Waterline - Senior Thesis by Ayah Ali

WATERLINE By Ayah AlBaumy

A thesis book for the Final Archtectural Project submitted to Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai In partial fulfillment of the requiremnents of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2019

Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai Studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Full Name: Ayah AlBaumy Thesis Book Title: Waterline

Studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Signature:

Date: Advisor / Professor Name: Dr. Annarita Cornaro Advisor / Professor Signature:

Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Above all, I would like to thank God for his endless blessings and for providing me with the strength and ability to go from one day to the next until this day. I’m eternally grateful for my parents who encouraged and supported me my whole life and have given me the courage to continue in this major even when I thought I couldn’t. Thank you for everything you have done for me to ensure that I stay on the path I am on. I’m also thankful to my three halves, Abd Alrahman, Abd Allah and Hajar who are a source of constant joy and love in my life. I would like to thank Prof. Annarita Cornaro for all her guidance and enthusiasm throughout the journey of writing my thesis. I also want to express my gratitude for her beneficial criticisms and valuable advice that helped shape this book. I am extremely grateful for her endless support and and constant belief in my potential. Thank you to all the professors I have had the priviledge to learn from; each one of gave me a piece that helped me put together what academically need to shape me as an architect. A very special thanks to my wonderful friends who are always there along the way, surrouding me with joy and support. I would like to especially thank Nour Rouhana and Sandi Boutros my best of friends for all the encouragement they have given me. I will cherish every moment we spent in our journey together.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1

Water: The meaning behind its power

SECTION Chapter 2 ONE

1.1 Water + Human 1.2 Water + Civilizations 1.3 Water + Religion 1.4 Water + Philosophy 1.5 Water + Mythology 1.6 Water + Culture 1.7 Water + Architecture

Dubai Water Life

Chapter 3

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

The Creek: First Settlement Fishing Pearl Diving Dhows Creek Evolution

Coasts and Islands 3.1 The Coastline Trend 3.2 Man-made Islands

Chapter 4

Case Studies

SECTION Chapter 5 TWO Chapter 6 Chapter 7

Therme Vals Digital Water Pavilion Blur Building Leca Swimming Pools

Site Context and Analysis 5.1 Three potential sites 5.2 Chosen site

Space and Site Correlations 6.1 Program 6.2 Synthesis

Design Approach

SECTION Chapter 8 THREE

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

7.1 Concept Proposal and Design Impact

Preliminary Design Documentation

8.1 Schematic representations; Plans, Sections, Diagrams, Models

SSection ection 14

CChapter hapter

Water: The power behind its meaning

1.1

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Water is the most interesting object in a landscape, and the happiest circumstance in a retired recess; captivates the eye at a distance, invites approach, and is delightful when near; it refreshes an open exposure; it animates a shade; cheers the dreariness of a waste, and enriches the most crowded view ... It may spread in a clam expanse, to soothe the tranquility of a peaceful scene; or hurrying along a devious course, add splendor to a gay, and extravagance to a romantic situation. - Thomas Whately, 1770

Water + Human

Water appears in many forms and bodies in na-

ture, a droplet, a trickle, as a spring, a swamp, a river, a lake, a waterfall, or an ocean. In all its multitude forms it offers and evokes visual, mental, and physical associations of comfort, excitement, and contemplative feelings that nourish our spirits. It is a physical universal symbol of rebirth, purification, therapeutic value, power, and aesthetic pleasure it is the main source of life. It is an essential resource in that exists in our environment whether it is a liquid, gas, or a solid. It has the power to transport elements, transform, absorb, and produce energy, sculpts and fashions landscape and more importantly sustain it.

1. Tactile connection

Human beings need daily access to water. Psychoanalysts have come to conclusions that physical connection with water can help people get closer to the unconscious processes during their everyday lives. Children especially, relish in active association with water; water-play in early days is a vital component of a child's daily experience. Water poses a great potential as an emotional and physical link between nature and people. Since man's primitive existence it has provided the basis of everyday life which allowed people to acknowledge the complex connection and interaction between nature and human purpose. It has also been established that water appeals to the five senses of human beings and that further enhances the experience of water in our cognitive, acoustic, tactile, olfactory, and visual environments.

2. Water and the human body

Water is a major component to all organisms and living things, some organismsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; body weight adds up to 90% just from water. An adultâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human body adds up to 60% water. Water serves all the basic, essential functions that keep our body working. According to H.H. Mitchel, different parts of the body organs are composed of different percentages of water; the lungs 83%, the skin 64%, muscles and kidneys 79%, bones 31%, and the heart and brain are composed of 73% water. Every human being must consume a specific average amount of water daily in order to survive and not dehydrate. Every water intake percentage depends from person to person and this also varies according to gender, age, and geographical location. On average, female adults must consume around 2.2 liters of water per day, while a male adult needs around 3 liters per day. (The Water in You)

1.2

Water + Civilizations

There is a reason to why the beginning of civili-

“The world’s major civilizations developed along rivers, which have both united and divided human beings. Water is life, our life and that of others as well. Without water there would be no human civilization, indeed there would be be no life. We use water to drink, navigate, fish, clean, cool down, cook, travel, water plants, and....” (UNESCO, Drops of Water)

zations developed among wetlands. For reasons other than hydrating the body, wetlands are rich in nutrients, it is fertile in soil, and abundant in water supply. Only then can life thrive and settle around the wetlands. Creating a biodiverse eco-system. Wetlands directly aloows cit-wide agriculture, therefore making food provisions at a larger scale possible. Desert animals however have evolved into the conditions allowing them to go days without water. For example, a camel stores water in its hump and can last more than one week without water. As flourishing a water body offers, it can also be contractorily destrcutive. Many of the world’s largest civilizations were ended by regional drought. (Thomas Scheffler) Although it is quite unknown exactly how the civilizations in Mesopotamia, Sumeria and the Indus ended. Some archeologists theorized it was due to a major drought, causing wide spread famine.

3. Map of the early River Valley Civilizations

5000 - 3500 BC Tigers and Euphrates River The very first settlements in human history were called the Fertile Cresent, surrounding Mesopotamia and Sumeria. It is named so due to the crescent shaped settlements formed around relatively fertile lands with a climate more dynamic than today, where archeologists believe agriculture flourished. (Mark, Joshua J.)

3300 - 1500 BC Indus River Valley An ancient civilization located around modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India that flourished on the Indus Valley river. A fertile land that settled and urbanized. It is said that at its peak the inhabitant’s population was approximately 5 million people, which may not seem large in today’s standards but compared to 3300 BC it would be around 10% - 30% of the world. (Violatti, Cristian)

4000 BC Yellow River - Huang He The cradle of Asian civilization located in modern day China was the beginning of many Chinese civilizations or “Dynasties”. The river is very long stretched from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean. Only 10% of China’s land was fertile enough, yet it was rich in soil. Enough to begin one of the largest and longest standing civilizations in history. (Yellow River)

4. Power of water on a human

1.3

Water + Religion

From the beginning of prehistoric and ancient times,

water with all its benefits was and still is thought to be a divine gift and that any waterbody or form is itself a divinity. Rivers, springs, lakes, glaciers, rains are all forms of water that have become places of worship and were given glorifying names full of meaning and power, names that have survived for centuries to this day. Water has so many symbolic meanings, metaphors, and religious context in most religions, some waters are recognized to have miraculous powers for healing the human body and soul. It also symbolizes death and rebirth, purging of impurities and sins and the guarantee of eternal life.

