Avril Bennie Dissertation 2012-13

AVRIL BENNIE 080002485/1 MODULE HT30006 : 2012/13 YEAR 3: SEMESTER 2 DISSERTATION

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“A house is a home, a street is a walkway to communicating and a village is a link to your history.�

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A Bennie (Authors own), 2012

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CONTENT

Preface (including proposal & question)

Page 4

Historic Introduction of Thornhill

Page 5

History & Mapping

Page 8

Diagrams of Research: Scotland in Relation to Thornhill Detail Study & Architecture

Page 14 Page 22

Diagram of Research for the Village of Thornhill

Page 27

Diagrams of Research using Kevin Lynch’s Theory

Page 38

Diagram Study of Morphology

Page 43

Individual Feud Plot

Page 52

Diagram Research for Plot 36, Thornhill

Page 56

Conclusion

Page 61

Bibliography

Page 64

Appendix

Page 71

Appendix A

(Figures)

Page 73

Appendix B

(Kevin Lynch Theory)

Page 78

Appendix C

(Listed Buildings Information)

Page 79

Appendix D

(Questionnaire 1)

Page 80

Appendix E

(Questionnaire 2)

Page 94

Appendix F

(Questionnaire 3)

Page 99

Appendix G

(Questionnaire 4)

Page 104

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PREFACE Space may be considered at different scales. In this study, space is examined in four categories: 1.

Scale comparison

2. Growth comparison (over time) 3. Spatial sequence 4. Analysis This method demonstrates the connection between a place and its relevance in society in the context of rural landscape.

Examination at different scales helps identify the true origins of Thornhill and the connections and developments the village has had with both its surrounding and immediate context.

Four scales in particular are used: 1.

History & Mapping – 1:100,000 (Country)

2. Detailed Study & Architecture of the Village – 1:5000 (County/Village) 3. Street Relation with Plot 36 – 1:500 (Street) 4. Individual Feud Plot - 1.100 (Plot) Each scale study is shown at different stages within the village’s historical development. Thus a clear transition can be seen between the scales in relation to the morphology and form of Thornhill.

Thornhill is a village located in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the earliest recorded unchanged urban developments in the area. By developing an interest to find out why it was unchanged when Stirling was subject to grand planning schemes, therefore it comes under evaluation throughout this study.

It is seen to be an area of importance and by the end of this year it is becoming a listed village (January 2014). Hence the research into the development of the village (urban grain and vernacular qualities etc) and why it is unchanged and how these implications changed the area in today’s urban landscape.

By having access to a live project the ability to research in depth the architectural design of Thornhill. By looking into the history of the village, (urban grain, morphology, topography etc) and the un-known architects of the time who influenced the villages design development.

Therefore an understanding of why it is such an area of importance and why it has become a conservation/listed area allows for the knowledge of what factors need to be kept, so the essence of the area keeps true to its design origin.

Discuss Thornhill and its relevance in today’s society.

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HISTORIC INTRODUCTION OF THORNHILL

“The name “Thornhill” derives from the thorn covered ridge on which the village was established” – (Stirling Council, Thornhill Character Appraisal 2012) Thornhill is strategically located at the crossing points of two ancients’ routes which originate from the Highlands going south to crossing points on the River Forth. The River Forth is a route that runs northsouth which crosses the River Bridge of Frew (which runs north-west to Stirling Bridge beyond the former Royal Burgh.)These routes lie between difficult marsh lands north of the River Forth, also known as Flanders Moss. Smaller water courses delineated the area of Thornhill (The Boquhapple Burn to the west, and The Cessintully Burn to the east) which run into The Goodie Water, south of the village. The earliest records refer to this area as the ‘Lands of Thom’ during its purchase by Sir Walter Menteith.

The village of Thornhill derived from the grant of the ‘lands of Goodies’ to Robert Norrie in 1482 by King James II and being close to the ferm toun of Norriestoun also known as Norrieston. (Stirling Council, 2012) Norrieston lies in the easternmost boundary of the village. The ferm toun of Norriestoun (also known as the Lands of Ester Boquhaple and Knowehead) was well established by 1580. Little Norrieston and Norrieston Farm are thought to mark its original site. Adair’s late 17th century map indicates a settlement (or a gentleman’s house), and the second of three churches at “Noristoun”, the ecclesiastical centre for this isolated western edge of the Parish of Kincardine-in-Menteith, built from 1652.

Due to Thornhill’s topography and being raised ground above Flanders Moss, the ‘Lands of Tom’ and part of the estate of Kings Boquhapple from Archibald Edmonstone in 1617”, were purchased by the Napier family. The village was founded by John Napier’s great-grandson following an Act of Parliament in 1695, which permitted Archibald Napier to hold four fairs per year and a weekly market...at the Toun of King’s Balquhaple... The following year fifteen feuars of land were granted. Thus, establishing the beginnings of the village, of Thornhill.

“As its site he [Archibald Napier] selected the gently rising ridge running westwards from his eastern boundary just west of the Norriestoun Church. The street of this new settlement was to run with a rise of about 25 feet east-west along the crest of the ridge, and with a standard frontage of 21 ells (some 65 feet) and plot length of 66 ells (some 203 feet), though in the event half and one-and-a half frontages were also permitted.”

(Dixon, 1995, 76)

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These fifteen feuars helped bind the character of Thornhill. Fourteen were to be fronting the new high street (Main Street) and one larger plot across the eastern boundary. There is no original feu plan, the original feu plots (runrigs) are clearly visible in the street frontages and plot boundaries.

The establishment of Thornhill predates the ‘new planned towns and villages of mid 18th century’. Over 120 settlements are estimated to have been established throughout Scotland post 1700. (Stirling Council, 2012) Of planned villages in the Stirling district only Buchlyvie (1672) is earlier than Thornhill, with others being established in 18th century. These included Gartmore (1725), Buchany (1728), Callander (1739). Thornhill was established to provide Napier’s estate with an economic heart; however, it coincided with a very difficult and impoverished period in Scotland’s history just prior to its Union with England (1707), namely the “ill years”, known for consecutive bad winters which led to crop failure and famine. Equally the nation’s financial difficulties add to this following the failure to the Darien Project.

In 1705, Napier’s estate of King’s Boquhapple, including Thornhill, was sold to George Drummond of Blair Drummond. Little expansion occurred in the first half of the 18th century, with a total of 27 feuars by 1754 (Dixon, 1995). Roy’s map dating from the early 1750s illustrates the village with a number of buildings constructed along Main Street.

The village grew westward from the first feu plots to the crossroads with the road to Callander, forming the long main street evident today. Beyond Main Street further expansion took place on The Hill, and to the south of this, Low Town was established as a weavers’ community in 1701 (Hood, 2000). The Community had its own school (now Thornhill Primary School) and water supply. The Old Statistical Account (OSA, 1791-99) notes that the expansion of Thornhill and Norrieston accounted for the population increase in the Kincardine Parish between 1730-50, and 1772 – 1790s.

The agricultural improvements of the later part of the 18 th century increased the population of the village and the surrounding lands. By the 1790s, approximately one third of the parish (626 of 2068) lived in the two villages of Thornhill and Norrieston (OSA, 1792-9). This continued development may be accounted for by geographic location.

The construction of a military road from Stirling to the fort at Inversnaid (from 1713) established Main Street as the principal thoroughfare. The new road would have increased trade through the settlement and Thornhill became an important stopping point for a variety of travellers; the last stopping place for military travelling south before the barracks at Stirling, a staging post for the coaches between Stirling and Dumbarton, evident in the stable building to the rear of the Crown Hotel (Hood 2000); and an alternative route for cattle drovers travelling to the Tryst in Falkirk. Two hostelries remain: the Crown, and the Lion and Unicorn formerly the Commercial.

One of the few industries in Thornhill was the tannery (the only trade listed in the OSA), sited on the road to Aberfoyle (formerly Tannaree, Shuttle Street) where a smiddy sat adjacent to the tannery manager’s house (Hood, 2000). More recently, Thornhill has been known for its agricultural engineers, with caravan and camping established in 1980s. Census returns from the second half of the 19 th century indicate a fall in population possibly subsequent to the general decline in rural industries and weaving,

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and a concentration of growth of towns which were served by the railways. Some later development appears to have occurred in the 20th century with new construction to the periphery of the settlement, and a small amount of building on original ‘gap sites’ or possible redevelopment of existing sites. A comparison of the 1st Edition ordnance Survey with a later 20th century aerial view illustrates the coherence of the 18th century built from and feud plots.

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HISTORY & MAPPING

“A map does not just chart, it unlocks and formulates meaning; it forms bridges between here and there, between disparate ideas that we did not know were previously connected.�

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Reif Larsen, The selected Works of T.S Spivet (Good Reads Inc., 2013)

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PLACEMENT OF RESEARCH - LOCATION

Europe United Kingdom Scotland Central Scotland Midland Valley Stirlingshire Thornhill Cottage 36 Fig 1 - (Google Maps 2013)

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Thornhill is the product of a dynamic interaction between several cultural components and the natural environment. Over the years this area has been greatly influenced by the product of trade; the coming and going, and the buying and selling. Thornhill is true to its’ original function and is dependent on its natural landscape to keep it as it is.

A large amount of agricultural land makes up much of the rural landscape; it is a by-product which is dependent on the natural world. Equally this may not be stable or sustainable in the long run. Thornhill shows that the simple connection has been kept by having none of the original routes, surrounding villages and water runs change indirectly. This slow progression can tell us that very little dramatic change has occurred.

It is the understanding of F.H.A Aalan that

“If either society or habitat changes, so inevitably must the landscape.

Hence the alteration between an individual and they’re habitat.”

(Atlas of the Irish Rural Landscape – 1997)

Fig 2 - (Thornhill Community Trust, 2013)

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Concentrated periods of transformation can be recognised within Thornhill, but most was gradual and partial. This is evident in the relationship between inherited fields and farm lands which were subject to severe social or environmental pressures. Therefore our landscape is not only a product of contemporary activities alone; it has heavily matured over a lengthy period of time.

The area is particularly successful for a number of reasons.

Firstly due to its typography, Thornhill is located within the Midland Valley Terrain of Scotland. (Jones, 2008) It naturally has links for trade due to the River Forth and the City of Stirling. The village is eleven miles west of Stirling. It stands along the summit of an elevated ridge, and overlooks a wide level plain to the south and southeast, known as the Carse Lands of the River Forth (a traditional east/west route from Dunblane to Aberfoyle.) This land, which was previously covered in peat, was cleared in the 18th century. The land to the west was never cleared and is now the protected area of Flanders Moss. On approach to the village the surrounding agricultural hinterland is evident. This is equally highlighted with the visual connection, south, over the Forth Valley. Thornhill has numerous areas of public space due to the north and south edges being enclosed by the Commons. This positioning of the Commons creates a buffer for the agricultural hinterland.

