EXHIBITION CAPTIONS
Between 1967 and 1977, the Chicana/o newspaper-turned-magazine La Raza was witness to and a participant in the struggle for social justice as it unfolded across Los Angeles and into the world beyond. Early on, the editors of La Raza adopted a groundbreaking, visually rich format in which photojournalism was combined with art, satire, poetry, and political commentary to organize and inspire the Chicana/o community to activism and to reimagine concepts of citizenry and selfhood. Within the agenda of La Raza, photographs were more than illustration; they forged a persuasive visual argument for equal rights and an intimate, nuanced portrait of the Chicana/o community as resilient and empowered. These photographs testify to the unique concerns of the Chicano Movement, or El Movimiento, but they also transcend the historical context of the newspaper. Considered broadly, the photographs of La Raza became a site where the stakes of injustice were exposed and the power of the camera as a social equalizer was revealed. This exhibition is focused on this larger body of photographic work, drawing from a previously inaccessible archive of more than 25,000 images recently gifted by the photographers to UCLA’s Chicano Studies Research Center. Although most of the images were never published, the archive today speaks to the joint roles of photography and activism in the ongoing struggle for human rights across the globe.
LA RAZA is part of Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA, a far-reaching and ambitious exploration of Latin American and Latino art in dialogue with Los Angeles, taking place at more than 70 cultural institutions across Southern California. Pacific Standard Time is an initiative of the Getty. The presenting sponsor is Bank of America. Major support is provided through grants from the Getty Foundation.
8'
8'
SIGNS OF THE TIMES
5' 5'
5'
5'
5'
10'
5'
10'
10'
10'
5'
PORTRAITS OF A COMMUNITY
5'
THE OTHER AND THE STATE
5'
THE PRINCIPALS & THE NEWSPAPER
5'
5'
5'
ACTION, AGENCY, AND MOVEMENT
8' 8'
10'
10'
10'
10'
THE BODY
TIMELINE 4 THE PRINCIPALS & THE NEWSPAPER
8
ACTION, AGENCY, AND MOVEMENT
12
SIGNS OF THE TIMES
18
THE OTHER AND THE STATE
25
THE BODY
31
PORTRAITS OF A COMMUNITY
34
Timeline August 22, 1966
1967
September 1967
Activist students, working with veterans, form the Mexican American Student Association (MASA) at East Los Angeles College. Working from the basement of the Episcopalian Church of the Epiphany in Los Angeles, Eliezer Risco and Ruth Robinson publish the first issue of La Raza newspaper.
1968
Student-led civil rights and anti-war protests erupt in cities around the world, including Warsaw, Paris, West Berlin, Boston, London, New York City, Madrid, Bonn, Baltimore, Chicago, and in Japan and Brazil.
1968
The Young Chicanos for Community Action adopt the uniform of a military-style jacket with a brown beret, and began referring to themselves as the Brown Berets.
March 1968
March 31, 1968
High school teacher Sal Castro, the staff of La Raza, and UCLA and CSULA students, together with the Brown Berets, help organize the East Los Angeles Walkouts (also called Blowouts) during which more than 10,000 students at Wilson, Garfield, Lincoln, Roosevelt, and Belmont High Schools walk out in protest over biased curriculum and inferior conditions. Members of the “East L.A. 13” (the leaders of the walkouts, including Sal Castro and La Raza editors Eliezer Risco and Joe Razo) are arrested. The Chicano Legal Defense Fund is created to aid in their defense, and all charges against them are eventually dismissed.
April 4, 1968
Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
June 5, 1968
Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a public supporter of the walkouts and the UFW, is assassinated at a campaign victory celebration in Los Angeles.
September 16, 1968
The Educational Issues Coordinating Committee launches a picket line around Lincoln High School in East L.A. to protest the firing of Sal Castro, indicted as a member of the East L.A. 13.
September 1968
More than 100 parents, teachers, students, and community activists stage a seven-day sit-in at the offices of the Los Angeles School Board, which ends in the arrest of 35 people and the reinstatement of Sal Castro.
November 5, 1968 May 1969
July 20, 1969 November 1969
January–March, 1970
4
César Chávez unites the National Farm Labor Association with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee Union to create the United Farm Workers (UFW) union, which is admitted into the AFL-CIO.
Richard M. Nixon is elected president. San Fernando Valley State College (later California State University–Northridge) creates the first Chicano Studies Department. Neil Armstrong walks on the moon. Native American activists associated with the American Indian Movement (AIM) begin a 19 month-long occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. Chicana/os demonstrate across Southern California in opposition to the disproportionately high rate of Mexican American casualties suffered in Vietnam. Students continue to protest conditions in schools with walkouts.
May 4, 1970
June 1970
Four students at Kent State University are killed and nine are wounded by National Guardsmen during a protest against the Vietnam War. La Raza changes its format from a newspaper to a magazine.
August 29, 1970
The National Chicano Moratorium Against the Vietnam War draws more than 30,000 participants from across the United States. Following a raid by the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, the peaceful march/demonstration turns violent and results in the death of three people, including Los Angeles Times reporter Rubén Salazar.
January 31, 1971
La Marcha por la Justicia, a protest against police attacks on unarmed people—including the raid that followed the National Chicano Moratorium—culminates in 10,000 people gathering peacefully at Belvedere Park in East Los Angeles. Nearby, a group of youths is confronted by police, who open fire on them. Several are injured, and Gustav Montag, a student at East L. A. College, is killed.
May 5 to August 9, 1971
Covering more than 1,000 miles from Calexico to Sacramento, La Marcha de la Reconquista calls attention to five main Chicana/o grievances: the Vietnam War, police abuse, inhumane immigration policies, welfare cuts, and cuts to college students’ grants.
April 13, 1972
Mexican immigrant Ricardo Chávez Ortiz hijacks a plane from Los Angeles to Albuquerque with an unloaded pistol. His only demand is the opportunity to make a statement to the media, in which he describes his experiences with racism and police brutality.
June 17, 1972
Four men are arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington, D.C.
September 1972
Autumn 1972
January 27, 1973 February - March 1973
1974
August 9, 1974
1975
A newly formed political party, El Partido Nacional de la Raza Unida, holds its first convention in El Paso, Texas. In the Trail of Broken Treaties, activists representing AIM travel from the West Coast to Washington, D.C., where they briefly occupy the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Paris Peace Accord is signed, ending the Vietnam War. Twenty members of the Oglala Lakota Sioux tribe seize and occupy the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, for 71 days. The Equal Educational Opportunity Act expands educational opportunities for non-native English speakers, including bilingual programs for Latino youth. President Richard M. Nixon resigns and Vice President Gerald Ford is sworn in as President. The Voting Rights Act ensures protections for Hispanic, Asian American, and Native American voters.
April 29–30, 1975
The United States evacuates Saigon following the Communist takeover of South Vietnam.
November 2, 1976
Jimmy Carter is elected President.
