CRAFTSMANSHIP & ARCHITECTURE a study in the revitalization and relevance of craft in a post-modern society
Aukje Schukken - TU Delft MSc Architecture - Studio Explore Lab 21 - P2 Presentation - January 13 2016
CONTENT Fascination & Introduction Research ::: Aims & Method Research ::: Part I - Craftsmanship Research ::: Part II - Architecture Research ::: Part III - Craftsmanship & Architecture Design ::: Brief Design ::: Location Design ::: Sketch Models What’s Next?
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FA S C I N AT I O N Recent revitalization and trend, craftsmanship is everywhere!
Ambacht in Beeld Festival in Amsterdam, March 2015
Aukje Schukken - Fanscination - 3/62
The Craft Beer Revolution: Maximus Microbrewery in Utrecht
Aukje Schukken - Fascination - 4/62
Craft Coffee Bar in NYC, 2014
Aukje Schukken - Fascination - 5/62
Ad Campaign for Lexus, 2014
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Ad Campaign for Ralph Lauren, 2014
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W H AT I S C R A F T ? ? Handwork Traditional techniques Skill Quality Ceramics, glass, metals, wood, textiles Romantic
Samuel S. Car - The Blacksmith’s Shop ca.1850
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THE STORY OF CRAFT Nobel craftsman ousted by evil industrialist Arts & Crafts Movement saves the day, raises awareness for aesthetic New technologies threaten artisan’s place in culture Linking craft to art and design is the only way to a viable position
Bellowing factory smokestacks 1770’s - unknown artist
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HYPOTHESIS Craftsmanship is experiencing a revitalization and redefinition process that render it relevant - in its own right - to our post-modern society, including within the field of architecture.
QUESTION What does craftsmanship mean today and what does that translate to the context of architecture?
Aukje Schukken - Research - Aims & Method - 10/62
METHODOLOGY A combination of literature study and case studies
Research Hypothesis: Craftsmanship is experiencing a revitalization and redefinition process that renders it a relevant position in our post-modern society, including within the field of architecture.
Historical
Architectural
What is the history of craftsmanship and industrialism?
What does craftsmanship mean in the context of architecture? What is defines craft architecture versus simply good architecture?
What defines craftsmanship versus art? Versus design?
Does the architectural detail showcase craftsmanship? How?
Literature Study
Literature Study
RESEARCH PAPER What are examples of craftsmanship in architecture and how can this inform my design?
Case Study DESIGN Research Context Research Method
AResearch u k j e SProduct chukken - Research - Aims & Method - 11/62
PA R T I - C R A F T S M A N S H I P Through an historical lens Prehistoric Era before 3300 BC
Ancient Greece 3300BC - 31BC Ancient Rome 753BC - 478AD Ancient Era 3300 BC - 500 AD
Early Middle Ages 500-1000 High Medieval Times 1000 - 1500 Middle Ages 500 - 1500
Renaissance 1330-1700
Age of Discovery 1500 - 1700 Enlightenment 1715 - 1789
Modern Era 1500 - 1945
Industrial Revolution 1760-1840 Romantic Period 1770 - 1850 Victorian Period 1837 - 1901
World Wars Period 1914 - 1945
Postmodern Era 1945 - Present
Digital Age 1990 - Present
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PRE-MODERN CRAFT Ancient Greece & Rome
Prehistoric Era before 3300 BC
Ancient Greece 3300BC - 31BC Ancient Rome 753BC - 478AD Ancient Era 3300 BC - 500 AD
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ANCIENT GREECE Material consciousness Manipulation Skill
Samuel S. Car - The Blacksmith’s Shop ca.1850
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PRE-MODERN CRAFT Middle Ages & Renaissance
Early Middle Ages 500-1000 High Medieval Times 1000 - 1500
Middle Ages 500 - 1500
Renaissance 1330-1700
Formation of cities: communities of craftsmen form around christian hubs Guild System: a communal system based on hierarchy and authority Humanism: introduction of autonomy and originality into the cradftsman’s workshop
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T H E M E D I E VA L W O R K S H O P Workshop with hierarchy: master journeymen apprentices Guilds: Collective system based on authority and ritual
Etienne Delaune - Goldsmith’s Shop in Augsberg, 1576
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THE RENAISSANCE WORKSHOP Originality as part of Humanism Autonomy based on originality Individual system, based on genius of master who signed products with his name as ‘brand building’
Aleksey Kravchenko - Stradavarius in his Workshop, 1962
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ART VERSUS CRAFT Renaissance seen as period of division between thinkers and makers, artists and artisans. i.e. Visari and Vetruvius For my purposes: Craft is skilled work and material-based knowledge done by artisans to produce a useful product on a relatively small scale. Art is the physical expression of an artist resulting in a non-useful product. There is no art without craft, there is craft without art.