On a more local level, Thornhill is only six miles from Callander and the Lake of Menteith (the only Lake in Scotland.) Blair Drummond, to this day, still has a close relationship with the village via community council schemes which allow for the sale of local produce. This recognises a relationship with the landscape and inhabitants. (Thornhill, Community, 2012) Secondly, the village in its early stages had a population of only 400 when joined with Norristown. This has now increased to approximately 600 people, who are housed in 210 buildings and farms. During the early years, Thornhill was formally noted for the number of its whisky stills and public houses, but has of late years it has built up a reputation for its landscape and housing. (ElectricScotland.com, 2013) Thirdly, within the village there are four listed buildings of regional interest and four of local interest (RCAHMS, 2012). They are as follows: no. 29 and 31 - Public House, (known to be the smallest Masonic Pub in Scotland) no. 33 and 35 – Private Byre, no. 37- Shop, no. 39 – Hotel, 101 – Cottage large white building at the top of Kippen Street. (See Appendix C) Thornhill was originally in the detached section of the Kincardine parish, Perthshire. However, it is now listed under Norrieston Parish, Stirlingshire, and the west midlands county of Scotland. Stirlingshire

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consists of a main portion (city centre) and two detached sections located north/east. Thornhill is located within the East section, bordering on Perthshire.

Norrieston which was formally the governed by ‘Gabriel Norries of Norrieston’ (ElectricScotland.com, 2013) grant grounds for a church and church yard. It was to establish a specified district into a parish, but this was not so until 1878 when matters were fully settled. The present Parish church opened in March 1880 and is located under Norrieston Parish for the village. There is also at this point a United Free church, two halls, two hotels and two streets. This infrastructure in which Thornhill was developing was the binding elements to its continued success, and ability to be distilled from the greater planned developments which were put in place by the King. (Stirling Council, 2012) By having a simple purpose, Thornhill was able to keep that identity and be the only village locally to offer a working resource (trade and farming.) The commuters began to have a certain amount of familiarity with the place. A familiarity that allowed them to rest, repair, stock up and feel safe. The commuter was able to go about a semi-normal routine by having the facilities of the church, shop, byre, pub and hotel. The particular landscape of Thornhill allowed for the storage of goods and the ability to graze cattle. Due to the rich farmlands surrounding the village, resources of food and the means to survive were plentiful. This was the first village within the area to offer such points of relief when moving through Scotland, hence the popularity which secured the development of Thornhill.

It is well noted that the village is located at the crossing points of two ancient routes from the Highlands south to the crossing points on the River Forth. It is an interesting county for roads with a well research line of Roman roads and references to other possible Roman roads. (Euan Lindsay - Roman Scotland - SPOR, 2008) It was an important centre for the Picts and it can be assumed that there was a well established network of routes between their settlements. In the middle ages, various characters refer to roads and there are a number of early bridges that certainly exist in the middle ages, and one or two that are surmised to have been built by the Romans. (Scarf, The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2013) By the late middle ages there were important routes leading to Perth from other towns such as Edinburgh, Stirling and Aberdeen, and in the early 1170s Perthshire (where Thornhill was located under) was chosen by General Wade as a starting point for his network of military roads leading into the highlands. Further roads were built in Perthshire by his successor, Cauldfield. These military roads are still evident today and the main connection between places. (Roy, British Library Board, (17471755)) Scotland is well known for its ability to store water within its landscape. Peat lands are a type of wetland. It is where the peat has been deposit and can support vegetation and a habitat for growth. It is one of the most extensive semi-natural habitats in Scotland, covering just over 2 million hectares. It

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is approximately 25% of Scotland’s land area, which is a significant proportion of Europe’s stock.

Flanders Moss is the largest remaining area of lowland bog in Scotland. (Scotland's Enviroment , 2013) As previously stated it provides feeding and breeding habitats for birds and mammals. These types of wetlands also support a wider range of plan species but more important they provide grazing for livestock and the potential for flooding water storage equally the storing quantities of carbon from the peat land helps to sustain clean water. This all concludes the favoured choice in humans setting up settlements nearby. The land not only offers habitation, it provides the people with the means to feed and shelter animals and themselves. It acts like a fuel producing building materials (reed, rush, turves for roofs, and timber construction) and for food and warmth (peat and firewood). The human use of wetlands is closely linked to the biodiversity that has developed within a particular area, such as Thornhill.

Thornhill demographic socio-economic content shows that the population in rural areas on a whole is increasing (net migration). However an aging population is evident within the village. Many of the young adults leave for educational purposes and do not return (if at all) until they wish to bring up a family.

(See Appendix F) Area such as Thornhill are communities which have a stable economic growth however do not contribute greatly overall to Scotland’s growth. This for the future could be determental.

There is a lost link to how Thornhill use to benefit Scotland compared to now. It could be partially due to the labour market. Its participation rates are high within rural areas (equally that of self employed or un employment is low) although, this may be a sign of low skilled jobs. Thornhill practically excels because its need for rough grazing land use has never changed. However it is now becoming a common trait within Scotland due to the fall in need for agricultural lands. (The Scottish Government, 2013)

Fig 3 (Thornhill Community Trust, 2013)

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DIAGRAMS OF RESEARCH SCOTLAND IN RELATION TO THORNHILL

Thornhill as a place is in direct connection with its surrounding environment, but equally it connections go further afield to its country of state. Scotland for it is small is diversity and full of activity. Thornhill has the ability to tap into this diversity via the road networks, rivers, railways and public transport.

Due to Scotlands’ topography, a vast difference is seen in settlements over the years. This is because of the environment and infrastructure put in place at that time which is still needed in today's society.

The living environment offers up so much that Thornhill can work with. The ability to create industry from the peat/wet lands helps form a whole society and habitat unique to the village.

This unique quality was able to be distributed dependant on need or want of it. This flexibility is a crucial feature for Thornhills development.

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Fig 4

Fig 5

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DETAIL STUDY & ARCHITECTURE

“The street can be seen as hallways, city squares as public living rooms, and the surrounding urban fabric as walls to the room.”

Leon Battista Alberti, On the Art of Building in Ten Books- (The Genealogy of Cities - 2009)

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Pure examples of enclosed, linear, dispersed and disintegrated villages rarely exist. Typically, medieval settlements consisted of a combination of these 3 villages. A vital character of the village type was the linear garden located behind each dwelling; these gardens frequently amounted to a small farm and in many instances were approached from the nearby access lane. This can be seen within Thornhill’s makeup. The movement and trade of live stock play an important part in the life of the village. The plots are designed to house and store the temporary movement of livestock and tradesmen. Thornhill in its truest sense is a commuter’s village. Even though it is a predominately residential area, (and this is mainly due to the building style which was available when the village was developed) it is signified by the landmarks of ‘Norrieston Church’, marking the easterly entrance to the village, the ‘Blairboyle Masonic Hall’ at ‘Thornhill Cross’ at the west end of ‘Main Street’, the two historic public houses: ‘The Crown’ and ‘The Lion and Unicorn’ and the ‘War Memorial’.

Fig 18 (Stirling Council, 2012) Due to its simple alignment of plot structure and surrounding farmlands, a constant threshold and defined edge is still seen, the road acts solely to re-enforce this. By setting up a primary axial running north to south, and a secondary which is east to west, this creates the intersecting point at the Thornhill Crossroads. It acts like a hinge, once again, connecting elements. Thornhill is able to function and develop outward without any interference to what is already in place physically. Its sprawl will always be contained due to the Carse Lands and the Commons but is able to invite in from further a field. This contrast between a define edge and common thread which binds elements and places not of Thornhill, is the key factor to its success. It is plane to see the growth rings and strip plot formation. It has the

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means, like in its early years to be self efficient due to The Goodie Water being located South of the village and predominately from the River Forth as well as rich farm land due to the peat and wetlands which surround it. Its natural urban body is a characteristic which is appealing and shows how this environment is shaped by its landscape. Thornhills magnets are its public buildings. They are located up and down the main street giving mixed points of activity and relief. The proximity of each public building is always confronted with a private dwelling. This relation and scale benefits the architectural tradition of importance. Thornhill is prone to this due to its evident link to trade. Certain districts of the town house different architectural qualities. Such as: Norrieston has a mix of styles. Due to it being divided originally from Thornhill, this divide is still seen; equally the predominance of Norrieston farmsteading, house and church is felt.

Main Street, like Norrieston, sees a mix of vernacular cottages, two storey Georgian Buildings, Early Victorian Houses with extensions (particularly dormers). Most remodelling occurred in the late 19 th century.

The Hill & Low Town see a mix like its neighbouring districts however this area comes under the most current development of rural sprawl. Single and two storey buildings are seen. The two storey buildings are detached houses which do not conform to the original plot boundary and overall traditional form which is so uniquely seen within the village. The agricultural sector is now seen on the north/west road leading to Abberfoyle.

This analysis starts to form an argument which promotes an order and pre-planned urban moves. A very natural ordered progression. (Particularly with the village developing east to west: Norrieston, Main Street, The Hill, Low Town.)

With the village of Thornhill, the pure element of a linear settlement can be seen from the early establishment, however its morphology is more defined with its road network. This space brought about a structuring which resulted in neighbouring villages and Thornhill to have no dominating centre. The roads themselves, where the dominating feature, which leads to the conclusion that the street was the centre of activity. This activity was fuelled by the connection to Stirling which from the time of 1400’s to present day has been a political, economical and tourist hub which attracted many varieties of trade and means for living. The connection with Stirling meant that Thornhill could tap into its wealth and consequently flourish. Thornhill equally does this with Callander since it was a part of Stirling strategy to re-plan new

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villages. Thornhill was left as it was the hinge between three main villages (Callander, Doune and Dunblane). Its purpose was for Thornhill to be a joining piece of a larger scaled puzzle.

The main street in Thornhill was always a connection piece. This is seen with the merging of ‘Norrie Toun’ and ‘The Lands of Tom’ to make Thornhill. This edge condition (of two separate entities brought together) has always been reinforced with the military roads and the development of the feud plots to the cross.