Summer 1977
The final issue of La Raza magazine is published.
5
Cronograma 22 de agosto de 1966
1967
Septiembre de 1967
César Chávez une a la Asociación Nacional Laboral de Fincas (National Farm Labor Association) con el Comité Organizativo del Sindicato de Trabajadores de Agricultura (Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee Union) para crear el sindicato de Trabajadores Unidos de Fincas (United Farm Workers o UFW), el cual está admitido en el AFL-CIO. Estudiantes activistas, que trabajan con veteranos, forman la Asociación Mexicana Americana de Estudiantes (Mexican American Student Association) (MASA) en la Universidad del Este de Los Ángeles (East Los Angeles College). Trabajando en el sótano de la Iglesia Episcopal de la Epifanía en el Este de Los Ángeles, Eliezer Risco y Ruth Robinson publican la primera edición del periódico La Raza.
1968
Protestas lideradas por estudiantes que protestan por los derechos civiles y contra la guerra estallan en ciudades alrededor del mundo, incluyendo a Varsovia, París, Berlín Occidental, Boston, Londres, Nueva York, Madrid, Bonn, Baltimore, Chicago, y en Japón y Brasil.
1968
Los Chicanos Jóvenes a Favor de la Acción Comunitaria adoptan el uniforme de una chaqueta de estilo militar con una boina de color café y comienzan a identificarse a sí mismos como las Boinas Cafés (Brown Berets).
Marzo de 1968
El profesor de la escuela secundaria Sal Castro, el personal de La Raza, y los estudiantes de UCLA y de CSULA, junto con las Boinas Cafés, ayudan a organizar las marchas del Este de Los Ángeles Walkouts (también se llamaban “estallidos”) durante las cuales más de 10.000 estudiantes en las escuelas secundarias de Wilson, Garfield, Lincoln, Roosevelt, y Belmont marcharon en protesta del currículo parcializado y de las condiciones inferiores.
31 de marzo de 1968
Miembros de los “13 del Este de L.A.” (“East L.A. 13”) (los líderes de las marchas, incluyendo a Sal Castro y a los editores de La Raza, Eliezer Risco y Joe Razo) son arrestados. Se crea el Fondo Legal de Defensa de Chicanos (The Chicano Legal Defense Fund) para ayudarlos en su defensa y eventualmente se retiran todos los cargos que existían contra ellos.
4 de abril de 1968
Martin Luther King Jr. es asesinado en Memphis, Tennessee.
5 de junio de 1968
El senador Robert F. Kennedy, quien apoyó las marchas y a la UFW públicamente, es asesinado en Los Ángeles en una celebración de la victoria de la campaña.
16 de septiembre de 1968
El Comité Coordinador de los Asuntos Educativos (The Educational Issues Coordinating Committee) comienza una huelga alrededor del colegio de secundaria de Lincoln en el Este de L.A. para protestar el despido de Sal Castro, acusado como miembro de los 13 del Este de L.A.
Septiembre de 1968
Más de 100 padres, profesores, estudiantes y activistas comunitarios realizan un paro de siete días en las oficinas de La Junta Escolar de Los Ángeles (Los Angeles School Board), lo cual culmina en el arresto de 35 personas y en la reintegración de Sal Castro.
5 de noviembre 1968 Mayo de 1969
La Universidad del Valle de San Fernando (más adelante se llamó California State University–Northridge) crea el primer Departamento de Estudios Chicanos.
20 de julio de 1969
Neil Armstrong camina sobre la luna.
Noviembre de 1969
Los activistas nativos americanos asociados con el Movimiento de Indios Americanos (American Indian Movement o AIM) comienzan una tenencia de diez y nueve meses en la Isla de Alcatraz en la Bahía de San Francisco.
Enero–Marzo de 1970
4 de mayo de 1970
6
Richard M. Nixon es elegido presidente.
Los chicanos y chicanas realizan demostraciones por todo el sur de California en oposición a la taza alta y desproporcionada de muertes de mexicanos americanos en Vietnam. Los estudiantes continúan marchando en protesta a las condiciones en las escuelas. Soldados de la Guardia Nacional matan a cuatro estudiantes y hieren a nueve estudiantes en la Universidad Kent State durante una protesta contra la guerra de Vietnam.
Junio de 1970 29 de agosto de 1970
31 de enero de 1971
5 de mayo a 5 de agosto de 1971
La Raza cambia su formato de ser un periódico a ser una revista. La Moratoria Nacional de Chicanos contra la Guerra de Vietnam atrae a más de 30.000 participantes de todos los Estados Unidos. Después de una redada por parte del Departamento de Alguaciles del Condado de Los Ángeles (Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department), la marcha y demostración pacífica se convierten en una marcha violenta y mueren tres personas incluyendo el reportero del periódico Los Angeles Times Rubén Salazar. La Marcha por la Justicia, una protesta contra los ataques de la policía sobre personas que no estaban armadas –incluyendo la redada que ocurrió después de la Moratoria Nacional de Chicanos– culmina en la congregación de 10.000 personas que se reunieron pacíficamente en el Parque de Belvedere en el Este de Los Ángeles. Cerca de esa ubicación, la policía confronta a un grupo de jóvenes y les disparó. Varios fueron heridos y muere Gustav Montag, un estudiante de la Universidad de Este de L.A. Recorriendo más de 1000 millas desde Calexico a Sacramento, La Marcha de la Reconquista llama la atención a cinco agravios principales de los chicanos y chicanas: la guerra de Vietnam, el abuso por parte de la policía, las políticas inhumanas de inmigración, las reducciones en los servicios de bienestar y las reducciones en los préstamos para los estudiantes universitarios.
13 de abril de 1972
El inmigrante mexicano Ricardo Chávez Ortiz secuestra un avión desde Los Ángeles a Albuquerque con una pistola que no estaba cargada. Su única solicitud es tener la oportunidad de hacer una declaración a los medios de comunicación, en la cual él describe sus experiencias con el racismo y con el abuso de la policía.
17 de junio de 1972
Cuatro hombres son arrestados por forzar su entrada a la Oficina Principal del Comité Democrático Nacional (Democratic National Committee headquarters) en el edificio Watergate en Washington, D.C.
Septiembre de 1972
Otoño 1972
Un nuevo partido político, El Partido Nacional de la Raza Unida, realiza su primera convención en El Paso, Texas. En El Sendero de los Tratados Rotos (Trail of Broken Treaties), los activistas que representan a AIM viajan desde la costa oeste a Washington, D.C., donde ocupan brevemente la Oficina de Asuntos de Indios (Bureau of Indian Affairs).
27 de enero de 1973
Se firma el Acuerdo de Paz de París, lo cual culmina la guerra de Vietnam.
Febrero – Marzo 1973
Veinte miembros de la tribu Oglala Lakota Sioux se apoderan y ocupan el pueblo de Wounded Knee, en Dakota del Sur, durante 71 días.
