Conservation Fund - Annual Report 2016 - 2017 by Auckland Zoo

Field Conservation Annual Report For the financial year 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017

Zookeeper Deja Rivera inspects a seed pod from a rubber tree, an invasive species, at Malololelei reserve, Samoa

Auckland Zoo and the Support of Wildlife Conservation in the Wild Zoos play an increasingly important role in the conservation of species and habitats in the wild. Members of the World Zoo and Aquarium Association (WAZA) currently collectively spend an estimated $425 million per year on conservation actions in the wild. Zoos are therefore the third largest supporter of wildlife conservation globally. Auckland Zoo’s mission is to ‘bring people together to build a future for wildlife’. One of the four strategies identified to help deliver on this mission is ‘conserving wildlife in wild places’. Two of the key ways in which Auckland Zoo supports wildlife conservation in the wild – both in New Zealand and around the world – is by providing financial support to conservation projects through the Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund and by providing Zoo staff to work in conservation projects in the wild. In 2016/17 the Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund supported 27 projects and awarded just under $340,000 of grants. Twelve of these were through the Small Grants programme, the second round of which was targeted specifically at conservation projects in the South Pacific. Projects across the Pacific from Bougainville to French Polynesia and north to Kiribati were the successful recipients. The Zoo also supported two projects in Samoa as part of its large grant (Category 1 and 2) programme. Both of these were aimed at saving Samoa’s national bird, the manumea or tooth-billed pigeon, from extinction. Details of all Conservation Fund grants and the projects they supported are contained in part 1 of this report. Just under $69,000 was directed to facilitating Zoo staff working on conservation projects in the field by covering the cost of equipment, transport and other logistic support. In addition to the Conservation Fund grant, 103 Auckland Zoo staff, volunteers and interns spent just over 8,000 hours working on over 40 field conservation projects during this reporting period. Of these hours, over 8,000 were spent doing field work outside the Zoo (as opposed to planning field conservation projects etc). This equates to almost four people working full-time on fieldwork projects throughout the year. The Rotoroa Island project continues to be a very significant field work project for the Zoo, accounting for just over 3,500 hours. This project, a partnership between the Rotoroa Island Trust and Auckland Zoo, aims to develop Rotoroa as a venue for innovative and internationally significant environmental education. The details of the Zoo’s field work programme is in part 2 of this report.

Contents Auckland Zoo and the Support of Wildlife Conservation in the Wild ...................................2 Total AZCF Grants 2016/17.....................................................................................................5 Summary Category 1 and 2 Domestic Grants.........................................................................5 Summary Category 1 and 2 International Grants ..................................................................5 Summary Category 3 Grants...................................................................................................6 Domestic Portfolio..................................................................................................................7 Department of Conservation (DOC)....................................................................................8 IUCN Shark Specialist Group...............................................................................................9 International Portfolio .........................................................................................................11 Giraffe Conservation Foundation......................................................................................12 Red Panda Network..........................................................................................................13 Centre for Conservation and Research Sri Lanka..............................................................16 Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust.....................................................................17 21st Century Tiger.............................................................................................................18 Cheetah Outreach Trust....................................................................................................20 Lowveld Rhino Trust..........................................................................................................21 Société d’Ornithologie de Polynésie - ‘Association Manu’...............................................22 Spider Monkey Conservation Project...............................................................................23 Rangers of Tangkahan.......................................................................................................24 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Samoa ................................................26 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Samoa ................................................28 Category 3 (Small Grant Programme)...................................................................................30 Updating the conservation status of the Mount Cameroon Francolin in a bid to address gaps in knowledge about this species..............................................................................31 Conservation of Phelsuma antanosy................................................................................32 Understanding the reasons for skin microbiome dysbiosis and its role in the conservation of the Green-eyed frog (Lithobates vibicarius): a model species to protect the health of chytrid fungus-threatened amphibians in Costa Rica ................................33 Strengthening in-country capacity for assessing health of Belize's two endangered primate species.................................................................................................................34 3

Establishing a Site Conservation Plan for the Endangered Fijian Free-tailed Bat at Nakanacagi Cave ..............................................................................................................35 Distribution and habitat occupancy of the Black-Breasted Puffleg .................................36 Supporting the recovery of Phoenix Petrels and other threatened birds at Kiritimati, Kiribati...............................................................................................................................37 The Tahiti striated heron population survival in Polynesia...............................................38 Habitat Restoration to Save the Critically Endangered Manumea ..................................39 A Fijian children’s book to increase their awareness of bats............................................40 Community conservation of threatened mammals and frogs in Bougainville.................40 Last chance for the enigmatic and critically endangered Fiji Petrel.................................41 Auckland Zoo Staff in the Field ............................................................................................43 Introduction .....................................................................................................................43 Time in the field ...............................................................................................................43 Focus of field conservation project work..........................................................................44 Conservation status of species Auckland Zoo works with in the field .............................46 Geographical distribution and location of field conservation projects ...........................47 Appendix I. Auckland Zoo field projects 2016 – 2017......................................................49 Appendix II. Auckland Zoo field project focus 2016 – 2017.............................................51 Appendix III. Conservation status of species Auckland Zoo worked to conserve in the wild during 2016-2017 .....................................................................................................52 Appendix IV. Geographical distribution of field conservation projects and time spent in locations............................................................................................................................53

Total AZCF Grants 2016/17 Amount 2016/17 Category 1 & 2 Domestic (includes grant to Zoo for fieldwork) Category 1 & 2 International (includes grant to Zoo for fieldwork) Small Grants Total

$57,970 $226,417 $55,016 $339,403

Summary Category 1 and 2 Domestic Grants Partner organisation 1 2 3

Department of Conservation: Otago Skink IUCN Shark Specialist Group: Red list workshop Auckland Zoo: Domestic fieldwork Total

Amount to date

Amount 2016/17

$22,732.20 $4,300 $27,035.20

$1,170 $4,300 $52,500 $57,970

Summary Category 1 and 2 International Grants Partner organisation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Giraffe Conservation Foundation (Namibia) Red Panda Network (Nepal) Sumatran Orang-utan Conservation Programme (Indonesia) Centre for Conservation and Research (Sri Lanka) Biodiversity and Elephant Conservation Trust (Sri Lanka) 21st Century Tiger (Indonesia) Cheetah Outreach (South Africa) Lowveld Rhino Trust (Zimbabwe) SOP Manu (Tahiti) Spider Monkey Conservation Project (Venezuela) Rangers of Tangkahan (Indonesia) Auckland Zoo: Malololelei rodent control (Samoa) Auckland Zoo: Communication workshop (Samoa) Auckland Zoo: International fieldwork Total

Amount to date

Amount 2016/17

$82,192 $80,471 $487,735

$20,000 $10,000 $35,000

$98,786 $101,698

$13,297 $17,600

$157,424 $62,400 $24,200 $39,000 $16,000 $20,000 $25,500 $9,020 $1,194,426

$20,000 $7,500 $7,500 $19,000 $8,000 $20,000 $25,500 $9,020 $14,000 $226,417 5

Summary Category 3 Grants Project title

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

Round 1 Updating the conservation status of the Mount Cameroon Francolin in a bid to address gaps in knowledge about this species Conservation of Phelsuma antanosy Understanding the reasons for skin microbiome dysbiosis and its role in the conservation of the Green-eyed frog (Lithobates vibicarius): a model species to protect the health of chytrid fungusthreatened amphibians in Costa Rica Strengthening in-country capacity for assessing health of Belize's two endangered primate species Establishing a Site Conservation Plan for the Endangered Fijian Free-tailed Bat at Nakanacagi Cave Distribution and Habitat Occupancy of the Blackbreasted Puffleg Round 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; South Pacific Specific Supporting the recovery of Phoenix Petrels and other threatened birds at Kiritimati, Kiribati The Tahiti striated heron population survival in Polynesia Habitat Restoration to Save the Critically Endangered Manumea A Fijian childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s book to increase their awareness of bats Community conservation of threatened mammals and frogs in Bougainville Last chance for the enigmatic and critically endangered Fiji Petrel Total

Location

Amount 2016/17

Cameroon

$4,000

Madagascar Costa Rica

$4,900 $4,637

Belize

$4,174

Fiji

$5,000

Ecuador

$5,000

Kiribati

$3,400

Tahiti

$5,000

Samoa

$4,975

Fiji

$4,930

Papua New Guinea Fiji

$4,000 $5,000 $55,016

Domestic Portfolio Category 1 and 2 Domestic Grants The Conservation Fund Working Group and the Conservation Fund Committee reviewed and approved two domestic grants in 2016/17. This is significantly fewer than previously, but is largely due to our long-standing partners not requiring additional funds from us in the past year for a variety of reasons. For example, surveys of the rough gecko we have made a three year commitment to funding, were cancelled last summer due to Kaikoura earthquakes. What is a Category 1 project - On-going annual support of projects for which the Conservation Fund allocation represents a significant part of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall budget. Category 1 projects will often have direct Auckland Zoo staff involvement, will link directly to species or exhibits/zones at Auckland Zoo. What is a Category 2 project - Shorter-term support of projects (less than three years) where Conservation Fund support will be specifically directed towards getting new initiatives started or supporting specific components of an on-going project (e.g. a training programme, short research project, construction of facilities, purchase of field equipment etc.). These projects may or may not have direct Auckland Zoo involvement, but should link clearly to species or exhibits/zones at Auckland Zoo.

