNANCE After evaluating the site data from field studies and the program the research decides to focus on the aspect of water and believes to find solutions to solve these issues in the proposing stage. The inefficiency of the application of the program has been evaluated. PUBLIC AGENCIES/NGOs From the field studied no public agencies or NGOs were recognised that were present in the local area. The literature review suggests the importance of external help, especially local NGOs that will help educate the community. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS/WATER MANAGEMENT Sustainable livelihood is non-existent on the site. And the management of water is poor. This has led the individuals in the neighbourhood to suffer in bad conditions of heat especially during the summer. COMMUNITY ORGANISATION/ COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Field studies indicate the absence of community group in the society. To summarise community participation should be the top most important priority when designing a space spatially or when there is problem that needs to be solved. Without the community interaction with the authorities of interest it is impossible to recognise the depth of the problem. CONCLUSION In conclusion this research hopes to derive maximum amount of information form the analysis of existing condition of the site and generating ideas from the literature review to answer the research questions.

Source : http://andy-potts.com/content/uploads/2013/03/hydrabad_map_final.jpg

BACKGROUND, CONTEXT & L I T E R AT U R E 2.1

L O C AT I N G H Y D E R A B A D

2.2

H Y D E R A B A D - O R I G I N S O F T H E W AT E R C I T Y

2.3

H Y D E R A B A D - R E M A I N S O F T H E W AT E R C I T Y

2.4

H Y D E R A B A D W A T E R S U P P LY B O A R D

2.5

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE CITY

2.6

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS FOR THE POOR

17 Source : http://image.shutterstock.com/z/stock-vector-hyderabad-india-city-skyline-vector-silhouette-illustration-231682657.jpg

2 . 1 L O C AT I N G H Y D E R A B A D Hyderabad is the capital of the state of Telangana, India. It was an independent province under the Nizams during the British period. When India got independence in 1947, the State of Hyderabad was merged with the Union of India and later became the capital of the present state of Telangana. The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad come under the ambit of a single municipal unit, GHMC(Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation). Located at the crossroads of North and South India, Hyderabad has developed a unique culture of its own that is reflected in its language, architecture and food.

Hyderabad

South of river Musi

Source : https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/53670

Map on left: Map of Hyderabad 1914 shows River Musi, the main source of drinking water around which the city originated Map on right: Shows the growth of the city and the location of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Hussein Sagarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, an artificially created reservoir built in 1562 to store drinking waterfrom River Musi

2.2 HYDERABAD - O R I G I N S O F T H E W AT E R C I T Y The city was founded on the banks of River Musi in 1591-92 by Muhamma Quli Qutub Shah. The original “Old City” is located on the southern bank of the river while the north of the river is the new city consisting of several government buildings and landmarks. The ‘Hussein Sagar’ lake served as a storage reservoir for drinking water and was primarily fed by River Musi. It also serves as an invisible separator of the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The Musi River originates 74 km south west of the city. Lack of planning and rapid urbanization of the city has led the river to become a repository for waste water and industrial waste of the city hence polluting it.

POPULATION CENSUS OVER THE YEARS Census

Population

%±

1951

1,085,722

1961

1,118,553

3.0%

1971

1,796,000

60.6%

1981

2,546,000

41.8%

1991

3,059,262

20.2%

2001

3,637,483

18.9%

2011

6,809,970

87.2%

Source : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hyderabad_map_1914.jpg

Singanoor Lake

Manjira

Osman Sagar Lake

Himayat Sagar Lake

Map of Hyderabad 1914 showing the main source of drinking water and the Hussian Sagar reservoir build to store the drinking water

2.3 HYDERABAD - R E M A I N S O F T H E W AT E R CITY Currently three rivers, River Music, River Manjira and River Krishna are tapped at different places outside and inside the city limits to store water and supply it to the city via water pipes whenever required. Despite the fact that there is abundance of water sources around the city, majority of the rivers are usually dried up most of the year especially in the hotter months of summer. Furthermore, the extremely high population density of the city makes it difficult for the government to provide water to every individual in the city.

Musi River

0 2 4

20KM

Source : https://www.openstreetmap.org

H M W S S B O R G A N I S AT I O N C H A R T

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

MANAGING DIRECTOR

DIRECTOR (TECHNICAL)

CHIEF GENERAL MANAGER

GENERAL MANAGER

DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER

MANAGER - WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE

ASSISTANT ENGINEER OPERATOR METER READER

CITIZEN

Source : Sahu, S. (2009). Politics of Access to Drinking Water in Urban Areas in India: State and Market Interventions A Case Study of Hyderabad. PhD. University of Hyderabad.

2 . 4 H Y D E R A B A D M E T R O P O L I TA N W AT E R S U P P LY & S E W E R A G E B O A R D Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board was formed on 1st November 1989. Before that the water services in the city were carried on by The Water Board created in 1982. It is relatively young corporation of which the organisation chart still remains very confusing with the Chief Minister of the state being the chairman of the commission. Currently, water supply extends to roughly half of the city’s slums, principally the result of a project funded by the British Overseas Development Authority. Tariffs have been kept low by officials on the board who believe water as a social good and should be provided at low cost particularly to the poor. But in reality, it is low tariffs that restrict the board’s potential to expand their infrastructure. The city’s slum dwellers rely on public services while most of the middle and upper class households have installed bore wells, which is unaffordable by the poor. The Chief Minister of the state is looking at privatisation of water. This could help the private concessionaire to service the poor at a controlled price. Second option is to principal financially responsibility to GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) who is already responsible in providing infrastructure service to the city’s slums. The Urban Community Development (UCD) department is a subsidiary of GHMC responsible for handling most slum upgrading programs in Hyderabad. The UCD partners with local community-based organisations to implement a range of activities for poor neighbourhoods that help residents establish and implement development priorities. UCD is short staffed and has typically less resources and political influence. The organization took a step to take advantage of opportunities by partnering with local NGOs. Even though these efforts only reach a fraction of the city’s poor, it has helped UCD to shift responsibility for water planning in Hyderabad’s slums onto other organizations, freeing the focus on from commercially viable customers.