1974
9 de agosto de 1974
El Acta de Igualdad y de Oportunidad Educativa (The Equal Educational Opportunity Act) expande las oportunidades de las personas que no son nativas que hablan inglés, incluyendo los programas bilingües para la juventud latina. El presidente Richard M. Nixon renuncia y el vice presidente Gerald Ford es jurado como presidente.
1975
El Acta del Derecho de Votar (The Voting Rights Act) asegura la protección de los votantes hispanos, asiáticos americanos y nativos americanos.
29–30 de abril de 1975
Los Estados Unidos evacuan a Saigón después de la toma del control por parte de los comunistas en el sur de Vietnam.
2 de noviembre de 1976 Verano 1977
Jimmy Carter es elegido presidente. Se publica el número final de la revista La Raza.
7
SLIDESHOW The photographs in this slideshow are courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center. Copyright: Pedro Arias Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Patricia Borjon-Lopez Oscar Castillo Luis C. Garza La Raza staff photographers Gilbert Lopez Maria Marquez-Sanchez Joe Razo Raul Ruiz Maria Varela Photography Devra Weber Daniel Zapata
THE PRINCIPALS & THE NEWSPAPER 1
Founding co-editor of La Raza Ruth Robinson (right) with Margarita Sanchez at the Belmont High School Walkouts March 8, 1968 Los Angeles Herald Examiner Photograph Collection /Los Angeles Public Library
2
Pedro Arias photographs a nighttime vigil, Downtown L.A. 1970 Daniel Zapata Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Daniel Zapata B7F5C8_DZ_014
3
Devra Weber photographs the East L.A. Walkouts Circa 1969 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Devra Weber B1F5C3_DW_025
4
Founding co-editor of La Raza, Eliezer Risco Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F3C6_RR_010
Descriptions may change as the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center continues their research. If you have addition information about these images, please contact the center’s library at 310-206-6052 or by email at laraza@chicano.ucla.edu
8
5
Patricia Borjon (right) Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B15F2S3_N048
6
7
Raul Ruiz and his daughter, Marcy Circa 1971
Circa 1971 Gilbert Lopez
Maria Varela, Denver, Colorado
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Gilbert Lopez B6F4aF7_GL_025
1969 La Raza staff
13
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F10C6_Staff_009
Oscar Castillo (and Patricia Borjon) photograph graffiti
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F7C11_MB_027
Gilbert Lopez photographs Manuel Barrera Circa 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Joe Razo (right) and Fred Lopez outside the La Raza City Terrace office 1970 La Raza staff
Circa 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
9
Manuel Barrera photographs Gilbert Lopez
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B13F9bS2_N004
8
12
14
Maria Marquez-Sanchez photographs an anti–Vietnam War demonstration from a traffic light on Wilshire Blvd. Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B5F7C1_Staff_003
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B6F4aF1_MB_028
10
Luis Garza with a 16mm camera Circa 1972 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B8F6C2_MB_008
11
Daniel Zapata Circa 1973 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B13F2S2_N007
9
Vol. 1 No. 0 September 4, 1967
Vol. 1 No. 2
Vol. 1 No. 3
Vol. 1 No. 4
October 1, 1967
October 15, 1967
October 29, 1967
Vol. 1 No. 10
Vol. 1 No. 11
Vol. 1 No. 12
Vol. 1 No. 13
Vol. 1 No. 14
March 1, 1968
March 31, 1968
May 11, 1968
June 7, 1968
July 10, 1968
Vol. 2 No. 3
Vol. 2 No. 4
January 1, 1969
February 7, 1969
Vol. 2 No. 5
Vol. 2 No. 6
Vol. 2 No. 7
March 28, 1969
April 30, 1969
June 1969
La Raza newspaper and magazine issues courtesy of Raul Ruiz, unless otherwise indicated. A
Courtesy of County of Los Angeles Public Library, Chicano Resource Center
B
Courtesy of the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
C
Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
Vol. 1 No. 1
June 1970
Vol. 1 No. 7 January 1972
Vol. 2 No. 1 February 1974
Vol. 3 No. 1 1977 B
Vol. 1 No. 5
Vol. 1 No. 6
Vol. 1 No. 7
Vol. 1 No. 8
Vol. 1 No. 9
November 15, 1967
December 2, 1967
December 25, 1967
January 15, 1968
February 10, 1968
Vol. 1 No. 16
Yearbook
Vol. 2 No. 1
Vol. 2 No. 2
October 15, 1968
December 13, 1968
Vol. 1 No. 15 August 15, 1968
September 1968
September 3, 1968
B
Vol. 2 No. 8
Vol. 2 No. 9
Vol. 2 No. 10
Vol. 2 No. 11
July 1969
November 1969
December 1969
February 1970
Vol. 1 No. 2
Vol. 1 No. 3
1970
1970
Vol. 1 No. 4 January 9, 1971
A
September 1972
April 1972
Vol. 1 No. 6
1971
1971
C
Vol. 1 No. 9
Vol. 1 No. 8
Vol. 1 No. 5
Vol. 1 No. 10
Vol. 1 No. 11
February 1973
1973 B
Vol. 1 No. 12 September 1973 A
Vol. 2 No. 2
Vol. 2 No. 3
Vol. 2 No. 4
Vol. 2 No. 5
Vol. 2 No. 6
1974
August 1974
January 1975
1975
1975
A
A
A
A
Vol. 3 No. 2 1977  11
ACTION, AGENCY, AND MOVEMENT
See
15 See
28
for caption
53
for caption
National Chicano Moratorium Against the Vietnam War, Whittier Blvd., East L.A. August 29, 1970 Joe Razo Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo and Raul Ruiz B4F4C4_JR-RR_024
16 See
17
Teatro Campesino in the streets of East L.A. Circa 1971 Raul Ruiz
for caption
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F3C7_RR_002
17
“Brown and Proud” activists at the National Chicano Moratorium, Whittier Blvd., East L.A. August 29, 1970 Joe Razo
Católicos Por La Raza (CPLR) members Ricardo Cruz (center) and Pedro Arias (right), burn their baptismal certificates in protest against the Catholic Church, St. Basil’s Church September 13, 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B3F3C38_MB_010 12
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo and Raul Ruiz B4F4C4_JR-RR_001
18
The La Raza Unida Party marches in support of political candidates running for city office Circa 1974 Maria Marquez-Sanchez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F4aF8_MM_024
19
Santa Barbara Brown Berets at the National Chicano Moratorium, Whittier Blvd., East L.A.
24
Circa 1972 La Raza staff
August 29, 1970 Joe Razo
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F7S1_N098
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B4F4C1_JR_003
20
21
Father John Luce of the Church of the Epiphany in Lincoln Heights during the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
25
1971 Daniel Zapata
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B4F4C1_JR_005
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Daniel Zapata B6F3aF7_DZ_001
Campesinos rally in Zócalo Plaza, Mexico City
26
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B11F14S3_N013
Demonstration against the Vietnam War in front of St. Basil’s Catholic Church on Wilshire Blvd. Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Chicanos confront deputies from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department during the storming of Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A.
