Architecture Against Domestic Violence by Ana Matijevic

architecture AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE how design protects + rehabilitates

SURVIVORS OF ABUSE

One woman we interviewed on her honeymoon and when she cried and protested, her

Architecture Against Domestic Violence: How Design Protects + Rehabilitates Survivors of Abuse

Ana Matijevic + Shelby Riddell

Master of Architecture Thesis Arizona State University Herbeger Institute for Design and the Arts The Design School Spring 2014

Thank you to all of the administrators, staff, and residents who shared their knowledge and experience with us to develop this thesis project. Your advice and insight was absolutely essential and we are deeply grateful for your support.

Co-Chairs James Shraiky, Assistant Professor + Director of Healthcare Design Initiatives, The Design School Dr. Renata Hejduk, Associate Professor in Architectural History and Theory, The Design School

Advisors Jack DeBartolo 3 AIA, Debartalo Architects, Phoenix, Arizona Darren Petrucci, Professor of Architecture and Urban Design, The Design School Max Underwood Dan Clevenger, Westlake Reid Leskosky, Phoenix, Arizona

table of contents 01

abstract

realities

research

design concepts

site

community center

residential units

index

01abstract

abstract

Domestic Violence is a major concern in our country today that sadly shows no sign of abatement.

of physical and verbal violence often leads to anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, thoughts of suicide, and substance abuse. Women who make the choice to leave their abuser typically either live with a friend or family, or seek the protection of domestic violence shelters. Shelters were born from the domestic violence awareness movement of the 1970s, and were often run out of houses hidden by the anonymity of their surrounding neighborhoods. In more recent years, legal counseling, planned parenthood awareness, and safety planning. Shelters today still provide their services to women in crisis, but fall short in assisting women who are no longer in immediate danger or who may choose to never seek shelter. Through the combination of research and design, this thesis looks at how shelter architecture can create an environment of growth, stability, and rehabilitation, rather than merely a â&#x20AC;&#x153;holding cellâ&#x20AC;? for women in crisis. Our methodology includes literature review, one-on-one interviews with shelter administration, interviews with victims of domestic violence, and observations of victim behavior. From this research, we establish a series of design principles that may be implemented in shelters (as either renovations or new construction) across the country. With these design principles in mind, we propose a new model for a domestic violence rehabilitation community that will serve as a prototype for Downtown Phoenix. It is our belief that architecture provides an opportunity of the highest level: to engage the public through design. Our built environment has the power to evoke an emotional response that resonates with our very soul. If architects and designers worked to harness this potential for even an instant, then these projects could change how users engage with their community and themselves, rehabilitating a sense of dignity once taken from them through the thoughtful use of space, light, and materiality.

02realities

introduction

Domestic violence is a major concern in our country today that sadly shows no signs of abatement.

violence. The physical and mental long-term effects of abuse is the constant state of terror that these women live in every day. Perhaps even worse than the horrors these women face is its permanent impact on children who often witness instances of abuse. This exposure leads to lifelong mental

of abuse to understand the ultimate â&#x20AC;&#x153;whyâ&#x20AC;? of it all. We have also looked at the symptoms of abuse that victims often experience. Understanding the mental and emotional state of battered women as

methodology for gathering the necessary research to reach our goal of creating a holistic .

domestic violence as physical and mental abuse carried out against women by men from current or

violence consists of both severe acts and total acts: Acts of severe violence carry a high likelihood of physical injury and include kicking, biting, hitting, choking, beating up, threatening with a knife or gun, and using a knife or gun. Total domestic violence includes severe violence as well as less injurious physical acts such as throwing something, shoving, pushing, grabbing, slapping, or spanking.1 1

by severity. For our purposes, domestic violence will also include psychological abuse and its corresponding mental health implications on victims.

abusive typologies. In his book, Typology of Domestic Violence, Michael Johnson distinguishes between what he calls “situational couple violence” and “intimate terrorism”: [The] control sought in intimate terrorism is general and long term. Although each particular act of intimate violence may appear to have any number of short-term, specific goals, it is embedded in a larger pattern of power and control that permeates the relationship.2

“Situational couple violence” on the other hand is used to describe instances where one or both people in a relationship become violent, but without the underlying desire to control their partner. Johnson argues that instances of “domestic terrorism” are what come to mind for most people when they think of domestic violence. He estimates that two million American women are victims of this kind of abuse each year. 2

(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2010), 6. 15

history There have been a wide range of studies investigating patterns of domestic violence over the past several decades. However, differing methods, inconsistent goals, and a variety of demographics surveyed has resulted in a diverse spectrum of statistical data. Some reports range from 13 to 30% for lifetime instances of violence. These inconsistencies can arguably be more of a detriment than successful at narrowing their objectives and using more reliable methodologies.

