Concept Note Development Paradigms ENG

Alternative development models and practices from feminist perspectives Debate Issues1

I. Background For the past two decades, the dominant development model has centered on neo-liberal economic policy, emphasizing open markets, trade liberalization, foreign investment and macroeconomic stability and the reduction of the role of the state. Within this paradigm, international trade and the private sector have been flaunted as the best means by which to achieve national development and wealth.2 As a result, resources have progressively shifted away from an “aid for development” model that supports public intervention in development policies, to an “aid for trade” agenda that advances the notion that aid is most effective when used to increase private sector competitiveness and production.3 Although the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) began imposing structural adjustment policies4 in the 1980s, global economic liberalization became stronger in the 1990s. The privatization of basic services such as water, education and health care has further increased inequality by decreasing both the quantity and quality of public health and education services.5 Empirical evidence and civil society voices, including voices from women’s rights organizations, have shown that fiscal privileges for businesses and the privatization of public goods have not resulted in broad based economic growth, or in gender-sensitive development.6 The effects of economic liberalization policies are gendered, affecting men and women differently.

Women, for instance, carry a disproportionate burden of the effects of privatization through the absorption of duties once performed by the State (i.e. water, health care).

While macroeconomic policy decisions have been imbued with technical jargon – 1

This document was developed by Natalie Raaber, Cecilia Alemany, and Anne Schoenstein (AWID).

Iorio, Maria Rosaria, “Global Governance, International Development Discourses and National Policy-Making: Highlights of Critical Issues,” produced by IGTN, available at http://www.ifiwatchnet.org/?q=en/node/3826 3 Ibid.

4 Structural adjustment is a term used to describe the policy changes implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (the Bretton Woods Institutions) in developing countries. These policy changes are conditions for getting new loans from the IMF or World Bank, or for obtaining lower interest rates on existing loans. Through conditionalities, Structural Adjustment Programs generally implement "free market" programs and policy. These programs include internal changes (notably privatization and deregulation) as well as external ones, especially the reduction of trade barriers. Countries that fail to enact these programs are often subject to severe fiscal discipline, higher risk country indexes and lack of financial support from the international financial institutions.

5 Social Watch: http://www.socialwatch.org/en/informesTematicos/122.html 6 Ibid Ref.2.

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allowing their ideological basis to be, at first glance, obscured – it is clear that these prescriptions are neither gender neutral nor without a socioeconomic agenda.7 The impact of the neo-liberal development agenda has been contradictory and often skewed, bestowing benefits to a small, socio-economically advantaged minority (a global elite).

While developing countries have ”islands of development”, large territories and significant social groups remain marginalized. In those countries, women have to confront the multiplier effect of inequality. Women develop different strategies to find out alternative livelihood that often take place under the informal economy. We have different levels of development and access to goods, services and knowledge in all the countries. Within developed countries, as well, inequality has risen and income distribution has become increasingly imbalanced and the nuances among the so-called developed countries have to be taken into account. Countries are not developed, in development or ”under-developed” by themselves. Usually different levels of development co-exist in the same society or territory. The level of fragmentation, inequalities and political and economic concentration at the national but also at the global level will strength or reduce the level of development and the redistribution alternatives at the country level. Development models or non-models’ characteristics depend also on the design of the international system and the regional structures, that may perpetuate statu quo or promote change for more inclusive and sustainable models.8 More than ever, at the end of 2008 the current international model has proved to be unsustainable and, indeed, incapable of making substantial progress toward the internationally agreed development goals (IADG).9 The dire financial and economic situation we find ourselves in today - coupled with crises around food, the environment and water - further exacerbates the inequalities generated through the neo-liberal development agenda. It is not coincidental that these events/crises have occurred simultaneously: they are inextricably linked and part and parcel of a failed development paradigm, a paradigm that has unfortunately been consistently defended by key global players and the international financial institutions (also called the Bretton Woods Institutions).

The international financial model designed at the end of the II World War is over, and the profit that speculators and transnational companies made for its institutional gaps in unethical and challenged now.

With the failure of the Washington Consensus,10 a broad acceptance of the shortcomings of economic policy conditionalities and structural adjustment programs took hold, however policy practices remained aligned to that model but without using the ”old” 7

“The non-economic dimensions of the economy,” presented by Norma Sanchís at 10th AWID International Forum, Bangkok, October 2005, available at http://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/3576.html 8 Alemany, Cecilia; Draft PhD Thesis on ”CSO regional strategies in the Mercosur countries”, Introduction (not published), IHEAL, Paris III Sorbonne La Nouvelle, 2008.

