Intergrated Urban Design Analysis-York Urban Study.

Integrated Urban Design Analysis

York Urban Study April 2008

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Contents Historical Analysis

Aspect and Prospect Land Use and Listed Buildings York City Wall and Gateways Figure Ground

Shadow Studies and Climate Noise Climate Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement Vegetation Lynch Study Townscape Geology and Hydrology Character Proposed and New Developments

Focus on Walmgate SWOT Analysis Appendices

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Site Location

North Yorkshire

Great Britain

N

City of York THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

How to get to York

By Train

By Car / Bus

The Yorkshire and the Humber rail network contains a large number of routes that provide links to neighboring regions but also connect the key towns and cities. The main north-south routes are the East Coast Main Line (ECML) which links the region with Scotland and London and the Midland Main Line (MML) which links Sheffield to London via the east midlands. There are three east-west routes which connect the region to Manchester/Manchester International Airport and the North West region. There are also freight-only links which provide connections to ports, power stations and inter-modal freight terminals.

The M1/A1 corridor provides a north-south link running from Scotland to London, passing within a few miles of Sheffield, Doncaster, Rotherham and Leeds, running roughly parallel to the ECML. The M62 provides an east-west link between the west coast ports at Liverpool and Hull, passing Manchester and the main town in each of the districts of West Yorkshire on the way. Further south the A616/A62 and A57 slower roads than the motorways. The M180 with the A180 and M18 links the port of Immingham with the M62 east-west corridor and the M1/A1 north-south corridor.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Major ports in the region comprise Immingham, Hull and Goole (owned by Associated British Ports). There are also a number of smaller independent ports and wharves, of which Grimsby is the largest.

Immingham, Hull and Goole are all connected to the rail network.

Ferry services to Hull and Newcastle link Yorkshire with Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia and Germany.

By Boat

There are three commercial airports within the Yorkshire and the Humber region, Leeds Bradford International, Robin Hood Airport Doncaster and Sheffield and Humberside Airport. None of the airports in the region is connected directly to the rail system, although Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield is situated a short distance from the DoncasterLincoln Line. Manchester International Airport (MIA) has far higher passenger numbers than other airports in the area. It does have a direct link to the rail network and is well served by North and South trans-Pennine services.

By Airplane

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

Introduction

York up to 1853

York up to 1929

Since the birth of the city, York has undergone steady growth. It’s significance as a strategic military post in the North ensured it’s position as an important city not only in the North but also in the country as a whole. Whilst population growth was fairly steady, the sprawl of the city remained limited in order to function as a fortified city. The walls formed a crucial part of the city’s survival but also confined it to a limited geographic position.

After the major periods of military activity had ended, between the end of the civil war and the mid 19th century, York found it’s decline from national significance hard to come to terms with. It wasn’t until the Industrial Revolution, that the city developed for itself a new emphasis.

No longer acting as a defensive citadel, York could now expand it’s boundaries.

The increasing density of population and problems with disease benefited from an expansion of the city lines beyond it’s walls.

Between the mid 19th century and the mid 20th century the city sprawled and the population grew rapidly. A social mix developed, whereby the wealthier residents occupied the suburbs of York and the social down at heel remained limited to the inner parts of the city. Commerce, education and tourism have built upon the wealth of the industrial revolution and prospered the city. The sprawl of the city continues to increase.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

N

York up to 2003 Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

York Timeline

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

The Changing Layout of York

Anglican Tower

Roman Walls 2007

Roman York

Roman Walls

43 AD Roman governor of Britain, Quintus Cerealis leads the 9th legion north from Lincoln and founds York (Eboracum). A 50 acre fortress is strategically places between the two rivers and becomes the seat of the Roman Northern command in Britain. Eboracum becomes a colonia, the highest rank of self governing Roman city.

211 Emperor Septimus dies in York. Nearly one century later (306AD) Contantine the Great is declared Emperor in the city. He goes on to unite the empire and the Rome adopts Christianity throughout it's regions.

Anglo-Saxon York 410 AD All the land North of the Humber as well as much of the low lands of Scotland is an independent kingdom and York is it's heart. A wooden chapel built for King Edwin's baptism in 627 becomes York minster and in 735 the Archbishopric of York is established. York's library and school bring it international renown as a centre of learning excellence. Alcuin (teacher, poet and royal advisor to European Emperor Charlemagne) is it's foremost scholar.

