AP EURO HISTORY
Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Format...................................................................................... 2 Themes .................................................................................... 4 Scoring ..................................................................................... 6 Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................ 8 Multiple Choice with Charts, Tables & Graphs ....................... 15 Tips for Multiple Choice Questions ......................................... 18 Tips for DataBased Essay Questions ....................................... 20 Tips for Thematic Essay ......................................................... 22 What You Should Bring.......................................................... 23 How to Use this Audio Book .................................................. 25 Renaissance ..................................................................................... 27 Italian Renaissance ................................................................. 28 Florence ................................................................................. 29 Humanism and Society ........................................................... 31 Humanism and Women .......................................................... 33 Spread of Humanism .............................................................. 34 Northen Renaissance .............................................................. 35 Politics of the Renaissance ...................................................... 37 French Politic ......................................................................... 38 Politics in England .................................................................. 39 Politics in Spain ...................................................................... 40 Seven Questions ..................................................................... 41 Reformation ..................................................................................... 47 Background of the Protestant Reformation .............................. 48 Protestant Leaders .................................................................. 50 Martin Luther ..................................................................... 51 i
Ulrich Zwingli .................................................................... 53 John Calvin ........................................................................ 54 English Reformation ............................................................... 55 Catholic Reformation ............................................................. 56 Wars and Revolts ................................................................... 58 Thirty Years War .................................................................... 59 Seven Questions ..................................................................... 60 Age of Discover y ............................................................................. 65 Age of Discovery ................................................................... 66 Rise of Absolutism in France .................................................. 68 Rise of Constitutionalism in England ...................................... 71 Tudors .................................................................................... 72 Stuart Monarchs ..................................................................... 73 English Civil War ................................................................... 75 Phase Two of the English Civil War ....................................... 76 Stuart Restoration ................................................................... 77 Glorious Revolution ............................................................... 78 Golden Age of Spanish and It’s Decline .................................. 79 Seven Questions ..................................................................... 80 Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment .................................... 85 Scientific Revolution .............................................................. 86 Enlightenment ........................................................................ 88 French Philosophers ............................................................... 90 Enlightened Despotism ........................................................... 91 Seven Questions ..................................................................... 92 French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era ....................................... 97 France under the Old Regime.................................................. 98 Meeting of the Estates General ............................................... 99 French Revolution ................................................................. 100 Radical Stage ........................................................................ 102 Regin of Terror ...................................................................... 103 ii
Reactionary Stage of the French Revolution ...........................104 Napoleonic Era ......................................................................105 Napoleon Dominates Europe .................................................106 Congress of Vienna ...............................................................108 Seven Questions ....................................................................109 Mercantilism ...................................................................................115 Mercantilism and Capitalism .................................................116 Agricultural Revolution .........................................................118 Industrial Revolution .............................................................120 Industrial Revolution .............................................................122 Seven Questions ....................................................................125 Democracy in 19th Century Europe ..................................................131 Age of Metternich .................................................................132 Revolutions of the 1820’s ......................................................133 Revolutions of the 1830’s ......................................................134 Revolutions of 1840’s ............................................................135 Revolutions in Russia ............................................................138 Democracy in Britain .............................................................140 Seven Questions ....................................................................142 Nationalism in Europe .....................................................................147 Unification of Italy ................................................................148 Italian Nationalists .............................................................149 Italian Unity ......................................................................150 Unification of Germany .........................................................151 German Nationalists ..........................................................152 German Unification ...........................................................153 Multinational Empires ...........................................................155 Seven Questions ....................................................................157 Age of Imperialism .........................................................................163 Old Imperialism.....................................................................164 New Imperialism ...................................................................165 iii