5. Symbols of religions

Judaism From the earliest days of Judaism, the Mikvah ritual of water immersion symbolizes purity and rebirth and a way to find a complete connection with unity and ultimate perfection. (Garry L. Chamberlain)

Christianity As with Christian Baptism rituals, the very first act of a Christian's life is total immersion in water and then reemerging from it. For both Christians and Jews, the huge water source sent by God during the Universal Flood was a bringer of death that would later create new life.

Islam Zamzam water springs is another example of a sacred water body in Islam. For Muslims, water is also used as a tool of cleansing and purification, and it is done meticulously in specific steps before entering holy places, ablution before prayers, and other rituals. According to Islam, water is a divine gift that cannot be owned or possessed by anyone and it is so scared that it also states that whoever pollutes water will have to face consequences.

1.4 Buddhism According to Buddhism, water is also a symbol of purity and is celebrated in special rituals during Buddhist New years.

Hinduism Hindus who are also known to have traditions of purification and immersions in water, they believe that the Ganges River waters are sacred and even though it is extremely polluted nowadays, they still strongly believe in its spiritual powers of regeneration to this present day. (Garry L. Chamberlain)

Water + Pilosophy There

are many religions, beliefs, and philosophies that consider water to be part of the four basic elements of life; fire, air, and earth. Additionally, in Chinese philosophy it also part of the five elements; wood, metal, earth, and fire.

Earth Parmenides was against Heraclitus' theory of change and believed that the world was an unmoving block of Earth. Disapproving free will and created the branch of philosophy which is now known as eternalism. Which is the fact that events from the beginning of time and the end are preset in this unchanging Earth (Waterfield, Robin)

Shintoism Waterfalls are held scared and standing under one is believed to purify the individual. Used in a rital that is performed by s shrine prior to entering a Shinto temple. (Garry L. Chamberlain)

Air Anaximenes, one of the world's first philosophers from the westerrn region was among a group who would study using science and logos to determine the "arche", the source and cause of all creation. He believed the air is an original substance from which the physical universe was formed and that air became other physical materials by altering its state and texture. Able to concentrate itself enough to create water and to be thin enough for fire. (Waterfield, Robin)

6,7. Symbols of the natural elements

Fire Heraclitus, believed in the principle that the entire cosmos is "an ever living fire". He concluded that fire is where all are exchanged, it changes into various forms and other elements in the cosmos. Heraclitus mainly sought after the paradox in change, and fire was a perfect example in his theories.since it is an element in constant chnage as it blazes, the moment the fire stops, it would stop existing all together. Metaphorically, meanning that it is dependent on change. (Waterfield, Robin)

Water Thales of Miletus, the World's first known philosopher, from Ancient Greece was a believer in Naturalism. It is the belief that everything in existance formed by natural causes and effects. He attempted to find the elemental cause of creation by looking into compositions of all objects, natural and material. In the spring of thoughts, imagination, and experimentation, he concluded that water was the origin of all things. how he reached this conclusion is most probable due to his observations. That water comes in all forms; Air, Solid, and Liquid. that it exists in all substance i the environment surround us. (Waterfield, Robin)

8. Depiction of the Greek God Poseidon 9. Depiction of the River Styx

1.5

Water + Mythology

All ancient civilizations had spiritual systems based

on glorifying natural elements, and because water was so necessary to life. Water has also played a role in many Mythologies, where they believed in water gods and goddesses and divine objects related to water. There were around 3000 Oceanid gods and it was told that each watched their own river, lakes, springs, rain, clouds, and more. Stories, myths, and folktales, expose natural forces including water and the contradictory perspective of being something both good or destrcutive. (Lombardi, Esther)

10. Painting of the Greek Goddess Aphrodite or Venus 11. Painting of the of the Fountain of Youth

Poseidon The greek god of the oceans, who controls over all forms of water. Granting water to those who worship him and grought to those against him. The idea of Poseidon has been reincarnated in other civilizations; Neptune-Roman God, NjordNorse god, and Poseidon himself was a reincarnation of other Gods of water before him.

Aphrodite The greek goddess of love, who was born in the sea when Cronos castrated his father Uranus when his genitals fell into the ocean.

Fountain of Youth A tale of a mythical fountain that restores the youth of anyone who drinks or baths in its showers.

Styx River In ancient Greece, the souls of the dead were ferried across the dark waters of River Styx which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead.

Babylonian All beings were formed out of the fusion between salt water and sweet water. Sweet water is the embodiment of the freshwater that lies beneath the Earth. Salt water came from the clouds, and the rainfall became the source of the Tigirs and the Euphratus rivers where the civilization thrived.

Zoroastrian Purity and pollution are central to the Zoroastrian belief system. Pollution is considered evil, whereas clean water is sacred. It is forbidden to split, urinate or was one's hands in rivers for fear of blemishing the water's sacredness

1.6

12,13. Japanese Gardens

Water+Culture History indicated that numerous cultures have ad-

opted diverse and distinct views and beliefs about their connection to nature. Some have even assumed a very dominant position over nature while others have embraced a more harmonious association with it. The Japanese attitude towards nature for example is solely based on the deep belief that nature and human beings are inseparable. Gardens, influenced by Chinese thought, became a metaphysical spatial icon of Shinto, Tao, and Zen society. The garden landscape also signified a micro-scaled version of natural landscape. Many Japanese gardens, villages and towns were planned in a way to use natural materials and processes with great sensitivity and power. It was an intuitive basic philosophy for survival to be in harmony with nature and the Japanese pursued to understand the world and themselves through identifying and contemplating themselves a small but essential part of a larger universe. It was truly understood that survival and health are consequently dependent upon comprehending and acknowledging nature and her process.

Persian Islamic Garden 14. Eram garden 15. Fin Garden

In the Islamic world, nature was also transformed into gardens and each one meant to symbolize a fragment of paradise on earth. It was purposefully and carefully enclosed by walls in order to exclude the acoustic and olfactory pollutions of cities and so it became an important component of urban form. Contrasted by the rural and wooded styles of England, Italy, and France, Persia's lands were barren and monotonous, and nature compensated this by its supply of oasis. However, Persians built the formal gardens with specially designed water features as a greater form of relief from the dull and harsh environment. Water, which is the nucleus of every garden, was supplied by canals dividing the gardens into quarters of geometrical fragments. Taking place in the center of these gardens was a lake of water that was never freely or organically shaped like the English or Chinese gardens. The paths were also never random, they would lead the wanderer straight to a goal, a view through ornamented and unglazed windows in the wall or a gazebo or kiosk covered with vines and flowers. Water fountains were also a vital element further enhancing the beauty of the lakes forming stylized cascades. (Alexandra Karabournioti)

16. Baroque Garden, Villa dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Este, Italy

The key to the Islamic gardens was its poetic, contemplative purpose, and spiritual atmosphere, in contrast to it is the Renaissance and Baroque gardens and parks of Europe. In countries such as Italy, people begin to impose its illusion of order and power upon the process of nature. Gardens become the symbols of people's dominance over nature. The lavish gardens and villas of Tivoli and Rome are an indication of this assumed power that is visible by the imposition of Euclidean geometry. Baroque gardens were designed axially and symmetrically aligned with the architecture. Water displays, a vital component of the villas, applied complex hydraulics to provide the immense quantities of water running through the gardens. (Alexandra Karabournioti)