The Military roads were constructed to give easy access into the Highlands, in case of further Jacobite insurrection. As previously stated, the first line of roads was under the authority of General Wade. A road which is still evident today is the A9 which runs from Dunkeld (which was accessible by existing roads) up to Blair Athol and beyond. This road then became a connection to Crieff from Dalnacardoch, through Amulree and Aberfeldy, crossing the Tay Bridge (which later was improved southwards to Stirling). Many people saw the Tay Bridge at that point as an extension to the network made by the Romans. An equally important route was the road from Aberfoyle over to Invernaid on the east side of Loch Lomond. (Old Roads of Scotland , 2004) This main route was put in to discourage cattle theft which was a regular affair. Hence why the safe reputation of Thornhill was so important for its image of trade. The main advantage within the village was the ability to see your cattle/goods. It is a common feature within the village that the buildings do not go any higher than two storeys. Most are one or a story and a half due to class in society and giving this visual aid. The idea that the landowners could look down into the settlement and over see the villager’s daily routines. On a practical level, construction of the feud cottages would be difficult to go any higher due to material and labour/machinery.

Wade’s successor, Cauldfield implemented more transportation links for the military, however they were not always exclusively for the military. Many were for the county, and the idea of opening up trade of the country. This would see many existing roads being linked into this established network. Such roads ran from Stirling by Callander to Crianlarich and Tyndrum (running through Thornhill.) Another established network ran from Couper-Angus and Blairgowrie up to Braemar and Corgraff. There was also a link route between Coupar – Angus, Dunkeld and Amulree. (Old Roads of Scotland , 2004) However, many of these routes were not suitable for wheeled traffic and the need for improvement was great. This still seems to be a common factor in today’s society surrounding Thornhill. (See Appendix D) Roads however were not the only means of industry; a large number of ferries over the Tay, Earn, Isla, Tummell and the Forth were being established. The roads seemed to aid the ease in supplying goods from a distance. This equally helped with the weavers industry in Thornhill in allowing them to export.

Wool was sent to Bannockburn, Glasgow and Liverpool, and bought by the carpet manufacturers. The local tannery and smithy on the other hand benefited from the foot fall of these new routes and boosted economy within the settlement. Callander, which is a neighbouring village of Thornhill, provides evidence of how the water which surrounded the district, aided travel. It has a Gaelic name “Calladh”, signifying a

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ferry, and said to be, the way leading to the ferry, by which is meant the ferry across the River Teath, a little below the place where the present bridge stands. (Old Roads of Scotland , 2004) Thornhill was, at this time, affected by the export of peat. The Carse Land shows where the peat in the 18th century was dug out and how Flanders Moss, is preserved and a habitat for the landscape. The cutting away of the peat was a time-consuming business and it was more feasible to bring the coal in from Bannockburn in Fife or Alloa rather than the Tay. Thornhill was always centred on its monthly fairs and ability to trade. The stability of having market fairs, or ‘Merket Crosses’, were the governing points of interaction between the different settlements. The closest Market Cross to Thornhill is located in Doune, which would cover the area between Callander and Dunblane. (ElectricScotland.com, 2013) Many of these fairs had been long established, such as the major cattle trysts at Crieff which had moved to Falkirk in the mid 1700’s, making it more accessible to the towns’ folk of Thornhill. Unlike the other villages at that time, Thornhill had two hotels which could cope with travellers. Travelling through Scotland was a traitorous journey for the individual seeking trade.

However this was not the only worry. A recorded reference stated by Monzi says that some people from the Highlands on their way to Crieff used, “to enter the houses of the country people, take

unceremonious possession of their firesides and beds, carry off the potatoes from their fields or gardens, and sometimes even the blankets, which had afforded them a temporary covering for the night.” (Old Roads of Scotland , 2004) This caused the expansion of industrial districts within Thornhill (Low Town – becoming a weaver’s community), additional bedroom quarters for board houses/cottages and the infill of doors on Main Street is seen. This was so more control could be gained over who was granted access to a certain plot and its owner’s possessions.

Thornhill was at a strong point in being able to connect with Callander for its five fairs a year, this was also apparent in Doune for the cattle market. The slight disadvantage was that the coal and lime was 16 miles away, and in the district Comrie, which still needed a route from Callander to Thornhill, additionally the Bridge of Frews was to be put in.

It is interesting to note that a line of the Stewarts Clan – The Annat family, lived around the neighbouring villages of Thornhill. This particular Annat family lived in Noriston near Thornhill in the Port of Menteith parish. Very little is known about this family, expect that they lived where the Mill is now located. The Norrieston Stewarts are presented in the Stewarts of the South as follows-:

‘Archibald Stewart in Noriston, near Thornhill. Noriston was part of the estate of Nori, Down parish.

Nori, once a great name in that country is now almost extinct except a few about Carron water.

Noristown, a purchase of Earl of Murray.’

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1.

Archibald’s son lives at Kinross in middling circumstances. He deals much in horses and has a family of sons.

Alexander Steward, 1st Laird of Annat was a nephew of Alexander Stewart, 1 st of Ardvorlich, by Ardvorlich’s brother John Stewart. Alexander Stewart of Annat was the patriarch of the Stewarts of Annat, Ballachallan and Craigtoun, Perthshire, Scotland. He purchased the lands of Annat in Doune (Kilmadock) Parish in 1621 from James Muschet of Burnbank. The Annat lands were later sold to the Stewarts of Ballachallan, also in Doune (Kilmadock) Parish, and by the early 18 th century this estate had been completely broken up among the larger neighbouring estates. By 1820 the principle line of the Stewarts of Annat were no more, although the Stewarts of Rait were styling themselves as “of Annat” at the time.

(Ryk Brown & Chuck Speed, 2010) It is clear to see that Thornhill is a product of buying and selling itself and has had several landlords over its time governing the area. Starting with Robert Norrie (1482), Kings Boquhapple from Archibald Edmonstone (1617), John Napier - Archibald Napier (1695), George Drummond of Blair Drummond (1705), Archibald Stewart – Annat Family which were a family from the 1621 – 1820 that were evident in buying land in the surrounding area, until it became self governed with insertions from the Parish at that time in late 1800’s. Present day identifies with the locals and Stirling Council working together to preserve the area.

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DIAGRAMS OF RESEARCH FOR THE VILLAGE OF THORNHILL

The area has been split into four main areas (the fourth being due to late development of the area “Doig Street”, which is not in keeping with the original plot formation.) Each area has a distinct purpose but all link to the street (Main Street in particular.) Within Thornhill the road is a vital network, but the true origin of the place is also factored in. Both elements are key throughout the villages’ development. All aspects of the development are taken from the landscape. It is clear to see the slow change and the areas which are un-altered. This is how Thornhill has greatened; it has secured Thornhills infrastructure and ability to work. It will be apparent that it keeps working throughout many years of development. This development will mainly be which surrounded the village.

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Fig 19

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DIAGRAMS OF RESEARCH USING KEVIN LYNCH’S THEORY

See Appendix B (Lynch, 1977)

Thornhill has many key features, district, edge, landmark and path.

Its defined path and edge which is repeatedly seen, heightened by the landmarks, are all central, it is the only feature which creates activity but it is enough to make it work. The urban development at the bottom of The Hill and Low Town, “Doig Street”, is a development of the current era. Thornhill has been subject to this throughout its lifetime and will continue to be so. The villagers find this development to be unsuccessful but Thornhill has seen adaptations of Victorian dormers, Georgian houses within what is simply a vernacular village. (See Appendix G) The architects were the people, the villagers themselves; they still are on a level. They will decide the history and the future of the place. They are developing for their time which is not unlike the Main Street development. It too needs the axis of the road to bind it; the route from Callander to Kippen is the main feature, which in turn links to the cross roads and Main Street (the crossover of the two (street) axial.) Each area is ever dependant on the next area to make it work within its given threshold and boundary landscape.

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Fig 29

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Fig 30

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Fig 31

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Fig 32

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DIAGRAM STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY – THORNHILL VILLAGE

“Movement” signifies the whole attitude of Thornhills architecture. Even though it perceives a ‘sleepy old town’ which has not fully evolved into today’s society; it has quite the opposite effect.(See Appendix F) It is the constant feature in society, a living from which is informed by the change that surrounds it. All Thornhills development has occurred outwards and evolved inwards over time i.e. Norrieston merging into Thornhill, the different estates owner ships and the road networks.

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Fig 33

45

Fig 34

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Fig 35

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Fig 36

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Fig 37

49

Fig 38

50

Fig 39

51

Fig 40

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INDIVIDUAL FEUD PLOT

“If, as the philosophers maintain, the city is like some large house, and the house is in turn like some small city, cannot the various parts of the house, be considered miniature buildings?�

-

Leon Battista Alberti, On the Art of Building in Ten Books - (The Genealogy of Cities - 2009)

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The village of Thornhill is an early example of a feud village. It predates the mid 18 th century movement for new planned towns and villages in Scotland. This ‘new planned’ village is seen within Callander.

The feud plots were founded by Archibald Napier in 1696, therefore making Thornhill the second oldest ‘planned village within the area.

It is very evident from the linear format, in which the village was established 300 years ago. The road side cottages are the binding element of the Main Street, acting on an axel which then extends west along the Hill and Low Town. Thornhill is also partial to coherent groupings of vernacular cottages and traditional houses dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. This is primarily due to the buying and selling of lands and the culture coming through trade once the roads and neighbouring villages were more established. (RCAHMS, 2012) Thornhill settling allows for extended views over the open green space. The public buildings within Thornhill act like markers for moving around, allowing for one to establish a means to where they are.

The build up of the street is due to the placement of 14 feud plots; the 15th was a larger predominant building which sits at the cross roads. This re-enforces its ownership over the other buildings. Equally through the farm steading which housed the landlords were pulled away from the main street as to have no connection with the daily activity.

The main street comprised of narrow plots which elongate themselves towards the Commons which envelope around the site of Thornhill. The plots often two/three bays wide build directly on to the street leaving only a minimum distance for pedestrian routes, however when first being established the lane (road) between the houses, was both street and road, and this is still evident today. This connection between the static buildings flowed straight into the moving street. The idea that the goods of a trade were being made within the building were sold out in the ‘travelling’ street. The buildings are in a continuous form stepping up the landscape to the hill. This is extenuated in the pitch roofs which was a common feature with a slate finish. All cottages seem to have short gable chimneys with traditional cans, some which are flat skews dependant if they are the last in the row.

Extensions are nothing new; it is an intervention of what is and what is to be applied. Many of the plots are seen to have Victorian dormers, generally canted bays with pitched roofs. Due to the time that it took to construct the plots, the development in materials from distant areas was becoming more readily available. Thus a collection of wall construction in various natural stone, or traditionally harled, is seen.