Anglican Helmut

N

Roman Settlement THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

The Changing Layout of York

Norman Abbey Viking’s via Ouse

N

Viking York 866 Led by Halfdon and Ivor the boneless, the Viking army takes York. For the next 80 years 'Jorvik' is the capital of a new Scandinavian kingdom. Jorvik develops as a hive of industry with metal workers, potters and cup makers amongst the tradesmen, making York prosperous. Eric Bloodaxe, last king of Viking York is forced out of Jorvik by the English army in 954. For the next century York is under Anglo-Scandinavian control.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Viking Scene

Norman York 1068 After taking control of the country at the battle of Hastings 1066, William the Conqueror is determined to overcome resistance in the North. He marches on York.

William responds to a York rebellion with a brutal harrying of the North, York is devastated Two castles are built in the city to keep control of York, Clifford's tower and the Old Baile.

Norman Castle

Settlement

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

The Changing Layout of York

Medieval Hospitium

N

Medieval York

Clifford’s Tower

1199 York becomes a self-governing city after wealthy merchants effectively buy the right to order their own affairs.

1217 First mayor is appointed. The city rises to it's most powerful position yet. Edward I moves his court to York and the city briefly becomes the capital of England. 10 Parliaments are held in the city in the 14th Century.

York Minster is rebuilt over the two proceeding centuries, becoming the cities most marveled building. The first mystery plays are performed in the streets of York.

Medieval Abbey THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Tudor and Stuart York 1485 During the disillusion of the monasteries Henry viii takes possession of the large and important St. Mary's Abbey in York.

1540 Henry moves his council of the north into permanent headquarters in the abbot's lodgings, which become known as the King's Manor.

1570 Guy Fawkes is born in York and educated at St. Peter's. Here he meets two of his fellow conspirators who attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament in 1605.

1644 Royalist York surrenders to the Parliamentarian forces after it's siege The city is badly damaged and it's prominent role in national life begins to decline.

Ouse Bridge 1791

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

The Changing Layout of York

Assembly Rooms

N

Georgian York

Assembly Rooms

1837 York is quick to capitalise on the invention of the railways. York's first station is one of the earliest in the world. The city's notorious 'railway king', George Hudson finances a third of the railways built in the 1840's. The railway boom allows two confectionery companies to expand far beyond York, Terry's and Rowntree become household names. York's population falls by 25% in 10 years from 1841, many residents live in squalor. The city has outbreaks of Cholera and Typhus.

1714 Whilst the city remains the administrative capital of the Yorkshire Ridings, York also becomes a social capital and centre of fashion. A racecourse is established on Knavesmire and John Carr designs and builds the Grandstand. The Mansion House is also built to provide the Lord Mayor with residence. The assembly rooms follow.

1796 The first permanent cavalry barracks are built in York as William Pitt the Younger prepares the country for war with France.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Victorian York

Rowntree Factory Fairfax House

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Historical Analysis

The Changing Layout of York

City Screen Cinema

N

20th Century York

University Campus

1901 Wealthier move to the leafier suburbs of York prompting Seebohm Rowntree's pioneering report on poverty, which reveals the grim reality of life in the York slums.

1942 German air raids strike at the heart of the city, many lives are lost and hundreds of buildings destroyed.

The minster survives unscathed.

1962 The University of York opens. The science park opens on campus and the city looks for a new role in the 21st century.

Historic Road Network Roman Period Anglo-Saxon Period Viking Period Norman Period Tudor and Stuart Period Georgian Period Victorian Period 20th Century Period

Borders Bookstore THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

A

B

A View from Minster Tower East towards Hungate District

B View looking East into the City from the Railway Station towards Micklegate District beyond Station Road

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

CD

C View from Minster Tower South - West towards the Central Shopping District

D View from Minster Tower South - East towards the Hungate District and Central Shopping District THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

F E

E View from City Wall looking West over the City towards the Minster over the Hungate District

F View from Minster Tower South - West towards the Central Shopping District and away from the City Centre

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

G

H

G View from Minster Tower North- East away from the City Centre

H View from Train Station South-West away from the City Centre

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

I

J

I View from Minster Tower North away from the City Centre

J View from the City Wall East away from the City Centre (Retail Park)

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

L

K

K View from Sampsons Square in the heart of the Shopping District

L View from City screen looking from South to North along the River

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

N M

M View the Coppergate Shopping Centre South towards the Castle Piccadilly District

N View from the Stonebow East towards the Hungate District

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect O

O View from Skeldergate Bridge North-West along the River Ouse

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Aspect and Prospect

Q P

R

P

R Night Image of River Ouse (East Bank)

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Q Night Image of Bootham Bar and the Minster

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Land Use and Listed Buildings

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Land Use and Listed Buildings

Land Use

KEY Main Commercial/ Retail Area Mixed Use Residential Area Historical Site

Public Buildings/Offices Schools and Colleges

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Land Use and Listed Buildings

Listed Buildings N

Key to map GRADE I LISTED BUILDINGS: BUILDINGS OF OUTSTANDING OR NATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL OR HISTORIC INTEREST GRADE II* LISTED BUILDINGS: PARTICULARLY SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS OF MORE THAN LOCAL INTEREST GRADE II LISTED BUILDINGS: BUILDINGS OF SPECIAL ARCHITECTURAL OR HISTORIC INTEREST

Indicative map of listed buildings in City of York There are about 2000 listed buildings in York.