Reverend Vahac Mardirosian, Chairman of the Educational Issues Coordinating Committee (EICC), and student leaders march in support of Lincoln High School teacher Sal Castro 1968 Luis C. Garza Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B1F6C2_LG_010
27
Casa del Carnalismo marching at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B5F7C3_Staff_014
23
Young families join La Marcha de la Reconquista along a rural highway through Southern California
August 29, 1970 Joe Razo
Circa 1973 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
22
Veterans demonstrate against the Vietnam War in MacArthur Park
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F3C2_Staff_006
28
Joint demonstration against immigration raids and the Vietnam War, Wilshire Blvd.
August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B5F7C1_Staff_005
13
29
30
Mother and child lead a contingent of marchers down a rural highway during La Marcha de la Reconquista
34
1971 Daniel Zapata
August 29, 1970 Oscar Castillo
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Daniel Zapata B6F3aF4_DZ_030
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Oscar Castillo B4F3C7_OC_004
Troubador and United Farm Workers organizer Alfredo Figueroa (with guitar), Crusade for Justice leader Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez (center), and United Farm Workers of America co-founders Cesar Chavez (right) and Dolores Huerta (left) at a rally in Coachella
35
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B8F8C5_MB_010
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B1F2C2_Staff_009
36
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F4aF3_Staff_019
Circa 1972 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
32
33
Teatro Campesino on the campus of Cal State University–Los Angeles
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B9F8C1_LG_001
Brown Beret power salute in Sacramento during La Marcha de la Reconquista 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B6F3bF17_MB_019
Circa 1971 Luis C. Garza
Circa 1971 Luis C. Garza
14
37
Teatro Campesino performers
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B9F4C1_LG_016
Activists voice support for alleged airline hijacker Ricardo Chavez Ortiz Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Cesar Chavez (left) mobilizes activists at a United Farmworkers rally
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B8F8C4_MB_002
Community protesters picket Abraham Lincoln High School, Lincoln Heights Circa 1968 La Raza staff
1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
31
Mother and daughter marching down Whittier Blvd. at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
38
Observers during a United Farm Workers of America rally Circa 1971 Patricia Borjon-Lopez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B8F10C2_PB_007
39
40
41
42
La Marcha por la Justicia, Celia Luna Rodriguez (with mic) and Rosalío Muñoz (Chair of the National Chicano Moratorium Committee) at Belvedere Park, East L.A.
44
January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
Circa 1970 Pedro Arias
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC9_LG_031
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F9C2_PA_006
Chicana community leader speaks out at a rally protesting the police, with Brown Beret Jesse Ceballos (far left)
45
Raul Ruiz talking to students at Abraham Lincoln High School during the East L.A. Walkouts
Circa 1971 Raul Ruiz
Circa 1968 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B7F11C2_RR_024
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B1F6C1_Staff_002
A high school student jumps the fence outside Roosevelt High School to join the East L.A. Walkouts
46
Young marchers protest the forced sterilization of Latina women
1969 Devra Weber
Circa 1971 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Devra Weber B1F3C4_DW_029
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3S3_N023
Young marchers firing up the crowd at Mexican Independence Day parade, East L.A.
47
September 16, 1970 La Raza staff
Students from Lincoln High School during the East L.A. Walkouts 1968 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B2F5C1_Staff_015
La Raza Unida Party members marching past deputies from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F3C1_Staff_008
43
Demonstrators lobby for “Head Start” education—state-sponsored programs that promote school readiness for children ages 0 to 5—in their community
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B11F4C4_Staff_012
48
Young people from Florencia neighborhood at La Marcha por la Justicia, Belvedere Park, East L.A. January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC9_LG_025 15
49
50
51
Members of United Farm Workers of America marching in solidarity through farm fields
53
Circa 1973 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Circa 1972 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B8F15C2_MM_029
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F4C1_RR_031
Brown Berets in salute formation during the occupation of Catalina Island
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Chicanos de Longo, a contingent from Cal State University–Long Beach, at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
1972 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
August 29, 1970 Oscar Castillo
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B12F4C3_MM_011
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Oscar Castillo B4F3C9_OC_022
Protesting the anti-Latino policies of California Governor Ronald Reagan, Downtown L.A.
55
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B6F3bF4_PA_015
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B12F25C2_PB_029
Guillermo and Guillardo Sanchez, killed by the L.A. Police Department in a case of mistaken identity, are symbolically remembered at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
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La Marcha de la Reconquista on its way to Sacramento January 31,1971 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B6F3aF13_PA_024
August 29, 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F3C6_Staff_021
La Marcha de la Reconquista from Calexico to Sacramento 1971 Pedro Arias
Circa 1972 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
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Native Americans and Chicanos join together in an anti–Vietnam War demonstration, San Francisco
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Oscar “Zeta” Acosta addresses rally at La Marcha por la Justicia, Belvedere Park, East L.A. January 31, 1971 Patricia Borjon-Lopez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B6F2aC5_PB_004
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Onlookers at La Marcha por la Justicia rally in Belvedere Park, East L.A.
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January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC9_LG_033
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Student organizers including Conchita Thornton (second row, third from left) and Freddy Plank (first row, second from right)
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC10_LG_025
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Orange County high school students demand classes on Chicano and Black history
Circa 1968 Devra Weber
Circa 1970 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Devra Weber B1F3C3_DW_005
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B2F8C1_MM_002
Anti-war student protestors join La Marcha de la Reconquista, Sacramento
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1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B8F8C3_MB_007
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Chicanas with peace sign and Mexican flag at La Marcha por la Justicia, a rally protesting police brutality, Belvedere Park, East L.A.
Casa Blanca Brown Berets, La Marcha de la Reconquista rally at the State Capitol, Sacramento August 9, 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F3bF13_Staff_001
L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies regroup as demonstrators filter into the surrounding streets following the National Chicano Moratorium rally, Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A. August 29, 1970 Joe Razo Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B4F5C5_JR_005
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L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies and demonstrators during the confrontation in Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A. August 29, 1970 Joe Razo Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B4F5C3_JR_006
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SIGNS OF THE TIMES
A confrontation erupts between L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies and Chicana/os during the National Chicano Moratorium rally in Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A. August 29, 1970 Joe Razo Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B4F5C5_JR_011
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Abraham Lincoln High School students flee officers from the L.A. Police Department during the East L.A. Walkouts
Sheriff’s deputies assemble in front of Belvedere Middle School, East L.A. Circa 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Circa 1969 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aF14_MM_005
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B2F4C1_Staff_025
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Poetic messaging, La Marcha de la Reconquista 1971 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F3C7_RR_012
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Protestors outside the 42nd Academy Awards, Hollywood Circa 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F9C1_Staff_007
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Demanding equality for women, East L.A. Circa 1973 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3S3_N005
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Protesting alleged suicides among Chicano inmates, East L.A.