17. Baroque Garden, Reggia di Caserta, Italy

The massive beautifying contribution that Renaissance and Baroque gardens made was of the cascading volumes of water that ran though design channels, over walls, ramps, boulders and into the ornamented basins and even carried out down vast hillsides. Water was controlled and forced to perform every human whim and expressed its full dominance over the natural landscape. The English had beliefs that some human and nature harmony was possible to achieve. Landscape designers were inspired by the fantasies of poets, artists, and writers. They transformed a worn-out and poverty-stricken England to the beautiful landscape fueled by romanticism and expression which resulted in deification and worship of nature. Water was treated in a manner sympathetic to nature, it became lakes constructed with ornamented waterfalls and brooks. It beautified and livened parks, urban squares and plazas, as well as natural plantings. (Alexandra Karabournioti)

18. Central Park, New York

With the developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, public parks and gardens were built across cities and were intended to the lungs of the city as an improvement to the quality of urban form. Most of these parks were trivial manifestations of nature which completely disregarded the processes of nature. These green gardense merely feature the trappings of natural landscape; lakes, parks, trees, gardens, and lawns. The city is deemed as a foreign entity and some pieces of nature are arbitrarily inserted into its body. Unfortunately, tradition has established a rupture between the city and nature. The forms cities are generated by the overriding idea that it is an entity apart from nature, a superficial ornamentation, a luxury, not valued as an essential component that permeates within the city and connects with the universe.

19. Water integrated in architecture

1.7

Water + Architecture

Humankind requires daily access to water how-

ever it is sometimes visually absent from the built landscape environment. Water has the potential to become one the numerous threads that are weaved within the physical fabric of built landscape and urban life. People are slowly being deprived of physical and emotional connection and to literally experience it as part of the continuing essential processes of nature. However, through the evolution of cities the visual quality of natural landscape in including water environments, have played a crucial role in enhancing the urban environments. The classical world, water reclaimed an architectural significance both a feature with urban public spaces as an element of pleasure and as a context for urban maritinme activities.

20. Water reflections

The physical properties of water and its impact on our senses as human beings help us to understand the relation between architecture and water. The absence of water from the public realm has been accompanied by the realization that fresh water is iteself a precious commodity, scarce or in limited supply throughout much of the world, and a growing awareness of the importance of conservation, as well as the preservation and restoration of water resources in natural ecosystems. Architecture plays an important role in moving oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience with water as a user through designed space. Water has many artistic qualities which one tends to ignore while building a constrcuted space. (Why water - architecture) For example, water is fluid, dynamic and transparent. These properties of water are very essential in human nature. To successfully design a space where water connects with the people and is an art of their ritual, one must address all the factors necessary to it.

Contact with water is a very essential part of the project. Greater the contact with water the greater and deeper the connection between water and us. Water in the built environment provides opportunity for direct and inidirect contact with people. The form of the design is important as well as the availability of contact with water as the main goal. Contact, whether actual or percieved; such as heard but not seen, strengthens the bond between people and water. (Five senses from the water) The manner in which is presented is crucial for success of the design. Incorporating the reflective quality of water in the design, preferably with vegetation, sky or natural forms confirms the prence of life in the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings.

21. Roombeek, Water Landscape

Spread of Water Scale determines the feeling of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience within the space. As space becomes larger, the more difficult it is to retain intimacy. Scale includes the use of subspaces for use by smaller groups in large designs. Often sub-spaces within large environments will create a comfortable feeling of intimacy, promote social interaction and facilitate the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feeling of connection to the water.

22. Water Ripples

Sound The sound of water serves several purposes. Most commonly it is presented in a high-energy form, by way of large jets and cascading waterfalls, which stimulate the user. Conversely, quiet or low energgy water forms can be used for a soothing, calming effect on the user. Whether presented as a trickle or a gush, the amount of sound generated by the water displays can be precisely manipulated to meet the specific objectives of the design criteria. (Five senses from the water)

23. Scent of the ocean

Fragrance Water is odorless, but depending on the space in which water exists in can be designed in a way to have a fragrance unless it is naturally available in the context of the design. For example, the ocean smell thaat emanates from its water. As one reaches the coast, the feeling can be expressed to be off the salt water and the seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural magical sense.

24. Taste of the natural

Taste The Water world is very complex, almost as much as the wine, only there is great ignorance, everyone is sure that depending on their area of origin or grape type which is made we can get one kind or another wine, the water goes a bit the same , as the area containing the source or the type of rock that is in contact or mineral waters have more light, also not just a matter of taste, water has chemical properties that enhance the functions of our body and do not have the same effect waters that other. Therefore, while design with water, one cannot repeat the same design over again, it is different depending on each space and function.

25. Roman Aqueducts

26. Lake Pearl Plaza

Water supply system The Roman Aqueducts were the beginning of the architectural relationship with water. An Aqueduct is from the Latin word for water (aqua) and the Latin word for channel (ductus). The Roman aqueducts stand until this day. For more than two thousand years later, it is showing the great engineering minds of the Romans to people from all around the world. The Aqueducts were used to provide water to the cities from nearby water bodies. Most of the water was supplied to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public baths too. The Romans had even constructed a sewage system in which the waste water was removed and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the city clean. They were also durable and srong and withheld any damage. They were the start of water supply around cities which has n ow evolved into the modern day water pipes supplies in our own homes. (The End of Roman Aqueducts)

Water as landscape element Designers have long taken advantage of the many attractive visual and non-visual qualities of water in the landscape. Water can be static or dynamic in various speeds. It can be shallow or deep, reflect the sky, sun, nature, and other objects in our environment. Water can gain retain colors, create sound, and can make us feel a cool sensation when touched. Colors in water is associated with other perceptual and experiential charactersitics as well. For example, Blue water is associated with coolness and white water with roaring power. Therefore, the fundamental job of a landscape architect is to create balance between the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs and the environmental needs, between man-made and natural elements.

Applications of digital water 27. Digital Water Pavilion 28, 29. Water wall patterns

Water as a digital element The Digital water pavilion was inaugurated during the Expo Zaragoza 2008. The challenge of this structure was to use the water - the theme of Expo 2008 - as an architectural element. this is the first building ever built whose external facades are fullly integrated by digital water curtains. the result is a space that is interactive and reconfigurable in that each wall can potentially become an entrance or exit. For centuries , architects have shaped and directed water by means of channels and pipes. The industrial era has brought on powerful pumps which enables large-scale water elements. The pavilion illustrates the potential of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;digital waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as a merging medium. Since plumbing and electricity are not primarly expensive and recycled water is plenty , water walls could be created ona much larger scale. (Carlo Ratti Association)

CChapter hapter

Dubai Water Life

2.1

The Creek: First Settlement

The “Architecture is a connection with the past. It can communicate memory, but it can also communicate values and a sense of place… Sometimes we have to explore the paast to find inspiration for the future.” - Sir Norman Foster

earliest mention of Dubai was recorded in 1095, in the Book of Geography by Andalusian-Arab geographer Abu Abdullah Al Bakri. Other records like the journal of Venetian pearl merchant Gaspero Balbi, dates back to 1580 when he visited the area for its pearl trade. (The History of Dubai)The livelihood of the area’s inhabitants was based on fishing, pearl diving, boat building and providing accommodation and sustenance for the traders who would pass through on their way to sell gold, spices and textiles – the very wares that can be found in our souks today. The main milestone in the history of the UAE comes in 1793 when the Bani Yas tribe assumed political power and settled in Abu Dhabi, with Dubai becoming a dependency. (The History of Dubai)