9 The internationally agreed development goals, are all the international Conventions, and Conferences on Development and related issues under the United Nations. It includes the Copenhagen Declaration, the Beijing Declaration among other. Most recently the Millennium Development Goals came as a synthesized ”light” version of those commitments, and they are themselves contested. Various groups and publications question the appropriateness and/or fairness of the MDGs as international development goals - and raise concerns over whether the MDGs are representative of a true international consensus on the definition of development. Women’s organizations have been strong actors criticizing the lack of ambitious if these minimal development goals named MDGs. 10 The Washington consensus is a set of ten specific economic policy prescriptions that constituted a "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington D.C based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the U.S. Treasury Department. The term has come to be used in a different and broader sense, as a synonym for market fundamentalism, and has become associated with neo-liberal policies in general.

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jargon from the 1990s. While feminists and other social movements’ activists have been critical of the dominant paradigm for decades – critiquing its overreliance on the market, its obsession with global capitalism, the excessive prominence of the Bretton Woods Institutions and its unilateral spirit - we have yet to offer a plausible alternative.

What would a feminist development paradigm look like?

This is a complex question; the answer, however, will undoubtedly be based within a human rights framework and include principles of social justice, equity, gender equality, pro-poor growth and sustainability.

II. Setting the Political Scene Discussions on an alternative development paradigm have been taking place for years.

In 2002, at the 9th AWID international forum on women’s rights and development in Guadalajara, Mexico, Bene Madunagu opened the conference with a paper entitled Current Neo-liberal Development: Feminist Alternatives. Madunagu discussed the current framework within which development policy is formulated and the dangerous consequences that have ensued as a result of the adaptation of the neo-liberal model.11 At the AWID Forum in Bangkok (October 2005) and the International Consultation of Women’s Organizations and Networks and Aid Effectiveness (January/February 2008), women’s organizations once again debated alternative models of development, building momentum for future discussions. Most recently, at the Accra International Women’s Forum in Ghana (August 2008), women’s rights activists put forth recommendations on how to ensure that aid and development policies and processes incorporate a gender equality perspective.

The present aid and development architecture at the international level is an obstacle to true national ownership of development plans.12 Originating within the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD-DAC), the aid effectiveness process and the Paris Declaration have been criticized from the civil society groups and women’s organisations for its relatively closed, political and non-participatory nature, representing a donor-driven initiative that was gender-blinded. Power asymmetries – economic, political, cultural and knowledgerelated – are deeply embedded in this architecture and, as a result, developing countries have found it increasingly difficult to secure meaningful policy space to advance their views.13 While gaining ground in representation in recent years, women’s rights organizations have historically been excluded from the aid and development effectiveness processes and discussions. In a report to the Development Cooperation Forum (DCF), Ban Ki Moon, the Secretary General of the United Nations (UN), stated that while the Paris Declaration marked a “step change in articulating benchmarks for progress, the negotiation process did not engage the full range of stakeholders. Participation by developing countries was limited, with civil society organizations and private foundations 11

Madunagu, Bene, “Current Neo-Liberal Development: Feminist Alternatives,” presented at the opening plenary session of AWID's 9th International Forum On Women's Rights And Development: Guadalajara, Mexico, October 3 - 6, 2002.

12 Pambazuka News 394, “Effectiveness of aid or ending aid dependence?” available at http://www.pambazuka.org/en/issue/394 13 Ibid.

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contributing only marginally…[leaving] the Declaration without the approval of a conventional international multi-stakeholder process.”14 He further noted that “while approximately two thirds of contributors to South-South cooperation have signed the Paris Declaration,15 they have not been at the forefront of international initiatives on strengthening aid effectiveness, and, in spite of OECD efforts at liaison, many remain wary of a forum dominated by donors, where the particular characteristics of SouthSouth cooperation are not taken into account.”16 While space to discuss aid was made at the 3rd High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Accra, Ghana (September 2008) and will be made at the Monterrey Consensus Review Conference in Doha (November/December 2008), substantive discussion on the normative aspects of development – namely what is meant by the term ‘development,’ who should define development, what does development effectiveness entail and how is development effectiveness measured - continues to be lacking. In these official spaces, the voices of the most marginalized groups and of those who have disproportionably shouldered the burden of failed development policies – namely women - are more than often absent.

The DCF under the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), offers an opportunity to shift the discussion to a more inclusive, participative, democratic arena. The DCF is well-positioned to bring all development stakeholders together, providing a balanced space for discussion with equal participation of all countries. CSOs have suggested that the DCF be used to address development strategies and policies and financing of development cooperation; the DCF would also serve well as a space to promote coherence between the activities of the various development partners.17 Amongst other advantages, the DCF offers the space to connect the “different international agendas and fora on the related agendas to development…[including] trade, debt, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and financial systems, domestic resources and systemic issues.”18 Women’s groups have also supported the move to the DCF: “Women’s groups understand that norm-setting on aid and international cooperation issues cannot be removed from the larger global trade and finance system contexts.”19 Therefore, women’s right organizations believe that such issues are best addressed within the UN.