Wim Delvoye - Gothic Series 2013
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MODERN CRAFT Craft is a modern invention Emerged as industry’s opposite Age of Explorers 1500 - 1700
Enlightenment 1715 - 1789
Industrial Revolution 1760-1840
Modern Era 1500 - 1945
Romantic Period 1770 - 1850
Victorian Period 1837 - 1901
World Wars Period 1914 - 1945
Age of Reason Communication of ideas and techniques is widespread. Draftsmanship becomes an essential element of craftsmanship Invention Craftsmanship as a paradigm to industrial production. Division of labor becomes commonplace Arts & Crafts Movement Ruskin and Morris romanticize craft and call for a regression to traditional ways of production. Age of the Reveal Secrecy and mystery are looked down upon, making skill and tacit knowledge less respected.
Age of Mass Production Mass production really gets going, large scale factories are commonplace.
Rise of the Designer Designers become the new ‘master craftsmen’.
Aukje Schukken - Research - Part I - Craftsmanship - 19/62
THE ENLIGHTENMENT After invention of printing press: rapid spread of ideas, inventions, etc. Diderot’s Encylopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonee des Sciences des Arts et des Metiers par une Societee des Gens des Lettres. Shows artisans at work and dissects their practice Two kinds of knowledge: Technical and Practical
“Final Steps in Shaping a Goblet” from Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedie 1751-1765.
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION “The purpose of every industrial revolution is to make craft and skills obsolete, and thereby make people interchangable and cheap. -Greg Palast Artisenal workshop were the site of technical research as well. Artisanal skill was an empirical basis for science
Hartmann Machine Hall 1868
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THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT Ruskin, Morris believed: “craft is an antidote to modernity” Conflict between collectivity and individualism Traditionalism & Idealism Utopia: Socialism Craft was in fact not fading, it was flourishing!
William Morris’ News From Nowhere 1850
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VICTORIAN AGE Age of the Reveal More = More Tell-all books with titles like: The Artist’s and Mechanic’s Encyclopedia, or, a Complete Exposition of the Arts and Sciences, As Applicable to Practical Purposes, Containing Facts and Principles Useful and Indispensable were commonplace! All-out war on mystery, craft as the paradigm of mystery and secrecy
“Suspension Ethereenne, suspended equilibrium by atmospheric air, through the action of concentrated ether” So proclaimed the poster announcing a performance by magician Robert-Houdin. London 1848 Aukje Schukken - Research - Part I - Craftsmanship - 23/62
CRAFTSMANSHIP & DRAFTSMANSHIP Emphasis on drafting and visualizing craft Schools teaching craft through dissection, description Two kinds of knowledge: technical knowledge and practical knowledge Practical knowledge was considered ignorance: “There is no knowledge that is not technical knowledge.” -Andrew Ure Form of control
Christopher Dresser - Diagrams illustrating Lectures on Botany at the Marlborough House - 1855
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CRAFTSMANSHIP & ENGINEERING Artisenal workshops were the site of technical research Artisanal skill was an empirical basis for science and engineering Importance of Draftsmanship brought aesthetic/mechanical split in craftsmanship: Design & Engineering
W. Roberts - Instrial Loom
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CRAFTSMANSHIP AND DESIGN Designers often have little material knowledge, limits possibilities. 2D translated to 3D, didn’t always work Designers had (have) higher social standing
Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Thomas Wetherill Side Chair 1808
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POSTMODERN CRAFT Rise of the Star Designer Digital Tools Small-scale Production
Information Age 1945 - Present Digital Age 2000 - Present
Post Modern Era 1945 - Present
Rise of the Star Designer
Digital tools and production techniques are invented and become widely used. Small-scale production becomes a viable option
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R I S E O F T H E D E S I G N E R W I T H A C A P I TA L D Machines can produce quality Luxury products & Status reflection Aesthetics v. Functionality