Sexual Violence Survey. This survey was designed to ascertain the prevalence of intimate partner violence, who the victims and perpetrators are, emerging patterns, and long term health implications. Data was collected over the course of a year through a series of phone interviews administered to interviews conducted, 9,970 of which were women and 8,079 men.3 Questions focused on sexual victimization, stalking, physical abuse, psychological aggression, and â&#x20AC;&#x153;control of reproductive or sexual health by an intimate partner.â&#x20AC;?4

being raped, stalked, and/or victims of physical violence by an intimate partner at some point in their life. If we apply this ratio to our country as a whole, there are approximately 42.4 million women victimized by a partner.5 36.2 million women reported being slapped, pushed, or shoved by a partner, and an estimated 29 million women reported being victims of severe violence.6 This includes choking, being beaten, burned, hit with a hard object, pulling hair, kicking, slamming against an object or wall, and the use of a knife or gun against the victim. Physical outcomes of violence can have lasting effects (ie broken bones or nerve damage), Psychological aggression by an intimate partner can leave marks that last a lifetime and is by far the most frequently occurring form of intimate partner violence, affecting nearly one-half of all women in America, or 57.6 million women total.7

violence, stalking, or physical violence by a domestic partner. This is a total of 891,000 women in the state alone.8 According to an article in USA Today, Phoenix police respond to approximately 14,000 domestic violence calls each year. In all too many cases, a perpetrator can rapidly escalate from physical violence to outright murder. 3

, (2010), http://www.cdc.gov/ violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf#page=27 (accessed November 11, 2013). 4 5 6 7 8

In 2012, the state reported 139 people were killed by their domestic partners over the year.9 Of those, 71 were women.10 Sadly, for many women, death is the only outcome from an ongoing cycle of abuse. For all victims, escape from their abuser is imperative. Intimate partner violence rages across our country, and when we consider that a large percentage of these instances were reported to have taken place over the last twelve months, it is clear that these cycles of aggression are not going away anytime soon. One of the best ways that any society can begin to battle intimate partner violence is through awareness. While total eradication of this endemic may be too ideological at this stage in our history, surveys such as these can be used to drive the discussion surrounding domestic violence further than ever before. Domestic violence as we identify with it today is about more than rage or uncontrolled aggression, it is about ownership, dominance, and possession. Prior to the mid-nineteenth century in America and Europe, women had absolutely no rights to land, property, or even their own lives. Instead, like animals and slaves, they were considered the legal property of their fathers until marriage, at which “correcting”, he was completely within his rights to rectify the behavior – often with violence. “Popular opinion often dictated that abused women were responsible for causing their husbands to resort to violence. As a result, abused women often remained silent about domestic violence because of the perceived shame involved and/or because they feared further violence.”11 Not only was abuse considered appropriate, society reinforced this idea of victim responsibility so that women often never spoke of their victimization. Even though beating was considered acceptable, it was deemed inappropriate and cruel when a man took pleasure in the act. Regardless of the moral implications, there were no legal grounds for recourse in these (or any) instances. In this situation, the best a woman could do for herself was risk leaving her husband to go live with welcoming neighbors. Unfortunately, this option was rarely used and scarcely offered, again leaving severely abused women little to no options. It is important to note that not all men hit their wives and daughters. In fact, some denounced the behavior altogether as entirely immoral. In 1641 Massachusetts “adopted the Body of Liberties that prohibited husbands from violent forms of correction [...]. In 1650, a stronger law banned physical 12

let out of jail. As established earlier, the shame associated with abuse kept women silent about their circumstances for hundreds of years. It was only in the 1970s that the movement against domestic violence came to fruition. Until that time, most people in America barely knew what it was let alone spouse or partner, means that victims of domestic violence are often still left living in the shadows.

usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-06-10/domestic-violence-signs/55496458/1 (accessed September 12, 2013). 10

September 20, 2013). 11

credoreference.com/content/entry/abclcscra/comestic_violence/0 (accessed October 31, 2013). 12 Domestic Violence, “The Greenwood Encyclopedia”.