Imperialism in Africa............................................................. 167 Imperialism in Asia ............................................................... 169 Imperialism in the Middle East .............................................. 171 Consequences of Imperialism ................................................ 172 Seven Questions .................................................................... 173 World War I.................................................................................... 179 Underlying Causes of WW I .................................................. 180 Immediate Cause of WW I..................................................... 183 Course of the War ................................................................. 185 German Strategy .................................................................... 186 Western Front ........................................................................ 187 Eastern Front ......................................................................... 188 Southern Front....................................................................... 189 Colonies and at the Sea .......................................................... 190 Ways of Waging War ............................................................ 191 War on the Home Front ......................................................... 192 Concluding the War ............................................................... 193 Treaty of Versailles ............................................................... 194 Impact of the War .................................................................. 197 Seven Questions .................................................................... 198 Russian Revolution................................................................ 203 Russo Japanese War .............................................................. 205 Russian Revolution of 1905 ................................................... 206 World War I .......................................................................... 207 Civil War in Russia ............................................................... 209 Russia’s New Economic Policy.............................................. 210 Rise of Stalin ......................................................................... 211 Western Democrats ............................................................... 213 Empire Affairs....................................................................... 214 France ................................................................................... 215 Great Depression ................................................................... 216 iv
Great Britain..........................................................................217 Rise of Totalitarianism...........................................................218 Faliure of Appeasement .........................................................220 Seven Questions ....................................................................221 World War II ..................................................................................227 Outbreak World War II ..........................................................228 Battle for Britain....................................................................229 Critical Turning Points in the War ..........................................230 Entry of the United States ......................................................231 Road to Victory .....................................................................232 The Holocaust .......................................................................234 Impact of WW II ...................................................................235 Seven Questions ....................................................................236 Cold War ........................................................................................241 Cold War and Communism after WW II ................................242 Greece and Turkey ................................................................243 Berlin Blockade .....................................................................244 North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO ..........................245 Birth of the Nuclear Race.......................................................246 Victory in China ....................................................................247 Korean War ...........................................................................248 Death of Stalin and De Stalinization .......................................249 Uprisings in Poland and Hungary ...........................................250 U-2 Incident and the Summit Meeting ....................................251 Berlin Wall ............................................................................252 Cuban Missile Crisis ..............................................................253 Brezhnev Era .........................................................................254 Détente ..................................................................................255 Political and Economic Recovery in Europe ...........................256 West Germany .......................................................................257 Great Britain..........................................................................258 v
France ................................................................................... 259 Italy ...................................................................................... 260 End of colonialism................................................................. 261 Seven Questions .................................................................... 262 Contemporary Europe ..................................................................... 267 Ethnic Tensions in Eastern Europe ......................................... 269 European Economic and Social Changes ................................ 270 Seven Questions .................................................................... 271 Sample Test .................................................................................... 279 Sample Essay Questions & Answers................................................ 341
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Introduction
Welcome to an audio review for the A-P European History test. Research has shown learning in different formats can help you remember information better on the test day!
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Format Here is an overview of the format of A-P European History test. The test will be three hours and fifty five minutes long. The test is divided into two sections. The first section will have eighty multiple choice questions. You will have fifty five minutes for the multiple choice questions. That's about
forty seconds per question, so budget your time carefully. The exam will test your knowledge of three main themes. It will be normal for you not to know every piece of information on the test. Just do the best you can!
Also, remember that questions with charts and graphs will probably take longer to answer. You may want to make two passes through the multiple choice questions. During the first pass, you can quickly answer questions you are sure of. Then during the second pass, you can spend more time with the
difficult questions. The second section is the essay portion. The second section will have two sections. You will have two hours and ten minutes to answer three essay questions. Part A is the document based question, also called the DB-Q. You will have no choices in this part. All students must complete the same essay. For the D-B-Q, you must analyze a group of documents according to your understanding of European history. You have to use the information from the documents that apply best to the topic. You will have to develop an argument that incorporates the document and your arguments. The D-B-Q will start with a fifteen minute reading period. 2
Use this time to read the D-B-Q and the essay questions. You may make notes on your green booklet. If you have additional time, you should review the choices for parts B
and C. You should spend about forty five minutes on the DB-Q. Once you are done with the D-B-Q, you can move on
to the other questions. Here's an overview of the kinds of documents you can expect in the D-B-Q essay. There will be excerpts from written materials like diaries, letters, speeches, novels, and magazine articles. There will also be visual material like charts, graphs, tables, maps, photographs, and political cartoons. There will be seven to ten documents.
In part B, you will have a choice of essays. You will have write two thematic essays. There are seventy minutes total for the two essays. That works out to thirty five minutes per essay. You should spend five minutes planning and thirty minutes actually writing each essay. The thematic essays will cover different time periods. The essay questions will be a green booklet. You will have to write your essay in a pink booklet. Points are not
taken away for grammar or spelling on the essay. Write
neatly, and be sure to answer all parts of the questions. Be sure to visit the College Board's web site on the A-P European History test. The website will tell you about any
last minute changes to the test.
