BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN (SABD)
BUILDING SERVICES [ARC2423] PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS
TUTOR:
MR SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMY
ADRIAN SEOW CHEN WAH HO TZE HOOI LEE CHAER SHEAN LEONG HUIYI ONG HUEY FEN PUA KAI JING
0314331 0314179 0313675 0319280 0314263 0313995
TABLES OF CONTENT 1.0
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledgment 1.3 Details and Description of Building
2.0
MECHANICAL VENTILATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.3 Case Study 2.4 Components of System 2.4.1 Supply Air Diffuser/ Grille 2.4.2 Exhaust Air Grille 2.4.3 Fire Exhaust Fan 2.4.4 Fire Damper 2.5 Findings & Analysis 2.6 Conclusion
3.0
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Room Air Conditioner (Window Unit) 3.2.2 Split Unit Air- Conditioning System 3.2.3 Packaged Unit Air- Conditioning System 3.2.4 Centralized/ Plant Air- Conditioning System 3.3 Case Study 3.4 Centralized Air- Conditioning System 3.4.1 Air- Handling Unit (AHU) 3.4.1.1 Air Filter in Air- Handling Unit (AHU) 3.4.1.2 Centrifugal Fan in Air- Handling Unit (AHU) 3.4.1.3 Heating and Cooling Coils in Air- Handling Unit (AHU) 3.4.2 Fan- coil Unit (FCU) 3.4.3 Ductwork 3.5 Air- Cooled Chilled Water System 3.5.1 Air- Cooled Chiller 3.5.2 Components of Air- Cooled Chilled System
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3.5.2.1 Evaporator 3.5.2.2 Compressor 3.5.2.3 Condenser 3.5.2.4 Expansion Valve 3.5.2.5 Chilled Water Pump 3.5.2.6 Piping System 3.6 Conclusion
4.0
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (ACTIVE & PASSIVE) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Case study 4.4 Fire Protection System (Active) 4.5 Active Fire Protection 4.5.1 Detection 4.5.1.1 Heat Detector 4.5.1.2 Smoke Detector 4.5.2 Notification 4.5.2.1 Central Fire alarm control panel 4.5.2.2 Manual Call point 4.5.2.3 Fire Alarm 4.5.3 Action 4.5.3.1 Water based system 4.5.3.1a Fire sprinkler 4.5.3.1b Wet riser and fire hose reel 4.5.3.1c Fire pump 4.5.3.1d Dry riser 4.5.3.1e Fire hydrant 4.5.3.2 Non- water based system 4.5.3.2a CO2 fire suppression 4.5.3.2b Portable fire extinguisher 4.5.3.2c Smoke curtain wall 4.6 Literature Review 4.7 Case Study
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4.8 Fire Protection System (Passive) 4.9 Passive Fire Protection 4.9.1 Emergency Fire Escape 4.9.1.1 Fire Emergency Exits 4.9.1.2 Fire Rated Door 4.9.1.3 Emergency Exits Signs 4.9.2 Fire Related Layering on Building Structures 4.9.2.1 Fire Wall 4.9.2.2 Beam Fireproofing 4.9.3 Fire Vehicular Access 4.9.4 Separation of Fire Risk Area
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Case Study 5.4 Elevator System 5.5 Types of elevators 5.5.1 Hydraulic Elevators 5.5.2 Geared Traction Elevators 5.5.3 Machine-Room-Less Elevators (MRL) 5.5.4 Gear-less traction elevators 5.6 Elevator Components 5.6.1 Components of Car Sling 5.6.2 Types of cabins in elevators 5.6.3 Types of doors in elevators5 5.7 Observational Analysis 5.7.1 Machine Room 5.7.2 Geared Machine 5.7.2 Over Load Indicator 5.7.4 Fire Service Indicator 5.7.5 Intercom 5.8 Analysis
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5.9 Conclusion
6.0 REFERENCES
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Abstract For this assignment, we will look into detail of the services provided in Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre, KLPAC. The services found in KLPAC are the KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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mechanical ventilation system, air- conditioning system, fire protection system (active & passive) and mechanical transportation system. In order to further understand the systems used in the building, we will conduct a case study about it and also learn about the importance of having those systems available in that particular building and the necessary systems needed to accommodate a functional, comfortable and safe environment for its occupants. This project will give us a firsthand experience about the basic fundamentals and requirements needed in a building adhering to the laws indicated in Uniform Building by-Law (UBBL) and other laws in Malaysian Standards.
1.2 Acknowledgement We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to each and every individual that has helped us in finishing this case study report. A special thanks to the person in KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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charge of the building services department, Mr. Satish who provided good hospitality during our visit there. He was nice enough to take some of his time off to bring us around, providing us the information we need and explaining how it works. We would also like to thank Mr. Kent, who had been nice enough to give us permission to do our studies on the building service system in KLPAC. Moreover, we would like to thank Mr. Siva for helping out in our report as well as guiding us in completing this report. Besides that, we would like to thank Tan Shing Yeou for allowing us to share the site information. Last but not least, we would like to thank each member for cooperating one another and to providing us the transport to our KLPAC. With that we would like to thank once again to everyone who helped us in completion of this project.
1.3 Details and Description of Building
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Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Centre, KLPAC is the most established organization in the performing arts industry in Malaysia. Founded in 1995 by two brilliant individuals, Faridah Merican and Joe Hasham opened a theatre named "The Actors Studio" at Plaza Putra. It is the first privately operated and owned theatre in Malaysia. Unfortunately, the theatre was hit by flash floods in 2003, destroying The Actors Studio's underground complex and because of that, the arts community needed a new headquarters. Located in Sentul Park, Kuala Lumpur is the new headquarter of The Actors Studio now were named as “Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Centre, KLPAC”. This was made possible with the help of YTL Corporation and Yayasan Budi Penyayang. Their aim was to establish the country's first fully integrated arts center. They officially opened their doors in May 2005 under the name KLPAC. There is a deep history in the building that currently inhibits KLPAC, once was a wood crafting and sawmill workshop, then became part of Sentul Works, the region’s most important railway depot & workshop, it was also bombed during the tail end of WWII and was re-built in mid-1940's and finally it was converted into a make-shift golf clubhouse but was abandoned in early 1990's and eventually, the KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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site was taken over by YTL and transformed into Sentul Park which eventually became the home of the Actors Studio Malaysia. KLPAC was the first redevelopment in the park since taken over by YTL. Its original barrel shaped roof is reminiscent of the European old railway yards. Notably, the surrounding parks were designed and developed by famous landscape architect Ng Sek San.
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2.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2.1 Introduction Mechanical ventilation system is a method of forced ventilation by using mechanical air handling systems, commonly called HVAC system, and is more controllable than natural KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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ventilation. This means of ventilation is very effective in controlling the humidity and air quality inside an air-conditioned space. Blowers, fans, filters, and ducts are used for transporting and removing air from a space, thus ensuring a positive means to ventilation as it can control the odors, contaminants and humidity as well. These examples of mechanical ventilation can be easily found in bathroom and kitchens that have exhaust fan.
Figure 2.1 Example of Balanced Mechanical Ventilation System Source: http://www.healthyhouseinstitute.com/objimages/balanced-heat-recoveryventilation-hrv-schematic-large.gif
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2.2 Literature Review Ventilation is the process by which stale air is exchanged with fresh air in an enclosed space to provide a better indoor air quality for the building. To achieve this, the usage of mechanical ventilation is required to ensure that the building is well ventilated with fresh air while stale air such as indoor pollutants, carbon dioxide, moisture and odor are expel from the building (www.enegystar.gov). Besides ensuring a better indoor air quality for the building, the other benefits of mechanical ventilation would be to have more control over the intake and of fresh air in appropriate locations and improving comfort for the user of the building through filtration, dehumidification and also conditioning of incoming outdoor air. The importance of mechanical ventilation would also be: - Preservation of O2 content & removal of CO2 KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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- Control of humidity for human comfort - Prevention of heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people - Dispersal of concentrations of bacteria - Dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odors - Provision of freshness - An alternative to the unreliable natural systems The few types of ventilation system would be supply ventilation system, exhaust ventilation system, and also balanced ventilation system. These system are achieve with spot ventilation which includes the use of localized exhaust fans and is mainly recommended in much more enclosed area such as kitchen and bathroom. Spot ventilation fans are intended to reduce concentrations of pollutants in the living space. These exhaust fans should be located as close as possible to the sources of moisture or pollutants.
2.3 Case Study KLPac uses combined systems of both supply and exhaust ventilation around the whole building through the usage of grilles and diffusers. Since there is not much passive design for natural ventilation around the building, KLPac is mostly filled with supply and exhaust grilles hidden behind the ceilings to ensure ventilation throughout the building. Since KLPac is an enclose building with not much openings for passive ventilation, thus resulting in low indoor air quality. To compensate for the lack of passive design for ventilation, the whole building is filled with mechanical ventilation system to ventilate the air in the building. This results in high maintenance cost for the building, which explains why during our visit to the building, most of the air conditioning systems are closed.