Present Sources of Water Supply to Hyderabad Source

Normal Drawls (in MGD*)

Present Drawls (in MGD*)

System Mode

Osman Sagar

4.00

Gravity

Himayath Sagar

8.70

Gravity

Singanoor

31.00

Gravity/Pumping

Manjira

30.50

Gravity/Pumping

Krishna Phase 1- 2

180

3 Stage Pumping

Krishna Phase 3

3 Stage Pumping

Godavari

86.00

Total

516

451 MGD - Millions of gallons per day

Source : https://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/en/index.php/about/source

0 1 2

10KM

Map source : www.openstreetmap.org

2.5 INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE CITY A report submitted to the World Bank by GHMC indicates the total population of 1.9 million were living in 1476 slums across the city of which only 1179 were formally recognised as slums by the government. Statistics show that 66% live in the core of the city whereas the remaining 34% live in the suburbs. Only one-third of the slums in the city have access to basic services while the rest rely on public services from the government. Even in the 21st century majority of the child population in the slums are engaged in child labour activities such as working on street shops and hazardous construction sites.

Total number of Informal Settlements

1476

Notified Informal Settlements

1179

Non - Notified Informal Settlements

297

Total area covered by the Informal

84.9 Sq.Km

Settlements Source : GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation)

Population in the Informal Settlements

Total Population of the City of Hyderabad

1,980,347 1.9 Million 6,809,970 6.8 Million

28% Percentage of Informal settlement population living in the city

Source : GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) 0 1 2

10KM

Map source : www.openstreetmap.org

2.6 GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES FOR THE POOR JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) was a scheme initiated by government of India to modernize the city by focusing of urban infrastructure such as water supply, waste management and road network in cities to improve the quality of life.

Year

Programme

Level

1967

Urban Community Development (UCD)

Central

1972

Environment Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS)

Central

1984

Hyderabad Slum Improvement Programme (Under UCD)

State

1996

National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)

Central

2001

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna (VAMBAY)

Central

2005

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

Central

2011

Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY)

Central

2015

2 BHK Scheme

State

2015

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY)

Central

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

Started

2005

Closed

2014

Sub-mission

J N N U R M (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) was a scheme initiated by government of India to modernize the city by focusing of urban infrastructure such as water supply, waste management and road network in cities to improve the quality of life. The scheme’s second objective was to provide basic services to the slums with a focus on integrated development. Over the period of its establishment the total investment was 15 billion British pounds. Initially scheduled to run for seven years the tenure of the mission was extended until March 32, 2014.

B S U P (Basic Services for the Urban Poor) BSUP sub-mission of JNNURM was introduced to the growing need of the country. Approximately 20-25% of the urban population now live in informal settlements without basic amenities. “BSUP was meant to address these issues by providing a garland of seven entitlements – security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education, and social security in low-income settlements” (ESID, 2015). But compared to the other components under JNNURM, BSUP was allocated less funding. From a research by ESID (ESID, 2015) the paper criticises by saying that the BSUP programme failed to address the urban poverty. No attention to tenure by the government, lack of focus on the universalization of basic services and poor participation from the slum dwellers were the main failures. The poor performance of the program was the consequence caused by lack of funds. Large amount of dwelling units built still remain unoccupied because of wrong calculations. “Planning documents are of poor quality and often prepared without consulting the urban poor, as there are no institutional mechanisms for community participation.”(ESID, 2015). Beneficiaries living in these settlements have very low amounts of satisfaction particularly because of the high cost and sites being located far away from the city centre. Some of them have also complained about the poor quality of construction and lack of provision of basic services and maintenance of public space by the government.

E V A L U AT I O N O F B S U P ( B A S I C S E R V I C E S F O R T H E U R B A N P O O R )

OBJECTIVE.

C O M P L I C AT I O N S

Provision of Basic Services to Urban Poor

Land tenure is needed to provide water connection.

Security of tenure at affordable prices

No attention to tenure. Tenure process is slow and complicated. Documents handled improperly.

Improved housing, water supply, sanitation

Housing construction is of low quality because of transferring the responsibility to private contactors who provide poor materials and construction

Beneficiaries will be provided housing near to their place of occupation

Availability of site near to work place is not always possible

Community participation

Difficult to get commnity on board to help because of issues with social relations in the community and between government and the people

W H AT W A S P R O M I S E D .

W H AT W A S D E L I V E R E D .

Basic services include daily water supply and proper sanitation to be maintained by the municipal government

Housing without piped water supply causing problems with health and sanitation for the residents.

Tenure for the residents after they pay the required amount after they move in to their new homes.

Even after the amount was paid no tenure documents were issued by the government.

Proper housing with all basic facilities installed before the beneficiaries move

Poor quality housing compromised by third party contractors without proper access to services

Care will be taken while relocating so that the dwellers are located close to their work places

No care was taken by any officials. The relocated site was allocated with no regard about dwellers work places

Community participation will be established with the support of state and local municipality for better product delivery

Beneficiaries were never involved in the relocation. Neither in the designing phase nor in the delivery stage.

Illustration by Author

CONCLUSION To summarise the contents of this chapter the city of Hyderabad dedicates its existing to the presence of the River Musi around which the city was established. After the independence of the country from the British in 1947 the population of the country increased drastically. This led to the problem for the government unable to meet the required demands for water supply. Most to suffer were the slums that had irregular access to water supply. HMWSSB, the board responsible for delivering water across the city is poorly organised and insufficiently funded. Being an organisation solely responsible for water supply no action has been taken by the government to solve the unstable situation. As of now the government is still looking for privatisation options, especially to solve the water crisis experience in the slums of the city. To solve these issues the government initiated JNNURM program that would benefit the city by improving the city environment, improve urban governance making it more responsive. It would help the poor by giving them access to basic municipal services and legal housing. But the government could not achieve the objectives set by BSUP, sub-mission under JNNURM due to the instability of individuals and groups responsible for the mission. Corruption and political tensions in the government are reasons for incomplete delivery of promises.

SITE, STORIES & CHALLENGES

3.1

SITE SELECTION

3.2

A B O U T R E L O C AT I O N

3.3

W AT E R F R A M E W O R K

3.4

URBAN CONTEXT

3.5

NEIGHBOURHOOD MAPPING

3.6

FINDINGS

50M

Source : Google Maps

A satellite map of the site taken in April 2016 that shows top half of the site that is still under development.

3.1 SITE SELECTION The selected site was relocated and inhabited by communities and families from four different slums in the city. The proposed housing on the top part of the site is still under development. Current status of the construction is reported as slow and unorganised by the residents of the site.

