Timeline of the dissemination of medical knowledge
t
imeline of the dissemination of medical knowledge
Wellcome Library, London.
Ebers Papyrus
0
BC
BC
0 32
E
50 15 BCE
Or the Book of the Dead, written
0
ca
Believed to have been written ca
Sumer – though there is suggestion of synchronous development in Egypt and China
Papyrus of Ani 30
First Written Language
E
Edwin Smith Papyrus
Wellcome Library, London.
In the reign of Ptolemy. The Alexandrian library may have preserved 400,000 to 700,000 papyrus rolls—the largest collection of recorded information in the ancient world.
ca
Believed to have been written
Royal Library of Alexandria Founded
0 16
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
0
BC
Composed the earliest surviving major medical treatise written in Latin: De Medicina
E
Wellcome Library, London.
75 12 BCE
Trephination is thought to have been performed in order to release evil spirits from the body, which were believed to be responsible for causing illness.
The Last Day of Pompeii, Karl Briullov Public Doman. Wikimedia Commons.
BCE)
10 5
Science Museum, London. Wellcome Images.
(Beginnings of Corpus Hippocraticum, ca 430
40
Hippocrates
E BC
E
Tools, such as pieces of flint and sharp animal teeth, were used to cut into the skull, even in the Neolithic period.
12 21 BCE
Wellcome Library, London.
79
Life of Sushruta ca
60
Libraries Buried at Pompeii and Herculaneum
0
BC
E
00
BC
E
00 12 0
BC
E
00 12 5
BC
E
00 13 0
BC
E
00 13 5
BC
E
00 14 0
E
BC
14 5
00
BC
E
50
CE
BC
E
00 15 0
E
0 BC
15 50
E
BC
16 0
00
CE
15 B 0
10 B 0
00
00
0
12 9
ca
15 0
00
00
BC
Oldest Surgical Procedure
5 37 E 0 - BC
50
Though cave paintings appear from 30,000 BCE, one drawing ca. 15000 BC depicts a mammoth with a leaf-shaped dark area where the heart should be, perhaps the first anatomical drawing.
Galen Born
46
One of the oldest known ancient Mesopotamian medical texts is a collection of 15 prescriptions written in Sumerian on a clay tablet.
ca
Cave Paintings
Wellcome Library, London.
ca
Medical Clay Tablet
The Invention of Paper in China
Wellcome Library, London.
National Library of Medicine.
The Black Death
2 85 ca
Schola Medica Salernitana (Salerno)
10 25
0 70
Wellcome Library, London.
ca
41 0
(1098 – 1179)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (ca 980 – 1037)
Illustrations Integrated with Printed Text
Illustrated medical text
Illustrations in printed books became increasingly integrated into text
52
10 41
Invention of Movable Type in China
11 50
Wellcome Library, London.
CE
70 01 B
E
0 BC
75 0
BC
E
00 80
BC
E
00 85
BC
E
00 90
BC
E
00 95
BC
E
00 10 0
BC
E
00 10 5
E
0 BC
11 00
E
BC
11 50
0
14 9
10 0
9
0
ca
Wellcome Library, London.
12 14
90 1
The First Printed Herbal with Illustrations An edition of the Herbarium Apulei by Apuleius Platonicus
Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons.
0
5
Dark Ages
50
Ortus Sanitatus (Garden of Health) 8 14
9
Courtesy of Michael Moran, MD
70 14
0
‘De arte phisicali e de cirugia’ by John Ardene
Wrote The Canon of Medicine
Making Parchment, Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons.
Printing Press Developed By Johannes Gutenberg
Wrote Causae et Curae
Transition from Papyrus to Parchment
30
By Pope Nicholas V
8
27 5
Library of the Vatican Established 4 14
Middle Ages Begin
Profoundly influenced medical illustration
9
Hildegard of Bingen
National Library of Medicine.
The first printed medical book to have anatomical illustrations
14 81
0
41 0
85
Fall of the Roman Empire
Meggs, Philip B., A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.
Johannes de Ketham’s Fasciculus medicinae
91 14
ca
Articella Texts
2
Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
0 13
First Recorded Use of Paper in England
53 14
Wellcome Library, London.