30. Dubai Creek 1960

Records show that Dubai was a walled city in the early 1800s. The Al Fahidi Fort was built around the same time Dubai became a dependency, now the site of the Dubai Museum. The wall on the Bur Dubai side was from Al Fahidi Historical Neighbourhood through Al Fahidi Fort, and ended at the Old Souq. On the Deira side, Al Ras area was walled. However, in 1820, Britain negotiated at maritime truce with local rulers, meaning that the trade routes would be open and business would thrive. (Dubai Creek Stands Test of Time) Maktoum bin Butti of the Bani Yas tribe lead his people to the Shindagha Peninsula at the mouth of Dubai Creek in 1833, settling there and declaring the town’s independence from Abu Dhabi. From then onwards, Dubai was regarded as a fishing village. Today, even with all the massive changes the emirate has undergone, the Al Maktoum dynasty still rules Dubai.

Under the Al Maktoum leadership, Dubai began to thrive. In 1894, trading in the area was given yet another boost as new rules granting tax exemption for expatriates saw a huge influx in the number of foreign workers. Indian and Pakistani traders descended to Dubai, to take advantage of the excellent business conditions. While this was a reasonably successful period in Dubai’s history, it was still wholly reliant on fishing, trading and pearl diving. And when artificial pearls were invented in Japan in the 1950s, the vulnerability of the region’s economy was exposed. However, the financial downturn did not last long. In 1966, everything suddenly changed for Dubai: it struck oil. (Dubai Creek Stands Test of Time) With this newfound resource, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum began the development of Dubai – transforming the city from a small cluster of settlements near Dubai Creek to a modern port, city and commercial hub. Rashid Port, Jebel Ali Port, Dubai Drydocks, the widening of the Dubai Creek, and the Dubai World Trade Center were a few of the major projects completed at the time.

31. Emirati fishermen preparing net

2.2

Fishing Life

Fishing is a deeply embedded tradition in the UAE culture. As people of the desert with little water for agriculture, the Emarati ancestors depended on fishing for survival. it has grown to be a popular sport and pastime amongst UAE residents, with active fishing multi-national communities. Fishing industries and fish in the UAE is a traditional craft. Using hooks to catch fish is one of the oldest methods of finding food and of course is till in use today. Fisk hooks dating back 5000 years have been found at some of Dubai and Sharjahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coastal archeological sites. These prove that fishing has been carried out in the Gulf since ancient times. There is also archeological evidence of net fishing (How Dubai Went from a Fishing Village...). Traditionally, fishing nets were hand woven by local fishermen, but this skill was slowly lost and forgotten. The traditional way of finding fish was by having a strong instinct and knowledge of the waters. Fishermen would know when to fish by observing the seaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s color when it turns grey and the sailor would easily know what kind of fish he would find there as well. (Dubai Museum; Al Fahidi)

32. Old Fish Souk 33. Fisherman making net 34. Fishermen pulling back their catch 35, 36. Women and men selling fish

37. Pearl diver opening mussels 38. Pearl divers being pulled up 39. Pearl inside mussel

2.3

Pearl Diving The people of the Arabian Peninsula have had a

long and special realtionship with the sea. From simple beginnings, fishing and trading along the coasts, Arab sailors went to become masters of the seas. Their wooden dhow boats and graceful lateen sails became icons of the Arabian Gulf. Arab Mariners developed navigational aids and explored distant shores, trading in Africa, India and even China. The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s finest pearls were fished from local oyster beds and traded to India and Persia where they were made into the finest jewerly for monarchs and the wealthy in Europe. (The Diving Village; Shindagah)

40, 41, 42,. Pearl Diver’s life

Pearls were known as objects of desire. the pearls of the Arabian Gulf have been regarded as the finest in the world for thousands of years. No region has produced more natural pearls. The emperors of ancient Persia loved pearls. Until the 20th century there were major markets both in Persia and India, with pearls reaching Europ vis Turkey. Monarchs and nobles of powerful nations wore pearls to show their wealth and status. Most of the Gulf pearl banks have been known for centuries. many are named. Until the 19th century pearling vessels sailed without any navigational aid, instead they were relying on the stars, the sun, and the color of the sea to locate the banks. Pearl diving in the gulf was a seasonal activity, taking place over the four months of summer.(Pearl Diving: UAE’s Hidden Gem) Each season, scores of pearling boats departed from ports of Dubai and Abu Dhabi to coastal banks rich with oysters. Most of the active male populations in the towns were involved in the industry. The lowest of employees, many of whom enslaved in Africa and Asian subcontinent before being transported to the Gulf, worked as divers, sailors, and ‘pullers’ (responsible for oulling divers up by ropes from the seabed). (The Diving Village; Shindagah)

A major factor for the decline of the pearling industry was the development of the culturedpearl industry (artificially produced) in Japan in 1916 by the enterpreneur Mikimoto Kokichi. Cultured pearls were more abundant and up to a tenth of the price than those freshly harvested in the Gulf. By the early 1950s, as large scale oil production grew across the entire region, the traditional pearling industry had all but disappeared from the coastal waters of the gulf.(Pearl Diving: UAE’s Hidden Gem)

43. Open sails dhow

2.4

Dhows For centuries dhows have been the trading lifeline

that has linked countries around the Gulf to east Africa and what is now called India and Pakistan, carrying cargoes of dates, fish and mangrove timber. Until the 1960s, sails were more common than engines. “The dhow has always been very important to the UAE,” says Dr Fatma al Sayegh, a professor of UAE and Gulf history at UAE University in Al Ain. “It is part of out history, our legacy as a country ... not only as a means of transportation but also as a symbol. The dhow stands for a means of living, for economy and for our connection to the sea.” Though until now varied forms of dhows have been built throughout the world, dhows can only be classified into two main types – Shu’ai and Boum. (Dubai Museum; Al Fahidi) Shu’ai is supposed to be known as the smallest of the dhows. Generally used for fishing activities, these boats had a stern area higher than the bow area. Boum is also a form of dhow but was used for both fishing and commercial purposes during the ancient time. However, the structure of boum is quite different from other types of dhows. Boum has a stern that is tapering in shape and its overall structure is also more symmetrical.