2.4 Components of System 2.4.1 Supply Air Diffuser/ Grille KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Figure 2.2: Vertical Supply Air Diffuser Located in the Main Foyer of KLPac
Figure 2.3: Section Drawing of Vertical Supply Air Diffuser Located in the Main Foyer of KLPac
Source: Author
Source: KLPac Management
Figure 2.4 Plan Drawing for Vertical Supply Air Diffuser in the Main Foyer Source: KLPac Management
In the main lobby, there are at least three connected vertical supply air diffuser. These diffusers are located in this area since the coverage area of the main lobby is of a larger scale than normal. KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Figure 2.5 & Figure 2.6 Different shape of Air Diffuser Concealed by the Ceiling Source: Author
`
Figure 2.7 Plan Drawing of how Air Diffuser are connected through Ductwork Source: KLPac Management KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Air diffusers used in KLpac usually comes in two shapes, either rectangular or circular, and is usually concealed by the ceilings. These air diffusers are located throughout the whole building so that supply air are well distributed throughout the whole building.
Figure 2.8 Air Grille located behind seating of the Main Performance Stage
Figure 2.9 Detailed Plan Drawing for Supply Air Grille Location
Source: Author
Source: KLPac Management
Figure 2.10 Detailed Sectional Drawing of the Supply Air Grille behind the seating of the Main Performance Stage Source: KLPac Management
These diffusers are located at the edge of the ductwork where air is being supplied from the grilles behind the seats and into the enclosed space. There is no requirement of any
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power generation as low air velocity air movement are being created in the enclosed space in any direction while producing minimal amount of noise.
2.4.2 Exhaust Air Grille
Figure 2.11 Exhaust Air Grille located at Ground Floor Corridor
Figure 2.12 Exhaust Air Grille located on the ceiling in the Toilet
Source: Author
Source: Author
Exhaust air grilles are usually used to expel foul air from the building or designed to carry air back to designated AHU rooms. They usually use grillwork to cover the duct behind it to avoid big objects from entering the duct and damaging the AHU. Filters are also installed to trap pollutants and allow better airflow in the building.
Figure 2.13 Plan Drawing of Exhaust Air Grille used in Toilet beside the Main Stage Source: KLPac Management KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Figure 2.14 Sectional Drawing of Exhaust Air Grille used in Toilet beside the Main Stage Source: KLPac Management
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS
Figure 2.15 Plan Drawing of Exhaust Air Grille used in the Public Toilet of KLpac Source: KLPac Management
Analysis In KLpac, the toilets are located at different parts of the building, ensuring the building is well ventilated and foul air is expelling out from the building. Judging by the floor plan shown on figure 2.15, there are enough exhaust grille to cover the whole area of the toilet. UBBL By Law- 41 Law Section 10- Water Closets and Toilets Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building and in respect of which no such external walls or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 crnm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is the lower.
Figure 2.16 Detailed Drawing of one part of the Exhaust Ventilation System in KLpac Source: KLPac Management
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Figure 2.17 Sectional Drawing for Toilet Exhaust Duct of KLpac
Figure 2.18 Sectional Drawing for Smoke Extract Duct of KLpac
Source: KLPac Management
Source: KLPac Management
These air ducts are usually connected to the ductwork connected to the toilet and throughout the building, expelling any foul air and pollutants from the building, ensuring the building is well ventilated. Since the building is enclosed with not much passive ventilation design, exhaust grilles can be found throughout the building to maintain the ventilation of the building
Figure 2.19 Exhaust Fan used in the Bistro and Bar of KLpac KUALASource: LUMPURAuthor PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
Figure 2.20 External Air Duct connecting to the Exhaust Fan in the Bistro & Bar Source: Author
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Figure 2.21 Exhaust Air Grille used in the Bistro and Bar of KLpac Source: Author
Figure 2.22 Sketch of how the Exhaust Mechanical System located in Bar & Bistro Operates Source: Author
These exhaust system are also located in different spaces of the building, this is to ensure that the Indoor Air Quality of the building is guaranteed and also to avoid sick building syndrome. Without these exhaust ventilation system, the different spaces within the building would suffer from stale air and make the users uncomfortable Other than that, the exhaust ventilation systems are placed within different spaces of the building separately to ensure that the building ventilates properly.2.4.3 Fire Exhaust Fan
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To Figure 2.23 Fire Exhaust Fan Located outside of KLpac
a
Source: Author
building, fire exhaust fan is an important factor as it is an important counter measure to fire hazard. At the main performing stage, automatic fire exhaust vent are installed so that it will expel smoke, heat and gas automatically in case of fire emergency. Exhaust fans connecting to smoke exhaust ductwork are used to remove from buildings to allow more effective emergency evacuation.
2.4.4 Fire Damper
Figure 2.25 Example of Fire Damper Figure 2.24 Fire damper is installed in between the three diffusers Source: KLPac Management
Fire dampers are an important element in
Source: http://airbalance.com/productcatalog/dampers/fire-andsmoke/dynamic-firedampers/#.VlAmzWQrK2w
controlling the ratio of fresh air and recycled air KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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while exhausting part of the recycled air. When the air sensor detects more than 500pm of carbon dioxide in the return air of the space, the system will automatically activate, allowing the damper to open and receive more fresh air from the outside and allow the fresh air to flow into the building. As can be seen on Figure 2.24, a fire damper is located in between the 3 diffusers so that in the case of fire emergency, the fire wont be able to spread to other different parts of the building.
Analysis Based on the UBBL, it is a must to install fire damper in between ductwork that is connected to both mechanical ventilation and also air conditioning system. With the installation of air damper, fire won’t be able to spread throughout the building during a fire emergency, thus avoiding fast pace of fire spreading throughout the whole building.
UBBL By Law Law Section 156- Protected Shaft as Ventilating Duct (1) If a protected shaft serves as, or contains, a ventilating duct(a) The duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without subducts as Australian Standard 1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as practical, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment, suchKLPAC other KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ARTor CENTRE, so far as practicable; and
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2.6 Conclusion In conclusion, since there is a lack of passive design for natural ventilation in the building, there is a need of the heavy usage of mechanical ventilation in the building. The heavy usage of mechanical ventilation would bring burden to the maintenance cost of the whole building. Besides that, the usages of mechanical ventilation are used to compensate and improve the indoor air quality of the building. These duct works are also placed at appropriate location for noise reduction and also given suitable consideration such as insulation. This helps the system to run smoothly without disturbing the user and reduce wastage of energy at the same time.
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3.0 AIR- CONDITIONING SYSTEM
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3.1
Introduction
HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning) is a process that moves or circulates air in the building to achieve human thermal comfort and indoor air quality modification systems. These systems require the use of purchased energy and involve numerous single-purpose components. Besides, it also integrates into the overall building fabric and normally designed by a consultant. It is used in medium to large industrial and office buildings to provide safe and healthy building conditions with the acceptable temperature and humidity. Today, the most used mechanical system to ventilate the building is air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system. The chosen building for this research paper is Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Centre (KLPAC). The building was ventilated by mechanical ventilation as well as airconditioning system. These systems helps to regulate the internal air temperature in order to achieve human comfort so that the audience, performers or the staff are comfortable in either the outdoor or the indoor (stage and offices) of the building. The types of Air- conditioning system used in KLPAC is split unit air-conditioning system.
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3.2
Literature Review
Air- conditioning system AC in HVAC usually refers to “and cooling� but it actually stands for air-conditioning. It is the process of altering the air temperature and humidity to achieve thermal comfort and enhance indoor air quality. Besides, air- conditioning system was usually used to control temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement as well as heat radiation to achieve human thermal comfort. It removes heat from the air inside the building and release the collected heat into the air outdoor. There are four types of air-conditioning system: 1. Room air-conditioner (window unit) 2. Split unit air-conditioning system 3. Packaged unit air conditioning system 4. Centralized/plant air-conditioning system 3.2.1 Room Air Conditioner (Window Unit) Room window air conditioner is the simplest form of air-conditioning system that is suitable to use for a space instead of a building. This system is usually installed at window openings or wall. The air of the interior space can be cooled when the fans blows over the evaporator. The heat will then transfer to outside by condenser. The subsystems of room air conditioner are:
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•
Refrigeration Components
•
Air Circulation and Ventilation Components
•
Control System Components
3.2.2 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System Split unit air-conditioner is divided into two parts, which are outdoor unit and indoor unit. The outdoor unit is usually installed on the wall that is near to the space. The unit houses compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The heat will be removed through compressor and condenser that covered with aluminum fins. The aluminum fins are used to fasten the heat to be removed from the refrigerant. For indoor unit, it houses evaporator, cooling coil, blower fan and air filter. Warm air will be carried and cooled into the filter and evaporator by blower. 3.2.3 Packaged Unit Air-Conditioning System Packaged Unit Air-Conditioning System (PTAC) is also known as wall-split air conditioning system. It is a ductless system and usually used in larger building. The system is divided into two parts, which are the evaporative unit on the interior and condensing unit on the exterior. It provides heat on cold weather by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and transfer heat from the exterior. (Khemani, 2013) 3.2.4 Centralized/ Plant Air-Conditioning System Central air conditioning system is one of the most effective systems that used to distribute cool air circulation and ensure that sufficient air is provided throughout the whole building. It consists of a central plant, water system and air system. Cool air is circulated through a system of supply and return ducts that used to carry cool airs from air-conditioner to the building. The supply duct and register are covered with grill and usually located at the openings in the walls, floors or ceilings. The cooled air will flows
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back to the system through return duct and register when the air get warmer. (Raj, 2015) The subsystems of centralized air-conditioning system are:
3.3
•
Chilled water system
•
Air delivery system
•
Heat rejection system
Case Study KLPAC comprises a large building area with various room providing different
facilities that utilizes a centralized air- conditioning system for its air cycle. This system is used due to its ability of serving multiple spaces from one base location such as performing theatres, offices and rehearsal studios. Typically, centralized airconditioning system uses chilled water as a cooling medium and use extensive ductwork to distribute air to air-handling units (AHUs) or fan- coil units (FCUs) throughout the building spaces. AHU is a complex system that is often used in bigger spaces and it usually channels air through ducts whereas FCU is usually install for small capacities which do not connect to ducts. KLPAC have a total of 5 AHU, where 4 are installed at the main performing theatres due to the function of accommodating large amount of users in a large area space. However, another one is installed at the secondary performing theatre which is smaller in terms of its scale. Besides of having 5 AHU around the building, there are several FCU found serving and operating the smaller spaces in the building. For instance, spaces like offices, studios, cafeteria and storage. Before air distributed to air-handling units (AHUs) or fan-coil units (FCUs) in KLPAC, the air was chilled in the air- cooled chiller system through refrigerant cycle. It is
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a cycle that shows how the refrigerant vapor is inhaled and discharged by the compressor to the condenser. Air- cooled chiller system were used in the building instead of cooling tower because it absorb heat from the indoor space and rejects it to ambient air and is commonly used for light commercial applications.