However, due to wear and tear the plots have now been rendered, smooth, lined out, or roughcast with a variety of finishes. Such as lightly coloured which is not an original feature (most are white/some brightly coloured). This is equally seen with the sash and case windows (some surviving with a variety of astragal patterns) and door finishing which have narrow lay lights above. (BBC, 1989) It is also stated that the vulnerability of each plot in today's society, is due to change and loss of traditional building fabric, including original windows, doors, roofscape and chimneys which fall into disrepair. There is also a pressure for urban development which would mean losing the integrity of the linear form and pure line of the main street and its feud cottages. Equally, this would mean the erosion

54

of the character to the place which has been so vital to the communication between neighbouring villages. The essence of introducing a building which would be higher than its context would affect key views. The idea of the environment changing and thus the living, but in this case it would be the other way around. Change of living means change of environment. Therefore why should you protect what was if it is not necessary? Is it for history? Emotional value? Connection to the place?

This state of living within the village has only become apparent as the village wants to expand to keep economy and youth within Thornhill. That the stocking of livestock is no longer common feature of the daily routine of the village, but taking the kids to school is. (See Appendix E) Travelling out of Thornhill for work is a daily routine. Only at weekends do the locals enjoy the garden space which used to house the cattle. Equally, the locals do not need the peat and moss as much to live off of; rather they preserve and take enjoyment from the landscape rather than work it. (Thornhill Community Trust, 2013) Fig 41 shows the development of Plot 36. It starts off simple with a practical incentive to its design of housing both the animals and people. The key move design moves it to focus a room orientation around a fire (place). This trend leads to a conclusion, which is still relevant in today’s society, that the source of fuel means survival. As the plan develops the centralisation is lost due to advancements in industry and the need for storage with outhouses and sanitary facilities being put in place. This advancement is heightened with the introduction of standardised stairs for the attic and kitchen quarters. Modern day trends are seen within the detail of the conservatory and extension which are result of economy and the need for property status. All these advancements were put in place to better the individual who owned the plot. The landscape directly behind and in front had a conscious hand in how the room placement within was established. Due to the plot being contained to its original four walls, only the introduction of spaces which folded out into the garden space, to the rear, was acceptable. This development to lose space from the garden, with extensions, is only seen in the late 1900 – 2013 as the demand in grazing animals directly on property boundaries was not desirable. The trade of such likes had moved on to be housed in larger premises where mass production would occur. Thornhill values a small production line of farm machinery parts but not to the same scale as its previous history. Its small buildings are only able to accommodate small trade (which before was all that was necessary) which on a local/rural infrastructure is suitable. The small buildings still find resourcefulness from the road by either the inhabitants commuting themselves to work or having travellers/tourist stop and spend within their village (source of income.)

Fig 42 shows how the street and the plot have developed over time.

It is apparent that the street is un-changed (part from maintenance) and that the plot it’s self has undergone the change with each owners stamping their needs onto the site, adapting it for their purpose.

Fig 43 shows difference between the existing and introduction of extensions over time. The front elevation stays true to its origin; the visual appearance is in keeping with a vernacular door and key

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stones (2, 3). The level change and build up of the overall elevation is seen with the neighbouring cottage and listed shop building being placed in a step formation (1). This is mainly due to the landscape and building style at this time to accommodate the ridge slope of Thornhill. It was much easier to construct stone work on a raised platform (levelled out earth), as this gave needed stability due to the building having no foundations. Equally, the wind damage would be minimal, and a certain amount of relief was given by channelling the wind down the roof tops/street (5). However from research it is apparent that the chimney, roof top and wall condition needs a certain amount of maintenance. (See Appendix D) As seen with the elevation, additional flashing is required to keep the property waterproofed.

The rear elevation is surprisingly different to the front. Planning authorities have allowed for development which is not in keeping with its surrounding context. The development is pushed up against the boundary line to gain as much space as possible (7). The overall composition of extensions has a sharp, staggered appearance. However it does optimise the views from this point to the Commons which is a main point for the villagers. It is also seen that the boundary line of the plot over time has changed (6).

This has been dependant on the landownership over that time. A block work wall is in place to define the current location of threshold. It is remarkable that not unlike the first villager’s, small walls or vegetation would be the governing tools used to define space, and it is still seen in today's society even with all of the advancements in technology. This could be said to be one of the main features which characterise Thornhill, and why people still wish to live here with a perception of it being unchanged.

The last elevation (side) conveys the true extent the development has had on the plot. It is true to the gradient of the site by falling away into the garden towards the new school grounds (8). The extension its self is still only a storey and half in height in keeping with the scale of the existing cottage (9, 11).

The overall composition portrays once again, the external space being a predominant factor with an outside terrace only accessible from within the property. This is to give a sense of privacy off of the main street, an idea of public and private. The outside terrace is defined by a wall (10). The cottage then returns back to its dominating feature which is the street and leads off into the traffic flow, up the ridge to Thornhill crossroads (12). This plot is most likely to be an estate cottage. The building materiality consists of brown sandstone brickwork which is pointed, the loss of original timber case and sash windows and a grey slate roof. Dependant of social status within the village, the neighbouring buildings, seen in Fig 44, would be adjusted to suit, and formal architectural traditions would be seen. This is concluded from the previous diagram study from the previous section (Detailed Study & Architecture), as depending on what area you are within in Thornhill, a repetitive architecture style is seen. Since this is the main street and place of trade, a simple common building is found at Plot 36 as its main function was to house a family who worked within Thornhill.

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DIAGRAM RESEARCH FOR PLOT 36, THORNHILL

The plot is fully informed by the development which was current on the (Main) Street. The Plot has been subject to an ever developing language. Its main purpose was to satisfy its owner’s personal needs. The owner/architect adapted the plot for their uses. The plot had to accommodate the holding of live stock along with human living, working, personal comfort and entertaining. These are true throughout the plots history. The plot had been subject to different scales which are taken from its surroundings. The landscape has always played a key role in almost all of the architectural moves and planning of the building.

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Fig 41

58

Fig 42

59

Fig 43

60

Fig 44

61

CONCLUSION

Thornhill is a unique place. It has the ability to encapsulate its environment which has a direct response to the habitat of its users. This idea of an infrastructure which is about trade seems to manifest its whole purpose within its context. Its key factors are simple connections which are un tampered with due to still serving a purpose in today's society. Thornhill has seen periods of transformation which has branched out from its dominant axis which is the street. The concept of the street being the ruling force within the settlement can be justified by the road network which is vital to its success. Equally the connection with the water allowed for extensive trade to pass through, but that was all it did do, pass through.

The main understanding here it that Thornhill accepted that it was not a new planned village but a hinge within its neighbouring context. A valuable area which offered the industry and commuters work, which housed their simple needs. It did not need to be a part of the new planned village within the Stirling district as it was a working village, simple, plane, and most of all, durable. This perception of what was once is what the villager’s aspirer to have within Thornhill. The villagers seem to seek for the basic fundamentals of a working village. What the villagers do not seem to grasp is that Thornhill still works the same way it did when it was first established. It is in one sense caught in time, but the truth of it is that the environment it is established by has not given it reason to change.

Thornhill for such a small village with a humble purpose to serve it community seems to still command a sense of ownership. This is mainly due to its threshold and path/edge condition it has. This is seen clearly in the cottage boundaries, to plot shape and orientation, to the main street with its public buildings and the cross roads. It is apparent that once the rural development of today's society starts to tamper with its traditional form, the quality that they wish to preserve is lost. Therefore they decide to over protect it and distil it from ever developing further by keeping it in the same state, making it a listed area. Almost like putting it in a ‘glass box’ or ‘golden cage’ never free again to be a part of its environment on a level, unable to develop and hope its inhabitant don’t either. But by doing so, they remove it from is origin, binding element which produced the place in the first instance, its changeable environment.

Each element seems to command a certain appreciation which is mostly fuelled by place, context, detailing and use. Thornhill is a thread, binding and stitching its parts together to make a solid form, which is illegible to its time and place of origin. It is the Movement of industry within Scotland which makes the area successful. The control that is seen from the street interlinks scales; small and local, medium and county, large and country. Its ability to still work even though landownership has changed multiple times demonstrates how easy Thornhill works and is successful. It is interesting to note how the small scale has the ability to impact on larger scales with such definition.

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The village seems to give an air of public and private, static and movement. This pleasant mix which is seen is an attractable feature which has people visiting the area. It seems to gather and commute people efficiently; this is mainly due to nothing being hidden. Everything is tangible within Thornhill which allows for it to be visually exciting.

There is nothing more commendable than a simple purpose which is fulfilled. Thornhill will continuously manage this and will continue to do so if un-tampered with.

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APPENDIX Unless specifically attributed, all maps and diagrams within the research are based on findings by the individuals’ contributions (Avril Bennie.)

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Appendix A FIGURES

PHOTOGRAPHY Fig 1 – Location – Marco to Micro zoom

Page 9

“Thornhill” (Google Maps, 2013) Fig 2 – “Road to Aberfoyle from Thornhill”

Page 10

(Thornhill Community Trust, 2013) Fig 3 – “Photography from Mill looking back to west entrance of Thornhill”

Page 13

(Thornhill Community Trust, 2013) Fig 18 – “Aerial view (1998)” - Photograph

Page 23

(Stirling Council, 2012)

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DIAGRAMS HISTIORY & MAPPING (Scale of 1:100,000 approx) Country Study in relation to village Fig 4 – Boundary Lines

Page 15

Figure 1 – Four major faults of Scotland” (Jones, 2008) Fig 5 – Outline of Districts

Page 15

“Scotland” (GEN UKI - UK & Ireland Genealogy, 2004) Fig 6 – Rural Classification

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“Figure 3.1 – Rural Scotland using the Scottish Executive’s definition of rurality” (The Scottish Government, 2013) Fig 7 – Whiskey Distilleries in Scotland

Page 16

“Fig 2” (A. Geikie, Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc. , 1887) Fig 8 – Neighbouring villages & landscape

Page 17

“Kilmadock-Mackay Map” (Ryk Brown & Chuck Speed, 2010) Fig 9 – The principle coal fields in Central Scotland

Page 17

“Fig 1. Simple geology map of Scotland” (Science Direct, Elsevier Science B.V, 2002) Fig 10 – Soil type in Midland Valley Terrine

Page 18

“Fig 1” (Science Direct, Elsevier Ltd, 2008) Fig 11 – Origin of place between Scots & Gaelic