44, 45, 46. Types of Arabian dhow boats 47. Dhow boat frame construction

Shu’ai

These traditional wooden boats also known as sanbuk brought back fresh fish to feed the local tribes that gradually settled along the coast. Soon, these early settlements of Dubai and Abu Dhabi became thriving ports and dhows were used to carry a variety of local wares across oceans to India, China and East Africa. In summer, shu’i boats carried courageous divers out to the Gulf’s oyster banks where they searched the sea’s dark floor for precious pearls. Astonishingly, despite the complex profile of their hulls, these boats are built without technical drawings and rely on the skill of the builder and his ability to direct and supervise a workforce armed with traditional tools for shaping the wood, Dhows were built to last and the process of engineering them has benefited from centuries of seafaring ingenuity. (Vessels of History) Materials for the grand vessels were originally imported from surrounding countries. Teak used for the keel and masts was brought from India, rope came from Zanzibar while the sail canvas was sourced from Bahrain and Kuwait. Today, the wood used in their design tends to come from Malaysia, India, or Pakistan while iron and pins used to connect the great planks are available in Dubai.(Dubai Museum; Al Fahidi)

Sambuq

Boum

48. Mohamad Bin Suloom inside dhow frame

Local builders spend many years learning the craft, which is handed down the generations. For Mohammed bin Obaid bin Juma bin Suloom, one of the very last dhow-building masters, his profession is a way of life. “It is more than a business, it’s part of our family tradition and our great grandfather’s legacy,” Building on his father’s legacy, bin Suloom hopes to add a new accomplishment to the family’s proud history. In 1978, his father built Emirate 1, a 300-tonne cargo-ship that is still beautifully preserved to this day. (Vessels of History)

Following on from this, bin Suloom is embarking on an ambitious venture to build the biggest wooden cargo ship in history. For the build, its engineers will resort to traditional boat construction techniques based on experience and intuition. Bin Suloom shrugs off the idea of using any architectural plans and sketches. (Vessels of History) Unfortunately the skills and craftsmenship had been forgotten, but the revivial, preservation, and reconnection to traditions and skills is slowly being the main focus of the recent Emarati generations.

49. Dubai Creel 1960

2.5

The Creek Evolution The creek’s significance can be traced back to 1902,

when HH Sheikh Maktoum bin Hasher – the ruler of Dubai – abolished all custom duties on imports, essentially creating a free trade zone. Dubai became a major trading hub, with much of the activity centred around the creek. It was also the starting and finishing point for pearling expeditions, which once formed the backbone of the economy. Some 3000 vessels were employed in the trade, departing in May and not returning until mid-September. Before Dubai got its airport, seaplanes used to land on Dubai Creek. In fact, the first plane to touch down in the UAE landed on the creek in 1937, carrying passengers from Southhampton to Karachi. During WWII, eight seaplanes a week were landing at Dubai Creek. (Dubai Creek Stands Test of Time)

2004 50 - 53. Creek evolution 35 year timelapse

Although it was Dubai’s natural harbour, the water was unnavigable. Due to its limited depth, large vessels were not able to enter the creek because it suffered from erosion and accelrated silting. That changed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the creek was dredged to make it wider and deeper. Ships of up to 500 tonnes were now able to anchor there, and Dubai’s trade levels grew drastically. (Dubai Creek Stands Test of Time) Until the construction of Al Maktoum Bridge in 1963 – the first bridge in Dubai – the only way to get from one side of the creek to the other was a long journey by land around the waterway, or a ride in an abra. Before motors were introduced, abras were powered by oar. Today, you can still cross the creek in an abra for one dirham. Dubai Creek historically divided the city into two sections, Deira and Bur Dubai, coming to an end at the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary. However, with the Dubai Water Canal, it now extends all the way to the Arabian Gulf, effectively turning part of the city into an island.

2010

1984

2019

54 - 57. Views of Creek harbour today

58. Canal bridge

Modern Dubai flourished from around the creek. However, more recently there is a greater vision and plan to connect the inland end of the creek back to the sea, thus creating a u-shaped waterway. The 3.2km Dubai Canal with a 6.4km-long waterfront has cut through Dubai, starting from Business Bay and all the way to Safa Park, Al Wasl Road, Jumeirah 2 and Jumeirah Road and ends in the Arabian Gulf at Jumeirah Beach Park. The full length of the canal has five pedestrian bridges, three of which connect either side of the canal with unique aesthetic specifications. The three bridges rise about 8.5 metres above the water. The first and second bridges are located between Shaikh Zayed Road and Al Wasl Roads, and the third bridge is located in the area between Al Wasl and Jumeirah Roads. (Dubai Water Canal-Besix)

The design and construction of the bridges show iconic engineering design. For example, the canal bridge on Sheikh Zayed Road is fitted with digital waterfall and creative lighting. (Dubai Water Canal-Besix) The canal with its architectural features acts as a tourist hub that will raise the profile of Dubai as a tourist destination. The new area is expected to attract more than 30 million visitors. It will also enhance the tourist and commercial activities on both banks of the canal as well as the surrounding areas. Dedicated footpaths, running tracks, and plazas have been provided and fitted with interactive screens, and sitting areas overlooking the canal.The value of land near the canal and the value of properties in the area are likely be doubled as well. It also enhances the role of marine transport in support of tourist, commercial and residential activities within the area.(Dubai Water Canal Case Study)

59. Phase II Canal reaching the sea 60. RTA taxi station on Canal

61. Footbridge on Canal 62. Lit waterfall on Bridge

63. Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary, Flamingoes 64. Flamingoes near the mangrove trees

Treatment of existing hypersaline water impounded within the lagoons of Business Bay was also implemented by diluting the existing water and throwing it back into the sea through a 3km pipeline, and re-flooding the canal. (Dubai Water Canal Case Study) The existing natural wildlife reserve at the end of the Creek was left untouched, avoiding the area were flamingos settle. Making sure that this natural habitat remains unaffected by the future passage of marine traffic was a top priority for the team. The sanctuary is among the few protected urban areas in the world. The wildlife features a combination of salt flats, mangroves, and lagoons. Home to 450 species of plants and wildlife, the sanctuary is identified as a globally important Bird Area (IBA) by Birdlife International and a designated Ramsar Site reflected as an unique wetland in the UAE. (Ecotourism). There are three bird seeing areas open to visitors during the day. These observatories are an important step in a project aimed at developing the reserve.

CChapter hapter

Coasts and Islands

3.1

The Coastline Trend

Dubaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transforamtion from a modest fishing set-

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I want Dubai to be number one. Not in the region, but in the world. Number one in everything: high education, health, and housing. I want to give my people the highest way of living.â&#x20AC;? - Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

tlement into a major developed city started mid1950s under the leadership of Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum. Its economy was initially built using revenues from the oil industries. Using these revenues, they generated an infrastructure for trade, manufacturing and most importantly tourism. Targeting tourists added importance to coastline projects. the country began to face a serious challenge as it quickly started to run out of sufficient coastline soace. it is then that the Sheikh looked out into the sea and decided to reshape the entire coastline.

65. Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum revealing a project

First, Sheikh Rashid initiated a series of coastline projects to establish Dubai as a port city. It began in 1958 with the dredging of the Dubai Creek as it was Dubai’s natural harbour. Dubai’s New Coastline Project proceeds onwards from this legacy. With the Emirate’s shipping economy firmly established, Sheikh Rashid’s son and successor, Sheikh Mohammad began exploring additional uses for the coastline. (Carroll, Chris) Developing exclusive real estate developments and tourism activities was the main goal.