5 14
Works of Johannitius (Hunayn ibn Ishaq) Translated
Killed 30 to 60 percent of Europe’s population
47 13
Sushruta Samhita translated from Sanskrit to Arabic
The Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, a fragment of the Hippocratic Oath written in Greek, is preserved in the Wellcome Institute Library, London.
Wellcome Library, London.
Fall of Byzantium
92 14
Earliest Surviving Text of the Hippocratic Text
Middle Ages End
t
15 25
imeline of the dissemination of medical knowledge William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
Proliferation of Printers’ Shops
Robert Hooke Published Micrographia
In 200 European cities by 1500
William Harvey Published on Blood Circulation Badianus Manuscript Written By an Aztec Indian; translated by another in 1552
Public domain. Wikimedia Commons.
(1514 – 1564)
15 30
15 25
Hippocratic Corpus published in Greek Paracelsus Discovered Errors in Galen’s Work
Wellcome Library, London.
2 16
Wellcome Library, London.
Govard Bidloo Published Anatomia humani corporis
8
Invention of Color Printing
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
19 17
Dutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright Govard Bidloo published Anatomia humani corporis
Courtesy of Rainer M. Engel, MD
8 16
14 15
Wellcome Library, London.
17 00
0
5 BC
E
00 30
BC
E
00 35
BC
E
00 40
BC
E
00 45
BC
E
00 50
E
0 BC
55 0
BC
E
00 60
BC
E
00 65
E
BC
70 0
0
16 0
0
15 0
75 17
Latin Edition of Corpus Hippocraticum Published
6
Vesalius
15 2
ca
William Harvey published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in Frankfurt
25 15
15 0
0
Complete Works of Galen Published in Greek
Robert Hooke published Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses
Hugh Young
(1870 – 1945)
Published Young’s Practice of Urology, Based on a Study of 12,500 Cases (1849 – 1919)
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
National Library of Medicine Opened
Published his famous Principles and Practice of Medicine
Max Brödel
Badianus Manuscript Discovered
5
19 29
(1894 – 1969)
19 37
Joseph Lister
YOU
First Index Catalogue Published
Badianus Manuscript Translated and Published
Billings and Fletcher catalogued what became the National Library of Medicine
Translated by Emily Walcott Emmart Published by Johns Hopkins Press
4 19
0
8
18 8
Are visiting the AUA William P. Didusch history exhibit
18 9
3
5
In France under the supervision of Felix Guyon (1831 – 1920) and Joaquin Albarran (1860 – 1912)
19 4
8
First Urology-only Journal Published
15 19
18 67
(1906 – 1991)
National Library of Medicine
Published his articles on antisepsis in the Lancet
5 18
4 18
94 17
Gray’s Anatomy Published
Frank H. Netter, MD CIBA Pharmaceuticals published The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
Courtesy of Herbert Schwartz, MD
Published Pediatric Urology
(1827 – 1912)
Medical Repository (1797 – 1824)
Their texts were plain and small, suitable for medical classrooms
In the Vatican Library by Professor Charles Clark
Meredith Campbell, MD
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
2
Drs. Charles & John Bell Illustrated Medical Texts
Campbell’s Urology Published
4
Took charge of the Surgeon General’s Library in Washington
Published the first pediatric textbook, Diseases of the Urinary Tract in Children
19 30
Became the medical illustrator for the Brady Urological Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital
19 26
(1895 – 1981)
(1838 – 1913)
18 6
0 18 2
Courtesy of Patrick Walsh, MD
5 19
17 97
John Shaw Billings
Maclise Anatomical Texts
First Medical Journal Published in the U.S.
Courtesy of John Herman, MD
92 18
2 From a merchant in Luxor
(1876 – 1938)
William P. Didusch
Edwin Smith Papyrus Purchased
Wellcome Library, London.
96 17
By Alois Senefelder, German actor and author, as a cheap way to publish plays
In a tomb in Thebes
6 18
Invention of Lithography
More Paper Machine-Made than Hand-made
6 18
98 17
William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History
Ebers Papyrus Discovered
Edwin Beer, MD
Medical illustrator came to Hopkins from Germany
18 9
Published An Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae
4
(1729 – 1823)
(1870 – 1941)
2
Edward Jenner
19 6
William Osler
00
00 20
0 15 0
0 10 0
0 50
0
20
19 0 E
0 BC
50
E
0 BC
10 0
BC
E
0 15 0
BC
E
00 20
E
BC
25
00
18 0
0
0
0