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Themes Here’s an overview of the themes in the A-P European History test. The time period on the exam will run from fourteen fift y to the present. The test will explore the themes that
helped shape the world we live in. The three main themes are: Intellectual and cultural history, political and diplomatic history and social and economic history. The intellectual history theme will focus on changes in
religion starting in the fifteenth century. In general,
society became more secular. This led to advances in technology and science. The cultural history theme will look at how intellectual
developments influenced cultures and groups of people. The political theme history will be about the creation of
the nation state, nationalism, reform and revolutions. The social history theme explores shifts in social classes,
as well as gender, race and ethnicity. The economic history theme explores how changes in
agriculture and the development of factories and other technology led to changes in society. Here’s a breakdown of the themes in the test. The Intellectual and cultural themes will make up twenty to thirty percent of the test. The Political and diplomatic themes will make up thirty to forty percent of the test. The
social and economic themes will make up thirty to forty percent of the test. 4
Fifty percent of the multiple choice questions will be from the time period from fourteen fifty to eighteen fifteen. Fifty
percent will be from the time period from eighteen fifteen to the present.
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Scoring Welcome to the section on the scoring of the A-P European History Exam. The test will be scored on a five point scale. Five is considered extremely well qualified, four is well qualified, three is qualified, two is possibly qualified, and one means not qualified. Three is considered a passing score.
The mult iple choice section is worth fifty percent of your total score. You will get one point for every question you answer
correctly. You will get one fourth of a point deducted for every wrong answer. The essay portion will be worth fifty percent of your grade. That fifty percent will be further divided as follows:
The Data Based Question will be worth forty five percent
of the essay grade. The two thematic essays will be worth fifty five percent
of the essay grade.
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Here are some hints on studying for the exam. Remember to keep the big picture and main themes in
mind. You should not study trivial information. There will be
no questions that test facts without some analysis. You should avoid memorizing the details of military
battles. Pay attention to the order of difficulty on the multiple choice section. The question will be organized from
easy to hard. You should also look for the chronology on the multiple choice questions. The questions will be arranged by
time period. The test will start with earlier time periods. You should also focus on the connection of events in
history. You should understand events in context, not as isolated incidents.
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Multiple Choice Questions Here’s an overview of the types of multiple choice questions. The first type of question is called the direct question. The direct question is also called the what question. The direct
question will ask you to pick one of the choices as being true or correct. Here are two examples of a direct question.
Example one. Which term means the domination of one country or group of people over another country or group of people?
A. Communism B. imperialism C. nationalism D. socialism E. iso lat ionism
The answer is B. The idea of imperialism led to the domination of westerners over native populations.
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Example two. Who led an expedition to Japan in eighteen
fifty three? Here are the answer choices: A. Commodore Matthew Perry B. Dr. Sun Yat Sen C. Cecil Rhodes D. Henry Stanley E. John Hay
The answer is A. Perry was an American naval officer.
Perry convinced the Japanese shogun to open up the ports for trade with America.
The next type of question is the reverse multiple choice. The reverse multiple choice question can be tricky. Be sure
to pay close attention to questions with the words NOT, EXCEPT, or LEAST. The reverse multiple choice question
will ask you to pick out the answer choice that DOES NOT belong. To handle this question, you should cross out the answers that DO belong. Here are two examples of a reverse multiple choice question.
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Example one. By the nineteen twenties, Great Britain had
control of all the following countries EXCEPT: Here are the answer choices: A. Canada B. Australia C. New Zealand D. Mexico E. South Africa
The answer is D. The British Empire spanned over one
fourth of the world by nineteen twenties.
Example two. Which of the following was NOT one of the
main differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
A. The Renaissance glorified the individual, the
Middle ages glorified God B. In the Renaissance religion was NOT the focus of one’s life, in the Middle Ages, religion was crucially important C. The Renaissance produced art, the Middle Ages
produced no art. D. Kings ruled in the Renaissance, Lords ruled in the
Middle Ages 10
E. In the Renaissance, education stressed history and art, in the middle ages, education prepared students for religious life.
The answer is C. The Renaissance was a rebirth of culture which produced many great works of art. However, art was
also produced in the Middle Ages.
The when question will ask you when something took place. Watch for the words first, last, occurred and most recently in when questions. These words are not capitalized. Be sure to pay attention to all parts of the question. The
question may contain clues to the correct answer. Here is an example of a when question.