50M

Source : Map illustration by author

Source : https://www.openstreetmap.org

3 . 2 A B O U T R E L O C AT I O N T H E R E L O C AT E D S I T E O N CITY MAP

Outer ring road of the city

The site is located on the south east from the centre of the city, approximately 11km from the centre of the city. The site is located close to the inner ring road that connects it to the centre of the city.

Centre of the city

Inner ring road of the city

Selected Site

International Airport 0 1 2

10KM

Map source : www.openstreetmap.org

900 M

0 10 20

Inner Ring Road

Relocated Site at Nandanavanam Colony

100M

Source : Google Maps

ABOUT THE SITE The site is square shaped and located 900m away from the inner ring road. Source : Google Maps

H O W D I D T H E R E L O C AT I O N WORK? The flow chart on the right side shows the process of relocation and steps that were taken. But the invisible substance of the process comes from the subjective findings. The residents of the slums were approached by the government during the initiation of program after the sites were selected. Initially the residents protested that the government upgrade their sites instead of relocating them. But considering the value of land located in the city the government found it financially unacceptable to give it to the residents. So they found sites that had low value which were often located at the suburbs of the city. Even though the residents were not happy with the relocation they were forced to move because of false promises of better spaces to live and easy access to basic services. For some it was the pressure from local political parties who were bribed by the government. In the beginning the residents held their position and refused to move. But after few of the residents started giving in, the others did not have a choice but to relocate.

Survey of existing slums by government

Studying the demographics of slum

Considering possible relocation sites

Meeting with the beneficiaries

Getting consent from the slum dwellers

Preparation of documents for ownership

Slum Dwellers relocated

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

Champapet Huts

Gunti Jangaiah Colony

Kothapet Fruit Market

NTR Nagar

Relocated Site

0 0.1 0.2

0.5

1KM

Source : Google Maps

W H O W E R E R E L O C AT E D ? The beneficiaries from the below informal settlements which were initially located in different parts of the city are as shown in the map on the left. A vast majority of the population that were relocated were extremely unhappy with the newly constructed housing.

1 Champapet Huts

Beneficiaries relocated from

Number of

Distance from old

Households

settlement (Km)

1 Champapet Huts

160

2 Gunti Jangaiah Colony

171

3 Kothapet Fruit Market

182

4 NTR Nagar

237

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

W H Y W E R E T H E Y R E L O C AT E D ? 2 Gunti Jangaiah Colony

The different reasons listed below have been provided by the residents of the new settlement stating their point of view of why the government drew them out of their existing homes.

The condition of the slums was very bad and unhygienic for dwellers to live

The slum were relocated from the site and relocated for the beautification of Musi River.

The slum were relocated from this site because the municipality wanted to widen the road

3 Kothapet Fruit Market

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

4 NTR Nagar

Central Government - 50% State Government - 20% Loan Component - 20% Beneficiary Contribution - 10%

FUNDING MAP OF THE SCHEME

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

F I N A N C I A L P A T T E R N 100 INR ~ 1 GBP Per Unit Cost

Central Government State Government Loan Component Beneficiary Contribution

₹ 2,67,600 ~ £ 3000 ₹ 1,33,800 ~ £ 1500 ₹ 53,520 ~ £ 600 ₹ 53,520 ~ £ 600 ₹ 26,760 ~ £ 300

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

FUNDING EXPLAINED The capital for the housing was split by different governments and a part of it had to be paid by the beneficiaries as explained in the figure on the left. Technically including the loan component the total amount to be paid by the beneficiaries was thirty percent.

Part of housing on the site still under construction in April 2016 Source : Photo by Author

Completed and occupied housing on the site Source : Photo by Author

Plotted Housing Blocks Area Internal Road Area Open Spaces Area

• Total Site Area - 7.36 Acres / 29784.63 Sqm • 25% - Plotted Housing Blocks Area - 7401.42 Sqm • 30% - Internal Road Area - 8777.61 Sqm • 45% - Open Spaces Area - 13512.29 Sqm Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

DEMOGRAPHICS Population: 3344 • Average Household Size: 5.5 • No. of dwelling units occupied: 376 • No. of dwelling units vacant:376 Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

Source : Photo by Author

R E L O C AT E D S I T E A R E A The relocated site area measures around 30000 Sq.m. Around forty five percent of site is allocated to open spaces which remain undeveloped and untidy because of improper maintenance. Most of the population of the slums live in the first two floors especially the older residents. The upper floors of the housing remain unoccupied because the residents get tired of carrying water up the stairs as there is no provision of piped water supply.

Source : Photo by Author

Some of the people who were relocated initially rent their homes to other people and move back to live in a slum located closer to the city centre.The main reason being easy access to services.

Grocery stores

Local business

Taxi Drivers

Maids

Street Vendors

Masons

Vegetable and Fruit sellers

Trash Collectors

Source : Photo by Author

NEIGHBOURHOOD STORES A neighbourhood clothing store owned by an older woman

Source : Photo by Author

TAXI DRIVERS Taxis are often parked on the street as there is no provision for parking

GROCERY STORES Grocery stores selling basic things needed are common in the area

SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD The residents mostly rely on local business to make their income. High portion of the residents work close to while the rest travel to their work places in the city. In conclusion, from my findings I have derived that the majority of people prefer to work near to their residences.

Source : Getty Images

FRUIT SELLERS Trash collectors trucks parked on the roads in the community

TRASH COLLECTORS Trash collectors trucks parked on the roads in the community

Source : Photo by Author

LITERACY FA C T O R

Literate - High School Literate - Middle School Illiterate Source : GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation)

AV E R A G E SALARIES The figures shown below show the vast amount of difference between the incomes earned by an average person living in the city versus the salary made by an individual living in the slum. 100 INR ~ 1 GBP

Slum

figures shown are per month per household

City

~ 50 GBP

~ 300 GBP 5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

~ 50 GBP

~ 100 GBP

~ 150 GBP

~ 200 GBP

~ 250 GBP

~ 300 GBP

Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi., www.payscale.com

INCOME LEVELS IN THE COMMUNITY The official poverty line for the city is 2000 INR. The average salary in the slum is about 5000 INR. Comparing this to the earlier analysis about the cost of one unit it is highly unlikely that the beneficiaries will be able to afford to pay for the home and their daily needs at the same time. The income earned also depends on the size of household which ranges from 4 to 6 people. Households earning more than 6000 INR have not less than 2 earning members in the family. Households earning between 2000 INR - 3000 INR have at least 1 earning member in the family.