Philippe Starck for Alessi - Lemonsqueezer, 1990
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D I G I TA L T O O L S CAD software 3D printing, laser cutting Crowd sourcing Digitially produced products as craft
3D Printed Haute Couture by Iris van Herpen, 2014
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SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION Robot technology, 3D printing, etc. make it possible for small-scale production to (once again!) be possible Roles of Designer and Buyer or Maker and User intertwine Thingyverse.com Variety
Wind Spin Bike, 3D printed design by user burton15, uploaded Aug 3, 2015
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CONCLUSIONS Craft is NOT: Antimodern Unthinking as opposed to intellectual Compatible with discourse Opposite of art, engineering and/or design Necessarily rooted in tradition
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CONCLUSIONS Craft IS: Adaptive Personal, intuitive and capricious Tacit or practical knowledge Authority & Autonomy Dexterity and skill Part of Design & Engineering A beautiful complement to mass production Material consciousness
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CONCLUSIONS Personal conclusion Craft is the application of skill and material-based knowledge to relatively small-scale production, applicable to many types of cultural production. Additionally, there is an important component of the human impulse to do a job well for its own sake, making craft an approach, or an attitude.
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S O , C R A F T S M A N S H I P AT I K E A ?
Ikea - Mockelby Table Leg Detail
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C R A F T S M A N S H I P AT I K E A ? Nope.
Ikea - Mockelby Tabel Leg Detail
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ARCHITECTURE AS PRODUCT One-size fits all, mass production in architecture No context, low quality removed from production process absence of material consciousness in design process
Sears Roebuck Catalogue - Anywhere USA, 1918
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PRODUCTION PROCESS The architect and the machine “How does anyone master tools? By learning the nature of them and, by practice, finding out what and how they do, what they do best - for one thing.” -Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright - Darwin Martin House, Buffalo, NY 1918
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DESIGN PROCESS “Fuck the context” Absent of material consciousness
OMA Proposal for 425 Park Avenue, NY, 2013
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THE CONTEXT Return to a ‘sense of place’– re-engagement with the local and the language of material,object and origin The Vernacular
Kop Hals Romp Boerderij, Goutum Friesland 1870
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THE TECTONIC & THE JOINT “The architectural joint is the primordial tectonic element, as the fundamental nexus around which buildings comes into being.� - Kenneth Frampton Understanding of materials Practice to refine skills
St. James School Design & Technology Block - Squire and Partners, 2015
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CONCLUSION Craft in architecture is: mostly, process: time, attention, intention Context, tectonics and detailing Connection with builders
Herzog & De Meuron - Slow Food Pavillion, Milan Expo 2015
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CONCLUSIONS Craft during the design process Design education alongside craft or building education Emphasis on materiality & detailing “The quality of life in man-made “things” is as it is in trees and plants and animals, and the secret of character in them which is again “style” is the same. It is a materialization of spirit.” -Frank Lloyd Wright
Carlos Scarpa - Verona Bank 19` Aukje Schukken - Research - Premodern Craft - 43/62
PA R T I I I - C R A F T S M A N S H I P & A R C H I T E C T U R E Contemporary Architecture and Craft Case studies focusing on: Process Detailing & Tectonics Context Working with craftsmen/builders
Model by author, 2015
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DaF ARCHITECTEN Uitkijktoren Kalverpolder 2011-2013 Context: Zaanstreek. Windmills are very present in the landscape, often being the tallest structures.