Page 18

“Gaelic Speakers in Scotland, 2001” (Undiscovered Scotland, 2000-2013) Fig 12 – Farm Types by Parish

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“Figure 3.3 Farming activities in Rural Scotland” (The Scottish Government, 2013) Fig 13 – Less favoured areas & non LFAs

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“Figure 3.2 Less Favoured Areas in Scotland” (The Scottish Government, 2013)

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Fig 14 – Location of Woodland cover

Page 20

“Figure 3.4 Woodland cover in Scotland” (The Scottish Government, 2013) Fig 15 – Location of Wetlands

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“Figure 2: Locations and extent of recorded wetlands“(Scotland's Enviroment , 2013) Fig 16 – Roman Routes & Strong Holds

Page 21

“Bochastle Fig 1” (The Roman Gask Project, 2013) Fig 17 – Outline of Main Routes within the Midland Valley Terrain

Page 21

“Arrowsmith Map” (Old Roads of Scotland , 2004)

DETAILED STUDY & ARCHITECTURE (Scale of 1:5000) Village Study Fig 19 to 33 - Digital OS Map 2012 (20120322093000_31755759_os_detail 12 month-licence) Authors own – analysis of research “CAD drawing’s” (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 19 – Thornhill: Early 2000 – Titles

Page 28

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 20 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Main Street, Character

Page 29

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 21 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Norrieston, Character

Page 30

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 22 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – The Hill & Low Town, Character

Page 31

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 23 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – The Hill & Low Town, Urban Development

Page 32

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished)

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Fig 24 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Landmarks

Page 33

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 25 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Traffic Routes

Page 34

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 26 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Water Routes

Page 35

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 27 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Water Routes with Urban building development

Page 36

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 28 - Thornhill: Early 2000 – Land & Field pattern

Page 37

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Kevin Lynch Theory Study Fig 29 - Thornhill: Early 2000’s –Kevin Lynch: Districts

Page 39

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 30 - Thornhill: Early 2000’s –Kevin Lynch: Edge

Page 40

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 31 - Thornhill: Early 2000’s –Kevin Lynch: Landmarks

Page 41

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 32 - Thornhill: Early 2000’s –Kevin Lynch: Paths

Page 42

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Morphology Study Fig 33 – Thornhill: Early 2000’s

Page 44

“Digital OS Map 2012” CAD drawing’s (Authors Own 2012 – unpublished) Fig 34 – Thornhill: Late 1900’s

Page 45

“1st Ed. Ordnance Survey” (Ordnance Survey, Stirling Council , 1998)

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Fig 35 – Thornhill: Late 1800’s

Page 46

“1st Ed. Ordnance Survey” (Ordnance Survey, Stirling Council , 1899) Fig 36 – Thornhill: Late 1700’s

Page 47

“The Counties of Perth and Clackmannan” (Stobie, 1783) Fig 37 – Thornhill: Early 1700’s

Page 48

“Military Survey of Scotland” (Roy, British Library Board, (1747-1755)) Fig 38 – Thornhill: Late 1600’s

Page 49

“A Mape of the Countries about Stirling” (Adair, 1685) Fig 39 – Thornhill: Early 1600’s

Page 50

Authors own – analysis of research (Stirling Council, 2012) Fig 40 – Thornhill: Late 1500’s

Page 51

Authors own – analysis of research (Dixon, 1995)

INDIVIDUAL FEUD PLOT Street Study in relation to Plot 36 Fig 41-44 - Personal Measure Survey of Site “CAD drawing’s” (Authors own 2012 - unpublished) Fig 41 – Plot 36: Diagrams of development within the plan over time (1:500)

Page 57

“CAD drawing’s” (Authors own 2012 - unpublished) Fig 42 – Plot 36: Street section development in relation to plot (1:500)

Page 58

“CAD drawing’s” (Authors own 2012 - unpublished) Plot Study Fig 43 – Plot 36: Detail elevation study (1:100)

Page 59

“CAD drawing’s” (Authors own 2012 - unpublished)

76

Fig 44 – Plot 36: Present 2013, Plan in context (1:100)

Page 60

“CAD drawing’s” (Authors own 2012 - unpublished)

77

Appendix B Kevin Lynch (1977): The Image of the City MIT Press

(Page 38)

Four categories from Lynch’s analysis have been adapted for used within this research to describe the basis urban structure of the area.

1.

Path or Route (a) Most influential factor in our ‘image’ of the environment (b) Channels along which the observer moves e.g. motorways, streets, pedestrian streets, residential pathways etc (c) Traditional focus of major urban design projects (d) Importance of land use and spatial qualities

2. Edge (urban) (a) Linear element not used or considered as paths e.g. railway tracks, city walls, edge of development area (b) Act as boundaries between two distinct areas i.e. can cause isolation (c) Most dominant are continuous in form and impenetrable to cross movement Green Edges have been used to indicate strong areas of open space and/ or strong enclosures created by green space, trees or other landscaping features.

3. District or Character of area Smaller parts of an area which can be differentiated by (a) Physical character: layout, design, architectural style or period (b) Land use: residential, commercial, industrial

4. Landmarks (a) External points of reference (b) Usually vertical built form which can be seen throughout the area or beyond (c) Prominent natural features (d) Local townscape features (Lynch, 1977)

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Appendix C Listed buildings July 2011 with the conservation area boundary are: HBNUM ADDRESS CATEGORY LIST DATE 8138

NORRIESTON CHURCH

B

06-SEP-79

8134

BLAIRHOYLE MASONIC LODGE MAIN STREET

C

(S) 06-SEP-79

8131

HILLVIEW

B

05-OCT-71

8132

CROWN HOTEL, MAIN STREET

B

05-OCT-71

8133

BLAIRHILL, MAIN STREET

B

05-OCT-71

8139

NORRIESTON HOUSE AND HEATHERLEA

C

(S) 06-SEP-79

8136

37 & 39 MAIN STREET

C

(S) 06-SEP-79

8135

BARN AT REAR OF MENTEITH HOUSE MAIN ST

C

(S) 06-SEP-79

(Stirling Council, 2012)

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Appendix D Questionnaire 1

Avril Bennie SPR/SCJ CODE : 080002485/1 Module HT30006 : 2012/13 Year 3: Semester 2 Dissertation Research

(Home Address)

(Term Time Address)

Greenhill Farm

107 Ground Left

West Plean

Cleppington Road

By Denny

Dundee

Stirlingshire

Angus

FK6 6RQ

DD3 7NU

Email: aebennie@dundee.ac.uk

Mobile: 07882624481

Please return by March 8th 2013.

Dissertation Question “Thornhill is a village located in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the earliest recorded unchanged urban developments in the area. I am curious to find out why it was unchanged when Stirling was greatly, throughout the years subject to grand planning schemes to better the area. It is seen to be an area of importance and by the end of this year it is recommended to become a listed village (2014). I am proposing to look at the development of the village (urban grain and vernacular qualities etc) and why it is unchanged and how these implications change planning within the area in today’s urban landscape. (Planning regulations etc.) By having access to a live project I am able (and hoping) to implement findings to an actual design. By looking into this history of the village, (urban grain, morphology, topography etc) and the un-sung architects of the time who influenced the villages’ design development. Created a better understand of why it’s such an area of importance. Thus using both the

80

architects key design ideas and details; along with findings recorded from the landscape to suit both the character of the area and planning regulations in 2013.”

Discuss Thornhill and its relevance in today’s society. Understanding how to develop in a conservation/ listed area and keep the essence of the area true to its design origin.”

A house is a home, a street is a walkway to communicating and a village is a link to your history.

How do these factors relate in today’s society & urban landscape?

Questions Q1.

What do you think makes Thornhill work? ( in relation to its immediate context, both rural and Stirling?)

Being close enough to town but far enough away to feel like you’re in the country.

Q2.

Does it have key points of reference for you?

The main street: the shop, the Crown, the L&U The commons and views of the Carse.

Q3.

What enjoyment do you derive from living their?

We love living here. A physically nice place with friendly neighbours and lots going on to get involved in. We love our long runrig garden and get many hours of enjoyment from it. We like chatting to people in the street. Services are also very convenient.

Q4.

What are the key factors that attracted you too Thornhill?

Personal reasons: We’ve both always liked the feel of the village and the community spirit.

Finical reasons: reasonably priced houses still. But the cost of transport was a consideration as we only have one car. I used to use my bike for transport to and from work. Too far now and the busy roads are too dangerous.

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Social Reasons: A small village with a mix of people. Not too twee. People are friendly and there are a variety of age groups on the village from young people to young families to retirees.

Cultural Reasons: We like history of the village and the small pub.

Other: We liked the proximity of the village to Stirling.

Q5.

For these reason, what sort of quality of living is achieved?

We would rather be at home now than anywhere else. We like having a ‘project’ to bring history back to our house. It is worthwhile. We feel we have a home here, not just a house.

Q6.

If you are a person that has a daily routine within Thornhill, please specify how the village meets the routine and the needs of that routine? i.e. post office, shop, church, relaxing etc. How do you use Thornhill as a village?

The village shop is great and the buses run at reasonable times.I am most impressed by the doctor’s surgery in Doune running clinics 3 mornings a week in Thornhill for the village. The pharmacist in Doune also delivers presecriptions to the shop for people to pick up. They can be ordered on line. I have found things are more efficient in this village than they were when I lived in town. Service providers are also all very friendly.

Q7.

How do you feel about the councils contribution to upholding Thornhill in a practical sense (bins, street lighting)?

Q8.

“…areas of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.” - Section 61(1) (a) of The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 How do you feel about the council’s contribution to upholding Thornhill in an Architectural sense (planning, listed buildings & building regulations)?

I do not feel that historical significance is more important than environmental sustainability. I do not agree that planning or heritage conservation rules should stop any product or amendment to a building that

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seeks to reduce its carbon footprint on the world. If the architects had access to triple glazed windows and central heating in the 1830s, they would have been part of the historical design.

Q9.

Due to Thornhill’s history, do you feel this is a main factor in its style and attraction?

Please specify...

I agree with keeping appearances at the front of the house in keeping with the heritage, but not with a purpose to create a museum that stands still in time. Villages and communities live, change and adapt to who lives in them at any given time.

Yes we like the historical feel of the village, but we enjoy the

sense of community more.

Q10.

How do you perceive the original village use to function?

Please specify and give reasons for you conclusion...

It’s still a thorough fair. The main road is busy and people pass through the village all the time. I think this adds to the energy of the village. Before moving here, I thought it would be a quiet little place and was pleasantly surprised to always see people on the streets, walking with purpose.