figures shown are per month

100 INR ~ 1 GBP

<2000 INR ~ 20 GBP >2000 INR and <3000 INR ~ <20 GBP and >30 GBP <6000 INR ~ 60 GBP Source : Poojitha, P. (2016). Government initiatives for slum improvements in Hyderabad. Postgraduate. School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

CORPORATOR

HEAD OF WATER DELIVERY

USERS CITIZENS CUSTOMERS

NGOs VOs

KEY State Government - Government of the state of Telangana, India HMWSSB - (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board) Board mandated to plan, execute & manage water supply systems in the city

One way communication

Corporator - Elected member of Municipal corporation responsible for decision at HMWSSB

Formally established relations in decision making

GHMC - (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) Urban planning agency that oversees the city of Hyderabad Water Delivery Person - Person responsible to deliver water using water tanker truck Users/Citizens/Customers - Residents of the Informal Settlements

Limited two way communication No Communication

NGOs/VOs - Non Governmental Organisations and Voluntary Organisations that help people through petitions & campaigns

Source : Sahu, S. (2009). Politics of Access to Drinking Water in Urban Areas in India: State and Market Interventions A Case Study of Hyderabad. PhD. University of Hyderabad.

3 . 3 W AT E R F R A M E W O R K Even though HMWSSB is constitutionally empowered to provide water to the city, it has very limited functions with regard to water supply to the citizens. More responsibility towards the supply of water is taken by GHMC in providing water services to the slums. The duties and decisions takes place informally rather than dictated by official rules. This is because the politicians and officials on the board belong to different parties; hence the political tensions between them make it difficult to make decisions. Since piped water supply does not exist, currently the water tankers supply the required water to the slums. The water delivery person typically the head responsible for sending tankers to the site is solely responsible for the water supply. Surprisingly GHMC has more control on the decisions than HMWSSB. In closing the relations between the stakeholders is without doubt unorganised.

Source : Anon, (2016). [image] Available at: http://www.salon. com/2014/09/07/water_shortages_lead_to_tanker_mafia_in_ india/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2016].

W AT E R S I T U AT I O N O N S I T E

Source : Anon, (2016). [image] Available at: http://timesofindia. indiatimes.com/articleshowpics/msid-3567167.cms [Accessed 28 Aug. 2016].

Most of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population have installed bore wells that extract ground water but the slum dwellers cannot afford this kind of investment. Poor households rely on nearby public taps or on water provided by HMWSSB water tanks. Tankers generally provide 40 litres of water per capita per day for free of charge to slum dwellers. While some of the residents buy water from nearby housing settlements that have been provided connections for piped water supply, other residents depend on service theft to meet their water supply needs. The residents looking to complain to the authorities are clueless about who to contact in the first place. HMWSSB does make network connections affordable by providing subsidy for 50% of the connection charge. But the inefficiency in participating with the slum dwellers and unreliable funds make it a difficult goal to achieve. The dwellers clearly explained that the services provided to them were provided with the help of local political leaders support.

3.4 URBAN CONTEXT The selected site in the urban context is surrounded by several temples and many educational insitutions. Only a tiny percentage of the children in the slum are educated while the rest work (child labour) to make income for their households.

Krishna Hospital

Educational Institution

Vijaya Hospital

Sri Dattasai Temple Church

Temple

Temple Temple Temple Educational Institution Educational Institution

Temple Source : https://www.openstreetmap.org

1 KM radius from the centre of the site

Arunodaya Hospital Temple Temple

Bethel Prayer House Sri Nandanavanam Temple Smaat Community Water Centre Educational Institution Educational Institution

100M

200M

ROADS

O P E N S PA C E S

The roads on the site are cement roads. They are cleaned frequently by GHMC

They are a few spaces in the site that are classified as open spaces. The space in front of the school is proposed to be a playground.

SERVICES

FA C I L I T I E S

Even though a power station is located on the north east of the site the slum still lacks the basic service of electricity.

A small school is also located on the site that is generally attended by the children from the settlement housing

RELOCATED INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

EXISTING HOUSES

The housing blocks are clubbed in to groups with minimum setback and seperated by streets

There are few houses on the site that are owned by individuals and are occupied by houses

3.5 NEIGHBOURHOOD MAPPING The areas on the site are classified in to seven different spaces each representing different aspects of the site. P R I V AT E L A N D Private land that is owned by unknown indivdiuals

50M

Source : Google Maps

Municipal school located on the site generally attended by children from the slums

Power station is already located on the site but still no provision of electricity is provided to the slums

Existing houses often already are located on the site even before the initiation of construction of housing

Owners of the already existing houses normally do not agree to move to relocate so the planning of housing coul be planned perfectly Informal settlement housing constructed in 2006 Half-finished housing of which the status is currently unknown

Private land which is surrounded by a compound wall.

U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E S PA C E S

The slum was initiated and developed under the JNNURM program/scheme by the government

Spaces on the ground floor are used by Grocery shops to sell small things required for daily needs

Vehicles used by dwellers for work purposes are parked in front of the apartments causing blockage of space

Source : Photo by Author

PHYSICAL MAPPING The physical infrastructure of the site is quite appealing. The four floored blocks look neat and painted from the outside. The streets are cleaned by the municipality. But the gap between the buildings remains unclean hence making the spaces very unhygienic and possibly infested by insects. Water tanks to save water can be seen in the corridors on the ground floor of the block and streets. The exterior of the blocks pointing towards the street are spaces created for shop sellers to sell for the local population and contributes for the local economy of the settlement. The illegal electricity lines are dangerously located outside the houses tangling from the roof.

LEGEND

Denotes the postion of the photograph taken on site

Space between buildings is not cleaned and littered by garbage

Source : Photo by Author

Unsafe hanging electrical lines in that are informally obtained from surrounding houses Unoccupied upper floors of the buildings because the residents detest carrying water to upper floors everyday

Small water tanks and water drums are used to store water

Source : Photo by Author

Interior of a kitchen in one of the dwelling units

Interior of bedroom in of the dwelling units

Source : Photo by Author

SITE STORIES

Source : http://www.sriharsha.in/urban-ingenuity-financial-times/

SUBJECTIVE MAPPING Subjected findings are presented below from two interviews conducted on the site. As most of my research is derived from the subjective mapping on the site I have used the real life situation to find issues. The two interviews discuss about two different questions focused one focused on water and other on relocation.