III. Alternatives to a Market Led/Neo-liberal Development Model The debate on development paradigms and aid has, as discussed above, been constrained by narrow concepts and an ideology that, at the expense of alternatives, favors neo-liberalism. The aid industry today (defined, designed and primarily implemented by donors) is failing to fulfil the right to development as stated in the 1986

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Report of the Secretary General, “Trends and Progress in International Development Cooperation,” ECOSOC Substantive Session of 2008, DCF, Document No. E/2008/69: p. 21.

15 The Paris Declaration, endorsed on 2 March 2005, is an international agreement to which over one hundred Ministers, Heads of Agencies and other Senior Officials adhered and committed their countries and organizations to continue to increase efforts in harmonization, alignment and managing aid for results with a set of monitorable actions and indicators.

16 Ibid Ref. 13.

17 Civil Society Benchmarks for the Doha Preparatory Process on Financing for Development, June 2008.

18 Conditionalities Undermine the Right to Development: An analysis based on a Women’s and Human’s right Perspective.

Produced by WIDE, IGTN, DAWN and AWID and coordinated by Cecilia Alemany and Graciela Dede.

19 Ibid.

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UN Declaration, as well as the right to gender equality and the right not to be poor.20 If developing nations are to own the process of development, as literature on development encourages, then the conceptual reframing of the issues must take its lead from the South.21 Women’s groups have advocate for an international cooperation system that promotes democratic and sustainable agendas and supports the equitable distribution of productive resources, decent work and the provision of social security.22 An alternative to the neo-liberal economic agenda is possible. Development paradigms (even those that advocate deregulation and low levels of state intervention) are constructed through the selection (or refusal) of particular policy routes/ideological stances; they, can, therefore be re-shaped, reconstructed. There is room for change.

While the specifics of a feminist development vision would vary depending on local realities, there may be some basic constituent elements: a paradigm in which “women play a central, active and guiding role; indigenous culture and identity are revitalized; the poor majority are empowered and the basis for genuine democracy is built; a spectrum of political and economic options and experiments are tolerated”23 and the local is connected to the global. A human rights approach (or a rights based approach) to development might be a good place to start, with an emphasis on Women’s Rights, the Right to Development, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.24 Women’s rights and women’s empowerment groups can play a central role in shaping the model in crisis and with creativity build alternatives for the historically marginalized groups. The world needs a new multilateralism, and now even the establishment is calling for that, as always the risk of a top down un-consulted and non-participatory approach is high. From the women’s movement we have to raise our voices…

IV. Key Questions to Get the Debate/Discussion Going 1. What means development paradigm to you? Is there still place to talk about paradigms?

Or the complexities of the XXI centuries call for another approach to build sustainable and inclusive development strategies?

2. Is there space for an alternative model of development, one that is not based within a neo-liberal framework? If so, what does a feminist development paradigm or model look like? What does development from a gender equality perspective entail? What does a holistic development paradigm look like from your perspective?

3. How can development paradigms connect with the reality of what women’s organizations are doing on the ground?

In other words, how can we ensure that local actions/ideas/strategies/movements are properly translated into international development norm-setting?

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“Women’s Forum Statement: Recommendations for Action on Development Effectiveness in Accra and beyond”, available at www.awid.org/eng/content/download/43402/461138/file/Women's%20Forum%20Statement%20(FINAL)-1.pdf Pambazuka News 394, “Effectiveness of aid or ending aid dependence?” available at http://www.pambazuka.org/en/issue/394 22 Ibid Ref 19.

23 Deschamps, Alexandrina, “Women as center: The process of an alternative development paradigm for the Eastern Caribbean,” University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1996.

24 A rights-based approach to development is a conceptual framework that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights.

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4. How can we ensure that as an alternative model reacting to the current crisis will not be defined from the top? How can a new development paradigms or models involve the voices of women from local organizations and promote alliance building?

5. Are there any innovative development practices in your country/region that you would like to share?

6. While the specifics of a feminist development paradigm would vary depending on local realities, perhaps there may be some basic constituent elements. Discuss. If you agree, what would these elements be?

7. “My consideration of feminist alternatives to the current neo-liberal model of development will derive from this thesis of radical activism to effect fundamental changes rather than reformist conciliatory advocacy actions that do not challenge the status quo.”25 Do you agree? Or do you think it’s more plausible to work from with the structures we are trying to change? Or both, performed simultaneously by allied groups are feasible? What would the challenges be? What has been your experience related to the dichotomy protestadvocate (revolution versus change)?

8. How do we work within a system that we are critical of without ourselves becoming oppressors or co-opted by the structures? Can we avoid co-optation? What kind of role plays identity, commitments and ethic in this area? Given our varied contexts and experiences, how can we consolidate our different understandings of feminism and development?

9. Do we have ideas on how to bring together a global network of feminist activists to formulate a coherent feminist development paradigm? Do you think another declaration or manifesto will make sense, or do we face the risk of producing yet another piece of paper?

10. How can we dialogue/challenge and confront those that are not sensitive to our agenda?

How can women’s organizations better reach out and work with other types of CSOs/social justice organizations/social movements?

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Ibid Ref.12.

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