76
Circa 1971 Raul Ruiz
Circa 1973 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B7F7C5_RR_009
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3S3_N027
Bobby Verdugo protesting the high mortality rate for Chicanos in the Vietnam War outside the Armed Forces Induction Center, Downtown L.A.
77
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B13F5S1_N073
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B4F2C1_RR_009
¡Sin la mujer no hay lucha! Circa 1973 La Raza staff
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Activists calling for justice, East L.A. Circa 1973 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B6F2bF1_RR_014
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Activists demonstrate against unequal employment opportunities for minorities and women, East L.A.
Families with children march in the rain, Boyle Heights Circa 1973 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3C4_Staff_004
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Demonstrating against Mejian Chevrolet for workplace discrimination, East L.A. 1972 La Raza staff
September 16, 1969 Raul Ruiz
73
A mother and child protest together, Boyle Heights
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3S4_N019
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Demonstrators for a free Puerto Rico, National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F10C2_Staff_024
Circa 1972 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3S1_N021
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Demonstrators protest deportation policies Circa 1972 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F4S2_N030
The Wall That Cracked Open, mural by Willie Herrón III, located at 4125 City Terrace Dr., East L.A.
84
May 1, 1973 La Raza staff
1973 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B15F5S2_N006
The Wall That Cracked Open © W. F. Herrón III 1972. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B14F12S4_N006
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Protesting raids on undocumented immigrants
85
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B13F4S2_N017
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F5S2_N013
Protestors call for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon
86
Circa 1973 La Raza staff
Students and community activists protest President Richard Nixon’s administration Circa 1973 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B8F17C1_Staff_017
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University students protest antiimmigration policies on campus, Los Angeles Circa 1972 Pedro Arias
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B8F17C1_Staff_024
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Protesting against the Dixon Arnette Bill, which fined employers for hiring undocumented immigrants 1972 Pedro Arias
Circa 1972 Pedro Arias
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Protesting the Rodino Bill, which proposed reclassifying the hiring of undocumented immigrants as a felony, Downtown L.A.
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F5S2_N034
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Advocating for immigrant rights, Downtown L.A. Circa 1972 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F4S1_N022
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University students protest the arrest of Black civil rights activist Angela Davis for conspiracy to murder, stemming from her involvement in the 1970 armed takeover of a courtroom in Marin County, California. Davis, who was not present during the incident, was later acquitted. Circa 1971 La Raza staff
Demonstrators arrive at the Sacramento State Capitol, the end point of La Marcha de la Reconquista
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F7S1_N106
August 9, 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B6F3bF17_MB_022
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Protest calling for the release of Ricardo Chavez Ortiz, a Mexican immigrant and father of four who hijacked a flight from Albuquerque to Los Angeles in 1972 with an unloaded pistol. He demanded only that he be allowed to make a statement on his experiences with police brutality and racism in American society, making him an instant hero of the Chicano Movement.
91
Circa 1972 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B15F3S4_N027
92
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F11C2_Staff_005
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F4bC3_Staff_017
Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzalez, leader of the Denver Crusade for Justice, speaks in support of Los Tres del Barrio at Olvera Street, Downtown L.A Circa 1972 Pedro Arias
A mother’s plea outside the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Downtown L.A. Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Circa 1972 La Raza staff
89
Protestors call for the release of Los Tres del Barrio (Alberto Ortiz, Juan Ramon Fernandez, Rodolfo Pena Sanchez), charged with wounding a federal agent who they believed to be selling heroin, Downtown L.A.
93
Signage at the National Chicano Moratorium rally, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F2C1_RR_014
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B15F3S3_N015
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Brother and sister protesting against President Nixon’s war in Vietnam and the Watergate scandal
99
1972 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B15F14S1_N013
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Posters at La Raza’s City Terrace office announce the Bautismo de Fuego by Católicos Por La Raza and the National Chicano Moratorium demonstration in East L.A.
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Student activists at the Mexican embassy, Downtown L.A., protesting the Plaza de Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City 1968 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B11F10C1_PA_022
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Signage protesting police tactics Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B15F2S1_N023
January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
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A protestor at the Hollenbeck Police Station; behind her is Los Angeles Times reporter Ruben Salazar, who will become a victim of police violence following the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B7F10C1_Staff_010
Neighborhood youth lead La Marcha por la Justicia, Belvedere Park
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC9_LG_001
Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B3F6C1_Staff_021
Chicanas protest
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F46C4_Staff_020
1973 Pedro Arias
96
January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC9_LG_020
Protesters rally against the United States–backed coup in Chile, Downtown L.A.
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B15F11S1_N023
La Marcha por la Justicia, East L.A.
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Children holding signs at a demonstration against police brutality; at right is Richard Cruz, a leader of Católicos Por La Raza Circa 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F7C12_MB_009
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A rally in support of Native American rights, Downtown L.A. Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B5F10C1_Staff_035
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Supporting the American Indian Movement (AIM), Downtown L.A.
Political poster wars: Raul Ruiz, Richard Alatorre, Richard Martinez, and Charles Bono battle for elected office, East L.A.
Circa 1972 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F9S2_N006
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Signage promoting the concept of Aztlan, the Aztec homeland of legend, believed by many to be located in the American Southwest Circa 1971 La Raza staff
Circa 1972 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F23C1_Staff_016
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Circa 1973 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bF6_Staff_021
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A show of support for the occupation of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota by Native American activists, Downtown L.A.
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B8F8C2_MB_013
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Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F16C1_Staff_018
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F9S1_N019
Native Americans activists demonstrate support for the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee, Downtown L.A. 1973 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F9S2_N01
Children circulate petitions for a stop light in their neighborhood, Boyle Heights 1969 La Raza staff
Circa 1973 Pedro Arias
108
United Farm Workers of America gas station, Delano, California
111
Young Chicanos, or Chicanitos, strike a pose at Hicks Camp, a barrio in El Monte, prior to its demolition in 1972 Circa 1972 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B12F14C1_RR_009 23
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Graffiti signage at the Maravilla housing project, East L.A. 1972 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F6S9_N007
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Chicanita (a young Chicana)
A rallying call to students at Abraham Lincoln High School, Lincoln Heights
Circa 1971 La Raza staff
Circa 1969 Devra Weber
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F10C5_Staff_016
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Estrada Courts (Varrio Nuevo Estrada, also known as VNE), Boyle Heights January 21, 1982 Dean Musgrove
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Devra Weber B1F3C4_DW_025
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Dean Musgrove/Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Photograph Collection/Los Angeles Public Library
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Demonstrators from La Marcha de la Reconquista resting by a bus decorated with an image of Che Guevara and the placa (graffiti signature) of Eddie from the Eastside Wilmas, a gang based out of Wilmington, South L.A.