In practice, the emirates declared interest in developing a tourism economy influenced all realms of development and oushed architects and clients towards the sensational and exaggerated forms of man made reclamations and islands on the coasts.Other Sheikhs took notice of Dubai’s venture and began approving various artificial projects in their own respective cities in the UAE. This caused a series of artificial developments trend throughout the UAE. (The Artificial Islands of Dubai)

66. Dredging sand for island construction

3.2

Man-made Islands

Dubai established itself as one of the leading tour-

ist hotspots and business destinations around the world. The city provides nothing but the best offering only the world’s biggest, widest, tallest, and numerous man-made wonders. Dubai’s modern attractions and one-of-a-kind destinations including numerous artificial islands made this city even more interesting. More and more tourists, residents, and businessmen are fascinated by these man-made islands. The inception of these man-made islands created significant impact in the city’s tourism and real estate sector providing exceptional facilities (residential & commercial properties), created numerous jobs and opportunities for all, as well as home to the upcoming landmarks. The uniqueness and claimed sophistication of these islands benefitted the city’s tourism and real estate industry.

100

101

67. Map of Dubai islands on the coast

These examples of completed, under-constrcution, and proposed artificial islands and Reclamations prove that the UAE will not seize the constrcution of these projects anytime in the future. The constrcution and maintenance of these mega strcutures has created a negative impact on the UAE both ecologically and culturally. Completed projects: • • • • • •

Burj Al Arab (Dubai) Palm Jumeirah (Dubai) The World (Dubai) Bluewaters Island (Dubai) The palm Jebel Ali (Dubai) Al Marjan Island (Ras Al Khaimah)

Palm Deira

The Universe

Under-construction Projects: • • • • •

Dana Island (Dubai) Jumeirah Bay Island (Dubai) Dubai Waterfront (Dubai) Deira islands (Dubai) Al Majaz Island (Sharjah)

The World Dubai Waterfront

Palm Jebel Ali

Palm Jumeirah

Proposed Projects: • Falcon Island (Dubai) • Mina Al Arab (Ras Al Khaimah) • Coconut Island (Abu Dhabi) (11 Man-Made Islands In Dubai)

102

103

Examples of Island projects 68. Burj Al Arab 69. Palm Jumeirah

104

Examples of Island projects 68. Bluewaters 69. Marjan Island

105

SSection ection 106

Program and Site Analysis

107

CChapter hapter

Case Studies

108

4 109

The Therme Vals Peter Zumthor Vals, Switzerland 1996 "Architecture has a body: this body is physical, it is present."

110

111

70. Exterior view of the Bath in winter

71. Exterior view of the outdoor pool

About Project The concept of public bath itself is intriguing, since it can connote the ideas of baptism and purity, since baths were a Roman tradition that survived through mythology, in order to take other dimensions in Zumthor's hands. Therme vals became an icon of contemporary architecture right after its opening in 1996. Inspired by the majestic surroundings, Zumthor built the structure on the sharp grade of an Alpine mountain slope with grass-topped roofs to mimic the Swiss meadows. He insisted on using the locally quarried stone while he used an architectonic language much different to the design of the existing hotel complex.

About Architect 2009 Pritzker Laureate Peter Zumthor (born April 26, 1943) is one the most revered architects of the 21st century. Zumthor's style of architecture perhaps epitomizes the principles of phenomenology, a belief in the primacy of sensory and experiential qualities in architecture. As such, Zumthor believes that in order to truly understand a building it must be experienced in person. His buildings incorporate his!nowledge of materials into modernistconstruction and detailing, while they explore thetactile and sensory qualities of spaces and other materials, maintaining a minimalistic feel. His buildings are mysterious and enticing but show no signs of style or formal preconceptions. His concern is with context, experience, and materiality, not aesthetic. Perhaps this is his most significant contribution to architecture: a truly meaningful architecture of place and experience. 112

113

72. Outdoor pool exterior view 73. Interior view of the indoor pool

Project Concept Zumthor designed the spa complex in the existing area of the hotel, and the idea was to create a form of a cave, that would engulf the baths, as if they were a natural continuation of the mountain itself. He had to respect the surrounding environment and work with it, replace older structures with new ones, and materialize his philosophy into a physical entity, a building. As he was not allowed to build outwards, he sunk the building into the hillside roofing his structure with flat units of roof that match the scenery perfectly, andonly the geometrical shapes on them reveal its presence. Even though he hadto present a natural continuation of the hotel as well, he chose to build astructure that would give theidea that it was there before anything else, thus including the history of not only thearea, but of the hot springsas a natural procedure lasting for thousands of years.

114

115

74. Bird eye view of the context and bath roof

Project Context

75. Aerial view of the site, plan of bath and its context

ONLY ENTRANCE TO SPA THERME VALS

Nestled in the remote Valsertal Valley, surrounded by the monumental Adula Mountains in the Central Alps, the small mountain village of Vals benefits from a truly picturesque location. The timber farmhouses of the village appear as they have for centuries and still to this day, their roofs are clad with stone slabs from a local quarry just one kilometer further up the valley. To profit from these hot springs, a modern spa hotel complex was built in the late 1960s by Rudolf Berger, to replace the original 19th-century therapeutical baths. In 1986, however, the municipality commissioned Peter Zumthor to construct new exclusive facilities for the baths. Today, the municipality still runs the management of the baths through a public foundation

116

HOTELS

117

76, 77. Floor plans, Interior program

78. Program table

Program

Basement Plan

Bath Attendant room Utility Room Cleaners room Laundry storage Equipment storage Cleaning Storage Shower Sounding Stone Stone Island Stone Terrace Shower stone Outdoor Pool Fire bath Indoor Pool Flower bath Hot Tummy Stone room Water Storage Tanks Plant Access Chemicals Lift Deck Water treatment Sanitation Plant / AC Plant Carbonic Acid Fire Bath Plant Clone Treatment Flower Bath Equipment Physiotherapy Underwater Massage Massage rooms Medicinal bath Aquatherapy Fango room Stretching bed Inhalation Lobby Drinking Stone Showers / Outdoor Shower Stone Restrooms Shared Resting Spaces Kitchen Makeup room Cold bath

Ground Floor Plan

118

119

79, 80. Floor plans showing circulation

81, 82, 83, 84. Sections showing depth of pools

Circulation

Depth of Water Sections HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION VERTICAL CIRCULATION

Ground Floor Plan

120

Basement Plan

121

85. Sensory diagram

86. Temperature diagram of areas in the bath

Senses

Temperatures

Ground Floor Plan

The spa building embraces many natural elements,such as heat, light, water, stone, sound indistributions and combination beyondconventionality while comprising an environment of the senses. It includes the smell sense is targeted in a room such as the Floral bath, sound senses that are experienced throughout the whole spa through the sounds of swirling waters and droplets, the steamy and humid sense on your skin as well as the feel of the stone finishes , and finally sense of taste through the drinking stone room and water fountains vwithin the spa

122

Sound Taste Smell

1. Outdoor Pool 36 degrees C 2. Fire bath 42 degrees C 3. Indoor Pool 36 degrees C 4. Flower bath 30 degrees C 5. Cold bath 12 degrees C 6. Make up room 7. Changing Rooms 8. Restrooms 9. Showers 11. Hot "Tummy Stones" room 42 degrees C 14. Shared resting spaces 15. Outdoor shower stones 16. Massage rooms

Hot Warm Cool

123

87, 88, 89, 90. Interior views showing the interior lighting

Lighting

124

The eye is stimulated by the shape and texture of the structure materials, the space, thecolors, the shadow and the darkness, the natural and artificial lighting,

125

91. Exterior view of the stone cladding 92. Interior view of the stone cladding

Materiality In the Therme spa complex, the structure materials are natural stone, water, metal and even natural light penetrates the structure. The natural materialstend to express the age and history of the place. The facade gives theimpression that he building has been built stone by stone, and you can evenfeel it by touching the perfectly joined slabs of stone. The structure, appearingli!e an enormous geometric roc! carved within the hillside, is made from local quartz and concrete. The way materials were crafted and joined together suppresses their apparent mass while stone, and water, are not onlyconsidered materials, they are also phenomena in nature, they bring up manystories, they have a certain history.