Each listed building has one of three grades that indicates its importance. Grade I buildings are of exceptional interest. Grade II* buildings are of more than special interest. Grade II buildings are of special interest and every effort is made to preserve them.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

York has over 30 conservation areas which include the centre of York, Tadcaster road and some historic village settlements. Conservation areas are areas of special architectural or historical interest. They have extra controls applied to them so that the character of the area can be preserved and enhanced.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Bar = Gateways

Gate = Viking word ‘Gata’ = Meaning street

York City Wall and Gateways

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

York City Wall and Gateways

York City wall and Gateways

B - Station Avenue Arch

A - Station Rise Arch

C

B A

C - Bootham Bar – 11th Century THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

York City Wall and Gateways

York City wall and Gateways

D - Monk Bar – 14th Century (63ft Tallest Bar)

E - Layerthorpe Bridge

D E

F

F - Red Tower - 1490 THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

York City Wall and Gateways

York City wall and Gateways

G - Walmgate Bar 14th Century

H - Fishergate Bar

G I

H I - Fishergate Tower - 1505

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

York City Wall and Gateways

York City wall and Gateways

J - Baile Hill

K - Victoria Bar

L

K

J L - Micklegate Bar – 12thCentury

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

Figure Ground 1685

City contained within the City Walls, offering protection from invasion.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

N

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

Figure Ground 1697

City contained within the City Walls, offering protection from invasion.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

N

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

Figure Ground 1722

City contained within the City Walls, offering protection from invasion. The density is contained in patched zones identified by the roads with the perimeter surrounded by woodland area

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

N

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

Figure Ground 1736

City contained within the City Walls, offering protection from invasion. The density is contained in patched zones identified by the roads with the perimeter surrounded by woodland area

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

N

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

Figure Ground 1852

Dense blocks begin to split and intensity increases with very tight spaces created, generally created by terraced back to back housing with

N

individual plots of land for gardens etc THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Figure Ground

Figure Ground 2008

City has sprawled far beyond the City walls and the greater organisation of blocks have become apparent. Traffic planning and changes of land use have had a major influence.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

N

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Studies and Climate

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Avg. Temp 7.5°C

Rainfall 20mm

Wind 31Mph

Sunrise 6:20am

Sunset 6:10pm

TOTAL DAYLIGHT HOURS – 11 Hours 50 Minutes THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Spring Climate

Shadow Study and Climate

Spring Shadow Study - AM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Spring Shadow Study - Noon

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Spring Shadow Study - PM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Avg. Temp 16°C

Wind 25Mph Rainfall 129mm

Sunrise 3:50am

Sunset 8:30pm

TOTAL DAYLIGHT HOURS – 16 Hours 40 Minutes THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Summer Climate

Shadow Study and Climate

Summer Shadow Study - AM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Summer Shadow Study - Noon

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Summer Shadow Study - PM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Avg. Temp 11.2°C

Rainfall 27mm

Sunrise 6:50am

Wind 14Mph

Sunset 5:10pm

TOTAL DAYLIGHT HOURS – 10 Hours 20 Minutes THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Autumn Climate

Shadow Study and Climate

Autumn Shadow Study - AM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Autumn Shadow Study - Noon

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Autumn Shadow Study - PM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Avg. Temp 6.5°C

Rainfall 116mm

Sunrise 8:10am

Wind 33Mph

Sunset 4:30pm

TOTAL DAYLIGHT HOURS – 8 Hours 20 Minutes THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Winter Climate

Shadow Study and Climate

Winter Shadow Study - AM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Winter Shadow Study - Noon

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

Winter Shadow Study - PM

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

York Climate Information

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Shadow Study and Climate

York Climate Information

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Noise Climate

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

ALL MEASUREMENTS IN DECIBELS dB

YORK MINSTER

87.2

ST. HELEN’S SQUARE GARDEN PLACE 73 92.5

90.5

TRAIN STATION

KING’S SQUARE

89

93.7 – 119.3

WHIPMAWHOPMAGATE RD. 79 – 98.8

BRIDGE ST.