Circa 1969 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B1F3C5_Staff_018
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1971 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
La Marcha de la Reconquista bus decorated with placas (graffiti signatures) of marchers on its way to the State Capitol 1971 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B6F3bF5_PA_022
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UCLA graduate student Juan Gomez Quiñonez joins protest at Abraham Lincoln High School, Lincoln Heights Circa 1968 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B6F3bF3_PB_005
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Community protester “Shorty” (with raised fist) and U.S. Army veteran Alfredo Moncayo (left), Roosevelt High School, Boyle Heights
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B1F2C2_Staff_018
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Teenagers flirt during the East L.A. Walkouts Circa 1969 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B2F5C3_RR_016
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THE OTHER AND THE STATE
Students protesting police presence in Roosevelt High School, Boyle Heights Circa 1969 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B2F5C3_RR_001
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Chicanito (a young Chicano) demanding more than “token” education, East L.A.
August 29, 1970 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B4F9C1_PA_015
1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B2F7C1_Staff_004
L.A. County Sheriff’s deputies armed with shotguns and tear gas canisters advance on demonstrators at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
123
Deputy attacks demonstrator, East L.A. Circa 1970 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B4F29C1_PA_004
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Deputy with shotgun at the ready, National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bF9_Staff_017
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Students and deputies from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department face off at East L.A. College, Monterey Park Circa 1969 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B2F14C1_Staff_020
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Recruits from the L.A. Police Department training in Echo Park, Los Angeles
131
Circa 1970 Pedro Arias
L.A. Police officers observe a demonstration in MacArthur Park
132
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F5C1_RR_007
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B5F7C3_Staff_023
133 A riot squad from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department prepares to enter Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A. August 29, 1970 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B4F9C1_PA_016
129
L.A. Police officers at the Los Angeles Civic Center demonstration Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
128
Circa 1973 Maria Marquez-Sanchez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B11F14S2_N010
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B6F3bF6_PA_016
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Soldiers, Mexico City
Confrontation at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles; La Raza coeditor Raul Ruiz is pictured at left Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F11C2_Staff_008
Deputies from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B4F9C1_PA_014
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UCLA students observe officers from the L.A. Police Department entering campus Circa 1969 Luis C. Garza Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B2F11C3_LG_011
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Plainclothes police officers with cameras survey demonstrators at La Marcha por la Justicia, East L.A. 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bf9_Staff_002
Rooftop surveillance, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Downtown L.A.
L.A. County Sheriff’s deputy atop fire station No. 2, E. Cesar Chavez Ave., East L.A.
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
Circa 1971 Pedro Arias
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F11C1_Staff_021
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B4F9C1_PA_005
134
Deputies from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department form a skirmish line at Whittier Blvd. and Ford Ave., East L.A. January 31, 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bF10_Staff_022
L.A. Police Department surveillance at the Stanley Mosk Courthouse, Los Angeles Civic Center Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B3F5C2_RR_032
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L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies launch tear gas projectiles at demonstrators on Whittier Blvd., East L.A. January 31, 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aC12_MM_017
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L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies confront student protestors at East L.A. College, Monterey Park Circa 1969 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B2F14C1_Staff_022
137
Crowds filtering out of Laguna Park (Now Ruben F. Salazar Park) following the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. This is the last known image of Ruben Salazar (on the sidewalk, lower right).
L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies storm the crowds at the National Chicano Moratorium rally, Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A. August 29, 1970 Oscar Castillo
Courtesy of Ralph and Helen Arriola and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Ralph Arriola B4F3C12_RA_003
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Oscar Castillo B4F5C13_OC_007
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L.A. County Sheriff’s Department deputies on Whittier Blvd. during La Marcha por la Justicia, East L.A.
140
August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
January 31, 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bF10_Staff_006
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Chicano leader Miguel Garcia speaks with L.A. Police Department officers outside the Parker Center, Downtown L.A. Circa 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F2C1_MB_003
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L.A. County Sheriff’s deputies with guns drawn
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
141
Community observes L.A. County Sheriff’s deputies in firing position August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
142
L.A. County Sheriff’s deputies assume a firing position August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
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L.A. County Sheriff’s deputies surrounding the Silver Dollar Cafe
145
Aftermath of LA Marcha por la Justica, East L.A.
August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
January 31, 1971 La Raza Staff
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bF12_Staff_020
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Deputies from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department, Whittier Blvd., East L.A. January 31, 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aC12_MM_015
Contact sheet of photographs taken by Raul Ruiz at the Silver Dollar Cafe August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
147
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
L.A. Police Department officers guard a corner in Downtown L.A. Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F6S10_N002
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Circa 1973 Pedro Arias
Bail bonds agency engulfed in flames, East L.A.
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B12F22C1_PA_014
January 31, 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aC15_MM_022
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A patrol car from the L.A. County Sheriff’s Department on fire during the aftermath of the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
A woman outside the locked Economic and Youth Opportunities Agency exchanges glances with a police officer inside
149
A uniformed police officer and a detective observe a crowd at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Downtown L.A. Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F11C2_Staff_009
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz 29
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L.A. Police Department photographer Circa 1972 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
155
Circa 1969 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aF14_MM_037
151
Demonstrators and detectives, Abraham Lincoln High School, Lincoln Heights
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F5C1_RR_014
156
Circa 1968 La Raza staff
Undercover L.A. County Sheriff’s deputies observe demonstrators, East L.A.
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B3F4C17_LG_007
157
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B15F5S1_N005
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B4F9C3_MB_002
A police photographer at the Hollenbeck Police Station, East L.A.
158
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Oscar Castillo B4F3C7_OC_011
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B2F5C2_RR_006
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Plainclothes officers leaving the scene during the East L.A. Walkouts
L.A. Police Department surveillance team at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Oscar Castillo
Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz
154
L.A. Police Department photographer, Downtown L.A. Circa 1972 Pedro Arias
Circa 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
153
Three L.A. Police Department plainclothes officers atop the steps at Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Los Angeles Circa 1970 Luis C. Garza
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B2F4C1_Staff_012
152
L.A. Police Department plainclothes officers at Abraham Lincoln High School, Lincoln Heights
159
Undercover L.A. Police Department photographer in Downtown L.A.