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Figure 3.1: Schematic Diagram of Air- Cooled Chilled Water System Source: Author
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Figure3.2: Location of AHU, FCU and ductwork in KLPAC Source: KLPAC management
3.4
Centralized Air- Conditioning System Air- conditioning system is divided into centralized and decentralized air-
conditioning system. Centralized air- conditioning system is a system serving multiple spaces of a particular building from one base location. It is also define as a chiller generates the chilled water at one base location and distribute it to air-handling units (AHUs) or fan-coil units (FCUs) that were usually located throughout the building. Then, KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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the air is cooled with secondary media and is transferred through air distribution ducts to individual rooms. Moreover, centralized air-conditioning system is usually used when large buildings are to be air-conditioned completely because of its higher energy efficiency. The systems is primarily based on conditioning the outside air and meeting the local internal temperature requirements by the distribution of conditioned air to occupied spaces. There are a few advantages and disadvantages of centralized air-conditioning system: ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
•
Better
•
conditions Higher energy efficiency
•
Greater
control
load-
of
comfort
management
•
More expensive to install
•
More sophisticated to operator and maintain
potential
3.4.1 Air-Handling Unit (AHU) Air- handling unit (AHU) is a central air-conditioner station that handles the air and supply the cooled air to individual room of the building through air ducts. Airhandling means that the air will be delivered into the building spaces with some treatments. In that case, AHU treat the air by filtering, heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, air distributing and recycling some of the return air from the room. AirHandling Unit (AHU) has a casing or it is also known as a box and is usually stored in an enclosed room to ensure the compactness and ensure no external force or pressure acting on it. In KLPAC, specific switch for manual controlling were provided to save energy during periods of non-use. Besides, air-handling unit comprises of a few components such as air filter, humidifier, cooling and heating coils and blower fan.
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Figure 3.3: AHU Room in KLPac Source: Author
Figure3.4: Outdoor air- cooled chiller and AHU room in KLPac Source: Author
Analysis: The Air Handling Unit (AHU) room in KLPAC met the requirement of Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS 1525). In KLPAC, the AHU room was located at the back of the building providing with control panel
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which eases the person in charge to access the room to shut off and reduce the energy used during periods of non-use of some individual spaces. According to MS1525: Code 8.4.1.2.1, Control setback and shut- off Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the energy used during periods of non- use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system. 3.4.1.1
Air Filter in Air- Handling Unit (AHU) Air filters is one of the components in air-handling unit (AHU) to keep the blower
clean and to keep dust and dirt off the heating and cooling coils. Furthermore, it provides good air filtration to protect heating and cooling systems equipment without adding much in static pressure or pressure drop unlike the other air moving devices. Supply and return ductwork as well as filter, cooling and heating coils and any dampening system will affect the static pressure or pressure drop of air- handling units (AHU). Moreover, it provides clean air for building occupants.
Figure 3.5: Air Filter Source: http://www.indiamart.com/fineairconsystems/
3.4.1.2
Centrifugal Fan in Air- Handling Unit (AHU)
Centrifugal return fan in air-handling unit (AHU) is used to pulls air from the individual space of the building through return air ducts. The return fan has KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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airfoil type of blades which are the most efficient among all centrifugal blades. There are some of the air exhausted out through exhaust air damper, whereas a small amount of it continues through the AHU to mix with air drawn in from outside. This process is known as mixed air because it mixes the outside and return air before additional heating and cooling.
Figure 3.6: Centrifugal Fan Source: http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/ahu_fan.html
3.4.1.3
Heating and Cooling Coils in Air- Handling Unit (AHU) In air-handling unit (AHU), there are heating and cooling coils to change the
supply air temperature and humidity level based on the location and application. The cooling coil in AHU is used to chilled water or refrigerant as direct expansion system and is attached to the chilled water pipe (CHWS) linked from the chiller plant through a blue pipe to remove heat and cools down the air. However, the heating coil heats the AHU, sending warm air to all the individual rooms in the building. The coil consists of a copper header and it supply steam to a copper tube passes through a continuous aluminum fin for added heat transfer surface area.
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Figure 3.7: Heating and cooling coils Source: http://www.indiamart.com/sai-hvac-engineering/
3.4.2 Fan- coil unit (FCU) Fan- coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consists of a fan, heating and cooling coil which used to control temperature in the space of the building where it is installed and it is operated manually. Besides, it is similar to Air- handling unit (AHU) where it serves multiple spaces. Usually, FCU is found in residential, commercial and industrial buildings and it does not connect to any ductwork. Basically, it helps to recycle the air. In KLPAC, FCUs were installed in spaces like cafeteria, studios and offices.
Figure 3.8: Fan coil unit, FCU Source: http://www.airconservices.com.sg/articles/is-it-better-to-install-fan-coil-unit-or-cassette-unit-foroffice.html
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Figure 3.9: Ceiling mounted fan coil unit (FCU) in cafeteria, KLPAC Source: Author
Figure 3.10: Control panel of fan- coil unit (FCU), KLPAC Source: Author
Analysis: The ACMV system in KLPAC was equipped in a way it met the requirement stated in Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS 1525).
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In KLPAC, the control panels to control FCU system were provided around the area where FCU were installed to reduce the energy used during periods where some of the spaces were not use. According to MS1525: Code 8.4.4.1, Off-hour control ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by 3.4.3 Ductwork Ductwork in air- conditioning system is usually connected to air-handling unit (UHU). Air duct system is required to bring the warm or cold air of the occupied space of the building back to AHU through the return air ducts to be properly cooled or heated in order to effectively move the air though the spaces. Besides, it also requires a system of supply ducts to take the cooled or heated air back to the occupied space. These return and supply ducts are suitable for a proper conditioning occupied area.
Figure 3.11: Section of ductwork system Source: KLPac management KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Figure 3.12: Air- duct Source: Author
Figure 3.13: Ductwork found in lobby of KLPac Source: Author
Analysis: The ducting system in KLPAC were fully insulated and installed in the building to prevent excessive loss of energy where it meets the requirement stated in Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS 1525).
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According to MS1525: Code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy loses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be requires to prevent condensation under some
3.5
Air-Cooled Chilled Water System
3.5.1 Air-Cooled Chiller Air-cooled chiller is a refrigerant system that removes heat from water through a vapour-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This system holds an evaporator, condenser, compressor and an expansion valve are gathered in a structural framework that named as chiller package. The piping systems that connected to the chiller package are enclosed in the unit to provide a compact central air conditioning plant. The process of evaporation and condensation are occurred in this system to cool the surrounding air. It is usually used for large scaled building due to its ability of providing more energy efficient.
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Figure 3.14: Location of water chilled at the back of KLPac Source: Author
Figure 3.15: Schematic Diagram of Air- Cooled Chilled Water System Source: Author
KLPAC holds two air-cooled chillers due to the needs of providing cooling to more than one space. It is installed at the back of the building to avoid noise that might disturb users in the building. The chillers are connected to the Air Handling Unit (AHU) to circulate chilled water. It is under manual adjustment by control panels. To achieve KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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the purpose of less energy consumption, only one of the Air Handling Units used most of the time. However, both chillers will be used whenever there is a need for high cooling load. The cycle begins in the evaporator where evaporator tube is installed to allow the liquid refrigerant flows. Heat will be absorbed and evaporates from the chilled water and circulates through bundle. Compressor will release the refrigerant vapour from evaporator before pumping it to the condenser with a higher pressure and temperature. The hot gases will convert into liquid in the air-cooled condenser coil as it gives up heat to cooler outside air being drawn across the condenser coil by the condenser fans. When enter the evaporator, the pressure and temperature of liquid refrigerant will be reduced after passing through the expansion device. The refrigerant will route back to the chilled water coil and the cycle will be repeated. Analysis: The centralized chilled water air conditioning system in KLPAC is related to the Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS1525). The building has met the requirements by installing two chillers at the back of the building. One of the chillers is used during operating days to reduce energy consumption. Another chiller is installed to prevent any emergency such as breakdown or maintenance going on. Whenever there is a need for high cooling load, both chillers will be working to fasten the process. According to MS1525: 8 (2.2) under System and Equipment Sizing Minimum of 2 chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load if the design load where the chillers are used exceeded 1000kWr (285 tons). 3.5.2 Components of Air-Cooled Chilled System 3.5.2.1
Evaporator
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Evaporator is used to change the state from liquid to vapour and remove the water and other liquids from the mixture while absorbing the heat in the process.