The story teller is a vegetable seller who sells primarily around in the neighbourhood

A B O U T W AT E R

“ We do not have access to piped water supply. “ borrow water by paying the people living in the “ We buildings behind us because they have water connection.

“

summer we have a lot of scarcity of water so government “ Insends water tankers “ frequency of government sending water tankers is “ The irregular because we do not have anyone in the community to take the lead to inform the concerned authority

“

temperatures in the summer season makes it difficult “ High to survive without proper provision of water. “ wish we had a group in the community that would be “ Iresponsible to inform government about our issues “

“ Open spaces are not built properly and are littered Interviewee’s residence

“

SITE STORIES

Source : http://www.sriharsha.in/urban-ingenuity-financial-times/

The story teller is a maid who works at different places in the neighbourhood

A B O U T R E L O C AT I O N did not want to relocate in the beginning as the “ We relocated site was far from our work places “ were forced by the government to relocate because “ We the land in the city has more value “

“ After few of the dwellers started giving in to the goverment programmes promises we did not have any other choice but to leave.

“

“We are extremely unhappy with the relocation.

“

we were living in the city we had access to all basic “ When services “ wish we had a committe or organisation that would be “ Iresponsible to inform government about our issues “

“ Our electricity connection is also informally connected from buildings that already have the connection. After 9 “ years we still do not have a formal connection. “ “ Informal connections exist unless the local police come

to know of it and they cut our wires. But we sometimes manage to get away with it by bribing them.

“

Interviewee’s residence

3.6 FINDINGS ISSUES GOVERNANCE

• Political sup usually lost aft •Unclear infor responsible fo

INFRASTRUCTURE

• Difficult for p buckets. • Unsanitary co • Dangerousl settlement.

ECONOMY

• Tiresome and in the city as th • Local econo have less know

S PA C E

• Open space not maintained • No parking s

SERVICES

• The dwellin

on informal settlement. • No piped wa

SOCIAL

• Lack of co community to the slum.

CHALLENGES

pport for the people during the elections is ter the completion of elections. rmation for the slum dwellers about who is or supply of water.

• To clearly figure the people responsible for providing water to the informal settlements so proper communication system can be established.

people to carry water to the upper floors using

• To make people aware the benefits of keeping the community spaces clean • Electricty connections is the community.

onditions in some part of the site. ly dangling electricity wires throughout the

d costly for dwellers to travel to their work areas hey live far from the main city. omy remains undeveloped because reesidents wledge about how to take the next step ahead.

• Educating people in the community about the advantages of stabilizing and boosting the local economy.

es are undeveloped and remain dirty as they are d by anyone. space provided for vehicles of beneficaries.

• Residents taking the first step to keep the environment in the community clean

ng units lack electricity connections and rely

• Getting all the residents of the community on board to

connections from their neighbour housing

pay for the services so everyone can benefit equally.

ater supply for the building.

ommunity organisations makes it difficult for o sustain and to address the issues concerning

•Bringing people together who have been relocated from different slums around the city to make collaborative decision for the benefit of the community.

Source : Photo by Author

Garbage lying around on the sides of the street

An onlooker looks towards the street on sie

Source : Photo by Author

CONCLUSION Summarising the contents of this chapter, the research of the site indicates the main problem began with the relocation of the slum dwellers. If the government would have focused on upgrading the slums and providing tenure documents to the residents the problem would not have grown to such an extent. Government was irresponsible and never considered community participation as an important aspect of the project. High cost of units makes it an extremely difficult situation for the dwellers to pay the amount back to government because of their monthly income being less than to average salaries in the city. The relocated housing lacks basic infrastructure which was initially promised to the dwellers. Apart from this the public services like water tankers on which the dwellers rely on are irregular. The dwellers are unsure of whom to contact for help and have no community organisation to solve these kinds of situations. Dwellers use illegal connections for electricty supply. Open spaces on the site remain unmaintained. While there is no proper space available for parking the vehicles on the site.

Water drums outside houses to store water for later use Source : Photo by Author

4. â&#x20AC;&#x153;

There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not about having too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so badly that billions of people and the environment suffer badly.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

- World Water Council

DESIGN PROPOSAL & CONCLUSION 4.1

CONCEPT

4.2

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

4.3

S T R AT E G Y R E L AT I O N S H I P M A P

4.4

S TA K E H O L D E R N E T W O R K

4.5

U R B A N D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S

4.6

CONCLUSION

116

4.1 CONCEPT

WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN ( W S U D ) Water Sensitive Urban Design is a design ideology which seeks to reduce the impact from urban development on the water cycle.

and stormwater as three interlinked arms of urban water cycle, is a fundamental step in getting WSUD right.

The current urban water supply system in the cities distribute water from large dams that are often located away from the city. The water is distributed to the city via large pipes. After the water is used the resultant water is released into the downstream rivers while the stormwater from the rain sees a similar situation.

For my research this research taken upon the the ideas published by CIRIA UK in their book â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Water Sensitive Urban Design in the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

The amalgamation of water supply, wastewater

local identity

water features and art

sustainable buildings carbon reduction

sustainable water supply

rainwater and surface water runoff recycling

PLACE MAKING open spaces and recreation

URBAN DESIGN

local climate and human comfort

community engagement

The book talks about two basic principles that are essential for WSUD to work. The first one is to considering all elements of water cycle and the second one to consider the the importance of water before beginning the design and planning process.

surface water runoff reduction and treatment

greywater and waste water recylcing

integrated water cycle management reduced pollution

wastewater reduction and treatment

urban food production and gardening

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE local resource management local infrastructure efficiency

affordable water and good service flood pathway integration

lush landscapes

street and highway design

habitat creation and complimentary enhancement land use planning URBAN

PLANNING

Source : Ciria.org. (2016). Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). [online] Available at: http://www.ciria. org/Resources/Free_publications/Water_Sensitive_Urban_Design.aspx [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016].

Source : Ciria.org. (2016). Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). [online] Available at: http://www.ciria.org/Resources/ Free_publications/Water_Sensitive_Urban_ Design.aspx [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016].

MY IDEOLOGY In the built environment we have been neglecting water as a design element. We are designing out of it while we should be designing with it. To solve this problem water’s importance of being a naural source and the need of people for water should be considered as the main point of focus before we start addressing the problems.