Prickly dogfish (Photo Brit Finucci)

1. Partner organisation: Department of Conservation (DOC) Website: www.doc.govt.nz/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/docgovtnz/

Programme: High Country Project title: Last Chance for the Western Otago Skink

Project overview: Otago skinks are listed as nationally critical. Endemic to Otago, they were once widespread across the tussock and schist rock landscape but are now restricted to remnant populations at the eastern and western edges of their former range. The widely-separated eastern and western populations of the skink are genetically distinct and are considered separate evolutionary significant units for management purposes. Effective protection is currently in place for the eastern Otago skinks at Macrae’s Flat, however the western population is much less secure. Auckland Zoo’s initial investment was to establish a trap network to provide protection to (previously unprotected) western populations, which were thought to be dangerously close to catastrophic collapse and extinction. Our annual grant commitment from 2013 - 2017 is to support maintenance of the trap network.

Photo credit: Auckland Zoo

2017 update: The extensive trapping operation continued with 4 checks undertaken from late September 2016 to May 2017. There was a total of 105 predators caught, with the breakdown as follows: 8 ferrets, 72 hedgehogs, 4 rats, 7 stoats, 2 weasels, 3 cats, 3 mice, 3 rabbits and 3 possums. The Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund’s initial five-year commitment to the programme has now ended and zoo staff are working with the Department of Conservation to decide whether to continue to work at this location (which is impossible to access for much of winter due to snow), or transfer the operation (and possibly the animals) to a more easily protected site.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Otago skink (Oligosoma otagense)

Nationally critical

$1,170

$22,732.20

2013

Yes

2. Programme: Coast

Partner organisation: IUCN Shark Specialist Group Website: www.iucnssg.org/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/IUCNShark

Project Title: New Zealand and Oceania Red List of Threatened Species Reassessment Project 2017 Project Overview:

Workshop participants

Prickly dogfish

The IUCN Shark Specialist Group (SSG) has long been a trusted source of science-based information and advice on sharks and their relatives. This solid reputation has been built on widespread interest in the IUCN Red List as a means of identifying and prioritising species at risk, monitoring threats, and evaluating conservation action. Continual assessment and reassessment of the IUCN Red List status for all chondrichthyan species (sharks, rays and chimaeras) is a core activity for the SSG, whose work continues to centre on finding expert consensus on the global status of these species. The information collated during assessments and the Red List category assigned to species assist with, and contributes to a number of shark conservation and management activities. 2017 update: The SSG held an IUCN Red List workshop to assess the extinction risk of the ~120 chondrichthyan occurring in New Zealand waters. This was undertaken by applying the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria at the regional (New Zealand) level. Of these, 23 species are endemic to New Zealand, meaning their assement will be at a global level. Additionally, the status of 25 Oceania endemics and 26 wider-ranging deepsea species were assessed at the global level. For these deepsea species, New Zealand and Australia are core parts of their distribution, and by combining local data with recent regional assessments for these species for Europe and the 9

Broadnose sevengill shark

Mediterranean, global assessments will be prepared and will contribute to a global reassessment of all chondrichthyans currently being undertaken by the IUCN SSG. Ultimately, this will allow the calculation of global and regional Red List Indexes, analysing the genuine change in chondrichthyan extinction risk status globally over time. The global assessments will be submitted to the IUCN Red List Unit for publication on the Red List in November this year.

Photo credits: Auckland Zoo, Brit Finucci, Simone Caprodossi

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Various chondrichthyan species

Various

$4,300

2017

International Portfolio Category 1 and 2 International Grants Eleven Category 1 and 2 grants, totalling just under NZ$180,000 were made to our conservation partners in 2016/17. In addition, two grants were awarded to Auckland Zoo for projects in Samoa aimed at saving the manumea from extinction and protecting other species of endemic Samoan wildlife. This expansion of the Zooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Field Conservation activity aligns with our new strategy to increase our support of conservation in this part of the world. Meanwhile, we continued to support many long-standing conservation projects such as those conserving red panda in Nepal, elephants in Sri Lanka and orangutan and tiger in Sumatra.

Palm oil plantation in Sumatra taken by drone (Photo Rangers of Tangkahan)

3. Programme: Africa

Partner organisation: Giraffe Conservation Foundation Website: www.giraffeconservation.org/ Facebook page: www.facebook.com/giraffeconservationfoundation/

Project title: Giraffe Conservation – Education, Awareness and Conservation Project overview:

Giraffe about to have a tracking collar attached

Female giraffe with solar GPS tracking unit attached

Giraffe are the most iconic species in Africa, however, relatively little is known regarding their ecology, conservation and management – they are the forgotten megafauna. Giraffe numbers throughout Africa are in decline in most parts of the continent. Latest estimates indicate a total of 100,000 giraffe with a 40% decline in the last three decades. This is due to a number of factors including habitat loss, habitat degradation and habitat fragmentation coupled with human population growth and illegal hunting (poaching). The Giraffe Conservation Foundation (GCF) is the only NGO in the world that concentrates solely on the conservation and management of wild giraffe throughout Africa and is dedicated to a sustainable future for all giraffe populations in the wild. 2017 update: Auckland Zoo’s funding has helped GCF project giraffe conservation into the spotlight over the past year with a lot of media attention on their work throughout Africa. They are proposing that there is not just one species of giraffe but in fact four different species that are as genetically different as a polar bear is to a brown bear. IUCN has reclassified giraffe from ‘least concern’ to ‘vulnerable’ largely based on GCF’s ongoing research. With improved technology, GPS tracking devices are now so small and compact that GCF are fitting them to giraffe ossicones (horns), which are a lot less cumbersome and safer for the animals. With the large number of animals now being tracked, it is hoped to get answers for many questions surrounding giraffe in the wild. Pridelands team leader Nat Sullivan joined the GCF on a collaring trip in the northwest of Namibia where giraffe have adapted to living in one of the oldest deserts on earth. The team successfully attached tracking collars to two females, which involved catching giraffe with ropes! The 12

collars assist with better understanding giraffe movements and social groupings, which, ultimately helps inform future conservation management actions.

Photo credits: Auckland Zoo, Ken Bohn (San Diego Zoo Global)

Co-directors Steph and Julian Fennessey visited NZ and a successful evening was held at the Auckland Art Gallery showing a David Attenborough-narrated documentary showcasing the work that GCF are carrying out.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Vulnerable

$20,000

$82,192

2012

Yes

4. Programme: Nepal

Partner organisation: Red Panda Network Website: www.redpandanetwork.org/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/redpandanetwork/

Project title: Community Based Monitoring and Awareness Building for Red Panda Conservation Project overview: Red Panda Network (RPN) targets communities surrounding forest habitat in the Panchthar-Ilam-Taplejung (PIT) corridor that supports approximately 25% of Nepalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s red panda population. The habitat is under threat from various anthropogenic activities. The RPN addresses such threats by engaging and empowering local forest users in long term red panda stewardship. Forest guardian training

Forest guardian training

2017 update: With support from Auckland Zoo in 2016, RPN successfully implemented Forest Guardian (FG) refresher training, a red panda population and habitat study, awareness-building workshops, school outreach activities, media campaign, and habitat restoration and replantation in different parts of PIT corridor. RPN successfully implemented two-day refresher training to enhance the skills and knowledge of 28 FGs. Training topics included red panda monitoring and data collection techniques; GPS; red panda biology, local ecology, status and threats; wildlife laws and regulations in Nepal; roles of Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) and FGs in wildlife 13

conservation; proper handling of injured wild animals; health and safety tips during monitoring; and First Aid. Five education workshops were hosted where local people were educated about the importance of red panda conservation. Outreach activities bolstered the knowledge of ten CFUGs and 1,000 students from ten schools in the region, and various forms of media, including radio, newspaper and information boards, were utilised to educate the forest dependent communities. RPN was able to restore and replant degraded red panda habitat in the PIT corridor. Four nurseries of red panda palatable species were established, with training of four nursery guardians, and nearly 40,000 saplings have been produced and will be transplanted to degraded red panda habitat.