Figure 3.16: Evaporator Source: http://coolcall.co.za/products/evaporators/
3.5.2.2
Compressor
The refrigerant liquid is being squeezed in a compressor. To stabilize the molecules of the liquid, size of the gases will be decreased whereas the energy and temperature will be increased. A compressor is usually motivated by a motor or belt through pulley arrangement.
Figure 3.17: Compressor Source: http://www.mustknowhow.com/air-conditioning/about-air-conditioner-compressors
3.5.2.3
Condenser
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The condenser is act as a ‘heater’ in the system. It is always into high temperature and pressure state. The condenser is function to convert the refrigerant gas that release by the compressor back into the liquid form by cooling down temperature of the molecules.
Figure 3.18: Condenser Source: http://airconditioningunitnachi.blogspot.my/2015/07/air-conditioning-condenser-unit.html
3.5.2.4
Expansion Valve
Expansion valve is used to remove the high pressure of the liquid refrigerant. This process is to allow the change of state from liquid to vapour is able to occur in the evaporator. It is also able to control the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator. Thus, the heat can be avoided from overheating at the outlet of the evaporator.
Figure 3.19: Expansion Valve Source: http://www.ebay.com/itm/1967-68-FORD-MUSTANG-A-C-Expansion-Valve-AC-Air-ConditioningTXV-Shelby-/360448252259
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3.5.2.5 Chilled Water Pump Chilled water pump is function to pump the chilled water to every air-handling unit (AHU) room and return the warm water to the chiller.
Figure 3.20: Chilled Water Pump Source: Author
3.5.2.6
Piping System
The pipes from Air-Cooled Chiller are connected to the cooling coil in air Handling Unit (AHU) that is located in a specific room. The pipes are divided into two types, which are chiller water supply pipe (CHWS) and chiller water return pipe (CHWR). Chiller water supply is used to transfer the cool water from the chiller the air handling unit. The air will be cooled when the cool water pass through the pipe. However, chiller water return pipe is used to return the warm water from air-handling unit to chiller.
Figure 3.21: Piping system in KLPAC KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Source: Author
Analysis: The piping system of centralized chilled water air conditioning system in KLPAC is related to the Malaysian Standard Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy (MS1525). The building has met the requirements by installing the piping insulation with additional According to MS1525: 8.5. Piping insulation “All piping installed to serve building and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.� barriers to the system without occurring energy losses of the building.
3.6 Conclusion In conclusion, the air- conditioning system in KLPAC is fully equipped according to UBBL requirements and regulations. Although it is a small size commercial center, it function is to accommodate a large amount of users. Therefore, centralized airconditioning system is requiring in the building to provide a comfortable environment for the user and increase the work efficiency. The components of centralized air-
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condition were placed behind the building due to the noise reaction of the building to provide a quiet and comfortable environment for the user.
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4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (ACTIVE & PASSIVE)
4.1
Introduction
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Figure 4.0: Fire triangle Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Fire is
any buildings
biggest enemy, thus architects and engineers have to take precautions and extra taught when designing the building to prevent any mishap from occurring. What causes fire in a building from happening is when there is an ignition on a material that catches on fire easily. Of course wood and gasoline don’t spontaneously catch on fire because they’re surrounded by oxygen. For combustion reaction to happen, you have to heat the fuel to its ignition temperature. The removal of any part of the fire triangle (heat, fuel and oxygen) will result in the extinguishment of the fire. The chemical chain reaction, which makes the fire triangle a fire tetrahedron, only exists if there is a fire present. There are many ways how the fire spread throughout the building, which are convection, conduction and radiation. Convection is the flow of fluid or gas from hot areas to cooler areas. The heated air is less dense, and rises, while cooler air descends. A large fire in an open area produces plume or column of hot gas and smoke high into the air. But inside a room, those rising gases encounter the ceiling. They travel horizontally along the ceiling forming a thick layer of heated air, which then moves downward. Besides that, conduction is the passage of heat energy through or within a material because of direct contact, such as a burning wastebasket heating a nearby couch, which ignites and heats the drapes hanging behind, until they too burst into flames. Lastly fire can be spread through radiation as well that’s when heat travelling via electromagnetic waves, without objects or gases carrying it along. Radiated heat goes out in all directions, unnoticed until it strikes an object. Burning buildings can radiate heat to KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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surrounding structures, sometimes even passing through glass windows and igniting objects inside (All about fire).
4.2
Literature Review
Active Fire Protection The objective of a fire protection program is to mainly prepare for: i)
life safety
ii)
property protection
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iii)
minimizing business interruption
Active Fire Protection is portrayed by things or frameworks, which require a sure measure of movement and reaction with a specific end goal to work, as opposed to uninvolved fire security. Detection When the fire broke out, it will have smoke and heat which the smoke will detect and heat detectors. Automatic fire-detection systems can be used to initiate an audible or visible alarm locally, remotely or by both. In this building, there are two detectors, which are the smoke and heat detectors. Notifications To alert the occupants in the building, notification system such as alarm is installed. The purpose of a local alarm is to warn occupants to evacuate or to take some action extinguishing fire. It acts as an early detection of fire when it starts to generate large volumes of smoke and toxic gases in addition to heat. Actions Once the fire is detected, there are two method of ways to extinguish the fire, using either water based system and non-water based system. One of the major fire-extinguishing systems for the protection of life and property against fire is automatic sprinkler. It is very reliable and effective at extinguish fires or at holding them back until firefighters arrive. Sprinkler systems consist of an array of water pipes fitted with automatic delivery heads. The sprinkler heads break up the water onto fine droplets for wide dispersion.
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4.3
Case Study As a smaller building compare to other public buildings, KLPAC has only 3 fire
hydrants located on the outside of the building. The distance among two hydrants are long enough to ensure that the building is securely sufficient of water supply. Entering the building, there are heat and smoke detectors around the building as to prevent the fire from not being noticed by the occupants in the KLPAC. Besides that, the notification KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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systems are placed all around the building according to UBBL. The fire alarm will notify the occupant inside the building that the fire has take place and the automatic wetsprinkler will also take action extinguish the fire faster. In case of fire alarm not being activated, there is placement of manual call point for the people to break the glass and activate the fire alarm and notify everyone within the building. The fire control panel is in charge of taking immediate action of extinguishing the fire by ringing the alarm and activating the sprinkler or contacting the ambulance in the security room. The fire extinguishers used in the building are dry powdered type and can be seen in important areas of the building so that it can be used easily and is light enough to carry.
4.4
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
The active fire protection system installed in Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Center (KLPAC) follows the procedure as below.
OUTBREAK OF FIRE
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HEAT DETECTOR
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SMOKE DETECTOR
DETECTION
CENTRAL FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL NOTIFICATIONS MANUAL CALL POINT
FIRE ALARM
ACTION
FIRE SPRINKLER
WET RISER & HOSE REEL
WATER BASED SYSTEM
FIRE HYDRANT NON-WATER BASED SYSTEM
CO2 FIRE SUPPRESSION
DRY RISER
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
SMOKE CURTAIN WALL
4.5.1 Detection 4.5.1.1 Heat detector
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Figure 4.1: Heat detector located in generator room Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
The heat detector that is used in KLPAC will be the conventional type as it is set to alarm when ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, typically indicating a fire, fixed-temperature heat detectors are a highly cost-effective solution for many property protection applications. If rapid response to fire is vital, rate-of-rise heat detectors are an ideal solution where rapid temperature increases would only be caused by a fire emergency to both rapid and slow temperature increases.
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Figure 4.2: Location of heat detector located on ground floor level
UBBL-SECTION 225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
4.5.1.2 Smoke detector Smoke detector uses either a small radioactive source or a beam of light and a photocell. The smoke will interrupt the flow of ions or the passage of light and thereby activate the detector. It is widely used in domestic premises. When fire happens, the smoke detectors will detects the smoke which is placed all around the area and triggers the alarm to notify the vacant in the building to escape immediately.
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Figure 4.3: Located in the office area
Figure 4.4: Location of smoke detector located in ground floor level
UBBL-SECTION 225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
4.5.2 Notification 4.5.2.1 Central Fire alarm control panel
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Figure 4.5 Fire control panel in the security room Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
A Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU) is the controlling part of a Fire Alarm System. The board gets data from natural sensors like smoke and heat from smoke and heat detector, intended to identify changes connected with flame, screens their operational honesty and accommodates programmed control of hardware, and transmission of data important to set up the office for flame in view of a foreordained grouping. The board might likewise supply electrical vitality to work any related sensor, control, transmitter, or hand-off.
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Figure 4.6 Schematic diagram on how the fire control panel responds when a fire happens Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
UBBL-SECTION 238 Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors fire detection and alarm systems and a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire-station by-passing the switchboard.
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4.5.2.2 Manual Call point
Figure 4.7 Manual call point is found in every floor in KLPAC Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
In case of alarm not detected, manual call point is placed near exit or doorways for users within the building to break the glass and triggers the fire alarm. With this, the alarm system can activate the fire control panel in the security room and progress as usual.