HOW DOES IT RELATE TO THE RESEARCH? The main research question aims at designing proposals to tackle the problems faced by the community in regard of water supply. To do this the research believes to start by using water to find solutions for water.

CONNECT

COLLABORATE

CREATE

Water needs to be a core consideration thrown into the mix with all the other aspects that make great places.’

Plan and design the built environment to respond to urban form, community needs and water issues.

water sensitive urban design

Source : Ciria.org. (2016). Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). [online] Available at: http://www.ciria. org/Resources/Free_publications/Water_Sensitive_Urban_Design.aspx [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016].

PLACE-MAKING PHYSICAL

Design Principles COHESIVE NEIGHBOURHOOD

SUSTAINABILITY

SOCIAL

ECOLOGICAL

LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY ECONOMICAL

4.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES The proposal bases the strategies on four basic principles. The principles will help in finding efficient solutions and focus on important needs that need to be addressed. Below listed are the reasons for selecting the principles of design.

PLACE MAKING The main aim of this principle is to create spaces that not only enhance the beauty of the place but also create identity of the neighbourhood since the current site is aesthitically and functionally unstable.

S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y Sustainable methods of living will help keep the natural resources from being over used by designs that will help the residents of the neighbourhood be more resource efficient. Current conditions in the city require sustainable techniques to stabilize the system.

LOCAL CHARACTER AND IDENTITY The character of the place defines and decides the strength of the local economy. Creating personal identity of the place is important for it to be recognised in the city. The settlement is hidden from the main city and not many people have knowledge about the area.

COHESIVE NEIGHBOURHOOD Residents along with the stakeholders form a vital part of planning and designing their communities and their cities. Currently the relationships between people in the community do not exist. There is no community organisation to make collaborative decisions.

DESIGN PROPOSAL

PRINCIPLES

Place Making

Sustainability

Local character and Iden

street interventions

water resource management

stimulate local entrepreneurship

provision for parking

rain water harvesting

educational approach

The water collected c

street interventions create better spaces for community to interact w

community can make decisions together to manage wa Efficient utilization of street will create spaces for parking

The residents of the settlement can be educated abou of water and ways of managing it efficien

redesigned street to collect the stormwater for later use

com

4 . 3 S T RAT EGY RELAT IO NS HIP M A P The design strategies developed for the slums drawn from four different principles also interconnect or support each other during the process of implementation.

tity

Cohesive Neighbourhood

community organisation

community spaces

can be used to water the community gardens

with each other

ater issues among themselves and with the government

ut the impotance ntly

mmunity gardens can be used to grow vegetables and fruits that will help the residents to boost their local economy

4 . 4 S TA K E H O L D E R N E T W O R K The stakeholders involved in the delivery of strategies are divided into four different categories of funding, planning, buildings and users. The diagram illustrates how different stakeholders are involved in various categories.

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

Urban planning agency of Hyderabad formed in 1869-now responsible for maintaining

Hyderabad Metro Development Authority Urban planning agency of Hyderabad formed in 2008 responsible for designing

Urban Comm Development P

Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board

Program run under develop the services with the help of co groups

Urban planning agency of Hyderabad formed in 2008 responsible for designing

KRITI - NGO Improves livelihoods of women and educate the poor children of the slums

Government of Telangana Democratically elected state government of the state

O rg

Personnel Involved

an isa tio

N G O s

ign

ssion

ers

P ro f e

Des

National led program to provide rural communities with services

Urb

Community Led Environment Action Network

als

Voluntee rs

Residen

Not-for-profit research organisation developing environmental ideas for policies

Mahita - NGO Initiates development interventions in the urban slums of Hyderabad

g in ild Bu

e in

Centre for Science & Environment

ro u p

Com

yG unit

Water Sensitive Urban Design

ess

busin Local

ing

Users

r GHMC to s of the city ommunity

munity Project

Plann

Source : Map illustration by author

KEY PLAN A key plan shall be used to perfectly represent on a neighbourhood scale where the proposed urban design strategies will be located on the site.

50M

Not to scale

SELECTED SITE

Not to scale

Source : Google Maps

URBAN DESIGN S T R AT E G I E S

4 . 5 . 1 P H Y S I C A L S T R AT E G I E S Any city or neighbourhood owes its success to vibrant places that integrate community life with the public realm like parks, courtyards, public streets etc., This will help create a strong positive vibe about the neighbourhood within theurban context. Hence the proposal first step is to deliver design ideas that will make the streets in the slum more spacious and green. The design aims to deliver clear walkable spaces for pedestrians and parking spaces for the vehicles used by resients of the slum.

Strategy 1 - Street Interventions Strategy 2 - Provision for parking

Central green strip dividing the main road

Trees provide shade and beautification of the space

Street lamp will make the area more lively in the evenings

Road acts as the main street for vehicles and also parking space

Spaciously designed sidewalk for the residents of the neighbourhood 1.5 M

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

The above figure shows the spaces of interventions in the street

3.5 M

STREET INTERVENTIONS By creating spaces that will make streets beautiful we create opportunities for the neighbourhood to initiate the change in the society. This will also strengthen the connection between people of the society and the places they share. It is a collaborative process that includes physical, cultural and social aspects. Community based participation will the center of the place-making process to create quality spaces that contribute to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wellbeing in the society.

S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

The primary stakeholder for funding will be the municipal government while the interventions will be led by the community groups in the society. External advice and help will be provided by the NGOs.

3.5 M

1.5 M

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

Plan of one of the streets on site

Street lamp will make the area more lively in the evenings

Road acts as the main street for vehicles and also parking space Water tank to store the water will be filtered or used for the community garden

Trees provide shade and beautification of the space

P R O V I S I O N F O R PA R K I N G Preliminary designed to be an addition to the street interentions this strategy aims to deliver space on the street that can be used for parking the vehicles of the residents. The current conditions on the street result n the bloackge of space and barely any space left for the residents to walk around.

S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

The primary stakeholder for funding will be the municipal government. The community groups can divide spaces among the residents to keep the society organised.

4 . 5 . 2 E C O L O G I C A L S T R AT E G I E S The decentralisation of the water systems from the metropolitan structures will be the driver for the redevelopment of the area regarding ecological, economic and social criteria. The proposed strategies and specific actions proposed at city level and at local level need to be implemented immediatly. The process would involve specific stakeholders and financial models to realise the physical interventions and social programs. Specific stakeholders gathered in four different groups: public organisations, private groups, community and NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s would play a key role in the redevelopment process.