Photo credits: RPN

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)

Endangered

$10,000

$70,471

2010

5. Programme: Sumatra

Partner organisation: The Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme Website: www.sumatranorangutan.org/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/sumatranorangutan/

Project title: Enhancing SOCP Orangutan Quarantine Centre to Improve Capacity and Efficiency

Project overview:

Young orangutan Mumun in the new forest school area

Sumatran orangutans are found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. With only 14,000 individuals left in the wild, the species is in critical danger of extinction. Although orangutans are protected by Indonesian law, there still continues to be instances of illegal trade, with the key issue being weak conservation law enforcement. The Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (SOCP), in collaboration with the government, works to confiscate, rehabilitate, and reintroduce orangutans rescued from the pet trade, all of which are first housed and cared for at a purpose built orangutan quarantine centre. Well over 200 orangutans have now been returned to the wild as a result of this work, and two entirely new wild populations are gradually being established, as a backup â&#x20AC;&#x153;safety netâ&#x20AC;? for the remaining wild population, 14

increasing the likelihood that at least some orangutans will survive in Sumatra’s forests in the future.

Ramadhani, Ipin, Mumun and Deka in the new forest school area

New Quarantine Centre motorcycle

Photo credits: SOCP

2017 update: On average the SOCP takes in an average of 23 orangutans per year and the existing quarantine facility houses an average of 45 to 50 orangutans at any given time (as of 11 August 2017 there were 52). With support from the Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund, a 1.6 hectare plot of land adjacent to the orangutan quarantine centre has been secured to address the great need to expand the facilities and ‘future-proof’ the site. To date, the land has been cleared to make it more manageable in terms of mobility, and materials (netting, rubber ropes, cloth sacks and recycled tyres for hammocks) have been purchased. The next step is to finish construction of the new forest school on this plot for young ex-captive orangutans to spend time in a forest setting and maximise opportunities to develop the skills needed when reintroduced to the wild. The quarantine centre expansion will directly improve SOCP’s ability to medically screen, treat, and socialise the orangutans under their care, resulting in greatly increased health and welfare of those passing through the quarantine centre on their way back to the wild. A new motorcycle has also been purchased for use at the quarantine centre, which will be of great use to staff for routine errands and general operations. Lastly, co-funding is still being sought from other sources to be able to construct high level quarantine/biohazard quarantine cages, for ‘special case’ orangutans that may represent a risk to the health of other orangutans, staff or wildlife in the area.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)

Critically endangered

$35,000

$487,735

2002

6. Programme: Sri Lanka

Partner organisation: Centre for Conservation and Research Sri Lanka Website: www.ccrsl.org/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/CCR.Elephants/

Project title: Monitoring health, demography and behaviour of Asian elephants Project overview:

Elephants in Yala National Park

Human-elephant conflict is a significant problem in Sri Lanka with, on average, 148 elephants and 59 humans killed every year. Due to the reduction of elephant habitat, these conflicts are inevitable and increasing. One of the main constraints for effective environmental conservation in Sri Lanka is the lack of scientific information to develop management plans and guide environmental conservation and management. The Centre for Conservation and Research (CCR) was set up to fill this need by conducting, supporting and encouraging research into all aspects of the environment. CCR have been researching Sri Lankan elephants for 19 years using radio telemetry, and more recently GPSsatellite tracking, and the success of their findings is now influencing government decisions. 2017 update: The research undertaken in 2016-17 was to gain a better understanding of the social organisation and behaviour of Asian elephants, impact of management actions on elephants and how elephants respond to them, and to provide greater public exposure and awareness of issues pertaining to elephant conservation and management. The main activities undertaken were the individual identification of elephants in the Yala National Park, assessing demographic structure, collecting observational data of their association and behaviour, scoring of body condition and growth measurement. A Facebook group called "Elephants of Yala" was also set up to increase awareness of the issues faced by elephants in general and in Yala in particular. Although it was originally intended to collect GPS data from collared elephants and to use it in the study, this objective could not be achieved as the collars on the two females that were newly collared in Yala in October 2015 stopped functioning prematurely due to technical problems. 16

Photo credits: CCR

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

Endangered

$13,297

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

$98,786

2012

7. Programme: Sri Lanka

Partner organisation: Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust Website: www.elephants.org.lk/ Facebook:

Project title: Schools Awareness Programme Project overview: The wild population of Sri Lankan elephants is in decline, threatened by the increasing human population and its demand for land for development, and the resulting human-elephant conflict (HEC).

Schools Awareness Programme session

The Biodiversity and Elephant Conservation Trust (BECT), formed in 1998, is a non-profit organisation active in the conservation of elephants in Sri Lanka. The Trust identifies the importance of dealing with the social issues of HEC in order to facilitate conservation of elephants and one strategy is creating awareness amongst the school children in the rural areas of Sri Lanka where there is ongoing human-elephant conflict. For the last nine years BECT has conducted a Schoolsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Awareness Programme in 150 rural schools each year. The program addresses the value of elephants, the causes of conflict, how to minimise the conflicts, and stresses the need for conservation. Through this ongoing program BECT has reached over 150,000 children. 2017 update: To date, 125 schools have completed the Awareness Programme this year, with the remaining 25 schools to participate in the third school term. The programme so far has been conducted successfully in 12 districts of Sri Lanka with most of these schools in the interior of the poor rural parts of the country. The sessions were held in schools 17

where human-elephant conflicts are most intensive and the average student/teacher attendance at each session is 134 children and 8 teachers. In addition to the sessions, support from the Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund allowed the purchase of two new laptops.

Photo credits: BECT

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

Endangered

$17,600

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

$101,698

2011

8. Programme: Sumatra

Partner organisation: 21st Century Tiger Website: www.21stcenturytiger.org/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/21stCenturyTiger/

Project title: Kerinci Seblat Tiger Protection and Conservation - Extending Tiger Protection to Lebong District, Bengkulu Project overview:

Fatwa and conservation training for religious leaders

One hundred years ago 100,000 wild tigers roamed throughout Asia, now there could be as few as 3,200. In the last 100 years Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wild tiger range has shrunk by 93% and 40% of this has happened in the past ten years. 21st Century Tiger channels money raised by the public, international zoo community and corporate supporters, to carefully chosen wild tiger conservation projects which provide the best conservation value and make the most difference. Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) is the largest protected area in Sumatra covering more than 1.38 million hectares of tropical forest in 13 districts and two municipalities of the provinces of West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu and South Sumatra. The park protects Sumatraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s single largest tiger population of at least 166 individuals and the highest tiger occupancy (83%) of any protected area in Sumatra. 2017 update: Activities supported by Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund are 18

focused to Lebong district of Bengkulu province in the south-west of the national park, an area identified as in need of focused tiger protection and conservation interventions, with field actions conducted by Fauna & Flora International (FFI) partner, Lingkar Institut.

Rapid Response Unit

Dismantling a deer snare

A formal MoU between Lingkar Institut and the Lebong chapter of the Islamic Scholars Council of Indonesia has been signed, followed by the training of 10 local leaders in key local wildlife conservation issues. These leaders are now heading actions to socialise the 2014 national Fatwa or religious prohibition regarding poaching or trading in endangered wildlife. A training workshop was held for 40 forest-edge village mosque leaders and preachers to socialise both the national Fatwa and the national conservation laws with trainers from local forestry agencies, police and religious leaders. These preachers and mosque leaders are now routinely socialising the Fatwa to their congregations. Park-wide, patrols by the FFI/KSNP Tiger Protection and Conservation Units (TPCU) reported a further sharp fall in threat to tigers following four years of very serious levels of illegal wildlife trade-driven poaching. In the course of 74 TPCU patrols covering a walking distance of more than 1250Km, a total of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;onlyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 10 active tiger snares were recorded in the period January-August 2017 compared with 35 in the same months of 2016 and 63 in the first 8 months of 2015. Reducing levels of snare poaching threat detected allowed the TPCUs to intensify wildlife crime investigations and between January-August 2017, investigations supported four tiger law enforcement actions in park-edge districts of three provinces. These resulted in the arrest and prosecution of 10 tiger poachers or traders, with a fifth action resulting in the arrest and prosecution of two pangolin traders. Tiger poaching threat detected in the project focus area in Lebong was lower than had been feared at the launch of the project although the presence of many old snare placements advises that there were, indeed, very serious levels of threat in this area in previous years. This suggests that tiger law enforcement actions conducted since early 2016 have had a landscape-level deterrent impact on tiger poachers and traders. Meanwhile, records of five tigers present made in the 19

Photo credits: Debbie Matyr

course of four RRU patrols in Lebong district confirms the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategic importance for tiger conservation in the Kerinci landscape.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris)

Endangered

$20,000

$157,424

2006

9. Programme: Africa

Partner organisation: Cheetah Outreach Trust Website: www.cheetah.co.za Facebook: www.facebook.com/CheetahOutreach/

Project title: Conservation of South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s free-ranging cheetah through farmer-wildlife mitigation Project overview: At the turn of the 20th century, an estimated 100,000 cheetahs lived throughout Africa and in parts of the Middle East and Central Asia. Today there are only about 7,100 of these majestic cats left in the wild. Cheetah Outreach is an education and community-based programme created to raise awareness of the plight of the cheetah and to campaign for its survival.