126

127

Digital Water Pavilion

93. View of the pavilion with the roof lowered

Carlo Ratti Zaragoza, Spain 2008

"Phone networks can capture life on our planet."

128

129

94. Exterior view of the digital water

About Project Designed for the Zaragoza Expo 2008, the pavilion is a flexible and multifunctional space. What was office space for tourism during the event in 2008 now houses a cafe and an info-box on the Milla Digital project. The challenge was to use water – the theme of Expo 2008 – as an architectural element. The walls are composed of digitally controlled water droplets, which can generate writing or patterns or access to spaces.

About Architect An architect and engineer by training, Carlo teaches at MIT, where he directs the Senseable City Lab, and is a founding partner of the international design and innovation office Carlo Ratti Associati. He graduated from the Politecnico di Torino and the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris, later earning his MPhil and PhD at the University of Cambridge, UK. In the last decade, Carlo has given talks around the world on the theme of Smart Cities, while his work has been exhibited in international venues including the Venice Biennale, New York’s MoMA, London’s Science Museum and Barcelona’s Design Museum. Two of his projects – the Digital Water Pavilion and the Copenhagen Wheel – were hailed by Time Magazine as “Best Inventions of the Year.” 130

131

95. View from inside the pavilion

96, 97. Exterior views of the water displaying patterns

Project Concept

The result is a space that is interactive and reconfigurable in that each wall can potentially become an entrance or exit, while the internal partitions can shift depending on the number of people present. The only material elements are the two boxes and the roof, which is a sort of curtain that can move vertically and flatten to the ground, removing the presence of the entire pavilion.

132

133

100. Sections 101. Longtitudinal Section 102, 103. Elevations

98. Diagram showing the Interior functions 99. Floor plan

Program

Tourist Information Centre

Cafeteria

Benches

North-West Elevation

Cafeteria Tourist Info Centre Benches Digital display

134

South-East Elevation

135

105. Diagram shwing the water elements 106. Diagram of pavilion configurations and dynamism 107. Diagram showing word and pattern displays

104. Diagram showing the sensory propeties of wat

Mechanism The pavilion is composed of two “boxes”, a movable water roof, and tables and benches built in the ground. It uses a Digital water in innovative ways without the limitations of traditional building materials. It has useful qualities; slightly filters sunlight and can be switched on and off when needed, and it can also be quickly configured to adapt to the flow of people in and out. The walls are also made of digital water and the moveable roof allow the pavilion’s configuration to be changed. They walls are also used as large displays for graphics and messages. The messages are not simply conveyed traditionally, instead, the pavilion itself conveys the messages.

Water Element Water Roof

Milla Digital Projections

Digital Water Walls

Pavilion Reconfiguration

Roof Up

Roof Down

Compact

Fragmented

Digital Water Communication

Patterns 136

Writing 137

108. Exterior view of building

The Blur Building Diller Scofidio Yverdon-les- baines, Switzerland 2002 "We like to take impossible things and actually make them happen."

138

139

109. Bird eye view of building

About Project Contrary to immersive environments that strive for visual fidelity in high-definition with ever-greater technical virtuosity, Blur is decidedly low-definition. In this exposition pavilion there is nothing to see but our dependence on vision itself. It is an experiment in de-emphasis on an environmental scale.

About Architect Diller scofidio and renfro (DS+R) is an interdisciplinary design studio based in new york city that integrates architecture, the visual arts, and the performing arts. with a focus on cultural and civic projects, the firm aims to address the changing roles of institutions in developing cities. the practice is now led by four partnersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;founder elizabeth diller and ricardo scofidio, who started the firm in 1981. they were then joined by charles renfro and benjamin gilmartin.

140

141

110. Blurry vision in the steam

111, 112, 113. Views from the ramp bridge towards building

Project Concept

Upon entering Blur, visual and acoustic references are erased. There is only an optical “white-out” and the “white-noise” of pulsing nozzles. Movement within is unregulated. The public can ascend to the Angel Deck via a stair that emerges through the fog into the blue sky.

142

143

114, 115. Floor plans, Interior program

116. Site plan

Program

144

145

117. Steel frame structure

Materiality The pavilion is composed of exposed steel frame construction

146

147

118. Nozzle letting out vapor, nozzle system

119. Diagram of building without virtual field 120. Diagram of building with vapor and virtual field

Mechanism Water is pumped from Lake Neuchâtel, filtered, and shot as a fine mist through 35,000 high-pressure nozzles. A smart weather system reads the shifting climatic conditions of temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction and regulates water pressure at a variety of zones.

Before walking the 400 ft. ramp that led to the center of the “building”, visitors were given a personality test and “braincoats”, a raincoat that stored all of the personal data collected by the test to create a profile for the wearer. This profile could be identified by the cloud’s computer network, which was able to locate each participant and identify them. As visitors arrived on the structure, when they passed each other, the braincoats analyzed the profiles, and changed colors depending on compatibility with the person next to them. Once inside, visitors could challenge their senses immersed in white noise and white-out visual conditions, or head upstairs through the mist to the Angel Bar, where they were served a sampling of waters from all over the world.Water is not only the site and primary material of the building; it is also a culinary pleasure. The public can drink the building. Physical Network Field

Virtual Network Field

148

149

121. Aerial view of pools

LeĂ§a Swimming Pools

Ă lvaro Siza Vieira Matosinhos, Portugal 1996 "Architects don't invent anything, they just transform reality"

150

151

122. Adult pool one with the sea

About Project The Leça Swimming Pools has established itself as one of Siza’s greatest early works, and as an example of his careful reconciliation between nature and his design. The Leça Swimming Pools were one of Alvaro Siza’s first solo projects. The Leça de Palmeira beaches are on the northern coastline of Matosinhos, a small town to the north of Porto, as well as Siza’s birthplace. It is also the site of another early work of Siza’s, the Boa Nova Tea House. Both the Leça Swimming Pools and the Boa Nova Tea House were constructed and completed around the same time in the mid 1960s.

About Architect One of the most highly regarded architects of his generation, Portugese architect Álvaro Siza (born 25 June 1933) is known for his sculptural works that have been described as “poetic modernism.” When he was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1992, Siza was credited as being a successor of early modernists: the jury citation describes how “his shapes, molded by light, have a deceptive simplicity about them; they are honest.” His work builds on the established models of the Modernists who held sway at the start of his career—and even while the reputation of Modernism has risen and fallen in the years since, Siza has remained largely unaffected by the experimental and transitory movements of the period, instead preferring to subtly, gradually transform his style over the decades.

152

153

123. View of the path to pool and changing area

Project Concept It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the access road that follows the coastline, but positioned almost completely out of sight. By sinking the building behind the road Siza promotes a disconnect between his pools and the infrastructure of the city. He is also considerate of the ocean views from the roadway. Siza was careful to preserve a large portion of the existing rock formations when planning his modern interventions into the landscape. The pools he created reach out into the ocean and blend easily with the natural pool formations along the coast of the Atlantic.