are inferior to them, the more

feel so small that you agree that

facts

names like ugly, fat, crazy, or stupid

humiliated, or made fun of

an intimate partner act angry in a way that seemed dangerous

03research

victimology

Often in research we perform a root cause analysis to discover the ultimate “why” of a problem so that we may solve for the cause rather than the problem. Domestic violence, however, is about

in 1984 to graphically describe the different ways in which a perpetrator will control his partner.16 business. He may control her economically by keeping all the money from her paychecks, giving her an allowance that is only barely enough for the purchase of groceries. Abusers may threaten her they too become violent against her. Isolation can often be one of the most powerful ways in which a man can assert control. By alienating friends and family from his victim, she has no one to reach out to, talk with, or seek help from. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, one of which is physically removing his wife or girlfriend from society altogether. It is important to note that a partner intent on dominance will often use more than one of these means of control against his victim: Put all these means of control together, or even a few of these, and the abuser builds what Catherine Kirkwood calls a “web” of abuse. He entraps and enslaves his partner. If she manages to thwart one means of control, there are others at his disposal. Wherever she turns, there is another way he can control her. Sometimes she is ensnared by multiple strands. She can’t seem to escape - she is trapped. But with the addition of violence, there is more than entrapment. There is terror.17

resistance to or deviation from these means of dominance can, and often do, result in beating. The ultimate “win” for abusers is to eventually eliminate the will to resist altogether. When a woman perceived slight or threat, real or imagined, is met with violence. Her self-esteem is constantly being chipped away so that she feels there are no more options left to her outside of this relationship. She is too lazy, fat, dumb, weak, frigid, ugly, worthless to ever get help from anyone. Since outside supporters, any hope of escape is eliminated. 16

Home of the Deluth Model, ed. Domestic Violence Intervention Programs, http://www.theduluthmodel.org/ training/wheels.html (accessed November 24, 2013). 17 Michael P. Johnson, Typology of Domestic Violence, 9. 28

Symptoms Research evidence has suggested that victims of domestic violence experience a variety of different

physical, mental, and emotional trauma. Of course severe beatings leave marks and often lead to long term physiological issues, but sometimes a perpetrator will leave no physical evidence of violence on his partner. For example, choking, if the force is exerted on a particular point of the neck,

health. â&#x20AC;&#x153;A particularly strong theme was that women, [...] articulated a direct, causal connection between their mental health and the violence and abuse they were suffering.â&#x20AC;? 18

Symptoms indicative of larger mental issues include depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, and social dysfunction.18 Often these type of mental severities lead to substance abuse, which only perpetuates the cycle of domestic violence. It is symptoms like these that have a direct impact on the well-being and health of the victim. These mental issues continue the cyclic motion of domestic violence, which the victim can become the abuser and no longer the abuse.

17 18

case studies shelter A

site plan

This domestic violence shelter is located within an urban environment and is an example of an veers away from the early shelter models hidden in surrounding neighborhoods, it still does not attempt to advertise the nature of the building. Shelter A is designed to accommodate women survivors with several children, and includes individual family living apartments that can be expanded or contracted depending on the size of the family. Single women coming to shelter stay in the same unit as women with large families, which means that three of the four beds go unused, inherently reducing the capacity of the shelter. Another amenity unique to this shelter is that services such as advocacy, legal counseling, and educational classes can occur onsite. Women are required to attend many, but not all, of the classes offered. Administration at this shelter emphasized a need for more multi-purpose conference rooms, storage, and most importantly space for adolescent and teen children to spend time and remain occupied. 30

second level plan

shelter B

yard

shelter play future admin parking site plan

early shelters were designed to blend seamlessly into the surrounding neighborhood, this facility stands out with its high black fence and security cameras. Women staying at this shelter share a room with up to four other women and share a bathroom with up to eight. A resident interviewed stressed that living in close proximity to so many other people, adapting, she grew comfortable with the living situation. Educational and counseling services are not offered onsite, so administration coordinates a van sign

services. The accessibility to their programs means that it is more frequently attended by than those classes that require a van ride.

decisions that they feel is best for them.

porch Advocate Office

cl.

w/c +bath

cl.