Maluti dogs with their herds

Since the programme was implemented, Anatolian guard dogs have been placed on farms in cheetah range in Limpopo and North West Provinces, where they have reduced livestock losses from 95 to 100%. Though mostly used to guard sheep and goats, for the first time in southern Africa, some dogs have been used to successfully guard cattle and some are now guarding wild game such as springbok and nyala. In 2014 Cheetah Outreach started placing Lesotho Maluti dogs outside cheetah range to guard sheep and goats from smaller predators such as caracal and black-backed jackal. 2017 update: Financial support from Auckland Zoo was used to initiate the Maluti pilot project with the placement, monitoring and husbandry care of 17 Maluti livestock guarding dogs. These dogs were placed in three pilot projects within South Africa 20

to protect flocks of sheep and goats.

Photo credits: Cheetah Outreach

Of the 17 dogs placed in this project, 9 are still guarding their flocks and Cheetah Outreach is in contact with the farmers on a regular basis. Of the dogs still working, there have been outstanding results, with a huge drop in stock loss due to predators. The unsuccessful placements were due to factors out of our control, such as dogs lost next to main roads. The project has proven to the farmers that Maluti livestock guarding dogs are a viable alternative to the Anatolian livestock guarding dogs, especially in areas that have smaller predators such as black-backed jackal and caracal.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

Vulnerable

$7,500

$62,400

2004

10. Programme: Africa

Partner organisation: Lowveld Rhino Trust Website: www.lowveldrhinotrust.org/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/lowveldrhinotrust/

Project Title: Support for rhino monitoring in Zimbabwe 2016-2017 Project Overview:

Five year old Nakai

The Lowveld Rhino Trust (LRT) is supported by a consortium of donors in its rhino conservation activities in the Lowveld region of Zimbabwe. LRT does intensive monitoring of rhinos in Lowveld conservancies, as well as hands-on management (veterinary interventions, translocations, rescuing poaching orphans etc.) within two main areas containing over 300 black rhinos and 100 white rhinos. It is involved in anti-poaching, intelligence gathering and other law-enforcement activities in these areas, and also works to raise community awareness and support for rhino conservation through rural schools. 2017 update: LRT has put the current funding towards supporting the rhino monitoring teams. To improve the efficiency of the 21

rhino monitoring patrols, the men often have to base out in field camps so they can be close to the areas the rhinos are living in. This allows them to get to the water holes very early in the day so they can pick up rhino spoor there and track them down to confirm the rhinos identity. This system works very well for the monitoring but does add logistical challenges for the men as these field bases are a long way from their home bases or any shops for food. To overcome this, LRT purchases all the food for these extended patrols in bulk so the men can deploy with all they need for the weeks they are out in the field. This system not only ensures the men do not need to worry about where to get supplies from but it is also more cost effective as the bulk buying can be done in the regional centres rather than in the small rural shops which understandably add on significant mark up making even basic goods such as mealie meal and cooking oil significantly more expensive. It also helps minimise the time and mileage spent sourcing food supplies.

Photo credit: LRT

Focal species

Threat status

White rhino (Ceratotherium simum) Black rhino (Diceros bicornis)

Near Threatened Critically endangered

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

$7,500

$24,200

2013

11.

Programme: Pacific Islands

Partner organisation: Société d’Ornithologie de Polynésie - ‘Association Manu’ Website: www.manu.pf/?lang=en Facebook: www.facebook.com/Manu-SOP212922695414646/

Project Title: Saving the Fatu Hiva monarch from the brink of extinction Project Overview:

Fatu hiva monarch

A large flycatcher endemic to Fatu Hiva island in Marquesas Archipelago, and previously common all around the island, the Fatu Hiva monarch’s (FHM) population has been in decline since the arrival of ship rats on the island in the 1980’s. Only 41 birds were found in 2009 during intensive surveys. The French Polynesian Ornithological Society (Société d’Ornithologie de Polynésie SOP) has led a conservation program since 2008. This project aims to save the critically endangered FHM from extinction through predator control. Actions include the protection of nesting sites from predators, the neutering of female cats, the monitoring of the population and it’s breeding, as well as raising the local population’s awareness and sustainable development with landowners. 2017 update: The monarch of Fatu Hiva is the most threatened bird in French Polynesia, however, the Manu Association is optimistic as 6 chicks were hatched last year and have colonised the protected areas. This was not seen previously because virtually all the young were taken by cats. The sterilisation of domestic cats continued in both villages on the island, with 50 interventions carried out in 2016, and cat control is increasing with assistance from people from the local community. The Association also works with landowners whose land host monarchs to develop sustainable projects. Manu has helped to develop beekeeping through training and equipment, and the number of hives has increased by 452% in 2 years, generating income for homeowners.

Photo credit: SOP Manu

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Fatu Hiva monarch (Pomarea whitneyi)

Critically Endangered

$19,000

$39,000

2014

12. Programme: South America

Partner organisation: Spider Monkey Conservation Project Website: www.spidermonkeyproject.org/ Facebook: 23

www.facebook.com/spidermonkeyconservationproject/ Project Title: Conservation of the Critically Endangered Spider Monkey (Ateles hybridus) in Caparo Forest Reserve, Venezuela Project Overview:

Photo credits: Spider Monkey Conservation Project

The brown spider monkey is critically endangered due to habitat destruction. Distributed in both Colombia and Venezuela, it is included in the list of the 25 most endangered primate species in the world. The area of distribution most critical in Venezuela is in the Caparo Forest Reserve, located in the western plains of Venezuela close to the Colombian border. The Caparo reserve was established in 1961 and had an area of 184,100ha. However, in less than 30 years, around 90% of the reserve has become under pressure by peasants, large farmers and timber companies. As a consequence the rate of deforestation has increased very rapidly. Currently less than 7,000 ha of continuous forest survives, plus several small isolated forest fragments up to 150 ha. This project aims to conserve the spider monkey population in the Caparo Forest through the means of research, education and restoration.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Brown spider monkey (Ateles hybridus)

Critically endangered

$8,000

$16,000

2015

13.

Programme: Sumatra

Partner organisation: Rangers of Tangkahan Website: www.therangersoftangkahan.com/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/rangersoftangkahan/?ref=br_rs

Project title: Habitat Protection and Community Education Project overview:

Recording data of sunbear scratch marks

Snares removed from the buffer zone against the GLNP border

Male orangutan being relocated from community garden

Tangkahan is a community in North Sumatra province that was once an illegal logging settlement on the border of the Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) which is home to Sumatran orangutan, tiger, elephant and rhinoceros to name a few (85% of the remaining orangutans live within this ecosystem). In 2001 the community made a collective decision to cease illegal activity in the forest and develop eco-tourism as a way to live in harmony with the forest they love. A group of community field patrol rangers was formed, who act as guides and interpreters for tourists. Part of their work is to patrol the forest, collecting data on illegal activity and looking for points of interest to show visitors. The Rangers of Tangkahan was set up with the objective of providing an ongoing income for forest patrols while collecting data that will help ensure the ongoing protection of the buffer zone. 2017 update: To date, funding has been spent on paying the salaries of 10 rangers in the patrol unit plus 2 porters from neighbouring communities. Time on patrols has been spent collecting data from the buffer zone of the Gunung Leuser National Park around 5 forest edge communities. Data includes, but is not limited to: illegal activities, fauna evidence (scratchings, faeces, nests, sightings etc) and human-wildlife conflict. Half the ranger team spend half of each patrol conducting community engagement and education sessions where they meet with the focal communities and their village leaders, to talk about the issues they have with wildlife conflict, mostly elephants and orangutans, and to help them come up with ideas for alternative income to the snaring and trapping they are conducting. Part of their patrols include snare removal and this year they have removed well over 300 from 3 communities along the border of the GLNP. The communities have indicated they will commit to change when long term alternatives are in place and we have started a snare wire craft programme in one village, Sumber Waras, with a group of women. In the next 6 months we will be implementing a seedling co-op in the same village, where the locals will grow seedlings that we will buy off them and have eco-tourism guests plant them to reforest areas in need. The team have also had lengthy discussions with the Gunung Leuser National Park ranger team, who want to collaborate with us to extend our reach and build capacity on both teams. The team also 25

Photo credits: Jason Savage, Rangers of Tangkahan

Focal species

Threat status

Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae)

Critically endangered Critically endangered

participated in an orangutan relocation with Orangutan Information Centre, as well as removing an elephant caught in a snare with Wildlife Conservation Society. We are about to revamp the team and re-name it to The Sumatran Ranger Project, in order to better describe what the project is about. Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

$20,000

2016

Critically endangered

14.