This is a village

that people are actually living a life in.

Q11.

How do you think certain architectural styles, features came about within the village or your building?

Easy to build and affordable materials at the time. We heard somewhere that some of the cottages have sandstone fronts because it became fashionable to build with sandstone. But this is essentially cladding because it was very expensive.

Q12.

Do you find the quality of the land feu and ex land ownership a quality or hindrance within Thornhill?

Give reasons for you conclusion...

A quality- I like volunteering to help maintain the paths on the common areas. It’s nice to feel we have a common sense of ownership over a part of the village.

Q13. Do you feel that Thornhill meets your need for living there?

Yes.

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Q14.

How do you feel about the development that you see, with reference to Main Street, the hill and Norrision?

It is reasonable and in keeping with the style of the village.

Q15.

Do you feel Thornhill meets your ... needs?

Personal needs.. Yes, we feel relaxed and at home in our house and in the village.

Finical needs...yes homes are reasonably priced and gardens are large.

Social needs...yes, we enjoy the social life of the village. We live next door to the shop and it’s a bit of a hub.

Cultural needs...Yes- we like the pub but there is also an amateur dramatics group too. Not our cup of tea but we will watch the show. There are also summer fetes and parties organised for special occasions.

Other needs...it’s close enough to commute to Stirling for work.

Q16.

If Thronhill doesn’t meet any of the above needs, what would you like to see happen to make living and working in this area better?

A coffee shop and better, safe cycle routes to Stirling.

With reference to plot sizes and boundary lines. Do you need more space to live? If so what are your wishes for the area, with ref to planning?

No. What would you do if this was restricted due to the council’s wishes to preserve the history of Thornhill and made your building listed? How would this effect your decision to live and develop within this area?

It would probably become more expensive and unaffordable to develop anything if it were allowed.

Rather than improve the size of our current house, if we needed more space, I guess we’d have to move.

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Q17.

Do you think there is still a need/impact felt by the surrounding farming community?

Please specify... they are still very much a part of the community. I say hello to a local farmer at the shop each morning. He parks his tractor on the road. I’ve also seen a tractor parked at the bus stop, making arrangements to go to the pub later with a friend who was waiting on the bus.

Q18.

Do you think there is an impact to the village by the commuters that are passing through?

Yes, they stop for food in the shop and keep businesses going.

Q19.

Do you have a conscious awareness of the physical structure of the village when moving through it?

Yes. The Main Street and Hill are a striking feature.

Q20.

Do you see a direct link to the past? Please specify/reference...

Yes in the homes but no as well because of the vibrancy of the village and the people that live here now.

Q21.

“It is the character or historic interest of an area created by individual buildings and open spaces and their relationship one with the other which the legislation covering conservation areas seeks to preserve.” - Historic Scotland’s Scottish Historic Environment Policy Annex 3 (2009) Why do you think it should be preserved?

It adds a nice feel to the village but for us it’s the people that live here that make the relationships between the buildings and how they use the space.

Q22.

Do you feel Thornhill is lacking is anything? (finical, personal, transport, environmental etc) Better cycling paths.

Q23. Do you find the weather of Thornhill, effects the building you interact with? No

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Q24. Do you do anything differently due to the building you interact with because of the environment and weathering? No Q25. Do you find this maintenance/ up keep beneficial, time consuming, enjoyable etc.?

We enjoy maintaining our home.

Also why do you take on this maintenance? What is it for?

To keeping the house in good working order.

Personal reasons...

Finical needs...

Social needs...

Cultural needs...

Other needs...

Q26.

Do you feel the community, green space and history make you feel like you’re a part of Thornhill?

Please specify...Yes, they also give us a volunteering community project to look after spaces used for leisure and community gatherings.

Any Further Comments

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Appendix E Questionnaire 2

Avril Bennie SPR/SCJ CODE : 080002485/1 Module HT30006 : 2012/13 Year 3: Semester 2 Dissertation Research

(Home Address)

(Term Time Address)

Greenhill Farm

107 Ground Left

West Plean

Cleppington Road

By Denny

Dundee

Stirlingshire

Angus

FK6 6RQ

DD3 7NU

Email: aebennie@dundee.ac.uk

Mobile: 07882624481

Please return within two weeks starting from the Friday 15 th February 2013.

(Deadline: Friday 1st March 2013)

Dissertation Question “Thornhill is a village located in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the earliest recorded unchanged urban developments in the area. I am curious to find out why it was unchanged when Stirling was greatly, throughout the years subject to grand planning schemes to better the area. It is seen to be an area of importance and by the end of this year it is becoming a listed village (2014). I am proposing to look at the development of the village (urban grain and vernacular qualities etc) and why it is unchanged and how these implications change planning within the area in today’s urban landscape. (Planning regulations etc.) By having access to a live project I am able (and hoping) to implement findings to an actual design. By looking into this history of the village, (urban grain, morphology, topography etc) and the un-sung architects of the time who influenced the villages’ design development. Created a better

87

understand of why it’s such an area of importance. Thus using both the architects key design ideas and details; along with findings recorded from the landscape to suit both the character of the area and planning regulations in 2013.”

Discuss Thornhill and its relevance in today’s society. Understanding how to develop in a conservation/ listed area and keep the essence of the area true to its design origin.”

A house is a home, a street is a walkway to communicating and a village is a link to your history.

How do these factors relate in today’s society & urban landscape?

Questions Q1.

What do you think makes Thornhill work in relation to its immediate context, both rural and Stirling?

It sits a good through road to and from Calendar and sits on a good cross road to Fintery.

Q2.

Does it have key points of reference for you?

1st – family members live in Thornhill village 2nd – Mr Dykes repair shop for Faming products Q3.

What enjoyment do you derive from living their?

Enjoyment in landscape and living with family members Q4.

What are the key factors that attracted you too Thornhill?

Personal reasons: x Finical reasons: x Social Reasons: x Cultural Reasons: x

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Other: Q5.

For these reason, what sort of quality of living is achieved?

Very good Q6.

If you are a person that has a daily routine within Thornhill, please specify how the village meets the routine and the needs of that routine? i.e. post office, shop, church, relaxing etc. How do you use Thornhill as a village?

Not a daily routine – but have enjoyed the village community. Ie shops Q7.

How do you feel about the councils contribution to upholding Thornhill in a practical sense (bins, street lighting)? ok Q8.

“…areas of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.” - Section 61(1) (a) of The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 How do you feel about the council’s contribution to upholding Thornhill in an Architectural sense (planning, listed buildings & building regulations)?

They seem to be looking at the boarder picture for the village, a welcomed choice for any building etc to be listed.

Q9.

Due to Thornhill’s history, do you feel this is a main factor in its style and attraction?

Please specify...

I would like the old village to stay the same or new build to be in keeping with surrounding old buildings

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Q10.

How do you perceive the original village use to function? Please specify and give reasons for you conclusion...

For farming Q11.

How do you think certain architectural styles, features came about within the village or your building?

With regulars to farming and housing farm workers Q12.

Do you find the quality of the land feu and ex land ownership a quality or hindrance within Thornhill?

Give reasons for you conclusion...

Quality Q13.

Do you feel that Thornhill meets your need for living there?

Could be better Q14.

How do you feel about the development that you see, with reference to Main Street, the hill and Norrision?

It would be good to keep it like the old village, any new developments or renovations should be in keeping worth the old Q15.

Do you feel Thornhill meets your ... needs?

Personal needs... yes Finical needs...yes Social needs...yes Cultural needs...yes Other needs...

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Q16.

If Thronhill doesn’t meet any of the above needs, what would you like to see happen to make living and working in this area better?

With reference to plot sizes and boundary lines. Do you need more space to live? If so what are your wishes for the area, with ref to planning?

What would you do if this was restricted due to the council’s wishes to preserve the history of Thornhill and made your building listed? How would this effect your decision to live and develop within this area?

On going good social and cultural needs. With ref to plot sizes, yes they should be bigger. Work within the boundary.

Q17.

Do you think there is still a need/impact felt by the surrounding farming community?

Please specify...yes Q18.

Do you think there is an impact to the village by the commuters that are passing through? yes Q19.

Do you have a conscious awareness of the physical structure of the village when moving through it? yes Q20.

Do you see a direct link to the past? Please specify/reference... yes Q21.

“It is the character or historic interest of an area created by individual buildings and open spaces and their relationship one with the other which the legislation covering conservation areas seeks to preserve.” - Historic Scotland’s Scottish Historic Environment Policy Annex 3 (2009)

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Why do you think it should be preserved?

As it is historically one of the oldest buildings in Scotland Q22.

Do you feel Thornhill is lacking is anything? (finical, personal, transport, environmental etc) Yes, better passing places within the long road structure for traffic Q23.

Do you find the weather of Thornhill, effects the building you interact with? yes Q24.

Do you do anything differently due to the building you interact with because of the environment and weathering? yes Q25.

Do you find this maintenance/ up keep beneficial, time consuming, enjoyable etc.?

Time consuming Also why do you take on this maintenance? What is it for?

Personal reasons...x Finical needs...x Social needs...x Cultural needs...x Other needs...

Q26.

Do you feel the community, green space and history make you feel like your apart of Thornhill? Please specify...yes Any Further Comments X means yes

92

Appendix F Questionnaire 3

Avril Bennie SPR/SCJ CODE : 080002485/1 Module HT30006 : 2012/13 Year 3: Semester 2 Dissertation Research

(Home Address)

(Term Time Address)

Greenhill Farm

107 Ground Left

West Plean

Cleppington Road

By Denny

Dundee

Stirlingshire

Angus

FK6 6RQ

DD3 7NU

Email: aebennie@dundee.ac.uk

Mobile: 07882624481

Please return within two weeks starting from the Friday 15 th February 2013.

(Deadline: Friday 1st March 2013)

Dissertation Question “Thornhill is a village located in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the earliest recorded unchanged urban developments in the area. I am curious to find out why it was unchanged when Stirling was greatly, throughout the years subject to grand planning schemes to better the area. It is seen to be an area of importance and by the end of this year it is becoming a listed village (2014). I am proposing to look at the development of the village (urban grain and vernacular qualities etc) and why it is unchanged and how these implications change planning within the area in today’s urban landscape. (Planning regulations etc.) By having access to a live project I am able (and hoping) to implement findings to an actual design. By looking into this history of the village, (urban grain, morphology, topography etc) and the un-sung architects of the time who influenced the villages’ design development.

Created a better understand of why it’s such an area of importance. Thus using both the architects key design ideas

93

and details; along with findings recorded from the landscape to suit both the character of the area and planning regulations in 2013.”