porch

plan 33

shelter C

shelter admin + dining

play shelter

trans. housing

admin parking

play admin hub

site plan This facility operates as two separate campuses closely situated within an existing neighborhood. The east campus has a transitional housing component for women to live in once they have graduated from the west crisis shelter campus. Administration shared that their transitional housing is incredibly popular and there is great demand for more units. While the crisis shelter and transitional housing are in close proximity, a woman still must move herself and her children from the west to the east campus. Counseling services are not offered on property but staff members help survivors connect with therapists off site. Educational classes are offered on property for both women and children. Finally, all meals are provided and eaten together in the shared dining room. Housing is all internal facing to promote a community environment among residents. Each woman and her family get a single room and share a bathroom with the adjacent room. Women have the luxury of private bedrooms, but have expressed a desire for private living quarters.

w/c

w/c advocate offices

kitchen

health station office office office

community living // dining

child education

office

child education child education

office

child education

west campus administration plan

survivor journey

After interviewing specialists, professors, administrators and residents at domestic violence shelters, we were able to clearly identify the journey of a women ranging from the overarching journey of abuse, to abuse itself, the journey once she arrives at a shelter and the process for when she is discharged from the facility (01). This operational model provided us the guidance and background essential to moving forward with a design for our new recovery community. The trajectory of survivor of abuse is that she initially experiences the abuse - whether it is verbal, emotional, physical or sexual (02). The second step is when she escapes from her abuser, which is the most vulnerable time for the women. When she does leave, there are several options for where she could go to seek shelter and safety - her family, friends, and admitting herself to a domestic violence shelter (03). The process for when a women arrives at the shelter, usually by caravan transport, typically involves being greeted by an advocate or receptionist and then is immediately taken to her room. This allows the survivor to be able to grieve and come to terms with the situation. She is more frequently left to description of her abuser, for her safety and everyone else at the shelter (04). During her typical 120 day stay within the shelter, women are empowered, have counseling services, education classes are held, and legal advice is provided (05). Upon her maximum stay within the shelter, the survivor meets with an advocate to determine a safety plan and reminded of the services provided. A women is either moving into an apartment on her own, returning to live with family, or moving to another shelter (06). Being able to visualize the journey of a survivor was an important process in our understanding of the complex elements that are present, and needed, for the survivor to reach her goals to become an independent women and reintegrating with the community at large. 36

noise-reducing finishes

carpeting

family zone

views of nature

appropriate lighting

health outcomes

access to daylight

design strategies

single-bed rooms

evidence based design

reduced pain improved patient sleep reduced patient stress reduced depression reduced patient length of stay improved social support increased patient satisfaction decreased staff stress increased staff effectivness increased staff satisfatcion

Over the last several decades, there has been a push to investigate, analyze, and measure how changes in our environment impact our physical health. The healthcare industry has been the focus of this research, with studies largely focusing on hospitals. Results from these studies; however, rarely reveal new information. Rather, this research offers a neuropathic and biological metric system to describe those elements that have always made us, as humans, feel good. At our core we inherently understand and accept that looking out to a natural landscape makes us feel better than staring at a concrete wall. The impact of natural light, too has a profound affect on our souls: â&#x20AC;&#x153;The sun is not has quite as real and tangible effects upon the human body. But this is not all. Who has not observed the purifying effect of light, and especially of direct sunlight, upon the air of a roomâ&#x20AC;? (Florence Nightengale, Notes on Nursing, What it is, and What it is Not)?

views to nature

natural light

feels like home

multi-sensory environment 39

04concepts

site selection Central + McDowell

Portland + 1st Street

walking distance to lighrail walking distance to bus route walking distance to libraries, parks, schools, grocery community presence close proximity to police station close proximity to courts + justice system close proximity to hospital site large enough to accommodate all programmatic elements

site selection matrix

available at this intersection, which allows women easy access throughout the city. The ability to freely travel from work, to home, to groceries, to school, etc is a major step for women attempting to regain control of their lives. This site also allows for a major community outreach component. It is just as important to provide educational programs, advocacy, and counseling to the women who will never leave their abusers. By building the community on such a prominent corner, women who are not enrolled in a Valley shelter now have access to services such as safety planning and legal advocacy.