Programme: Pacific Islands

Partner organisation: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Samoa Samoa Conservation Society Website: www.samoaconservationsociety.wordpress.com/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/conservesamoa/

Project title: Protecting critical habitats for Manumea and Ma’o ma’o in Samoa Project overview: The Tooth-billed pigeon or Manumea (Didunculus strigirostris) is believed to have declined from 4,800-7,200 in the mid-1980s to a few hundred by 2006, and there may now be only a few dozen left. It has recently been upgraded to critically endangered by the IUCN. Habitat loss and degradation, illegal hunting and impacts from invasive species are thought to be the primary agents of decline. The endemic Ma’o ma’o is a large honey eater, classified as endangered by the IUCN, and thought to now number little more than 500 individuals. They too appear to have undergone a relatively rapid decline in the past 30 years. 26

The Ministry for Natural resources and the Environment (MNRE), with other project partners, are pursuing a multipronged approach to manumea and ma’o ma’o recovery including forest restoration, landscape scale pest control, and a campaign to reduce pigeon hunting.

Illustration of manumea by Michael Rothman. Due to low numbers there are no close up photos from the last 20 years

Map of Malololelei Reserve

2017 update: Three MNRE staff travelled to Auckland Zoo in August courtesy of the AZCF and received training from Sian Buley, the Zoo’s Pest Control Coordinator, in a range of best practice rodent control techniques. The MNRE staff will be responsible for leading the deployment over 200 bait stations in Malololelei Reserve (and adjacent Catholic Church land) later this year in what will be the first ever landscape scale rodent control project on the main islands of Samoa. Sian will also be travelling to Samoa to help MNRE staff install the stations and will carry out baseline monitoring of rodent numbers in the reserve. The grant helps cover the labour costs of the project, as well as purchasing vital equipment such as rodent tracking devices, GPS units, trail cameras and backpacks. The bait and bait stations have been generously supplied free of charge by multi-national pest control company PelGar International.

Photo credits: Samoa Conservation Society, MNRE

Focal species Manumea (Didunculus strigirostris) Ma’o ma’o (Gymnomyza samoensis)

Threat status Critically endangered

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

$25,500

2016

Yes

Endangered

15.

Programme: Pacific Islands

Partner organisation: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Samoa Samoa Conservation Society Website: www.samoaconservationsociety.wordpress.com/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/conservesamoa/

Project title: Developing a communication strategy to address decline of manumea and other protected species due to hunting Project overview:

Workshop participants

The Tooth-billed pigeon or Manumea (Didunculus strigirostris) is believed to have declined from 4,800-7,200 in the mid-1980s to a few hundred by 2006, and there may now be only a few dozen left. It has recently been upgraded to critically endangered by the IUCN. Habitat loss and degradation, illegal hunting and impacts from invasive species are thought to be the primary agents of decline. Manumea are killed as bycatch when the Pacific pigeon (or Lupe), a traditional â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;prestigeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; food, is hunted. Although all native pigeons are protected in Samoa, significant numbers of pigeons are killed each year. It is estimated that over 22,000 pigeons are consumed each year. Funding was sought from the Auckland Zoo Conservation Fund for a workshop in Samoa aimed at developing a communication strategy for reducing manumea mortality through hunting. The workshop will also provide training to local conservationists and thereby increase capacity in Samoa to develop other conservation campaigns. 2017 update: A workshop was undertaken in Apia, Samoa from 8-12 May 2017. The workshop was well attended with representatives from MNRE (the workshop was opened by the Head of MNRE), Community representatives from two of the eight villages where manumea have been seen in the past few years, Samoa Conservation Society (SCS), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Conservation International and other NGOs, and the Samoan police. The workshop was facilitated by Steve Menzies (Flinch Marketing). During the course of the workshop three key audiences 28

were identified as most likely to be able to put effect to the required behaviour change â&#x20AC;&#x201C; though the messages and methods of delivery for each audience would be quite different. A draft workshop report has been produced and a small working group, led by Moeumu Uili and Czarina Stowers of MNRE, have undertaken to carry the work on. Photo credit: Samoan Observer

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Amount to date

Partner since

AZFP project last year

Manumea (Didunculus strigirostris)

Critically endangered

$9,020

2016

Yes

Category 3 (Small Grant Programme) A contestable grants scheme, designed to help provide relatively small levels of funding for on-going conservation projects or pilot programmes. This category of funding is open to individuals or small groups and organisations conducting conservation work in New Zealand or developing countries. Category 3 funding will be provided up to a maximum of $5,000 and the award should represent a minimum of 25% of the project’s overall budget. In 2016/17 two rounds of grants were considered. The first round was a ‘general’ funding round, while the second was the Conservation Fund’s first targeted small grants round and was restricted to conservation projects in the South Pacific. Six successful projects were identified in each round and their details are listed below.

Inside Nakanacagi Cave, Fiji (Photo Shawn Thomas)

16. Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: Eric Djomo Nana

Project title: Updating the conservation status of the Mount Cameroon Francolin in a bid to address gaps in knowledge about this species Project overview: The Mt Cameroon francolin is an endemic species found on Mt Cameroon in West-Central Africa. Little is known about its breeding ecology and the IUCN has classified it as endangered. It faces both natural and anthropogenic threats from forest fires and illegal hunting which cause destruction of eggs, young and adult birds. Previous surveys done on Mt Cameroon did not find the species. We fear therefore its conservation status might have changed from endangered to extinct in the wild. In this study, our goal is to update the conservation status of the Mt Cameroon Francolin to address gaps in knowledge and to determine the extent to which its population has declined. We intend to do that through field surveys at six elevations from 300m above sea level to about 3000 m using three methodological approaches: line-transect sampling with point counts and random walks, vocalisation calls and camera traps. We also intend to sample the stand-structure of the vegetation at the same elevations to determine preferred areas. We expect to estimate precisely the number of individuals per km 2, map areas where self-sustaining populations are established, locate precisely its altitudinal range and identify threats to direct conservation action.

Photo credit: unknown

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Mount Cameroon francolin (Francolinus camerunensis)

Endangered

$4,000

Cameroon

17. 31

Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: Tsirivelo Ratovoson

Project title: Conservation of Phelsuma antanosy Project overview:

Photo credit: J.C.Randrianantoandro

Phelsuma antanosy is an endemic gecko to Madagascar. It is known from a few localities in the extreme southeast of the island, at Ambatotsirongorongo and Sainte Luce. A third population, at Petriky, was extirpated before 1994 as a result of habitat destruction. At Sainte Luce, it is known from three forest fragments. This species is listed as critically endangered on the basis that its area of occupancy is a maximum of 9 kmÂ˛, but is likely to be considerably less than this. It has an extent of occurrence of around 16 kmÂ˛, the species has a severely fragmented population, and there is a continuing decline in both extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, as well as potentially in the number of subpopulations (IUCN, 2011). Because of this situation, the project will be undertaken to reduce this trend by raising awareness of local community about the conservation of Phelsuma antanosy populations and their habitats, monitoring these gecko populations, collecting bioecological data of this species and undertaking small-scale captive breeding.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Day gecko (Phelsuma antanosy)

Critically endangered

$4,900

Madagascar

18. Person/Organisation: Randall Jiménez Quirós, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University

Programme: Small Grants

Project title: Understanding the reasons for skin microbiome dysbiosis and its role in the conservation of the Green-eyed frog (Lithobates vibicarius): a model species to protect the health of chytrid fungusthreatened amphibians in Costa Rica Project overview:

Photo credit: David A. Rodriguez Arias

Many amphibians are experiencing population declines and apparent disappearances, this is in part attributed to a skindisease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Its devastating effects are likely amplified by interactions with anthropogenic threats (i.e. habitat disturbance and climate change). Recently, there have been reports of “relict-populations” of species that are somehow capable of persisting in the field despite contact to Bd. There is evidence of Bdresistance/tolerance in some individuals from these populations, which is provided up to some extent by their skin microbial communities (microbiome). Microbiome is an important immune trait in disease susceptibility and health; and environmental factors can alter composition and diversity of host microbiome (dysbiosis), which might increases disease susceptibility and health detriment. Some relict-populations from Costa Rica are facing anthropogenic environmental alterations that could be causing skin dysbiosis and consequently affecting host Bd-susceptibility. Therefore, to understand the effect of human induced landscape alteration and water quality in amphibian skin-microbiome and the influence of these microbial changes with Bd-infection rate, we will survey individuals of a Bd-threatened relict-population of Lithobates vibicarius across reproductive ponds. This information will help to identify how anthropogenic stressors affect amphibians’ health, and use it to better protect Bdthreatened relict-populations.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Green-eyed frog (Lithobates vibicarius)