Figure 4.8 Schematic diagrams on how the manual call point will transmit and triggers the alarm once glass is break Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au) KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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UBBL-SECTION 237 (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these Bylaws. (2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
4.5.2.3 Fire alarm
Figure 4.8 Fire alarm can be found near every exit and doorways Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
The fire alarm system is capable of alerting all the occupants of the KLPAC building when a fire happens. The fire detector usually activates the audible alarm. Special circuitry with an independent power supply will be required.
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Figure 4.9 Fire alarms are found beside the exit from the building Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Analysis: Within the KLPAC building, the fire alarm system is incorporated in the right place following the UBBL-Section 155(1). The automatic alarms are placed near the doorways to alert occupants inside and can evacuate the building faster.
UBBL-SECTION 155. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
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4.5.3.1a Fire sprinkler
Figure 4.10 Sprinklers are commonly installed allover the building Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Automatic sprinklers offer great advantage to high-rise buildings, such as KLPAC, as it does not depend for its operation on the presence of occupants. They consist of a grid of water pipes fixed under the ceiling with delivery heads normally on a 3m square grid. Water is prevented from emerging by a glass or quartzoid bulb containing liquid.
Sprinkler heads maybe be:
-
Glass bulb
-
Fusible link
-
Chemical
-
Open
Figure 4.11 Most frequently specified sprinkler head Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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The bulb type has its valve firm seated by a sealed glass tube containing volatile fluid, which expands in the presence of heat to burst the tube and release water from the associated pipework. The fusible link type has levers retained in position by solder, which can be specified to various melting temperatures. On heating, the solder melts and the levers spring apart to release the retained water. A small block of chemical material that melts at a predetermined temperature is a variation on the soldered principle. Open sprinkler heads are water spray devices, which do not operate in isolation. They are part of a bank of heads attached to a dry pipe which charges with water when a smoke or fire detector activates a motorized mains water valve. This is known as deluge system and is applied where potential for intense fires having rapid rate of propagation.
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Figure 4.12 Simplified sprinkler installation Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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Wet System This is the most popular of systems, also installed in KLPAC. It has all pipework permanently charged with water. It is suited to building interiors that remain above freezing and do not exceed 70ยบC.
Figure 4.13 Sprinkler controls Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
The sprinkler controls simultaneously releasing a small quantity of high-velocity water into a small pipe to physically rotate the alarm gong and to activate an electrical alarm flow switch. The maximum number of sprinklers on one set of control valves is 100.
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Figure 4.14 Wet Sprinkler installation Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Analysis: According to the UBBL-Section 228, the sprinkler system in the building will responds immediately to the fire automatically once the alarm is activated to effectively extinguish the fire with the wet sprinkler system.
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UBBL-Section 228 (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. (2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
4.5.3.1b Wet riser and fire hose reel
Figure 4.15 Hose reel located on the first level Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Fire hose reel is considered the first aid to fire fighting. Small diameter rubber hoses for us by the occupants of the KLPAC building provide a very effective measure than
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buckets or soda-acid extinguishers. Rubber hose is usually of 18 or 25mm internal diameter. The hose is connected to a water supply serving the spindle with control cock. In case of need the control valve is turned on, then the person using the hose takes the nozzle end of the hose and moves towards the fire. The hydraulic requirements for hose reels is that they should be able to deliver 22l/min at a distance of 6m from the nozzle and that three should be capable of operating at any one time.
A fire hose reel consists of: -
Hose reel pump
-
Hose reel
-
Water storage tank
-
Pipe works
-
Valve
Scanned by CamScanner
Figure 4.16 Hose reel diagram Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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Scanned by CamScanner Figure 4.17 Hose reel installation
water
Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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will allow connection of hose reels direct to the main, and when the mains pressure is adequate, this provides a simple supply arrangement. Some cases call for break tanks, usually of 11501 minimum capacities. If the break tanks can be high enough to supply the hose reels by gravity, no special provision needed. Hose reels installation must be taken into account when buildings are being planned. They should be site near means of escape so they are readily available to people leaving the building and, if the floor is full of smoke after the hose reel has been in use, the hose itself can guide its users to safety. The wet riser is permanently filled with water to supply hydrant valves on each floor. A 100mm riser can serve one outlet per floor and a 150mm pipe will be sufficient for two. Pressure requirements are between 400 and 500kPa, the upper limit to protect fire-fighting hoses from rupturing.
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Figure 4.18 Wet riser Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
The wet riser operated with the duty pump activated by a fall in water level registering at the pipeline switch. The flow and pressure switch responds to water flowing and when all hydrant landing valves are closed, lack of hydraulic movement engages the flow and pressure switch to disconnect the pump. Analysis: KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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With sufficient hoses of appropriate lengths and positioned that the hose can enter every room, the KLPAC followed the requirement of UBBL. The hose reel can fully extended reach to within 6m of every part of the floor. The wet riser is also painted red.
UBBL-SECTION 231 (1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more than 30.5 meters above the fire appliances access level. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
UBBL-SECTION 248 (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. (2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified
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4.5.3.1c Fire hydrant
Figure 4.19 Fire hydrant located outside the building Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Fire hydrants are usually connected into a pipeline, serving the building. The hydrants valves should attach to a ring system of supply, with more than one source from the water authority’s main. It needs to have: -
Maximum spacing of 150m apart, next to roads
-
Maximum 70m distance from building entry
-
A minimum distance of 6m to a building
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Figure 4.20 Fire hydrant located outside the building (the red box) Source: Tetuan Sentul Raya Sdn Bhd (drawings)
UBBL-Section 225. (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
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4.5.3.2 Non-water based system 4.5.3.2a CO2 fire suppression
Figure 4.21 CO2 suppression tank in gen set room Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Pressurized halon and carbon dioxide gas is stored in cylinders it is activated by smoke or heat detectors to effectively smother fires and substitute where water may be considered too damaging. It is usually colorless, odorless gas being more effective with five times the density of air, while carbon dioxide has only 1.5 times air density. Its non-conductive properties are ideal of electrical hazards as well as general applications to gaseous, petroleum, oil and carbonaceous fuels. Being denser than air, it effectively reduces the oxygen content of air from a normal 21% to 15%, effectively disabling the combustion triangle. KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Figure 4.22 Location of CO2 suppression tank Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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Figure 4.23 Installation of carbon dioxide Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Figure 4.24 Arrangement of CO2 Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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Figure 4.25 Schematic diagram of CO2 Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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4.5.3.2a Portable fire extinguisher
Figure 4.26 Fire extinguisher found beside the lift Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
All portable extinguishers are prominently labeled with classes and sizes of fires to which they are appropriate. There should be an extinguisher within 30m of any possible fire and appropriate extinguishers should be provided for any special risks. The weight of portable extinguishers should not exceed 23kg to ensure ease of use by occupants. In this case, KLPAC uses dry powder fire extinguisher. It is contained in a pressure vessel and expelled by compressed carbon dioxide or nitrogen.
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Figure 4.27 Type of fire extinguishers Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Figure 4.28 The characteristics of dry powder fire extinguisher Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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Figure 4.29 Schematic diagram of dry powder fire extinguisher Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
Analysis: With the building having much electrical appliances and materials such as wood, it is only reasonable that dry powder fire extinguishers are used to effectively extinguish the fire once it is started according to the UBBL-Section 227.
UBBL-SECTION 227 Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
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4.5.3.2c Smoke curtain wall
Figure 4.30 Smoke curtains to block fire development Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
A smoke curtain is used as part of a smoke control system to control the flow of smoke, typically as a channeling screen or a smoke reservoir screen. It is used to provide fire separation between 2 spaces, typically a lift floor or an escape route through an open plan dwelling.
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Figure 4.31 Schematic diagram of smoke curtain wall Source: (http://www.bushfireeducation.vic.edu.au)
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UBBL-SECTION 161. (1) Any fire stop required by the provision of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.
4.6
Literature Review
Passive Fire Protection Passive fire protection is different from active as passive fire protections is done during the design stage of the building where the allocation of fire brigade, the materials used and dividing the rooms. The other reason why it’s passive is because it doesn’t require any other mechanism to activate these things. Passive fire protection can provide an effective alternative to active systems for protecting against vessel failure. This generally consists of a coating of fire resistant insulating media applied to a vessel or steel surface. It is often used where water or other active protection media supplies are inadequate, such as in remote locations, or where there are difficulties with handling fire water run-off. Passive fire protection consists of: •
Emergency fire escape
•
Fire related layering on building structures
•
Fire vehicular access
•
Separation of fire risk area
Emergency fire escape In emergency fire escape there have to be sufficient space for occupants in the building to evacuate if necessary. Fire can spread rapidly through your buildings, leaving occupants minutes to escape safely once the alarm sounds. Once an alarm is sounded KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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for building evacuation, a safe means of leaving the building must be available. A mean of egress is a continuous path of travel from any point in a building to the ground level outside. Doorways, corridors, stairways, and exterior door must be arranged and designed so that the anticipated number of people in the building can exit safely . Architects have to walk through the building and inspect all possible exits and escape routes. Emergency fire escapes have to be well planned to allow occupants to evacuate quickly. “Exit routes from all areas of the building should be carefully thought out and marked appropriately (John Wiley & Sons, 3rd ed). Fire related layering on building structures Fire resistant materials or layering put on the structures is there to withstand the fire so that the building can with stand with that certain period to allow the occupants to evacuate the premise in time. Fire walls are another form of passive fire protection that is used to prevent the spread of fire and the exposure of adjacent equipment to thermal radiation. Building structures are what holds the building up thus there has to be fire proofing layering to have the structures withstand the building. Having layering over beams such as dry- VERMIPLASTER can withstand the fire before it reaches the beam of the building (Fireproofing, iasisting). Fire vehicular access The fire vehicular access is important in any passive fire protection design, it’s where the fire brigade get to access the building efficiently. If the route wasn’t planned properly the fire brigade can’t work fast enough to save what remains in the building if there were to be a fire in the building. Vehicle access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances, such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, to be used, and to enable pumping appliances to supply water and equipment for fire-fighting and rescue activities. The access arrangements increase with building size and height. Access from a public road should be provided to assist fire and rescue personnel in their rescue and fire-fighting operations (2.12 Fire and rescue). KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Separation of fire risk area Separation of fire risk area is where a corridor forms part of a means of escape in one direction only (dead-end situation) it must be separated from all adjoining areas – except toilets – by fire-resisting construction. Areas of high fire risk (e.g. plant rooms, storage areas for flammables/highly flammables) must be separated from adjoining areas, especially corridors forming means of escape, by fire-resisting construction.