Discuss Thornhill and its relevance in today’s society. Understanding how to develop in a conservation/ listed area and keep the essence of the area true to its design origin.”

A house is a home, a street is a walkway to communicating and a village is a link to your history.

How do these factors relate in today’s society & urban landscape?

Questions Q1. What do you think makes Thornhill work?

Location in Central Scotland, Nice size so variety of people with different interests, Lovely surroundings, Community involvement Q2. Does it have any key points of reference for you?

North and South Commons, Main Street, Village shop Q3.What enjoyment do you derive from living in Thornhill?

Enjoy the scenery around the village, lovely open views . Enjoy walking around the village. Central location, easy access to mountains, in Highland Scotland but also only 1 hour to either Edinburgh or Glasgow. Like the house and garden Q4. What are the key factors that attracted you too Thornhill? ( complete any that apply) Personal reasons: Liked the house, already living in the area (Doune), area works for our commuting – access to motorway for one of use, access to rural villages for the other Finical reasons: Less expensive that other areas / houses that were closer to Stirling or Dunblane Social Reasons: Cultural Reasons: like the physical environment Other: Q5. For these reasons, what sort of quality of living is achieved?

Good – nice environment to live in

94

Q6. If you are a person that has a daily routine within Thornhill, please specify how the village meets the routine and the needs of that routine? i.e. post office, shop, church, relaxing etc. How do you use Thornhill as a village?

Daily routine is commuting. Use the shop about once a week so walking along the main street to the shop or post box. Usually walk the wider paths network every 2 -3 weeks Q7. How do you feel about the councils service that uphold Thornhill in a practical sense (bins, street lighting)?

Fine Q8. “…areas of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is

desirable to preserve or enhance.” - Section 61(1) (a) of The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 How do you feel about the council’s upholding of Thornhill in an Architectural sense (planning, listed buildings & building regulations)?

Some concerns about infill building especially in the gardens that back onto the North and South Common, where people then use these to access their properties. Takes away form the original shape of the village Q9. Do you feel Thornhill’s history is a main factor in its style and attraction?

Please specify...

Main Street is a very unusual design for villages around here, with the low houses, and the length of the street. Very few places have the open ground such as the commons which belongs to the village Q10. How do you perceive /understand the village’s original use?

Please give reasons for you conclusion...

Designed village for agricultural workers – have read this in local history books, but also evident from the design of the older houses. Drove Road stop Q11. How do you think certain architectural styles and features came about within the village or your building?

Cottages on the main street had long rig gardens for self sufficiency in growing vegetables, and keeping livestock. The commons were for the whole village for grazing livestock.

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Q12. Do you find the quality of the land feu and ex land ownership a quality or hindrance within Thornhill? Give reasons for you conclusion...

Don’t know Q13.Do you feel that Thornhill meets your need for living there?

Yes Q14. How do you feel about the development that you see to date in the village- with reference to Main Street, the hill and Norrision?

CF Question 8. I think development would be better along the lines already in place in the village.

Q15. Do you feel Thornhill meets your ... needs? (complete any that apply) Personal needs... Yes, we like the house and garden Finical needs... It is affordable to live here Social needs...Good to have the pub in walking distance. There are many community groups to access if you are interested. Village events to attend Cultural needs... Good paths network, access to Flanders Moss close by Other needs...

Q16. If Thornhill doesn’t meet any of the above needs, what would you like to see happen to make living and working in this area better?

16.1 With reference to plot sizes and boundary lines. Do you need more space to live? If so what are your wishes for the area, with ref to planning?

16.2 If planning was restricted due to the council’s wishes to preserve the history of Thornhill and your building listed, how would this effect your decision to live and develop within this area?

No Q17. Do you think there is still a need/impact felt by the surrounding farming community?

Please specify...

Q18. Do you think there is an impact to the village by the commuters that are passing through?

Q19. Do you have a conscious awareness of the physical structure of the village when moving through it?

96

Yes, Main Street is very striking; also the Church, pub and Masonic Hall are landmarks. The crossroads at the top of the village.

Q20. Do you see a direct link to the past? Please specify/reference...

Historic buildings (pub, church, masonic hall). North and South Common – particularly the fact that the village community still owns the North Common Q21. ‘It is the character or historic interest of an area created by individual buildings and open spaces

and their relationship one with the other which the legislation covering conservation areas seeks to preserve.” - Historic Scotland’s Scottish Historic Environment Policy Annex 3 (2009) Do you think it should be preserved? Why or Why not?

Yes – but there should be flexibility allowing for modern developments such as renewable energy sources Q22.- Do you feel Thornhill is lacking is anything? (finical, personal, transport, environmental etc) Q23. Do you find the weather of Thornhill, effects the building(s) you interact with / live in?

Quite a damp climate, so increased repair work especially to wooden structures Also limits what can be grown in the garden Q24. Do you do anything differently to the building you interact with because of the environment and weathering?

Paint more often. Only plant certain types of plants in the garden that won’t be eaten by slugs Q25. Do you find maintenance/ up keep beneficial, time consuming, enjoyable etc.?

Painting maintenance is expensive as pay others to do it. Gardening is usually enjoyable and relaxing, with benefit of growing your own food. Can be frustrating if you can’t get to do the work in the garden because of the weather Q25.1 Also why do you take on this maintenance? What is it for? (complete any that apply) Personal reasons... enjoy it Finical needs...

Social needs... relaxation. Good topic of discussion with the neighbours Cultural needs...

97

Other needs...

Q26. Do you feel the community, green space and history make you feel like your apart of Thornhill?

Please specify...

Yes. Part of community groups maintaining and improving the area (e.g. paths around the village, on the North and South Common). Characteristic layout makes you very aware when you have arrived back in the village

Any Further Comments -

Thank you for sharing your views with me for my research.

98

Appendix G Questionnaire 4

Avril Bennie SPR/SCJ CODE : 080002485/1

Module HT30006 : 2012/13 Year 3: Semester 2 Dissertation Research (Home Address)

(Term Time Address)

Greenhill Farm

107 Ground Left

West Plean

Cleppington Road

By Denny

Dundee

Stirlingshire

Angus

FK6 6RQ

DD3 7NU

Email: aebennie@dundee.ac.uk

Mobile: 07882624481

Please return within one week Friday March 15th.

Dissertation Question “Thornhill is a village located in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the earliest recorded unchanged urban developments in the area. I am curious to find out why it was unchanged when Stirling was greatly, throughout the years subject to grand planning schemes to better the area. It is seen to be an area of importance and by the end of this year it is becoming a listed village (2014). I am proposing to look at the development of the village (urban grain and vernacular qualities etc) and why it is unchanged and how these implications change planning within the area in today’s urban landscape. (Planning regulations etc.) By having access to a live project I am able (and hoping) to implement findings to an actual design. By looking into this history of the village, (urban grain, morphology, topography etc) and the un-sung architects of the time who influenced the villages’ design development. Created a better understand of why it’s such an area of importance. Thus using both the architects key design ideas and details; along with findings recorded from the landscape to suit both the character of the area and planning regulations in 2013.”

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Discuss Thornhill and its relevance in today’s society. Understanding how to develop in a conservation/ listed area and keep the essence of the area true to its design origin.�

A house is a home, a street is a walkway to communicating and a village is a link to your history.

How do these factors relate in today’s society & urban landscape?

Questions Q1. What do you think makes Thornhill work?

It has remained largely unchanged.

Q2. Does it have any key points of reference for you?

My late Father in Law was born in a cottage close to our house.

Q3.What enjoyment do you derive from living in Thornhill?

I enjoy the rural aspect, I feel my children are safe and not exposed to the pressures and influences that perhaps exist in inner city areas.

Q4. What are the key factors that attracted you too Thornhill? ( complete any that apply) Personal reasons: yes, I work in Glasgow but the drive is worth the effort as we have fabulous views which have remained largely unspoilt.

Finical reasons: Social Reasons: yes, we wanted to live close to my husbands family who live in another village not far from Thornhill.

Cultural Reasons: Other: Q5. For these reasons, what sort of quality of living is achieved?

I feel we have a good quality of life.

Q6. If you are a person that has a daily routine within Thornhill, please specify how the village meets the routine and the needs of that routine? i.e. post office, shop, church, relaxing etc. How do you use Thornhill as a village?

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I work full time so don’t spend a great deal of time in the village during weekdays, however the village meets my needs at present. My children attended Thornhill Primary School. I do use the local shop. I did use the local postoffice on a Saturday morning prior to it closing and do miss having that option.

Q7. How do you feel about the councils service that uphold Thornhill in a practical sense (bins, street lighting)?

Street lighting or footpaths do not extend to our house but we don’t really have an issue with this – the roads could be better maintained and more traffic calming measures – our house is at the start of the 30 mile an hour restriction and traffic not always at 30 m per hr.

Q8. “…areas of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is

desirable to preserve or enhance.” - Section 61(1) (a) of The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 How do you feel about the council’s upholding of Thornhill in an Architectural sense (planning, listed buildings & building regulations)?

We are not effected by this as we are deemed outside the village boundary for the conservation area. I can see pros and cons ie it does seem to have come a little late when buildings have already been changed from the original state, but if it retains the village then that’s positive. My concern is that only the conservation area will be protected and not the outlying areas.

Q9. Do you feel Thornhill’s history is a main factor in its style and attraction?

Please specify... Not sure Q10. How do you perceive /understand the village’s original use?

I think it was used as a market town – two separate villages originally Thornhill and Norrieston which later merged. Please give reasons for you conclusion...Books Q11. How do you think certain architectural styles and features came about within the village or your building? Not sure Q12. Do you find the quality of the land feu and ex land ownership a quality or hindrance within Thornhill? Give reasons for you conclusion...Neither Q13.Do you feel that Thornhill meets your need for living there? Yes Q14. How do you feel about the development that you see to date in the village- with reference to Main Street, the hill and Norrision?

Hope the village doesn’t get too big, but see the need for less expensive housing.

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Q15. Do you feel Thornhill meets your ... needs? (complete any that apply) See Q 4 Personal needs...

Finical needs...

Social needs...

Cultural needs...

Other needs...

Q16. If Thronhill doesn’t meet any of the above needs, what would you like to see happen to make living and working in this area better?

A free automated bank machine would be useful.

16.1 With reference to plot sizes and boundary lines. Do you need more space to live? If so what are your wishes for the area, with ref to planning?

Content, but if the field next to our house was up for sale we would consider buying a section to add to our boundary if that was possible.