Vulnerable

$4,637

Costa Rica

19. Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: Zoe Walker, Wildtracks

Project title: Strengthening in-country capacity for assessing health of Belize's two endangered primate species Project overview:

Central American spider monkey

Yucatan black howler monkey Photo credits: Dave Irving, Matthew Sileo

The Wildtracks Endangered Species Programme hosts the Primate Rehabilitation Centre, mandated by the Government of Belize as the national facility for the effective rehabilitation and reintroduction of Belizeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s two species of globally endangered primates - the Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatenesis) and Yucatan black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra). The programme focuses on landscape conservation solutions with strategic reintroductions to strengthen species viability, and currently has the highest post-release survival rates for Yucatan black howler monkeys in the region. This project is focused on two linked outputs: 1. Incorporation of basic wild primate health assessments using faecal testing (a non-invasive diagnostic tool providing valuable insight into the overall health of primate populations), integrated into the national assessment of wild primates through participatory workshops and field surveys between mid2016 and mid-2017. 2. An evaluation of the health of rehabilitated primates, pre- and post- release, and comparison with wild samples, to inform and strengthen treatment regimes and provide an additional indicator for release success. Wildtracks has established basic lab facilities, but requires additional equipment and supplies to be fully functional, with strengthened capacity of team members in techniques and protocols, and additional costs associated with field surveys of wild populations.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatenesis) Yucatan black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra)

Endangered

$4,174

Belize

20. Person/Organisation: Nunia NatureFiji-MareqetiViti

Programme: Small Grants

Thomas

Moko,

Project title: Establishing a Site Conservation Plan for the Endangered Fijian Free-tailed Bat at Nakanacagi Cave Project overview:

Fijian free-tailed bat

Bats in Nakanacagi Cave

Nakanacagi Cave, the only known roost for the endangered Fijian free-tailed bat, houses 99% of the known global population. Historically, the Nakanacagi People harvested bats, eels and prawns from the cave and today they realise the bat colony is dramatically reduced. Over 10 years ago it was recognized as a conservation priority and in recent years, NatureFiji-MareqetiVitiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programs appear to have halted most of the cave visitation. The cave remains at risk from renewed disturbance and even catastrophic loss if the abandoned logging road over the top of the cave and/or degraded tropical dry forest collapses into the cave. NatureFiji-MareqetiViti (NFMV), in partnership with Bat Conservation International, The University South Pacific, Birdlife International, and the National Trust of Fiji, have launched a comprehensive conservation initiative for the Fijian free-tailed bat with a special emphasis to secure and protect Nakanacagi Cave. We will complete an in-cave biodiversity assessment to establish baseline data and conduct a telemetry project to understand how the bats use the landscape, also attempting to locate alternate roosts. Data from our work will inform our awareness program on the importance of the bats which will be used to generate interest in and commitments to protecting the cave and the bats.

Inside Nakanacagi Cave Photo credits: Shawn Thomas

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Fijian free-tailed bat (Chaerephon bregullae)

Endangered

$5,000

Fiji

21. 35

Person/Organisation: Martin Schaefer, Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco

Programme: Small Grants

Project title: Distribution and habitat occupancy of the Black-Breasted Puffleg Project overview: Eriocnemis nigrivestis (BBP) is a critically endangered hummingbird, endemic to the central Andean slopes of Northwestern Ecuador. This species ranks among the most poorly known bird species in Ecuador. Even more worryingly, the records of BBP apparently decrease steadily at one of the two areas of occupancy, Yanacocha Reserve and Verdecocha Reserve. The species’ occurrence at the other area, Intag, is virtually unknown.

Female BBP in Yanacocha Reserve

Male BBP in Yanacocha Reserve

Despite previous studies by Jahn (2008) and Guevara et al. (2015), the habitat occupancy, altitudinal range, distribution and seasonal occurrence of the BBP are controversial. While Jahn (2008) and Guevara et al. (2015) suggest that the species prefers relative undisturbed forest interior at 2700-3200m, Bleiweiss and Olalla (1983 and in pers. comm. 2015) suggest that it occurs mainly in specialized ridge-top forests and shrubland at altitudes above 3200m. This controversy could be explicable by seasonal altitudinal migration of individuals and the fact that Intag has been visited only in one season (e.g., Jahn 2008). Solving this controversy is a high conservation priority to design conservation measures effectively and to assess the global population of that species.

Photo credits: Francisco Sornoza, Jules Wyman

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Black-Breasted Puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis)

Critically endangered

$5,000

Ecuador

22. Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: Ray Pierce, Eco Oceania Pty Ltd

Project title: Supporting the recovery of Phoenix Petrels and other threatened birds at Kiritimati, Kiribati Project overview: Globally Kiritimati is the critical island for three threatened species â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Phoenix Petrel, White-throated Storm-petrel and Bokikokiko. Previous work funded by NZODA, SPREP and Pacific Biosecurity, and by Auckland Zoo-funded work have laid the foundation for effective conservation of these and other species and in the future it may be possible to translocate both the endangered seabird species to other islands, e.g. Malden. In the meantime, the Wildlife Conservation Unit (WCU) is charged with managing Kiritimati birds to ensure sustainable populations continue into the foreseeable future. This project will provide cost-effective strategic support to WCU enabling them to provide more targeted surveillance and management of invasive species, and to implement outcome monitoring for key threatened and sensitive species. In 2009 we worked with the WCU in removing Pacific rats from about 30 mutu or islets in the large lagoons of the central lagoons area, and some cats were also removed. Since then a guidelines document covering invasive species surveillance and bird monitoring has been implemented to some extent by the WCU. The current project will enable us to provide technical support to the Wildlife Conservation Unit in implementing firstly this ongoing invasive species surveillance (and any contingency plans that may be needed) as well as providing a robust measure of how the threatened species are responding to the WCU work since 2009. We know already that there has been remarkably positive responses on a few rat-free motu including one that is only c.20 m from the mainland and it has remained rat-free. The plan is to revisit most of the rat-free motu with staff of WCU and train or revise surveillance methods for invasive species status and also measure responses of all of the threatened and sensitive species present. The observations will provide a 37

valuable yardstick and dataset for WCU/MELAD to use to demonstrate effectiveness of their activities.

Photo credit: Mike Thorsen

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Phoenix petrel (Pterodroma alba)

Endangered

$3,400

Location Kiribati

23. Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: David Beaune, d'Ornithologie de PolynĂŠsie (SOP) "Manu"

SociĂŠtĂŠ

Project title: The Tahiti striated heron population survival in Polynesia Project overview:

Striated heron

Photo credit: Bjorn Anderson

The striated heron is a species widely distributed in tropical wetlands, however, the species is split in several subspecies that can be locally threatened. This is the case of the Tahiti striated heron (Butorides striata patruelis). In the overall French Polynesia only 70 birds were censused in Tahiti with a global estimation of about 70 birds. A conservation plan was proposed in 2009 but the lack of resources postponed actions. Even with a good breeding success rate, the population is in decline and threatened by habitat loss, but the planned project is on the move thanks to funding opportunities from Europe. For 2017 the action plan includes: 1) 2017 population census (to compare with 2009 and establish the trend) 2) Hibiscus tiliaceus tree growth in the nursery (this is the identified plant as the determining factor for suitable habitat) 3) Landowner awareness (information about their land, ecological importance for heron and new Hibiscus transplanting from the nursery on their land for habitat increase) 4) Prepare a project of translocation to create a safety second population on Raiatea island, declared feasible in 2009. Community acceptance has to be checked and key stakeholders involved.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Tahiti striated heron (Butorides striata patruelis)

Least concern

$5,000

Tahiti

24. Person/Organisation: Tuiafutea Olsen Va’afusuaga and Jane Va'afusuaga, Falease'ela Environment Protection Society (FEPS)

Programme: Small Grants

Project title: Habitat Restoration to Save the Critically Endangered Manumea Project overview:

Juvenile manumea

Photo credit: Ulf Beichle

The Manumea is critically endangered. Two key threats are habitat loss and pigeon hunting in lowland forest areas. Given that 80% of the land in Samoa is under traditional village ownership, it is critical that in Samoa forest restoration occurs through the villages and is village lead. This bottom up approach will ensure long–term investment in restored sites and enable the restoration to also be an educational process. The village of Falease’ela has a local environmental organisation called FEPS whose mandate has been to restore the watershed area of Falease’ela. They would now like to undertake forest restoration which targets lowland forest restoration for the critically endangered Manumea and other native forest bird species over a 1200 acre area. This grant would fund part of that restoration.