Coronado + 3rd Street

Roosevelt + 9th Street

Central + Indian School

Osborn + 7th Ave

Central + Camelback

location

site analysis central ave

granada rd

w coranado rd

w almeria rd

n alvarado st

e coranado rd

1st ave mcdowell rd

w lynwood st

1st st

3rd ave

palm lane

site context

view from 1st ave

view from mcdowell + central

concept

Through our research, we have found that there are two types of domestic violence shelters in the Valley: institutional and residential. Institutional shelters are typically master planned as a small campus with several buildings including spaces for administration, resident living units, and shared multi-purpose / dining space. Security in these facilities usually includes a single secure entry point, a fenced perimeter, and security cameras. Shelters are usually built in unsafe neighborhoods with high levels of prostitution, crime, and drug use, so these security measures are used to protect survivors from their own community as much as their abusers. These institutional shelters, while safe, have little to no feeling of community.

of the Internet their secrecy has been jeopardized so that, like the institutional facility, it requires a fenced perimeter and security cameras. These shelters typically have a strong sense of community, but shared living environments prevent women from having ownership of their space. In the short-term, the current shelter model keeps survivors of violence safe and secure, but also offers a certain level of rehabilitation. Institutional services such as advocacy, legal advice, resume building, and counseling are often available either onsite or nearby. Survivors of violence have shared that simply being educated about domestic violence is incredibly empowering and positively histories of abuse are similarly a valuable asset to the shelter community. Unfortunately, the shelter model does not offer a long-term solution for recovery. Shelter stays typically last only 120 days before women must then go back through the trauma of moving to transitional housing, often far away from the services and support system the shelter provided. This is when most women will return to her abuser, choosing to face familiar violence than a fear of the unknown. Our thesis project proposes a domestic violence recovery community that combines the most successful elements of the institutional shelter (on-site counseling, advocacy, education) with the best parts of the residential shelter (community support). By knitting together the institutional and residential elements, a third space is created. It is here that there are opportunities for women and

their children to come together for spontaneous activity and take ownership of their community. This new typology also allows women to take control of their personal space with individual residential units for each family. Since support from other residents also plays a major role in the healing process, we propose a community where women in crisis and in transition live together and grow through shared experience. The 120-day maximum stay is eliminated so women may instead focus on long-term healing and recovery. Finally, the issue of security is addressed through section, rather than plan. This is accomplished by pushing all residential units to the second level so that the ground plane is reserved only for resident enter the residential level either through secure vertical circulation through these civic buildings, or

institutional

neighborhood 51

site concept

+ institutional

+ + residential - Reduced security

= = recovery community

site concept, cont.

residential willo district

“the wedge”

civic + residential + “third space”

institutional phoenix art museum

mat building

pedestrian grid

throughout whole site

open space

campus plan Berlin Free University | Candilis, Josic, Woods, + Scheidhelm

lack of hierarchy

mat building 56

throughout whole site

x 57

co-housing

throughout whole site

Milagro cohousing community

co-housing 58

shared indoor community space

shared outdoor community space

co-family environment

throughout whole site

shared property maintenance workload

x fundend jointly by community members 59

recovery

empowerment | safety | restoration | community | dignity

hypothesis

traditional shelter model proposed recovery community

time

off

fenced perimeter

safety in section

key card access

60 50

cool

more effective

control over environment

single family units

! security cameras

onsite rehabilitation + education services

private, semi-private, puclic indoor/outdoor opportunity

women + children

crisis + transition women

eyes on the street

recovery opportunity for kids + teens

crisis women only

short term access to services

educational presentations from community leaders

less effective

neighborhood (hidden)

July

21 shared living units

institutional

offsite rehabilitation + education services

120 day max stay

neighborhood

traditional shelter models vs. proposed recovery community empowerment | safety | restoration | community | dignity

05site

site program components

all components

garage pods + 9,600 sf + 64 secure parking pods

commercial space + 12,000 sf of retail - 7 small @ 1,000 sf - 2 medium @ 1,200 sf - 1 large @ 1,400 sf

storage & utility + 6,800 sf storage + 3,000 covered outdoor area

public linear park + 13,300 sf

residential ribbon parks + 10,000 sf - playground - outdoor seating - space in between

community center + 16,400 sf - 400 seat auditorium. gallery, art studio womens services + 15,500 sf library, computer lab administration + 26,000 sf conference rooms children & teen services + 6,500 sf day care, teen room

safety diagram

03 02 04

01 - vehicular entry point for residents. key card access only. 02 - visual security of interior area from complex administration 03 - secure vertical circulation into private residential area 04 - individual garage pod access to residents only with secure key card 05 - retail buffer between busy street and private parking area 06 - pedestrian accessed public park 07 - public cultural space, including parking