Circa 1968 La Raza staff
Circa 1972 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B1F3C5_Staff_011
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F5C1_RR_011
THE BODY 160
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Luis Pingarrón shows stitches and bruises from police confrontation
Circa 1968 La Raza staff
Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B1F6C1_Staff_008
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B7F7C5_RR_013
161
Pedro Arias, wounded and bandaged La Raza photographer
166
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B12F24C1_PB_008
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F3bF15_Staff_021
Ando sangrando (I am bleeding), documentation of police violence
167
163
164
Young Chicano is arrested in Laguna Park (now Ruben F. Salazar Park), East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
Circa 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B17F6S1_N009
Alhambra city police handcuffing Jaime Ugarte 1972 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
162
Activist Mary Perez is roughly handled by school administrator, Lincoln Heights
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
Female victim of police violence
Jaime Ugarte is handcuffed and led away by undercover police as Pedro Arias (with camera) challenges Ugarte’s arrest
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
1972 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F3C15_Staff_004
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B12F24C1_PB_028
La Raza photographer documents police abuse Circa 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B7F9C5_Staff_008
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Arrested Chicano is dragged off by Sheriff’s deputies at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
31
170
171
La Raza staff member Jaime Ugarte being led away in handcuffs
176
1972 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
January 31, 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B12F24C1_PB_029
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aC12_MM_008
Excessive force in action at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
177
August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
178 La Raza staff member Jaime Ugarte being arrested by detectives
January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
179
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B6F2aC10_LG_027
175
At the morgue Circa 1970 Joe Razo Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B7F9C3_JR_008
32
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B10F4S2_N018
Gustav Montag, slain by the L.A. Sheriff’s Department, East L.A. January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
Clergymen lead protest against the Dixon Arnett bill 1971 Pedro Arias
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
174
César Chávez and Joan Baez attend a funeral service of a United Farm Workers of America member
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B8F15C1_MM_016
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B12F24C2_PA_028
Ando sangrando (I am bleeding)
January 31, 1971 Luis C. Garza
Circa 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
1972 Pedro Arias
173
Grieving at the body of Gustav Montag
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
172
Rest in peace, Gustav Montag, East L.A.
180
Family and friends attend funeral services for the Sanchez cousins 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F4C3_MB_024
181
182
183
Evening vigil protesting the killing of the Sanchez cousins
Circa 1973 Gilbert Lopez
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B7F5C6_PB_003
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Gilbert Lopez B8F12C1_GL_029
Whittier Blvd. up in smoke
me down,” East L.A.
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
January 31, 1971 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Dismembered mannequins on Whittier Blvd., East L.A.
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F2aC12_MM_025
189
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B4F4C9_RR_012
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B4F3C4_RR_004
190
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B9F4C1_LG_022
191
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Daniel Zapata B9F3C3_DZ_005
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
A jacket becomes a United Farm Workers of America billboard Circa 1973 Gilbert Lopez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Gilbert Lopez B8F12C2_GL_013
Calaveras, Teatro Campesino performers Circa 1971 Daniel Zapata
Cultural pride
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F2bF6_Staff_023
Calavera (skull) with tambourine; Teatro Campesino at a college campus Circa 1971 Luis C. Garza
Veterans observe the National Chicano Moratorium march, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
Scorched mannequin on Whittier Blvd., East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
186
Protestor taunts Sheriff’s deputies:
188 “You can beat me, but you can’t keep
August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo B4F4C1_JR_009
185
Youthful United Farm Workers of America supporter from Texas
1970 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
August 29, 1970 Joe Razo
184
187
192
Hilda Reyes Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of Raul Ruiz 33
PORTRAITS OF A COMMUNITY
195
Larry Haun, a liberation theology priest (left), and an unidentified priest lead communion outside the Civic Center, Downtown L.A. Circa 1969 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B3F5C1_RR_005
196
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
La Marcha por la Justicia demonstrators marching over the 60 Freeway at Belvedere Park, East L.A.
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B13F17S2_N002
January 31, 1971 Oscar Castillo Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Oscar Castillo B6F2aC2_OC_014
193
197
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B14F11S2_N064
Circa 1968 La Raza staff
194
198
Homies prepare to march
Veteran community activist Bert Corona (right) and Crusade for Justice Leader Corky Gonzalez (left) chat at U.S. Federal Courthouse in Downtown L.A. Circa 1969 Pedro Arias
Circa 1972 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B11F4S4_N030
Viejitos survey the neighborhood from the bus stop at Brooklyn Ave. and Soto St., Boyle Heights Circa 1972 Luis C. Garza
East L.A. Brown Berets Gracie Reyes (right, with beret), Andrea Sanchez (center), and Gloria Arellanes (left)
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B11F3S1_N005
Latina, Black, and Native American activists prepare to march
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B15F3S4_N006
199
Hair styling at a beauty school Circa 1970 Devra Weber Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Devra Weber B12F6C1_DW_001
34
El Teatro Popular de la Vida y Muerte
200 cast members
201
205
Circa 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Circa 1972 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B9F8C2_MB_002
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B12F4C1_MM_010
Chicanito dando bola (young man shining shoes), Downtown L.A.
206
Circa 1972 Luis C. Garza
Young couple displays image of Che Guevara at National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
207
208
204
The Santa Barbara Brown Berets at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
Hollenbeck Police Station protesters take a break Circa 1971 La Raza staff
Circa 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B3F6C1_Staff_013
Brown Berets at twilight marching at La Marcha de la Reconquista
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B5F6C1_Staff_014
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F10C2_Staff_020
Richard Cruz, leader of Católicos Por La Raza, on the steps of St. Basil’s Cathedral
Circa 1970 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
1971 La Raza staff
August 29, 1970 La Raza staff
203
Brown Beret women march in step
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B5F3C8_PB_018
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B14F11S2_N041
202
Geronimo Blanco of the East L.A. Brown Berets
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B7F10C1_Staff_019
209
Three Chicana United Farmworkers members picket in field Circa 1973 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B8F3C1_Staff_014
35
210
211
212
Mariachi troubadours lead La Marcha de la Reconquista
215
1971 Daniel Zapata
1971 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Daniel Zapata B6F3aF5_DZ_019
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F3C6_RR_012
Carnales (brothers), Pedro Arias (right) in solidarity with Ricardo Chavez Ortiz (left)
216
September 16, 1970 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F4aF2_Staff_005
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F10C7_Staff_009
Young couple embraces at Los Angeles’s Hall of Justice
217
United Farmworkers Union rally
Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
218
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B8F12C5_PA_014
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Gilbert Lopez B8F12C3_GL_002
1971 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B5F3C3_PA_025
36
César Chávez (center) with United Farm Workers of America members Circa 1970 Pedro Arias
Circa 1973 Gilbert Lopez
Young Marine and his girlfriend watch El Teatro Campesino’s performance of “El Soldado Razo” during La Marcha de la Reconquista
Mickey and Silvia de la Peña celebrate their marriage vows at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F2C1_Staff_028
214
Ruben Salazar and Gilbert Diaz are remembered at the Mexican Independence Day Parade, East L.A.
1972 La Raza staff photographers
Circa 1971 La Raza staff
213
La Raza staff member Alma Madrigal selling La Raza magazines at a rally
219
Gathering petition signatures for stoplight, Boyle Heights 1969 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F16C2_Staff_024
220
Teatro Chicano members (from right) Conchita Thornton, Lydia Lopez, Lupe Saavedra (director of Teatro), and an unidentified man, Denver, Colorado
225
August 29, 1970 Joe Razo
Circa 1969 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Joe Razo and Raul Ruiz B4F4C6_JR-RR_009
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B11F3S1_N074
226 221
Homeboys from the Maravilla housing project, alongside Brooklyn Avenue, gather to watch Mexican Independence Day Parade, East L.A.