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Manumea (Didunculus strigirostris)

Critically endangered

$4,975

Samoa

25. Programme: Small Grants

Organisation: Sophie “Topa” Petit

Project title: A Fijian children’s book to increase their awareness of bats Project overview:

Fijian monkey-faced bat

Photo credit: Pavel German

Focal species

Threat status

Various bats

Various

Consistent with the general decline of bat populations occurring in the Pacific, five of the six bat species of Fiji are threatened. Bats are perceived as food and sometimes pests by many Fijians, who do not know that bats are mammals and that they perform vital ecosystem services involving many plant species of great significance to humans. A children’s book will be published to increase people’s awareness of bats and their roles. This story about a young flying fox smelling bananas for the first time and rescued by a woman who learns about the role of bats, is followed by photographs and brief ecological and conservation information on the six bat species of Fiji. We aim to distribute the book to the most isolated and poorest primary schools in Fiji. The sale of the other books will serve in part to distribute the book more broadly and print more copies. Conservation is difficult when Fijians inhabiting 106 islands do not have the privilege of education about their nature; the book will facilitate conservation projects undertaken by NatureFijiMareqetiViti. Grant amount 2016/17 $4,930

Location Fiji

26. Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: Diana Fisher, University of Queensland

Project title: Community conservation of threatened mammals and frogs in Bougainville Project overview:

This project will support conservation of threatened mammals and frogs in the Papua New Guineaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Autonomous Region of Bougainville (AROB) by funding an indigenous PhD student from Bougainville and a postdoctoral researcher and conservation practitioner from the western Solomon Islands to conduct fieldwork together in Bougainville. We will determine if the aftermath of the recent civil war and mining have affected species persistence in this region, and will confirm locations and population status. By providing detailed information on species distribution with respect to customary land boundaries and elevation, we will help local conservation groups and interested communities to establish protected areas to conserve these species in the west coast part of Bougainville. We will also contribute to conservation education in local schools. We will distribute (free) and discuss our recently published Solomon Islands ecology textbook in person at schools in the region. The island of Bougainville is biogeographically part of the Solomons archipelago, this book refers to the same biota, issues and cultural issues as the western Solomons. This project will build on our mentoring of research students from Melanesia, through collaborations with local NGOs and Pacific Island universities, and at the University of Queensland. We have been working with indigenous conservation groups and training students in Melanesia since 2012.

Eyelash frog

Photo credit: Robin Moore

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Location

Various

$4,000

Papua New Guinea

27. Programme: Small Grants

Person/Organisation: Dick Watling, Fiji Nature Conservation Trust (operating as NatureFijiMareqetiViti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NFMV)

Project title: Last chance for the enigmatic and critically endangered Fiji Petrel Project overview: It is believed that fewer than 50 pairs of Fiji Petrel survive, breeding in 52 km2 of rugged forest on Gau island. Its nesting grounds remain unknown, with threats including predation by rats, feral cats and pigs. Informed conservation action cannot happen until nest sites have been located, therefore this is the single most urgent action required to save the 41

species from extinction. NFMVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fiji Petrel project has a small team of islanders who for the past 3 years have worked with two NZ-trained petrel detector dogs to search for petrel burrows. Over 100 burrows have been located and the status of approximately 75 of these is known. All are Collared Petrel but some of the others may be Fiji Petrel. In conjunction with the searches, the team has trained a landowner group in feral predator control and burrow monitoring at the Delaisavu Collared Petrel colony. This year NFMV plans to continue the program but, in addition, to deploy as many acoustic recorders as it can finance at strategic locations around the island. This method was used in the recent successful location of nest-burrows of the Reunion Petrel by a researcher who worked on Gau with NFMV and still advises the Trust.

Photo credit: NatureFiji-MareqetiViti

Focal species

Threat status

Grant amount 2016/17

Fiji petrel (Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi)

Critically endangered

$5,000

Location Fiji

Auckland Zoo Staff in the Field 2016–2017 Introduction During the 2016/17 financial year, 103 staff, interns and volunteers from 17 teams across Auckland Zoo spent a total of 8,111 hours working on 41 projects out in the field. This is the equivalent of having 4 people working full-time in the field for the entire year. Of the total field-time, 3,510 hours (1.8 FTE) were spent working out of the zoo on the Rotoroa Island project, which remains Auckland Zoo’s most intensive field project. Summary details of all 41 field projects Auckland Zoo was involved with during 2016/2017 (including project name, location, number of people involved and hours spent on the project) are provided in Appendix I. Time in the field The figure below (Fig. 1) shows the total number of hours spent in the field by Auckland Zoo’s team over the past four years, including the proportion of hours spent working on Rotoroa and non-Rotoroa field projects in each year. Figure 1. Total annual fieldwork hours from 2013/14 to 2016/17

The chart shows that the total number of hours in the field reduced slightly in 2016/17 compared to that of previous years. Rotoroa fieldwork hours have remained fairly comparable to last year (4,013 hours in 2015/16 and 3,510 hours in 2016/17 – a 12.5% decrease), whereas non-Rotoroa fieldwork time reduced by 22% from 5,912 hours in 2015/16 to 4,601 hours in 2016/17. This can largely be explained by the extraordinary amount of time spent on kakapo fieldwork during 2015/16 (1,804 hours compared to 563 hours in 2016/17 – a 69% decrease). This was due to 2015/2016 being a kakapo breeding season, therefore necessitating a significant increase in the intensity of management. Details of the number of Auckland Zoo staff, interns and volunteers involved and amount of time spent in the field during in 2016-2017 are provided in Table 1 below.  A total of 75 staff members from 17 teams, plus 7 interns and 25 Auckland Zoo volunteers worked outside of the zoo on field conservation projects during 2016/2017.  Of these, 41 members of staff from 12 teams, plus 23 Auckland Zoo volunteers and 3 interns carried out fieldwork on Rotoroa Island. Table 1. Fieldwork hours 2016/17. Auckland Zoo personnel AZ Staff AZ Interns AZ Volunteers Total

Number of people 75 7 25 103

Hours spent on fieldwork 7,474 245 368 8,087

Focus of field conservation project work The table in Appendix II shows how the 41 field projects were distributed across seven focal areas (mammals, birds and ectotherms, integrated conservation, restoration, training and project development & management). The total number of projects and the total field time spent across the focal areas are also provided. The percentage of field projects in each of the seven focal areas and the proportion of the field-time distributed across each of these focal areas are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 below.

Figure 2. Focus of field projects

Figure 3. Field-time on projects in each of the focal areas

The Rotoroa Island project, which comprises multi-species wildlife management components as well as the education programme, remains the only project in the ‘integrated conservation’ focal area. This is reflected in just 3% of the total 41 field projects in 20162017 had ‘integrated conservation’ as the principal focal area (Figure 2). In terms of time in the field however, integrated conservation was the Zoo’s greatest focal area, with 42% of all field time allocated to this project (Figure 3). After Rotoroa, projects focusing on bird, followed by ectotherm species remain the two largest focal areas for Auckland Zoo. Of the 41 field projects, 42% (17 projects) were focused on bird conservation and 29% (12 projects) focused on ectotherm species (Figure 2). Auckland Zoo committed 38% of time in the field (3,050 hours) to bird projects (the same percentage of overall time in the field as last year) and 11% (888 hours) to ectotherm projects (Figure 3). Mammal projects (involving three species) constituted 7% of all projects (Figure 2) and utilised 3% of time in the field time (240 hours) (Figure 3). Projects focused on native habitat restoration (e.g. weeding, native species planting and animal pest control) comprised another 7% of this year’s total (Figure 2), with 5% (424 hours) of field time spent on these projects (Figure 3). Three projects (7%) were focused on staff field skills training and development and two projects (5% of the total) were focused on project development and management (figure 2). These two focal areas combined utilised 104 field-time hours (less than 1.5% of the total time in the field) (Figure 3). A detailed breakdown of the field-time spent on specific species or habitat-related projects is shown in Figure 4 below. The three single species Auckland Zoo spent the most time working to conserve in the wild during 2016-2017 were the Red crowned kakariki (760 hours), kokako (699 hours) and kakapo (563 hours).

Figure 4. Distribution of field-time across key species and focal areas

Conservation status of species Auckland Zoo works with in the field Of the 41 field projects Auckland Zoo worked on during 2016-2017, 27 projects (66%) were focused on individual species conservation (relative to a total of 16 species). The table in Appendix III provides the global IUCN Red List category for all 16 species worked with, as well as the New Zealand Threat Classification system category for all New Zealand species. It also presents the number of projects and number of field hours attributed to each species. Four exotic species were the focus of six field projects and 12 New Zealand endemic species were the focus of 21 field projects. The percentage of species projects in each of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species categories, based on the global Red List category assigned to the focal species, is shown in Figure 5 (below). Of the 27 species focused projects, 74% were projects focused on conserving species considered globally threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable). Of these, 45% of species focused projects were focused on globally Critically Endangered species and 22% on globally Endangered species. A quarter of all species focused projects were concerning species that are considered globally Near Threatened. Of the 8,111 field hours of 2016-2017, 3,610 hours (45%) were spent working on projects focused on individual species. The chart in Figure 6 (below) shows the proportion of these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;speciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; field hours in each of the IUCN Red List categories, according to the category of each focal species. Of the 3,610 hours, 59% were spent working on globally threatened species. Working to conserve globally Critically Endangered species in the wild accounted for 37% of species-focused field time. A total of 41% of species-focused field time was spent working on projects for Near Threatened species.