Strategy 1 - Water Resource Management Strategy 2 - Rain Water Harvesting

INTEGRATED APPROACH

The current urban water cycle in Hyderabad is divided into different sectors (water purification, after distribution etc.,). A governance and institutional change is needed to look at the water supply systems in a holistic way.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.â&#x20AC;?(GWP,2010)

DECENTRALISED SYSTEMS

A centralized system often fails to supply water to the poor of the city due to huge population growth and unsupportive legal framework. A decentralized system can be run by the community groups (small scale system) to deliver water effectively to the residents.

PARTICIPATORY DECISION MAKING

Community engagement in the slums is a vital technique for effective delivery. Stakeholder engagement with the community leads to better identification of issues and hopes to achieve faster solutions thus marks a more significant impact.

W AT E R R E S O U R C E MANAGEMENT To deliver water to everybody in the neighbourhood fair and square water needs to be managed. This can only be possible with the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s helps and their ideas of how they currently manage water in their neigbourhood. Water supply will be tailored to the consumers and the prices will be set accordingly so all the residents can afford piped water supply. The design will also aim to accomplish better water storage services on site. Decentralisation of water system will help maintain better control of water. Participation by the community to solve issues concrning the neighbourhood will keep the society safe from scarcity. Sustainable water practice methods will be established to help maintain the ground level of water. S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

The primary stakeholders involved will be HMWSSB who will have a major stake in controlling the supply of water in the city. Furthermore the NGOs along with the local community groups will be providing support. The final product will have to be maintained by the community themselves.

1.5 M

3.5 M

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

AN OVERVIEW OF HOW THE STRATEGY WILL WORK ON SITE

R A I N W AT E R H A R V E S T I N G Rainwater harvesting is one of the most widely used sustainable management technique around the world. Rooftop rainwater harvesting technique will be used on the site to harvest rainwater. Rainwater is collected on the roof which will then be transported to a storage tank located on the bottom of the building. From here the water will be filtered and then delivered to the people for domestic consumption. The cost of implementing this technique is not costly and requires minimum knowledge. But help by expertsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is needed during the initiation.

Roof will collect water from rain and direct it towards the pipe

Pipes connecting the tank and roof will also be connected to the balconies

The collected water can be used to water the community gardens in the neighbourhood.

Balconies can also be used to grow private gardens

Water tank to store the water will be filtered or used for the community garden

P R O C E S S D I A G R A M O F D R I N K I N G W AT E R

Catchment

Conveyance

Storage

Filter

Delivery

RAINFALL IN HYDERABAD

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh receives an average of 803 mm (31.6 in) of rainfall per year, or 66.9 mm (2.6 in) per month. Hence it is a valuable decision to use rain water harvesting technique to solve water problems in the neighbourhood.

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

Future vision of how rain water harvesting will work on the site

S TA K E H O L D E R R E L AT I O N S H I P M A P

FUNDING

S TA K E H O L D E R S

I N I T I AT O R S

PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

Funded by the municipal government this strategy will be implemented by voluntary organizations and NGOs to help the individuals of the neighbourhood guide through the process of setting up rain water harvesting methods in the community. Community groups play an important role in this process in storing the water and deciding how to divide it responsibly within the society

4 . 5 . 3 E C O N O M I C A L S T R AT E G I E S For a neighbourhood to sustain economically it need to generate income. Subsequently this will also help the locality create its own identity within the city. The proposition proposes two ideas to make the site generate and educate the residents of the community the importance of running local business and how to use water efficiently. The first strategy is to help people to run their own businesses with better quality. Secondly the residents can be educated by NGOs with the help of community organizations already established in the community.

Strategy 1 - Stimulate Local Entrepreneurship Strategy 2 - Educational Approach

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GROW Process of creating a community garden

Meeting among communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interested people PRODUCE

INCOME

Forming community planning committee

Identifying resources

SELL

Finding spaces to create community garden

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

A continuous process

Finding spaces to create community garden

Organize and grow

Community garden used to grow fruits and vegetables that will boos the local economy and bring a new identity to the neighbourhood

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S T I M U L AT E L O C A L ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMMUNITY GARDENS TO GROW FOOD The research gives one example of how local entrepreneurship will boost the local economy. Community gardens growing food will help make the neighbourhood create its own self-identity. By selling this food the neighbourhood can generate income that will lead to the creation of a selfsustaining neighbourhood in the future.

S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

The main stakeholders will be the residents themselves. But in the beginning stages to reach the goal the community will be supported by the NGOs.

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TEACH

U N D E R S TA N D

LEARN

Exisiting municipal school in the neigbourhood

Community group establishment in the neighbourhood

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E D U C AT I O N A L A P P R O A C H The main aim of this strategy is to raise awareness among the people of the community about the importance of water and advantages of running local businesses. Existing school in the neighbourhood can also serve as a learning place where weekly classes can be run for the residents of the neighbourhood. The children of the neigbourhood will also be educated about the issues concerning water and how water can be saved and reused. S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

The obvious choices for stakeholders are the NGOs which will intervene in the neighbourhood. They will take the help of the established community group to make decisions along with them. The NGOs will also run workshops in the neighbourhood and learn ideas from the residents themselves about their approach to efficient use of water resources.

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105

4 . 5 . 4 S O C I A L S T R AT E G I E S

Community Connection

Organisation Group

Social

Collective Public Society Organisation

The social life in the neighbourhood and within the community is non-existent. There is no community group that is resposible for decisions in the community. It is every man for their own. The following strategies hope to create social spaces that will eventually over a period of time make people come together for the betterment of community. Community organisations can be created with the external help of NGOs to make the community make decisions of their own.

Gathering

Colony Association

Strategy 1 - Community Organisation Strategy 2 - Community spaces

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COLLABORATIVE CHOICES FOR COMMUNITY SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY

COMMUNITY GROUP

MAKE BETTER DECISIONS FOR SOCIETY

COMMITMENT FOR BETTERMENT STRONG RELATIONS WITH AUTHORITIES SOLVE COMMUNITY ISSUES WITH EASE

OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

CONNECTING SOCIETY

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

Goals of a cmmunity group

A women community group in the neighbourhood will create strong sense of social relations in the neighbourhood

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COMMUNITY GROUPS The existence of a community group in a society helps the community strive and have strong social relations. The idea of a group responsible to take decisions for the society and relay the information with the concerned authorities will help the community free of problems and stay cohesive and connected.

