2 minute read
Quiz
QUIZ
1. What is considered the most common means of absorption of toluene?
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a. Mucus membranes b. Transdermal c. Ingestion d. Inhalation
Answer: d. While toluene can be taken into the body through many different ways, inhalation intentionally is the most common way it is absorbed.
2. What is considered the Permissible Exposure Limit or PEL of an inhaled toxin?
a. The highest acceptable concentration of an inhaled toxin. b. The level above which the toxin is considered to be carcinogenic. c. The permissible level weighted over an 8-hour workday. d. The amount above which there will be symptoms of toxicity.
Answer: c. The PEL is established by OSHA as a permissible upper limit that has been weighted over an 8-hour day.
3. What musculoskeletal effect is not seen with toluene toxicity?
a. Muscle spasms b. Myoglobinuria c. Rhabdomyolysis d. Muscle weakness
Answer: a. Each of these can be seen in toluene toxicity; however, muscle spasms are not typically seen. Instead, hypokalemia can lead to muscle weakness.
4. What is the most common cause of sudden death in individuals who abuse toluene?
a. Asphyxia b. Respiratory failure c. Bronchospasm d. Cardiac arrhythmia
Answer: d. Cardiac arrhythmias can happen in toluene abusers because it directly affects the heart rhythm, making this the most common cause of toluene-related sudden death.
5. Which type of cancer is considered to be most linked to styrene use?
a. Lymphoma b. Leukemia c. Pancreatic cancer d. Esophageal cancer
Answer: b. While each of these is a type of cancer that carries an increased risk because of styrene use, leukemia carries the greatest connection to this type of exposure.
6. What is the main way that hydrocarbons get into the system?
a. Inhalation b. Ingestion c. Through the skin d. Intravenous
Answer: a. The vast majority of hydrocarbons are absorbed via inhalation in the act of sniffing, huffing, or bagging.
7. What is the most common cause of sudden coronary death after hydrocarbon intake?
a. Acute myocardial infarction b. Coronary vasospasm c. Hypotension d. Ventricular fibrillation
Answer: d. Each of these can be a factor in hydrocarbon ingestion leading to sudden cardiac death; however, ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation after coronary sensitization to catecholamines is the major cause of death.
8. Patients with hydrocarbon intake will have renal tubular acidosis. What electrolyte abnormality comes out of this?
a. Hyponatremia b. Hypokalemia c. Hypocalcemia d. Hyperkalemia
Answer: b. Hypokalemia and hyperchloremia come from renal tubular acidosis seen in renal injuries from hydrocarbon use.
9. What is not a feature of chronic abuse of hydrocarbons?
a. Asthma b. GI distress c. Muscle weakness d. Neuropsychiatric symptoms
Answer: a. The constellation of GI distress, muscle weakness, and neuropsychiatric symptoms indicates the possibility of chronic abuse of hydrocarbons. Asthma in patients who do not already have asthma is not a symptom of this chronic problem.
10. Which system is most affected by vinyl chloride exposure over the long term?
a. Pulmonary b. Renal c. Liver d. Musculoskeletal
Answer: c. Over the long term, the major risk of vinyl chloride exposure is liver toxicity and a rare form of liver cancer. This is listed as a class A carcinogen.