Figure 5. IUCN Red List status of species

Figure 6. Field hours on species 46

focused projects

according to their IUCN Red List threat category

Geographical distribution and location of field conservation projects The table in Appendix IV summarises the number of domestic, South Pacific and international field locations worked in during 2016-2017. The number of projects in, and the amount of field-time worked at each location are also presented. During 2016-2017, Auckland Zoo’s 41 field projects were distributed across 26 locations (21 in New Zealand, 3 in the South Pacific and 2 international) The percentage of field projects located in New Zealand, the South Pacific and overseas is presented in Figure 7 below. Of the 41 field projects, 80% (33 projects) were located in New Zealand, with 66% located in the North Island. The Hauraki Gulf remains a significant area for Auckland Zoo’s work in the field, with 32% of all projects situated at seven locations there (see Appendix III). The proportion of field projects located in the South Island has remained the same as last year, whereas the proportion of projects located in the South Pacific has doubled (from nearly 7% in 2015-2016 to 15% in 2016-2017. Five percent of field projects were located internationally during the year (Figure 7). The percentage of the total time in the field for the year carried out in each of the main geographical locations is shown in Figure 8 below. The vast majority (91% - 7388 hours) of Auckland Zoo’s time in the field was carried out in New Zealand, with 64% (5,197 hours) of this time being worked in the Hauraki Gulf (Figure 8, Appendix III). After Rotoroa Island, the most significant locations Auckland Zoo worked at, in terms of amount of field time spent 47

there include Rangitoto, Motutapu and Tiritiri Matangi Islands in the Hauraki Gulf; Ark in the Park on mainland North Island and Codfish and Anchor Islands in the South Island. Samoa was the most significant place for our time in the field within the South Pacific. The intensive work carried out by a specialist bird keeper to assist the Charles Darwin Foundation with hand-rearing Critically Endangered mangrove finch chicks, meant that the Galapagos Island became the most significant international location for time in the field during 2016-2017 (Appendix III). Figure 7. Geographical distribution of field conservation projects

Figure 8. Field-time on projects in each of the geographical areas

Appendix I. Auckland Zoo field projects 2016 – 2017 Staff hours 2016/17 40

No. of staff 2016/17 1

124

Monuriki and Mololo Islandss, Fiji

Crested iguana survey

Macuata Island, Fiji

Duck banding training

Auckland, North Island, NZ

Galapagos mangrove finch head-starting project

Isabela and Santa Cruz, Galapagos

315

Giraffe Conservation Foundation

Namibia, Africa

136

Project name Aerial mist netting for kokako translocations Archey’s frog population monitoring Archey’s frog translocation Crested iguana habitat assessment and project review

Location Pureora Forest, central North Island, NZ Whareorino Forest, North Island, NZ Pureora Forest, central

Rotoroa Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ Rangitoto and Motutapu, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ Mahakirau Forest, Coromandel, North Island, NZ

368

Kakapo cloacitis checks and calcium/vitamin D research

Codfish Island, South Island, NZ

110

Kakapo transmitter changes

Anchor Island, South Island, NZ

213

Kakapo transmitter changes

Codfish Island, South Island, NZ

120

Kakapo transmitter changes

Little Barrier Island, Outer Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ

120

Kauri snail searches

Ti Point. Leigh, North Island, NZ

565

144

Golden bell frog collection Habitat restoration Herpetofauna surveys

Kokako census Kokako nest searching Lizard surveying and monitoring

Ark in the Park, Waitakere Ranges, North Island, NZ Ark in the Park, Waitakere Ranges, North Island, NZ Rangitoto and Motutapu, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ

Manumea anti-hunting communication strategy

Apia, Samoa

Mist netting suburban birds

Auckland, North Island, NZ

Natewa Forest Park project

Vanua Levu, Fiji

New Zealand sea lion conservation management New Zealand sea lion population survey and pup tagging Observing Rotoroa Island education programme

Invercargill and Dunedin, South Island, NZ

Stewart Island, South Island, NZ

Rotoroa Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ

Orange fronted parakeet annual census

Mayor Island, North Island, NZ

Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia

Waiheke Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf,

Partula global species management programme Pest control site visits and networking

North Island, NZ Project name

Location

Reptile monitoring

Ark in the Park, Waitakere Ranges, North Island, NZ Matuku Link, Te Henga, North Island, NZ Tiritiri Matangi Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ Tiritiri Matangi Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ Motutapu Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ Hunua Ranges, North Island, NZ

Rotoroa Island

Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ

Predator control bait lines Rat monitoring Red Crowned kakariki census Red Crowned kakariki disease and nesting study Redfin bully and koura surveys

Rotoroa source site fieldwork - kiwi egg collection and transmitter changes for Rotoroa ONE Sound surveys for the Manumea â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tooth billed pigeon Shore plover releases Takahe management

Te Mata, Coromandel, North Island, NZ Samoa Motutapu Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ Motutapu Island, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ

Staff hours 2016/17

No. of staff 2016/17

368

392

336

3,405

105

160

200

Takahe management training

Te Anau, South Island, NZ

Wetapunga release programme

Otata Island, The Noises Group, Inner Hauraki Gulf, North Island, NZ

Appendix II. Auckland Zoo field project focus 2016 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2017 Project focus Mammals Giraffe New Zealand sea lion Mammals sub-total Birds Red crowned kakariki Manumea tooth billed pigeon Takahe Kiwi Galapagos mangrove finch Orange fronted parakeet Kokako Kakapo Shore plover Birds sub-total Ectotherms Crested iguana Lizards (multiple species) Partula snails Kauri snail Archeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s frog Golden bell frog Red finned bully and koura Giant weta Ectotherms sub-total Restoration Native habitat restoration Animal pest control Restoration sub-total Integrated conservation Wildlife management, education, training and research Technical skills development Training Project development and management Project scoping Project relations and networking Project development and management sub-total TOTAL

Number of projects

Time in hours

1 2 3

136 104 240

2 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 17

760 192 296 105 315 40 699 563 80 3,050

2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 12

24 512 40 4 204 16 24 64 888

1 2 3

368 56 424

3,405

1 1 2 41

16 8 24 8,111

Appendix III. Conservation status of species Auckland Zoo worked to conserve in the wild during 2016-2017 Exotic species Giraffe Galapagos mangrove finch Manumea tooth billed pigeon Crested iguana Exotic species sub-total NZ endemic species New Zealand sea lion Red crowned kakariki Takahe Kiwi Orange fronted parakeet Kokako Kakapo Shore plover Kauri snail Archeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s frog Red finned bully Giant weta Endemic species sub-total

No. of projects 1 1 2 2

Time in hours 136 315 192 24

6 No. of projects 2 2 2 1 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 1

667 Time in hours 104 760 296 105 40 699 563 80 4 204 24 64

2943

IUCN Red List status Vulnerable Critically Endangered Critically Endangered Critically Endangered IUCN Red List status Endangered Near Threatened Endangered Endangered Critically Endangered Near Threatened Critically Endangered Endangered Near Threatened Critically Endangered Near Threatened Vulnerable

DOC NZTCS status Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable DOC NZTCS status Critical At Risk - Relict Vulnerable At Risk - Declining Critical At Risk - Recovering Critical Critical Not assessed Vulnerable At risk - declining At Risk - Relict

Appendix IV. Geographical distribution of field conservation projects and time spent in locations Project location DOMESTIC North Island, NZ Rotoroa Island Rangitoto and Motutapu Motutapu Island Tiritiri Matangi Island The Noises Islands Waiheke Island Little Barrier Island Hauraki Gulf sub-total Mayor Island Central Auckland Ark in the Park, Waitakere Ranges Matuku Link, Te Henga Te Point, Leigh Hunua Ranges Coromandel peninsula Purerora Forest Whareorino Forest Rest of North Island, NZ sub-total North Island, NZ total South Island, NZ Codfish Island Anchor Island Invercargill and Dunedin Stewart Island Te Anau South Island, NZ total DOMESTIC TOTAL South Pacific Fiji Samoa French Polynesia SOUTH PACIFIC SUB-TOTAL INTERNATIONAL Galapagos Namibia INTERNATIONAL SUB-TOTAL OVERALL TOTALS

Number of projects

Time in hours

3 2 3 2 1 1 1 13 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 14 27

3,429 512 304 760 64 8 120 5,197 40 72 707 8 4 336 137 164 80 1,548 6,745

2 1 1 1 1 6 33

230 213 24 80 96 643 7,388

3 2 1 6

40 192 40 272

1 1 2 41

315 136 451 8,111