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DaF ARCHITECTEN Uitkijktoren Kalverpolder 2011-2013 Detailing and tectonics: Testing of timber joints, studies in both traditional joints and new ones
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DaF ARCHITECTEN Uitkijktoren Kalverpolder 2011-2013 Working together with builders: seems like the process was collaborative, using models to communicate and test methods.
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DaF ARCHITECTEN Uitkijktoren Kalverpolder 2011-2013 Result: Craftmanship in Architecture!
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DESIGN First Glimpse
First Sketch Models
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DESIGN Brief ::: Craft Beer Revolution! Context aware: local Process: personal Connection with material
Sign on wall of Brew Dog Brewery - Leicester, UK
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DESIGN Brief ::: Program Craft Brewery ~1600 m2
Logistics 200 m2
Entrance & Facilities 100 m2 Storage Space 100 m2 Retail Space 100 m2 Tasting Room/Restaurant 500 m2 Brewing space 600 m2
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DESIGN Location ::: National Scale Deventer, Overijssel, The Netherlands
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DESIGN Location ::: Urban Scale Deventer, The Netherlands
Deventer is an old fortified city, trace of city walls still clear.
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DESIGN Location ::: Urban Scale In the historic city center on the IJssel River Close to landmark church (Lebuinuskerk)
Sketch Model urban scale: shows orientation and important landmarks.
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DESIGN Location ::: Old Situation Parts of the old city wall still standing, including watch tower Previous building
View of the location, looking Southeast. Spring 2015
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DESIGN Location ::: Current Situation Old buildings (gymnasiums of a local high school) recently removed Parcel size: app. 1200m2
View of location from church tower, looking Northwest. September 2015
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DESIGN First Glimpse L-Shape, leaves space for logistics, city orientation closed, river orientation open.
Sketch Model #1
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DESIGN Seperate buildings house different parts of brewery, leave space for logistics and terrace.
Sketch Model #2
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DESIGN Brewery takes up all available space, follows surrounding in height
Sketch Model #3
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DESIGN Wrong process! Think from materiality and context
Tectonic Modeling, March 2015
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January
2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10
P2
Post-P2 Planning February
3.1
3.3 3.4 3.5
P3
3.9
Sketch Design
Begin case studies Apply for P4 By 2 Feb phase
Urban scale drawing
Finalize Part I & II - Theory
Model 1:200 scale
Work on Part III - Case studies
Drawings 1:200 scale Prepare P3 Presentation Model 1:50/1:20 scale
Finalize Part III - Case studies Final Research hand-in March 11
Drawings Urban scale Model 1:200 Drawings 1:200 Models 1:50 or 1:20 Drawings 1:50 Drawings 1:5
4.2 4.3
P4
4.5
Photograph models prepare P4 Presentation P4 Presentation Start final presentation drawings Work on commentary from P4
4.6
P4 Presentation Apply for P5 By 20 May
Finalize Drawings
4.7
Start final presentation models Models on 3 scales: Urban 1:200 1:20
4.8 4.9
4.11
Research
Final Design
4.1
4.10
Design
W H AT ’ S N E X TP2 Presentation Exam RMIT Q3 & Q4 planning Revise Part I & II - Theory
Go back, solve large problems on all scale levels
3.10
June
First draft research: Part I Theory section
Drawings 1:10/1:5 scale
3.8
4.4
P2 presentation prep: sketch models and drawings P2 Presentation
Model 1:10/1:5 scale
3.7
May
Work on theory draft
Drawings 1:50/1:20 scale
3.6
April
Research
Pick design brief and location
Urban scale model
3.2
March
Design
Photograph models
P5
Make beautiful presentation Final Presentation!!
Final Presentation!!
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THANK YOU Questions?
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