154

155

124. Boa Nova tea house floor plan and program

125. Site Plan 126. Pools

Program The Leça de Palmeira beaches are on the northern coastline of Matosinhos, a small town to the north of Porto, as well as Siza’s birthplace. It is also the site of another early work of Siza’s, the Boa Nova Tea House. Both the Leça Swimming Pools and the Boa Nova Tea House were constructed and completed around the same time in the mid 1960s. They both use concrete and have a similar respect for the natural rocky coastline near Siza’s home.

Entrance Atrium Dining Tearoom Kitchen Bar

156

Kids pool (shallow) Adults Pool (deep) Sea

157

127. closer view of the concrete materials

128. Stone and concrete combination

Materiality It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the access road that follows the coastline, but positioned almost completely out of sight. By sinking the building behind the road Siza promotes a disconnect between his pools and the infrastructure of the city. He is also considerate of the ocean views from the roadway. Siza was careful to preserve a large portion of the existing rock formations when planning his modern interventions into the landscape. The pools he created reach out into the ocean and blend easily with the natural pool formations along the coast of the Atlantic.

158

159

CChapter hapter 160

Site Context and Analysis

161

129. Map of UAE

130. Site plan of sites and areas

Sites and Areas

Site 1 : 70,650 sqm

2 Site 3 : 16,100 sqm Site : 32,900 sqm

162

163

131, 132, 133, 134. 9 year timelapse of site evolution

Site Evolution

164

2000

2012

2005

2019

165

135, 136, 137, 138. Wind rose diagrams

Wind Analysis

166

Yearly Winds

June

January

December

167

139, 140, 141, 142. Sun path diagrams

Sun Path Sun Set

Sun Path

168

Sun Rise

March

September

June

December

169

143, 144, Diagrams of Climate 2018-2019

Climate

170

145. Diagram of rainfall 2018 146. Diagram of Humidity 2018

Rainfall & Humidity

171

Transportation

147. Aerial plan showing marine transportation routes and metro leading to site

Water Station M Metro Station

172

173

148. Diagram showing points of interest around the area

149. Diagram showing land use

Points of Interest

Entertainment

Medical

Parks / Wildlife Sanctuary

Residential

District Centre

Hotels

Education

Religion

Multi-District Centre

Industry

Sports

Heritage

Metropolitan Centre

Conservation Reserve

Governmental

174

Land Use

Open Areas

175

Roads and Access

150. Roads leading to site

Highways Arterial Roads Local Roads

176

177

151. Mass and void of area around site

Mass and Void

152. Buillding heights around the site

Building heights G+1 - 2 G+3 - 5 G+6 - above

178

179

153. Chosen site

Site Chosen

180

181

154. View cones on plan 155, 156, 157. Views towards the site

Site Views

1 1 1 1 2, 32, 3

2 2

3 3 182

183

158. Plan highlighting the wildlife sanctuary and bird watching areas

Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary

184

Sanctuary Boundary

Bird Watching Hides

185

159. mangrove trees 160. Reed beds 161. Saltflat

Nature - Mangrove trees - Reed Beds - Sabkhas - Saltflats - Lagoons

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187

161. Flamingoes 162. Grey Heron 163. Socotra Cormorant

Wildlife There are more than 20,000 water birds from 67 species congregating at these wetlands:

- Flamingoes - Grey Heron - Socotra Cormorant - Pelicans - Kingfishers - Sandpipers

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189

164. Great Egrets 165. Avocet 166. Milk Fish

Wildlife - Great Egrets - Avocets - Milkfish - Tilapia Fish

190

191

167. Program of case studies and project

Services Program

Entertainment Program

Cultural Program

Administrative Program

Water

Case Study 1. Therme Vals

Case Study 2. Digital Water Pavilion

Case Study 3. Blur Building

Vertical Circulation

Water Pools

320

Water Pools

400

Vertical Water walls

400

Administration

Reception

Offices

Vertical Circulation

Case Study 4. Leca Swimming Pools

Project Program. Recreational Cultural Centre

350

Vertical Circulation

120

Vertical Circulation

150

Water Pools

1200

Water Pools

1000

Vertical Water walls

2500

Administration

150

Reception

100

Reception

Offices

300

Information Centre

Conference rooms

100

Exhibition Spaces

500

Classrooms

600

Workshop rooms

300

Gallery

500

Observation Platform

1000

Observation Platform

250

Library

200

Auditorium

800

Animal habitat Display

500

Multipurpose Hall

400

Children Activity Area

600

Water tasting area

Water Activity Area

280

Water Activity Area

1000

Shops

Restaurant

400

Cafe

120

Cafe

200

Washrooms

250

Kitchen

150

Storage

250

Storage

600

Changing rooms/Showers

200

Changing rooms/Showers

1800

- Exhibition Spaces

Kitchen

Locker rooms

Storage

Washrooms

Cafe

Restaurant

Shops

Water Activities

Children Activity Area

Multipurpose hall

Animal Habitat Disp.

Auditorium

Obs. Platform

Library

Gallery

Workshop rooms

Classrooms

Exhibition Spaces

Conference Rooms

Offices

Reception

Administration

168. Matrix Diagram of project program

Administration Reception Offices Conference Rooms Exhibition Spaces Classrooms Workshop rooms Gallery Library Obs. Platform Auditorium Animal Habitat Disp. Multipurpose hall Children Activity Area Water Activities Shops Restaurant Cafe Washrooms Storage Locker rooms Kitchen

194

195

SSection ection

Design Process and Implementation

196

197

CChapter hapter

Design Approach

198

199

169. Key words

7.1

Purpose Interaction Empathy Life

Activity

Meaning Integration Energy

200

Concept Proposals and De- sign Impact The case studies that have been presented in the previous chapters portray ways to integrate water within a building or site and people would then be able to interact visually and even physically with water with no limitations. Digitally applying water within the building, inserting bodies of water that give visitors close proximity to water, making the building itself as a representation of water are all ways in which to connect in every way. Having the site to be on the creek is important as it can both visually and physically connect people to water as it is almost compeletely surrounded by water. It also bears a great deal of meaning and history with it being the birthplace of Dubai. It also provides a better natural experience being near the wildlife sanctuary with views of free roaming species. It also has easy access through public transportation such as the Metro and RTA water stations.

201

Integrated

Submerged

Leveled

202

203

170. Mood board of inspirations

CChapter hapter 204

Preliminary Design Documentation

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180. Diagram showing 3 different applications with water

A few concepts have been explored as methods to relate and connect to the water and to make the building give an experiential journey that can connect the history of Dubai with water and to the meaning of water as of today. Those are aspects that will reconnect people to past and the future and it will give water the function that will further represent the different ways we relate to water It is a combination of the following: - leveled - submerged - Integrated

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181. Concept Model 182. Inserted on the site

183. Concept Model 184. Model inserted on the site 185, 186. Schematic sections

Concept 1 - Molding horizontal elements - Vertical elements made out of water

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187, 188. Concept models 189, 190. Models inserted on site 191. Schematic section

Concept 3

192, 193. Models inserted on site 194,195. Schematic sections

Concept 2 - Hemi spherical forms - Clustered or spread out with, can also be inverted.

- Geometric openings to underground - same level of water and can stretch all the way to the shore

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