4.7
Case Study In KLPAC, there were many ways the architect who designed the building tackle
the designing of the passive fire protection of the building from the material of the building to the route for the fire vehicular access. Through observation the from the outside is the location of the fire hydrant and the route for the fire brigade to get upclose to put out the fire if there were any. The beams is what is interesting as there were dry-VERMIPASTER coated around the beam, it’s a rough and black in colour. Besides that, there were 3 emergency escape routes for any evacuation from the premise, all leading to the outside. The emergency escape stairways for leading to the emergency exits are all really wide so that the occupants can escape with ease rather than having human traffic on their way out. Moreover the fire rated doors are thicker than the usual about 300mm thick. Furthermore through observation the rooms for the fire risk area are separated from the area where there are more occupants. The potential fire risk area are the workshops, TNB substations and all the electrical boxes where is located away from the users.
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4.8
Fire Protection System (Passive)
Emergency Fire Escape
Emergency Exit Signs
Fire Emergency Exits
Passive Fire Protection System
Fire Vehicular Access
Compartment
Separation of Fire risk Area
Fire Proofing Structures
Fire Wall KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Fire Rated Door
4.9.1
Emergency Fire Escape
4.9.1.1 Fire Emergency Exits
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Figure 4.32: Fire emergency ground floor plan (Red highlighted areas are the exit route)
Exit routes means that a user in any part of the building may reach a place of safety outside the building and may include a room, doorway corridor, stairway or other means of passage not being a revolving door, lift or escalator. “Once an alarm is sounded for building evacuation, a safe means of leaving the building must be available. A mean of egress is a continuous path of travel from any point in a building to the ground level outside. Doorways, corridors, stairways, and exterior door must be arranged and designed so that the anticipated number of people in the building can exit safely” (John Wiley & Sons, 3rd ed). There is one fire emergency staircase located at the middle-left
of the building where it is easily accesible if incase there were any
emergencies. Routes to emergency exits from premises and the exits themselves are kept clear at all times. “Exit routes from all areas of the building should be carefully thought out and marked appropriately” (John Wiley & Sons, 3rd ed). Besides that, all emergency routes and exits must lead directly to a possible place of safety to escape from any possible fire. In KLPAC the escape routes as are shown in figure 4.32 highlighted in red. The exits need to be wide enough to allow all the occupants to leave quickly. Therefore, when deciding on the total width of exits needed according to the above table, the largest exit should be discounted. Analysis:
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According to UBBL, the maximum travel distance in a single room measured from 0.3 meters from the most remote point of occupancy that leading occupant escape from building is 15 meters, which this By-Laws is very crucial in passive fire design throughout the architectural practice. From the observation the regulation according to the UBBL is followed, from the remote point of occupancy to the escape stairs is all less than 15 meters.
UBBL-Section 165 (3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to room door does not exceed 15 meters. UBBL-Section 165 (4) The maximum travel distance to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-Laws. UBBL-Section 169 No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
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4.9.1.2 Fire Rated Door
Figure 4.33 Fire rated door
Fire rated doors and frames play a vital role in keeping people safe and minimizing property damage during a fire. The fire rated door in KLPAC is located before the escape staircase as shown in figure 4.33. According to the UBBL the exit door means a door from a storey, flat or room which door give acess from such storey, flat or room into an exit route. These exits leading to the escape protected staircase have fire rated
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doors which are thicker than ordinary doors. This is based on the location of the wall, building use, and more. The fire rating of the wall dictates the required fire rating of the door. Besides that, fire doors are required to be self-closing and positive latching. The door shown in figure 4.33 is 1 Hour door and frame ratting which are used mainly in enclosures of vertical communication or egress through buildings as shown in table 4.1. This means the period where if there was an active fire the door can withstand the fire for 1 Hour.
Table 4.1: Fire door openings Source : http://www.steeldoor.org/res/Fire Rated Doors and Frames Overview.pdf
Analysis: UBBL-Section 162 (1) From our observation not all the fire doors are accessible from the inside. This is not Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. followed as stated in UBBL which is all the exit doors shall be open able from the inside without the use162 of a(2) key or any special knowledge or effort. UBBL-Section Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. UBBL-Section 164 (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors. KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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UBBL-Section 173 (1) All exit doors shall be open able from the inside without the use of a key or any special
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS
4.9.1.3 Emergency Exits Signs
Figure 4.34 Keluar Sign Source: Author
“Exit signs should be provided to delineate exits from other areas, rooms, and spaces. In order to indicate reliably the proper path by which to evacuate from the given point, signage must be clear logical and immediately identifiable” (John Wiley & Sons, 3rd ed). The emergency exit signs are important in the building to locate the escape route to evacuate the premise. In KLPAC all the emergency exit doors have the “KELUAR” signage above it to notify the users to head towards this door if any emergency evacuation were to occur as shown in figure 4.34. Analysis: According to the UBBL the “KELUAR” signs should be clearly visible and illuminated with UBBL-Section 172 the (1) box. In our observation all the “KELUAR” signs are all illuminated lights from behind and clearly visible above the escape door, leading to the by escape stairs. Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. UBBL-Section 172 (2) A sign reading "KELUAR with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location 95 | P a g e where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
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4.9.2 Fire Related Layering on Building Structures 4.9.2.1 Fire Wall
Figure 4.35: Firewall at KLPac office Source: Author
A fire wall means a fire-resistant, rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow the collapse of the existing construction on either side of the wall to occur without allowing the collapse of the wall. As shown in figure 4.34 the 1 hour fire wall is located at the KLPAC office. Besides that, the vent shaft beside the fire wall is fitted with an automatic fire dampers in the shaft to slow down the fire spread to this area. Analysis:
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In our observation there is an automatic fire dampers in the vent shaft. This is what meets the requirement as stated in the UBBL no air-conditioning ducts shall pass throught the fire walls unless as provided an automatic fire damper.
UBBL-Section 138 (c) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws; and.
UBBL-Section 160 (2) No air-conditioning ducts shall pass through fire walls unless as provided for by-laws 148(an opening for a ventilation duct, other than a duct in, or consisting of, a protected shaft, if any space surrounding the duct is fire stopped and the duct is fitted with an automatic fire damper in accordance with Australian Standard 1682 and 1668 Part I-1974 or its equivalent where it passes through the wall or floor which fire damper shall have not less than the required FRP of the material of the compartment wall or floor through which it passes) and 156 (In addition, in the case of a protected shaft containing a ventilating duct, the shaft shall be so constructed with additional barriers to fire between the duct and the shaft as may be necessary to reduce so far as practicable the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment).
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3.4.2.2 Beam Fireproofing
Figure 4.36: Fireproofing layer on beam Source: Author
Figure 4.37: Fire proofing layer on beam (Zoomed in) KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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In KLPAC, the most unique way of fire proofing the building was the ceiling this fire proofing layer is hardly seen in Malaysia.This black fireproofing layer is called the dry VERMIPLASTER as seen in figure 4.37. This rough layer of dry VERMIPLASTER is used to protect the metallic structure in the building as shown in Figure 4.36 where the metal H beam is fully coated. The strength of these steel structures is enhanced both for normal conditions and for situations of exceptional stress, through the placement of a thermally insulating layer between the metallic element and the possible fire, as a solution for avoiding the collapse of the building for the prescribed length of time (Fireproofing, iasisting). Analysis: As stated in the UBBL Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials. Thus a fire proofing layer called the dry- VERMIPLASTER is used to cover the beam. UBBL-Section 143 Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-law 142 as to non-combustibility.