Example one. When was the Berlin war torn down? Here are the answer choices: A. right after World war two B. nineteen seventy five C. nineteen eighty nine D. nineteen ninety nine E. two thousand
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The answer is C. The Berlin Wall was torn down in nineteen eighty nine by Germans on both sides of the Wall. The Wall had stood for almost thirty years.
The Multiple Multiple choice question will give five answer choices and more than one of them may be correct.
You have to read the question carefully and eliminate answer choices that are clearly incorrect. The best way to handle this type of question is to circle the choices that are correct. You can then eliminate all choices that do not include the correct answer choice. Use this process of elimination to get down to the correct answer. Here are two examples of a multiple multiple choice question.
Example one. Which of the following was one of the conditions of the Treaty of Frankfurt? Here are the answer choices: A. France had to pay a large indemnity to Germany B. Germany had to pay repercussions to France C. France gave Alsace and Lorraine to Germany D. Wilhelm the first resigned E. Both A and C.
The answer is E. The Treaty of Frankfurt made France angry because of its harshness. France had to pay a large 12
indemnity to Germany. France also gave Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.
Example two. Which of the following was one of the branches set up by the new national convention in France? Here are the answer choices: A. the directory B. the council of five hundred C. the first estate D. the council of elders E. Both the council of five hundred and the council
of elders
The answer is E. The New national convention in France set up a legislature with two branches of government.
The quotation question is based on a short passage from a document. The document can be from a letter, diary, book, speech or court ruling. Sometimes, you will be expected to identify the author or source of the material. You also may
have to identify the point of view of the author. Some questions may be more difficult and test your ability to comprehend and analyze passages. Here is an example of a
quotation question.
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Example one. Here is a quote from a source: A prince being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast must imitate the fox and the lion . . . one must therefore be a fox to recognize traps, and a lion to frighten wolves.
Here is the question. What point of view does this statement reflect? Here are the answer choices: A. writings of Machiavelli B. writings of Rousseau C. writings of Locke D. writings of Darwin E. writings of Adam Smith
The answer to this question would be A. Niccolo Machiavelli was a secretary and diplomat for Florence, but
he was dismissed when the Medici family came back to power. Machiavelli wrote a book called The Prince. The Prince describes how a ruler should govern. Machiavelli thought that rulers should use any way possible to gain power, including manipulating people. Machiavelli did not think rulers should consider ethics when making decisions.
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Multiple Choice with Charts, Tables & Graphs Here is an overview of how to deal with multiple choice
questions which have charts, tables and graphs. Always be sure to study the data carefully. You will need to be able to interpret the visual information. You should study the graphs and charts closely in your A-P textbook to
prepare for the exam. Tables, charts and graphs usually show change over time. Here are some tips for dealing with these types of questions. Make sure to read the labels on both the vertical and horizontal axis carefully. You need to understand exactly what data is being represented.
Pay attention to the range of dates shown. Think of what major events occurred during that time period. The numbers can be represented in absolute numbers. Absolute numbers are abbreviated or rounded off. Be sure to pay attention to the key. Numbers can also be shown in percentages. Line graphs usually show trends over time. The horizontal axis usually shows time. The vertical axis usually shows other data. Remember that a pie chart represents one hundred percent. Each part of the pie chart represents a certain percentage. The A-P Test typically uses more than pie chart at a time so you can see changes. 15
Here are some tips on questions with maps. There are two types of maps on the A-P test. The first type is maps which are historically significant. The second type is maps that represent historic information. The second
type is much more common. You will find many of those
maps in your A-P textbook. Be sure to study the map carefully. You should look at the title, as well as the key or legend, before you try to answer
the question. Some maps will not have a key, legend or title. Here are some tips for questions which have cartoons, photographs, or artwork.
Visual representations will be used to test your analytical skills. Political cartoons are used to stir up public support for a
cause. Most of the time, cartoons take a position against rulers in power. Cartoons commonly use distortion, exaggeration and symbols to get their point of view across. You should pay attention to the figures in the cartoon. Look at the way they are dressed to approximate the time
period of the cartoon. The cartoon may have a caption or conversations. Be sure to read these words carefully! Photographs can be important tools in studying European history. Photographs offer a snapshot of a time period and
show how certain people lived. Questions about photographs usually ask you what is taking place in the photo. The 16
Thank you for taking the time to listen to this audio guide for the A-P European History test. When test day comes, you will be well prepared. Relax, carefully think through your answers, and you’ll do great!
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