site plan

ground level

second level

site sections

east / west site section

north / south site section 72

third space environments

06community center

community center

Our research has suggested that there are women who do not leave their abusive relationship and communities are uneducated about the severeness of domestic violence. This community center provides an opportunity to serve the community of survivors within, offer services to those who do not seek shelter, and educated and empower the community and women. The primary idea behind the community center is to be compliment to the Phoenix Art Museum that is located east of the site through a long, narrow building. The community center is compromised of a lobby, a 400 seat auditorium, outdoor courtyard, gallery. Upstairs is adjacent to the residential units and allows for women in crisis to either paint their emotions and participate in art therapy while also having the opportunity to engage in lectures and performances occurring in the auditorium by being in a conference room that overlooks the auditorium stage. The gradient of public, semi-public, and private space is a theme that is also present within in community to come together to learn, engage, and heal together. Spaces such as the shaded exterior courtyard are perfect for such events to occur. There could be a jazz festival with the enlarged stairs used for seating with the gallery and auditorium programs spilling out into this central area.

can help the survivors of domestic violence slowly reintegrate themselves into the community and

04 83

community center view of lobby 85

community center view of auditorium

community center section

community center view of gallery

community center view of exterior courtyard

07residential units

residential units

It is extremely important for a woman recovering from a violent relationship to be able to regain control of her environment. Each family living in our proposed recovery community lives in their own one, two, or three bedroom residential unit. This space is divided in a private (sleeping), semi-private (living), and public (kitchen) space. While each unit is individual, it is connected to its neighbor through a shared communal kitchen. This provides yet another opportunity for women to come together, learn from one another, and support one another through her time of healing. Often described as the heart of the home, the kitchen becomes not only a place to prepare meals, but to come together as a community as well. Each kitchen component opens to a large, shared, â&#x20AC;&#x153;front porchâ&#x20AC;? dining area, which speaks to its counterpart across the central ribbon park, further activating the central space for greater community opportunity and atmosphere. Every unit has a single circulation corridor for ease of movement through the space and simple navigation for those residents with high levels of anxiety. This core also allows a woman to see the whole length of her unit for peace of mind and heightened security. Natural light is used as a material in the housing units as it paints and sculpts the space, acting as

the walls in a wash of bounced, guiding light. Finally, small interior courtyards act as an intuitive break Together, these elements create a sense of home that is both private and supportive, with a strong connection to the environment through natural light and landscaped courtyards.

05 93

residential unit view of light corridor

one (left) + two (right) bedroom ground level 96

one (left) + two (right) bedroom section 97

2 three bedroom units ground level 98

2 three bedroom units second level

three bedroom section 99

residential unit view of shared kitchen

08index

design guidelines

Allow women opportunities to control their own environment. This includes individual housing units per family and mitigating the noise from families in the adjacent units.

Create an environment of shared support and mentorship by integrating crisis shelter and transitional housing units.

Make services available to the greater community to target abused women in the community who will not seek shelter (majority).

Advocacy and education classes and services should be conducted onsite or at a location within walking distance for greater involvement.

Create spaces for kids and teens to work, play, and receive counseling.

106

Provide a variety of indoor and outdoor public, private, and semi-private spaces.

Reduce anxiety and stress by creating a multi-sensory experience through outdoor landscaping and interior material choices.

Maximize natural light in interior spaces through moments of diffused, dappled, direct, or bounced light. Natural light can be used to guide women through interior spaces.

Allow pets in residential units and provide walking paths or outdoor park areas for leashed dog walking.

A variety of scales (built + landscaped) should be implemented throughout the property. For example, larger facilities should provide smaller pockets of intimacy to avoid being overwhelming.

107

bibliography azcadv.org (accessed September 20, 2013).

June 10, 2012, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-06-10/domesticviolence-signs/55496458/1 (accessed September 12, 2013).

, (2010), http:// www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf#page=27 (accessed November 11, 2013).

Historyâ&#x20AC;?, http://literati.credoreference.com/content/entry/abclcscra/comestic_violence/0 (accessed October 31, 2013).

Johnson, Michael P.,Typology of Domestic Violence: Intimate Terrorism, Violent Resistance, and

Wilt, Susan MS and Sarah Olson, PhD, MA, Prevalence of Domestic Violence in the United States, JAMWA, Vol. 51, No. 3, May/June 1996

108

quote index Page 3. Michael P. Johnson, Typology of Domestic Violence, 1. Page 19.

Page 103.

image index Cover Image. Page 11.

Page 15. Page 19. Page 20. Page 22.

109

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