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4.9.3
Fire
Vehicular Access Figure 4.38: Fire vehicular access around KLPac (Red arrow showing the fire vehicular access) Source: Tetuan Sentul Raya Sdn Bhd (drawings)
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Figure 4.39: Fire vehicular road near the TNB and fire domestic water pump
Vehicle
Source: Author
access
to
the
exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances, such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, to be used, and to enable pumping appliances to supply water and equipment for fire-fighting and rescue activities. The access arrangements increase with building size and height. Access from a public road should be provided to assist fire and rescue personnel in their rescue and fire-fighting operations. Whilst the access will depend to some extent on the vehicles and equipment used, assistance may be provided from adjoining fire and rescue services when the need arises (2.12 Fire and rescue). Analysis: As in KLPAC the fire vehicular access has 2 entrances with 3 point of fire hydrant located within the route of access, as shown in figure 4.38. The figure 4.39 shows the fire vehicular access located near the fire domestic water pump to have the fire brigade work more efficiently in any case of emergency. According to the UBBL the fire hydrant location should be near to the fire brigade access which is nicely planned out in KLPAC. Besides that, the pathway access to the fire hydrant have to be cleared to allow easier access for the fire brigade to carry out their work, which they did as the road at figure UBBL-Section 225 4.39 has a gate at the front to(2) have it cleared. Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access. UBBL-Section 247 (2) KUALA LUMPUR Main PERFORMING ARTstorage CENTRE, KLPAC water tanks
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located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.
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4.9.4 Separation of Fire Risk Area
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Figure 4.40: The seperation of the fire risk area is highlighted red Source: Tetuan Sentul Raya Sdn Bhd (drawings)
Separation of fire risk area is where a corridor forms part of a means of escape in one direction only (dead-end situation) it must be separated from all adjoining areas – KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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except toilets – by fire-resisting construction. Areas of high fire
risk
(e.g.
plant
rooms,
storage
areas
for
flammables/highly flammables) must be separated from adjoining areas, especially corridors forming means of escape, by fire-resisting construction. Analysis: In KLPAC they have separated the potential fire risk areas from the other areas where there are more occupants. For example the TNB sub station is located outside the building and the workshops is located at the corner where is easy accessible in case of an emergency. UBBL-Section 139 The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard: (a) Boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (b) Laundries; (c) Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (d) Storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas; (f) Linen rooms;
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5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
5.1
Introduction
Nowadays, mechanical transportation has become the necessity in most of the commercial buildings, high rise flats and apartments in Malaysia and even the world. Even luxury houses are starting to adapt to it by installing elevators in the house as an ease of access. There are 3 types of mechanical transportations available in a building, which are Elevators, Escalators, and Travellators and all three of them have different subtypes. “Elevators utilized in modern buildings generally fall into four distinct types: hydraulic, geared traction, machine-room-less traction, and gearless traction. Each type KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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of elevator has specific characteristics that, when properly applied, make it appropriate for a particular building or usage application�. (Jay Popp, 2009) KLPAC is a low rise building with 4 storeys which is accessible by stairs and elevators. According to my research, there are 3 elevators and no escalators in the building, which are for Passengers, Services and Loading Bay Elevator. The company in charge of providing and servicing the elevators are Dover Elevators (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd. "They were founded in 1994 with the aim of supplying, installing and maintaining high quality Dover Brand of Elevators to ever increasing demand of high rise buildings for various usages. Dover Elevator Systems Inc., had been very flexible and forward looking to allow the highly sophisticated controller and traction machine of proprietary designs, to be manufactured in Malaysia, South Korea and China to make the products more cost effective in order to remain competitive in the market. It has to be reiterated that the aforementioned products are of highest quality standards bearing the brand name of DOVER". (Dover, 2011)
5.2
Literature Review
Mechanical transportations are tools to help people get from one destination to another efficiently, effortlessly and in the fastest time possible. Elevators are able to carry a limited number of people to many different floors. As for escalators, they are able to carry a continuous flow of people from floor to floor. It is the requirement of UBBL under Law 124. "For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided." (UBBL 1984). Meaning that any commercial building with 4 storeys or more KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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are required to have an elevator. Elevators are vital because it helps increase the efficiency of human circulation in a building, because it can efficiently carry people or goods between floors of a building in speed. Elevators are also OKU and elderly friendly as it helps to transport the impaired and elderly between floors, without it they would not be able to access certain areas or floors. Elevator zoning is a very important factor in designing a building with excellent human circulation, a good elevator zoning will increase efficiency and dramatically decrease the wait time of occupants. “Quality of service refers to some type of time measurement relating to passenger waiting time. The method used to evaluate this dimension is average interval.” (Jay Popp, 2009). If there are more lifts placed in a building, it means that the wait time for occupants will be shorter. This only applies to high-rise buildings because for mid to low rise buildings, the wait time is generally much lower than a highrise building. Thus elevator zoning only applies to / is more applicable in a high-rise building scenario. “The average interval between elevator departures from the main lobby in an academic office building should not exceed 35 seconds. The average waiting time for elevator service after registration of a corridor call should not exceed 28 seconds, and the elevator system should have the capability to move 12 to 15 percent of the total building or zone population above the main building lobby in a peak five-minute "uppeak" traffic period. In a typical academic classroom application, the average interval should be a maximum of 45 seconds with an average waiting time of 35 seconds. Student residential buildings typically have a maximum average interval of 55 seconds with an average waiting time of 44 seconds. The required system handling capacity is based on the percentage of people who require elevator service, up and down, during a peak five-minute "two-way" traffic condition, such as during a class change.” (Jay Popp, 2009) Elevators utilized in modern buildings generally fall into four distinct types: hydraulic, geared traction, machine-room-less traction, and gearless traction. All of these elevators
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has their own advantages and disadvantages ie. Some would be more suited for passengers and some would be suited for heavy load such as freight, some are slower and some faster, some are designed for low rise use only and some are designed for high-rise use. The efficiency of an elevator depends on the speed and capacity of the elevator
used.
Because
of
the
varying
uses
of
elevators
(Carrying
Passengers/Freight/Service), the optimal / best suited elevator should be used for that particular use.
5.3
Case Study
In KLPAC, there are 3 elevators installed within the building. (1) Passenger Elevator, (2) Loading Bay Elevator, and (3) Service Elevator. Only one of it is a Bomba/Fire Lift, which is the Passenger Lift. All of them are traction based systems. As for the types of cabins, they all only ultilize Normal Cabins which have only 1 Door. As for the Doors used are centre opening doors. The passenger elevator is very well placed, it is located near the entrance and easily accessible. The passenger elevator has access from the Ground floor to the Second floor. KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Based on my observations, the lift is OKU friendly as it has the Braille inscriptions on each of the buttons. They has also included beep sound to indicate when the lift has arrived or it is overloaded. Maintenance wise, all the elevators are being serviced by Dover Elevators monthly.
5.4
Elevator System
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Figure 5.1: Elevator Control System Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0ad56WqbT1A/T42Z4kpGhqI/AAAAAAAABvo/w2xkkcRtjc/s640/elevator+control+system+components.JPG
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5.5
Types of Elevators
5.5.1 Hydraulic Elevators These types of elevators are commonly used in low-rise buildings, two to four stories high and have a maximum speed of 150 feet per minute (fpm). There are 3 sub-types of hydraulic elevators, (1) indirect “roped�, (2) direct plunger, (3) indirect telescoping. A hydraulic plunger moving within a hydraulic cylinder helps the elevator achieve their vertical motion. -
Direct plunger hydraulic in which the plunger is fastened to the bottom of the elevator car. The plunger moves in a hydraulic cylinder that extends as deep into the ground as the vertical travel of the elevator in the building.
-
Indirect telescoping-type hydraulic, the plunger(s) are offset at the side(s) of the elevator car and are fastened to the top of the elevator car.
-
Indirect roped-type hydraulic elevator, the plunger acts on steel cables or hoist ropes, similar to a traction elevator, to do the actual lifting of the elevator car. All hydraulic elevators utilize a pump driven by an AC electric motor, which forces oil into the hydraulic cylinder to raise the elevator car. Start-up, slowdown, and leveling of the car are controlled by electrically operated valves. The opening of a valve combined with gravity acting on the weight of the elevator car forces oil from the cylinder(s) back into the oil reservoir to lower the car.
5.5.2 Geared Traction Elevators Geared traction elevators are commonly used in mid-rise buildings from 4 to 15 stories high. They typically operate at speeds of 200 fpm to 500fpm. They
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achieve vertical motion from an AC electric motor that is directly coupled to a worm (gear) shaft. A drive sheave is attached to a ring gear and the worm gear then rotates a ring gear. There are hoist ropes holding the elevator in place. Traction is created when gravity is acting on the weight of the car and counterweight creating a downward force and thus creating friction between the hoist ropes and drive sheave. The elevator will be raised or lowered depending on the rotation of the drive sheaves. Currently, standard passenger elevators and standard capacity elevators are replaced from the traditional Geared traction to a new type of elevator known as “Machine-Room-less” traction elevators or MRLs In short. Now, the more traditional Geared traction hoist machines are used for more heavy duty workloads such as large capacity service and freight elevators. 5.5.3
Machine-Room-Less Elevators (MRL) MRL traction elevators use “compact” gearless traction hoist machines that typically are mounted within the confines of the hoist way above the top floor served. Typical operation speeds are from 200 to 500 fpm. There are developments to make these elevators them operate at 700 fpm. MRL and geared traction operate under similar principles. The primary difference between a geared traction hoist machine and a compact gearless MRL traction hoist machine is that the drive sheave is connected directly to the motor shaft, eliminating the ring and worm gear. As a result, MRL traction hoist machines provide superior ride quality. Nowadays, all major elevator manufacturers as well as third party providers are supplying MRL traction elevators because it is getting very popular.