16.2 If planning was restricted due to the council’s wishes to preserve the history of Thornhill and your building listed, how would this effect your decision to live and develop within this area?

Not affected Q17. Do you think there is still a need/impact felt by the surrounding farming community?

Please specify...Not sure Q18. Do you think there is an impact to the village by the commuters that are passing through?

Yes, think it would be good to divert traffic away from main street Q19. Do you have a conscious awareness of the physical structure of the village when moving through it? ....Not really Q20. Do you see a direct link to the past?

Please specify/reference...yes with some of the houses on main street and the Masonic hall

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Q21. ‘It is the character or historic interest of an area created by individual buildings and open spaces

and their relationship one with the other which the legislation covering conservation areas seeks to preserve.” - Historic Scotland’s Scottish Historic Environment Policy Annex 3 (2009) Do you think it should be preserved? Why or Why not? Yes to retain some of these characteristics of the village Q22.- Do you feel Thornhill is lacking is anything? (finical, personal, transport, environmental etc) Road maintenance and Bus service could be better Q23. Do you find the weather of Thornhill, effects the building(s) you interact with / live in?

No Q24. Do you do anything differently to the building you interact with because of the environment and weathering?

No Q25. Do you find maintenance/ up keep beneficial, time consuming, enjoyable etc.?

Maintenance is simply necessary Q25.1 Also why do you take on this maintenance? What is it for? (complete any that apply) Personal reasons...yes like to have the house looking as good as it can be Finical needs...maintenance important to maintain value Social needs...

Cultural needs...

Other needs...

Q26. Do you feel the community, green space and history make you feel like your apart of Thornhill?

Please specify...we have lived here a long time but we as we are not particularly sociable I wouldn’t think we would be widely known in the village Any Further Comments -

Thank you for sharing your views with me for my research.

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Appendix H Appendix 5

Avril Bennie SPR/SCJ CODE : 080002485/1 Module HT30006 : 2012/13 Year 3: Semester 2 Dissertation Research

(Home Address)

(Term Time Address)

Greenhill Farm

107 Ground Left

West Plean

Cleppington Road

By Denny

Dundee

Stirlingshire

Angus

FK6 6RQ

DD3 7NU

Email: aebennie@dundee.ac.uk

Mobile: 07882624481

th

Please return within one week Friday March 15 .

Dissertation Question “Thornhill is a village located in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the earliest recorded unchanged urban developments in the area. I am curious to find out why it was unchanged when Stirling was greatly, throughout the years subject to grand planning schemes to better the area. It is seen to be an area of importance and by the end of this year it is becoming a listed village (2014). I am proposing to look at the development of the village (urban grain and vernacular qualities etc) and why it is unchanged and how these implications change planning within the area in today’s urban landscape. (Planning regulations etc.) By having access to a live project I am able (and hoping) to implement findings to an actual design. By looking into this history of the village, (urban grain, morphology, topography etc) and the un-sung architects of the time who influenced the villages’ design development. Created a better understand of why it’s such an area of importance. Thus using both the architects key design ideas and details; along with findings recorded from the landscape to suit both the character of the area and planning regulations in 2013.”

Discuss Thornhill and its relevance in today’s society. Understanding how to develop in a conservation/ listed area and keep the essence of the area true to its design origin.”

A house is a home, a street is a walkway to communicating and a village is a link to your history.

How do these factors relate in today’s society & urban landscape?

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Questions Q1. What do you think makes Thornhill work?

Strong sense of community, good mix of farming and commuters, many people working from home which means they’re around more – reinforcing sense of community, school acts as hub, active and effective ‘groups’ e.g. tct Q2. Does it have any key points of reference for you?

Q3.What enjoyment do you derive from living in Thornhill?

Open space and community Q4. What are the key factors that attracted you too Thornhill? ( complete any that apply) Personal reasons: We moved from Glasgow to Ruskie when our daughter turned one. Wanted to find somewhere rural but within 1hr drive from Glasgow, were looking in wider area, and found nice house in Ruskie. By the time she was going to school we had developed friendships in the village.

Finical reasons: No, it was hard to be able to afford a house in Thornhill.

Social Reasons: We were Ruskie location but wanted to be in the village so the kids would be able to walk to their friends and have a more active and more independent social life.

Cultural Reasons: Not a consideration when we moved, but now enjoying Tolbooth and Callander trad music scenes.

Other: Q5. For these reasons, what sort of quality of living is achieved?

High.

Q6. If you are a person that has a daily routine within Thornhill, please specify how the village meets the routine and the needs of that routine? i.e. post office, shop, church, relaxing etc. How do you use Thornhill as a village?

Kids’ school day is focus of the routine.

Q7. How do you feel about the councils service that uphold Thornhill in a practical sense (bins, street lighting)?

Pavements are terrible. Could be much improved aesthetically. Bins & streetlighting OK. Q8. “…areas of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.” - Section 61(1) (a) of The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 How do you feel about the council’s upholding of Thornhill in an Architectural sense (planning, listed buildings & building regulations)?

They focus on the wrong issues. We just built and extention and I would have been happy to make changes to fit in better with character, but none was offered. I think some changes could have been made in retrospect that would have been better aesthetically at no real change in cost. The planning

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department were badly organised. A consultation with planners could have been offered e.g. when we were seeking pre-planning advice.

Q9. Do you feel Thornhill’s history is a main factor in its style and attraction?

Please specify...

From a social pint.of.view, yes, the farming community is central with many families being in the village for generations. Stories from elderly people about when they were young, disseminated via school projects and the village newsletter, add to the sense of history. This only works because there are good links between old and new.

From an architectural p.o.v. yes, the character of the village is crucial, it adds to a sense of stability and permanence. Modern extensions, dormers etc don’t take much away from this, they merely add to the quirkiness and individuality, but the modern development on Doig st is poorly connected to the character of the old village. It looks like the off-the-shelf designs similar to village fringe developments elsewhere, e.g. Dunblane. The odd modern house in amongst older houses doesn’t seem to detract much from the character, e.g. the self-built house on Doig St is cottage style and adds to the traditional character of the village rather than take away from it. The council housing on the Hill has been there long enough to take its own historic place in the village character.

Q10. How do you perceive /understand the village’s original use?

Please give reasons for you conclusion...

I understand it as Farming, even though I know the cottages are weavers’ cottages.

Q11. How do you think certain architectural styles and features came about within the village or your building?

It was a weaver’s cottage; I am not very clear on the history.

Q12. Do you find the quality of the land feu and ex land ownership a quality or hindrance within Thornhill? Give reasons for you conclusion...

What is meant by Feu and ex land ownership? Don’t understand the question.

Q13.Do you feel that Thornhill meets your need for living there?

Mostly. A better path network and safer cycling routes to Callander, Doune and Stirling would help.

Q14. How do you feel about the development that you see to date in the village- with reference to Main Street, the hill and Norrision?

The big house behind the Lion and Unicorn is far too large and doesnt fit in well. The older houses in norrieston place are not attractive, they look very dated. Not aware of development on the Hill. If you mean Doig Place, this will look very dated too; the design is a ‘fashion’; doesnt look like it was designed to fit into Thornhill specifically.

Q15. Do you feel Thornhill meets your ... needs? (complete any that apply) Personal needs...Yes Finical needs...Yes Social needs...Yes Cultural needs...

No. Would expect to have to travel to Stirling anyway, but Stirling is very poor for theatre and modern music in particular. Nearest place to see a good band is Glasgow. Also very poor in musea (only 1 good one) and galleries.

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Other needs...Better path network.

Q16. If Thronhill doesn’t meet any of the above needs, what would you like to see happen to make living and working in this area better?

Cultural development in Stirling and path network in Thornhill (the latter is being addressed and improving all the time) 16.1 With reference to plot sizes and boundary lines. Do you need more space to live? If so what are your wishes for the area, with ref to planning?

Part of our garden was sold before we got here to allow neighbour’s house to be built. This left an awkwardly narrow garden.

Would not like to see more new developments like Doig Place, but would like some better integrated development because the school roll is getting a bit small.

16.2 If planning was restricted due to the council’s wishes to preserve the history of Thornhill and your building listed, how would this effect your decision to live and develop within this area?

Not going to move now. Will need to upgrade wooden garage at some point which we might not be able to afford if having to comply with new standards. This would be a problem as it houses our biomass boiler.

Q17. Do you think there is still a need/impact felt by the surrounding farming community?

Please specify...

Don’t understand question. What do you mean by ‘still’? Referring to any previous impact?

Q18. Do you think there is an impact to the village by the commuters that are passing through?

Q19. Do you have a conscious awareness of the physical structure of the village when moving through it? yes Q20. Do you see a direct link to the past?

Please specify/reference...

Yes. General character.

Q21. ‘It is the character or historic interest of an area created by individual buildings and open spaces and their relationship one with the other which the legislation covering conservation areas seeks to preserve.” - Historic Scotland’s Scottish Historic Environment Policy Annex 3 (2009) Do you think it should be preserved? Why or Why not?

No. Unfortunately it would not help against any new developments, as the protected area does not include much of the space around Thornhill. Conversely, it only restricts the quirky, non-problematic extensions / dormers etc that would help old buildings meet modern needs. In my view it focuses on exactly the wrong things. It does not stop the village turning into one pretty looking street surrounded by modern developments, as has happened in Dunblane which now feels like a newtown.

Q22.- Do you feel Thornhill is lacking is anything? (finical, personal, transport, environmental etc) More buses would be good. And cycle paths.

Q23. Do you find the weather of Thornhill, effects the building(s) you interact with / live in?

Yes. Many are drafty and cold.

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Q24. Do you do anything differently to the building you interact with because of the environment and weathering?

We just insulated the house with modern materials, including lots of plastic. This might be problematic but it is hard to find independent advice on it. Also using natural materials would be extortionate. The insulation agenda is energy driven rather than architectural preservation driven; the EST will recommend insulating everything, cavity walls etc, whilst many builders still say this prevents the house from breathing. Hard to get independent advice.

Q25. Do you find maintenance/ up keep beneficial, time consuming, enjoyable etc.?

Upkeep of what? Gardening enjoyable, if that’s what you mean. Not much maintenance to house, occasional lick of paint and new slate.

Q25.1 Also why do you take on this maintenance? What is it for? (complete any that apply) What maintenance? Question unclear.

Personal reasons...

Finical needs...

Social needs...

Cultural needs...

Other needs...

Q26. Do you feel the community, green space and history make you feel like your apart of Thornhill?

Please specify...

Any Further Comments -

Thank you for sharing your views with me for my research.

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