S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

The local NGOs and the organizations that are led by government will help set up the community groups by teaching residents about the advantages of having community groups. The NGOs will also help the neighborhood by updating them about other community groups in the city.

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TO SUPPORT

TO MEET

TO CO-CREATE

SOCIAL CONVERSATIONS

MAKE DECISIONS

COMMUNITY SPACE

STAY CONNECTED NEW RELATIONS

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

Advantages of community spaces

ILLUSTRATION BY AUTHOR

Community gardens on site

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RESOLVE ISSUES

C O M M U N I T Y S PA C E S

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

For a community to make collaborative decisions spaces need to be designed that can bring the people together to create strong social life and relations among them. These spaces can also be used as community gardens to grow vegetables and fruits which can then be sold to make money. The gardens can also bring in more public from the outside making it recognizable within the neighborhood and the urban context of the city.

S TA K E H O L D E R S PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

GHMC (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation) will be the primary stakeholder responsible for funding which will help in creating and maintaining these gardens. Secondary support will be provided by the local NGOs to help the community learn about how community gardens work and how they need to be maintained.

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PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

S T R AT E G I E S T O S O LV E

PHYSICAL STRATEGIES

NO PEDESTRIAN PATHWAY

STREET INTERVENTIONS NO STREET SERVICES

UNTIDY STREETS

PROVISION FOR PARKING

LOST PARKING SPACE

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES

DISCONNECTED WATER SUPPLY

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT NO WATER SAVING METHODS NO RE-USE OF WASTE WATER

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

NO KNOWLEDGE OF RESPONSIBILITY

SENSE OF BELONGING MISSING

ECONOMICAL STRATEGIES

STIMULATE LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP WATER AWARENESS INFERIOR LOCAL ECONOMY

EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

NO SELF IDENTITY

NO MEETING SPACES NO GREEN SPACE

NEGATIVE SOCIAL RELATIONS RELATIONS WITH AUTHORITIES

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SOCIAL STRATEGIES

COMMUNITY GROUPS

COMMUNITY SPACES

A F I N A L R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F S T R AT E G I E S O N S I T E

Rain water harvesting techniques will be used to reuse storm water

Community gardens which can be also used to grow vegetables and fruits that will benefit the local economy

Playground will be used by students of the school. It can be also used to organise events in the community

Green buffer zone strip to make the space more aesthetically pleasing

Rain water harvesting techniques will be used to reuse storm water

The green buffer zone spaces can also be transformed into mini parks

Community organisations will help the social bonding in the neighbourhood

Street interventions within the community will improve social life and create better spaces for residents

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CONCLUSION The main ideology of this research was to find methods to solve the water issues that exist in an informal settlement in Hyderabad that was relocated as a part of a government upgradation program. Qualitative research has been used to drive this research. Informal settlements in the developing countries lacked the service infrastructure causing them to resort to illegal methods of accessing basic services. But even after the implementation of slum relocation programs these basic services are still absent. The existing literature existing on this topic states that the main issues that leads to this problem is the political differences between different democratic parties that is leading to ineffective functioning of different departments in the government. Mainly HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board) is insufficiently funded to carry out their services across the city. While the local municipal government has tried to create proposals to provide water to the slums at an affordable price it has not yet been implemented. Other research papers claim that the absence of community groups and lack of participatory involvement has led the issues to be unsolved for a long time. They focus on the importance of running participatory workshops to educate people to run their own society. A brief visit of the site has led to the findings that the people have been suffering a lot because of improper supply of water. They do not have piped water supply connection and rely on water tankers and store it in drums for later use. Illegal electricity connections from nearby neighbourhoods are evident from the unsage handing electrical wires. Open spaces are untidy and undeveloped by the municipal government. To solve these we have to look at the water issue from a broader point of view. By solving the broader problems like creating community groups that will help the community to connect with higher authorities we can solve the smaller problems that concern the society. It is not just about how water has to be supplied to the slum but also how its currently being supplied to the city. The strategies are aimed to solve the physical, ecological, economic and social aspects of the neighbourhood. The physical strategiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; main objective is to turn the existing dull and untidy streets and make them livelier and clean. This will also help make the streets wider and safer for the residents can use to park their vehicles. This also creates space for pedestrians. Ecological strategies aim to solve the problem with water supply in the community. Firstly water resource management will make water properly organised within the city. The water can then be priced appropriately so the residents can afford it easily. Secondly it can also help in making the community be sustainable by using the grey water and recycle it for other purposes. Rain water harvesting is the second strategy to collect the water and filter it to use for domestic purposes.

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It can also be used to water the community gardens created to boost the local economy. The local economy of the area is lacking the connection with the city. To make it stronger local entrepreneurship opportunities will be implemented such as growing vegetable and fruit in the community gardens. The community will also be educated about the importance of water as a natural resource and the advantages of creating a self-sustaining local economy. Socially linking the community together will help the community to make collaborative decisions. To achieve this community spaces should also be created where the social life will be improved. Community groups will also help being in contact with the higher authorities to solve issues in the society that need external help. The research was limited to some aspects. For example the data regarding the depth of involvement of stakeholders is unavailable online. Only small amounts of data could be garnished from secondary sources. Understanding how water market currently works was confusing because of the available data was old and the data from field trip only involved few of the many stakeholders involved in the water business. For better understanding time is needed to conduct a longer field study on the site. FUTURE

To find solutions for water the community needs to be continuously connected with the government to benefit the most. These participatory actions by the community are what will make the future sustainable for the neighbourhood and solve any issues concerning the community with ease. For further research in the future the ideas should focus on understanding the complex relations between the society and the government and highlight in detail the exact problems concerning the society. What has led for water to become such a complex object to acquire? Why is it relatively easy for others to have access but not the poor population of the city? These are just a few of many questions that need to be answered to develop solutions. The growth of informal settlements has always been unplanned. But from the evidence gathered we see that the centre of beginning is the ease of access to services especially water. That is the reason most the settlements in the city of Hyderabad are located on the streams of the River Musi. But currently all of them are being moved to make the river clean and the slums are being evicted away from the centre of city. By studying the new form of urban development new ideas and strategies have to be developed to create a water sensitive urban city.

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