5.5.4
Gear-less Traction Elevators
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Gear-less Traction Elevators are used in high-rise buildings from 12 to 100 or more stories and generally operate at speeds of 500 fpm to 1,800fpm. The current world’s fastest elevators are used in the Taipei Financial Center located at Taiwan, They operate at speeds of 3,300 fpm. Traditional Gear-less hoist machine share the same operating principles as compact gear-less MRL traction hoist machines. The drive sheave of a traditional gearless hoist machine is connected directly to the motor shaft. Significantly faster speeds are possible with traditional gearless elevators because of their large physical size, and they provide the optimum in performance and ride quality.
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5.6
Table 5.2 for Types of Elevators Source: http://credentialing.appa.org/documents/bokchapter21-elevatorsystems.pdf
Elevator Components
Figure 5.2 Components of Hydraulic and geared traction elevators Source: https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/NJUcbK3ADMmH7IJ4h4HmMo39h3GXDz7K1mr8_gHEGuCoP3ZDLsFY1unSo0r1U3VIBL8=s111
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5.6.1 Components of Car Sling
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Main Components of Elevator Car Car Sling - Elevator Cabin - Elevator Doors
Figure 5.3 Components of Car sling Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/Hy8UuSt5Dqs/T4RlvEtierI/AAAAAAAABmU/HQ8Au2VPd34/s640/car+sling.JPG
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5.6.2
Types of cabins in elevators
Elevator Cabins are the heart and soul of the entire elevator system. Without it occupants will be unable to travel between floors. As it houses and protects passengers from the elevator shafts and provides user comfort such as ventilation, lighting and etc. There are 3 types of cabins as displayed in diagram 5.3, they each serve different purposes. They are classified by the position and number of doors.
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Figure 5.3 Types of Cabins Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-D5U2g_m1G8/T4RjeLe9NCI/AAAAAAAABl0/8tXrxFzGrv0/s640/car+types.JPG
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5.6.3
Types of Doors in elevators Elevator doors are one of the most important safety feature available in a lift. It serves as a barrier between the waiting lobby and the elevator shafts. This is to prevent people to fall into the elevator shafts and thus getting injured or falling to their deaths. There are 3 types of elevator doors available. - Center-Opening Doors - Two Speed Doors - Single Speed Doors The type of doors used in KLPAC is Centre Opening Door. Centre opening doors are the most common elevators found in almost every buildings. These type of doors consists of two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open away from each other. This door opens and closes very fast, therefore it has a very high efficiency, but the disadvantage is the width
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Figure 5.4 Types of Doors Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/WKN52XVCCzI/T4RqspGWgcI/AAAAAAAABoM/3zuoXCiVixE/s640/door+types.JPG
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5.7
Observational Analysis
In KLPAC, the type of lift they are using is geared traction elevator, where it is computerized and controlled by a main control system which is located at the machine room. The maintenance of the lifts are conducted by the maintenance men of Dover Elevators. MS EN 81-1:2012 – Clause 3 Personnel permitted by the lift approved firm (registered with the local authority) to carry out specific task on the lift There are 3 different elevators in KLPAC which has different functions. (1) Passenger Lift (2) Loading Bay Lift. (3) Service Lift There is only 1 Fire (Bomba) lift in the building, which is (1) Passenger Lift
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3
2
1
5.5 Ground Floor Plan of KLPAC Source: Tetuan Sentul Raya Sdn Bhd (drawings)
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5.7.1 Machine Room In KLPAC, the type of lift they are using is geared traction elevator powered by AC electrical motor. In order to support the heavy load and prevent any collapse, this room has extra reinforcement in the concrete slab, extra beams and a steel structure on top MS 81-1:2012 – Clause 15.4.1 .A notice bearing the following minimum inscription: “BILIK JENTERA LIF BAHAYA DILARANG MASUK TANPA KEBENARAN” should be of the motor.
Figure 5.10 Geared Traction Motor
Geared Traction machine powered by AC motor. It functions to turn the sheave which creates vertical motion of the lift. The lifts are maintained and check every month by Dover maintenance men.
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5.7.2 Geared Machine The type of geared electric motor in this design is a gear type reduction unit, which turns the hoisting sheave. It can operate at speeds of 200 to 500 feet per minute and can carry up to 1.3 tonnes. Geared machine is commonly used in mid-rise buildings. The Components of Geared Motor: Brake, Gear box, Drive Sheave, Deflector Sheave, sound isolation pad, bedplate, drive motor.
Diagram 5.11 Geared Machine Motor Source http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9eJG4NjrG8/T4gEf5ranbI/AAAAAAAABrY/nr3c2YBmQ_0/s1600/GearLESS+Machine1.JPG KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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5.7.3 Over Load indicator -
Light Will Illuminate and an alarm will sound, when the load is exceeding the maximum capacity of the elevator.
-
The Elevator doors will remain open unless the maximum load is decreased.
5.7.4 Fire Service Indicator
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-
During a fire, all elevators will go to the ground floor and doors will remain open. Normal elevators will be not operable except for the Bomba lift.
-
A fire indicator will also illuminate in the lift, and an alarm will sound during a fire.
5.7.5
Intercom
It is a requirement to have a fire intercom in a machine room as it serves as a communication device during an emergency or a fire or for use during maintenance for the maintenance men to communicate with the control room.
Diagram 5.1 Intercom Source: Author
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UBBL 239. Voice communication system. There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases;
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5.8
Analysis -
For a mid-rise building, KLPAC has included enough elevators in compliance with the UBBL 1984 section 124, elevator requirement. They have 3 elevators.
UBBL 124 “For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main access at least 1 elevator shaft shall be provided.”
-
In case of a power outage or emergency, their elevators will stop and open their doors at Ground Floor. This complies with the UBBL requirement.
UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure. (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.
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-
In case of fire, only the Bomba lift will be functional. UBBL 155. Fire mode of protection (2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. (3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman's switch. (4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
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5.9
Conclusion
In the end, I can say that KLPAC complies with the requirements of the By-Laws in Malaysia for mechanical transportation, as it provides lifts and has all the necessary safety components in a lift. Although basic, the lifts does a satisfactory job of transporting people and goods between floors. Geared Traction elevator is a very good choice as it is suitable for low-rise buildings, very affordable installation cost and low maintenance cost.
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6.0
REFERENCES
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Chadderton, D. (2004). Building services engineering (4th ed.). London: Spon Press. Cse.org.uk,. 'Mechanical Ventilation With Heat Recovery | Centre For Sustainable Energy'. N.p., 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. Designingbuildings.co.uk,. 'Mechanical Ventilation Of Buildings - Designing Buildings Wiki'. N.p., 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. Electrical Knowhow, (2013), Basic Elevator Components [ONLINE]. Available at:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/Hy8UuSt5Dqs/T4RlvEtierI/AAAAAAAABmU/HQ8Au2VPd34/s640/car+sling.JPG[Accessed 15 November 15]. Electrical Knowhow, (2013), Basic Elevator Components [ONLINE]. Available at: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-D5U2g_m1G8/T4RjeLe9NCI/AAAAAAAABl0/8tXrxFzGrv0/s640/car+types.JPG [Accessed 15 November 15] Electrical Knowhow, (2013), Basic Elevator Components [ONLINE]. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/WKN52XVCCzI/T4RqspGWgcI/AAAAAAAABoM/3zuoXCiVixE/s640/door+types.JPG [Accessed 15 November 15] Electrical Knowhow, (2013), Elevator Machine and Drive System [ONLINE]. Available at:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9eJG4NjrG8/T4gEf5ranbI/AAAAAAAABrY/nr3c2YBmQ_0/s1600/GearLESS+Machine1.JPG [Accessed 15 November 15]. Fire and rescue service access. (n.d.). Retrieved November 7, 2015, from http://www.gov.scot/resource/buildingstandards/2013NonDomestic/chunks/ch03s13.html Fire Rated Doors and Frames. (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2015, from http://www.steeldoor.org/res/Fire Rated Doors and Frames Overview.pdf Fireproofing of metallic structures. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2015, from http://www.iasisting.ro/servicii/termoprotectie-structuri-metalice-en.htm Greeno, R. (1997). Building services, technology and design. Harlow: Longman. Healthyhouseinstitute.com,. 'Balanced Ventilation: Balanced Ventilation Systems Healthyhouseinstitute.Com'. N.p., 2015. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. Iklimnet.com,. (2015). AIR HANDLING UNIT. Retrieved 21 November 2015, from http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/ahu.html KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE, KLPAC
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Nrc-cnrc.gc.ca,. 'Why Houses Need Mechanical Ventilation Systems - Construction Technology Updates'. N.p., 1998. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. Osman, N. (2013). Air-conditioning system. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/NooruleInieOsman/air-conditioning-system Robson Forensic, (2014), Elevator Anatomy – Schematic of Traction & Hydraulic Elevator Systems[ONLINE]. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/0ad56WqbT1A/T42Z4kpGhqI/AAAAAAAABvo/w2xkkcRtjc/s640/elevator+control+system+components.JPG [Accessed 15 November 15]. Subramanian, K. (2015). Lift Technology - An Insight on Design Basics and its Evolution. Johnson Lifts. Swadesh Engineers, (2009), Simple Elevator Control System Inputs and Outputs [ONLINE]. Available at:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0ad56WqbT1A/T42Z4kpGhqI/AAAAAAAABvo/w2xkkcRtjc/s640/elevator+control+system+components.JPG [Accessed 15 November 15].
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