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F3C1_Staff_018
227
La familia at the Mexican Indepen-
222 dence Day Parade, East L.A.
223
Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
228
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B8F12C8_Staff_012
Circa 1971 Pedro Arias
224
Brown Berets at the El Camino Real monument, Boyle Height including Brown Beret leader David Sanchez (second row, third from the left) Circa 1971 La Raza staff
Compañeros; La Raza staff member John Orona (in black shirt) Circa 1973 La Raza staff
Activists at La Marcha de la Reconquista
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B8F18C3_PA_016
Homeboys, Aliso Village / Pico Gardens housing projects, Boyle Heights, East L.A. 1972 Luis C. Garza
September 16, 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F3C1_Staff_017
Familias gather at the Mexican Independence Day Parade, corner of Gage and Brooklyn Aves., East L.A. September 16, 1970 La Raza staff
September 16, 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B14F11S4_N050
Las comadres at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A.
229
La Raza co-editor and La Raza Unida Party candidate Raul Ruiz takes a break Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B14F6S3_N026
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B14F7S1_N009 47
230
Sueño, blind man dreams at Whittier Blvd. bus stop, East L.A.
236
1972 Luis C. Garza
231
Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
September 16, 1969 La Raza staff
Joan Baez sings at a rally for the United Farmworkers of America Union
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F2C4_Staff_017
Circa 1972 Patricia Borjon-Lopez Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B8F10C1_PB_018
232
237
Teatro Campesino director Luis Valdez (foreground) and his brother, Daniel Valdez
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza and Raul Ruiz B9F9C9_LG-RR_019
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B4F2C2_Staff_005
238
239
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B8F18C4_PA_010
234
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B14F11S2_N092
235
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F4C5_MB_002 48
240
An Injured Chicano Circa 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Joyeria mexicana, store merchants on Broadway, Downtown L.A. 1975 Luis C. Garza Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
Evening vigil at L.A. Police Department, Parker Center Circa 1971 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Circa 1974 Luis C. Garza
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F7C13_MB_007
Jefito in Skid Row, Los Angeles Circa 1970 Luis C. Garza
Raza Gothic
Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
Concertgoer at a Joan Baez concert Circa 1972 Pedro Arias
Former UCLA Student Body President Rosalío Muñoz preparing to refuse induction to the Armed Forces, Downtown L.A. September 16, 1969 La Raza staff
Circa 1970 Luis C. Garza
233
U.S. Navy veteran and UCLA student Al Juárez protests the war outside the Armed Forces Induction Center, Downtown L.A.
241
“Say, girl,” Skid Row 1974 Luis C. Garza Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
242
Campesina Circa 1968 La Raza staff
248
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B8F14C2_Staff_007
243
Circa 1969 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B1F10C1_RR_026
Police officer, Downtown L.A. Circa 1971 Raul Ruiz
249
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B1F11C3_RR_013
244
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B14F11S7_N014
250
Courtesy of Luis C. Garza
245
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F2C1_RR_033
246
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Daniel Zapata B15F2S2_N001
247
251
Teatro Popular de la Vida y Muerte perform
Circa 1969 Devra Weber
Young supporters rally on behalf of Ricardo Chavez Ortiz La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F4aF6_Staff_020
Stylish young Chicanos pose outside the La Raza City Terrace office Circa 1973 Daniel Zapata
“V” for victory
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Devra Weber B2F13C1_DW_032
Brown Beret member at a rally Circa 1971 Raul Ruiz
Children at Aliso Village / Pico Gardens housing projects, Boyle Heights 1972 Luis C. Garza
Palante, Young Lords Party member spreads the word, South Bronx, New York City 1971 Luis C. Garza
Education activists Rev. Vahac Mardirosian (left front) and Luis Garza (far right) attend an L.A. Unified School Board meeting
252
Sisters hanging out at the park Circa 1970 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B7F16C2_PA_013
Circa 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr. Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B9F8C2_MB_036
49
253
254
Chicanita at a bus stop with schoolbook, East L.A.
258
Circa 1972 Luis C. Garza
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Luis C. Garza B14F11S2_N008
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F16C2_Staff_014
Larry Haun, former priest and Católicos Por La Raza member, with his son
259
Circa 1970 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
260 Niña madre, Mexico
261
Circa 1970 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
50
Chicano youths
Chicanito behind a schoolyard fence Circa 1972 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F6S16_N016
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B6F4aF8_MM_028
257
Young activists protest at Hollenbeck Police station
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B732C2_Staff_005
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Maria Marquez-Sanchez B14F5S3_N024
256
Circa 1971 Pedro Arias
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
Circa 1973 Maria Marquez-Sanchez
Daddy and me
Chicanitos at the park
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B6F3aF8_PA_009
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B7F7C12_MB_031
255
Young friends hang out at a Pico Gardens street corner, Boyle Heights
262
Young activists picket a Newberry’s department store, East L.A.
Circa 1972 Manuel G. Barrera Jr.
Circa 1970 Pedro Arias
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Manuel G. Barrera Jr. B4F9C7_MB_004
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B2F6C3_PA_019
263
Chicanita protesting unfair labor practices at Mejian Chevrolet car dealership, East L.A.
268
Circa 1970 La Raza staff
Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B12F10C1_Staff_034
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B13F5S1_N019
264
265
Young charros at the Mexican Independence Day Parade
269
May–July 1968 Maria Varela
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B11F3S1_N074
© Maria Varela Photography
270
Circa 1972 La Raza staff
Young La Raza subscribers
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Patricia Borjon-Lopez B6F2aC5_PB_001
271
Circa 1969 Fred Lopez
Chicanito follows his neighborhood’s contingent at the National Chicano Moratorium, East L.A. August 29, 1970 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B6F3bF16_Staff_015
Children with poster naming and exposing Chicano undercover cops 1971 Patricia Borjon-Lopez
Exhausted child activist
Young teatro performers Circa 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Raul Ruiz B5F2C1_RR_010
Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Fred Lopez B4F8C2_FL_029
267
A young Chicanita hawks La Raza newspapers at the Poor People’s Campaign, Washington, D.C.
September 16, 1970 La Raza staff
Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B7F8C2_Staff_020
266
Young boy attends a rally at Los Angeles Coliseum
272
Father and son march together August 29, 1970 Raul Ruiz Courtesy of Raul Ruiz
273
Young feminist calling for equality for women Circa 1971 La Raza staff Courtesy of the photographers and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © La Raza staff photographers B16F3S2_N026
51
LIGHTBOXES
Viva La Revolución
See
165
for caption
See
149
for caption
Circa 1968 Pedro Arias Courtesy of the photographer and the UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, © Pedro Arias B12F26C1_PA_026
52
See
39
for caption
See
279
for caption
 53
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