CLIFFORD’S TOWER/ CAR PARK 76 88

HOPE ST./ WALMGATE 77.6 – 87.1

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Noise Climate

Noise Climate Analysis - 10a.m.

Noise Climate

ALL MEASUREMENTS IN DECIBELS dB

YORK MINSTER 83 – 96.3

ST. HELEN’S SQUARE GARDEN PLACE 71 101 75 – 102.7

76 – 79.7

TRAIN STATION

KING’S SQUARE

82

89 – 105.2

WHIPMAWHOPMAGATE RD. 75 – 101.2

BRIDGE ST.

CLIFFORD’S TOWER/ CAR PARK 74 89

HOPE ST./ WALMGATE

76 88

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Noise Climate

Noise Climate Analysis – 1p.m.

Noise Climate

ALL MEASUREMENTS IN DECIBELS dB

YORK MINSTER

69.8 84

ST. HELEN’S SQUARE GARDEN PLACE 70.8 79

82 97

68.8 – 83.9

TRAIN STATION

KING’S SQUARE

73 – 81.5

95 105

WHIPMAWHOPMAGATE RD. 86 – 101.8

BRIDGE ST.

CLIFFORD’S TOWER/ CAR PARK 79.1 86

HOPE ST./ WALMGATE 94 – 97.8

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Noise Climate

Noise Climate Analysis – 4.30p.m.

Noise Climate

Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement

Access and Circulation N

Key to map RESTRICTED AREA

FREE ACCESS

MAIN RING ROAD

ONE WAY ROADS

CAR PARK

Vehicular access The road network in the City of York develops as this: the main ring road runs around the city walls carrying the heavy load traffic and as moving to the inner city within the walls most roads are of free access to vehicles. In the pedestrian area no car access is permitted except from designated times of the day.

York City Council has applied several strategies throughout the years to improve local transport.

Main concerns are: to reduce traffic by bus patronage and increase cycling and continued levels Of walking, to tackle congestion, increase safety on road travelling and improve accessibility of public transport.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement

Access and Circulation N

Key to map RAWCLIFFE BAR (2.5 MILES NORTH-WEST) MONK CROSS (2 MILES NORTH-EAST) GRIMSTON BAR (2.5 MILES EAST) DESIGNER LINE (2.5 MILES SOUTH) ASHAM BAR (2 MILES SOUTH-WEST)

Park & Ride Bus routes Five Park & Ride sites currently operate in York. They allow you to travel to York by car, park for free in secure car parks and complete your journey into the city centre by bus. All Park & Ride buses are frequent, low-floor and wheelchair accessible. Fares are low with up to two children under 16 traveling free when accompanied by a fare-paying adult. There are discounts available for regular Park & Ride users.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Pedestrian and Vehicular Movement

Access and Circulation N

Key to map PEDESTRIAN AREA

FOOTPATHS

ON-ROAD CYCLE ROUTE

OFF-ROAD CYCLE ROUTE

CYCLE PARKING

TRAIN STATION

RIVERBAOT DROP OFF

Non-Vehicular access York has one of the largest pedestrian zones in Europe. The pedestrian streets, or footstreets create a safer and more attractive city centre for everyone, whether residents, businesses, shoppers or visitors.

Streets which are designated for pedestrian use : Blake Street, Castlegate, Church Street, Colliergate, Coney Street, Feasegate, High Petergate, Lendal, Little Stonegate, Low Petergate, Market Street, Ousegate, Parliament Street, Swinegate, The Shambles, Stonegate, Deangate/ MinsterYard THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

York is one of the country's premier cycling cities, with traffic-free routes, quiet country roads and on-road cycle lanes. Many cycling clubs and societies organize events and tours in and around the city.

One can purchase a bicycle from the various sell points located just outside the city and then follow the cycle routes on the map provided by the information desks.

Cycle parking is provided at several sites on the edge of the pedestrian zone, one of the largest traffic-free pedestrian areas in Europe.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Vegetation

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Vegetation

Vegetation Tree Identification

York Central is mainly a conservation area and therefore the preservation of vegetation is encouraged.

There is a diversity of tree species located in York’s central district and can be found on the map to the right.

As you can see the majority of trees are located along the river bank to strengthen soil and can also be found in the park areas.

Around the wall on the Foss Island Road and Barbican Road side of the city walls, along Tower Street and near the bridge, trees provide natural screening and a sound barrier.

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Vegetation

Vegetation Levels & Density From the plan to the right it is possible to identify the vegetation characteristics of the central district of York. All parkland area, low levels of vegetation and shrubs are shown and the relationship between the urban framework of the wall and vegetation is reinforced.

View to the North of York Central District

View to the East of York Central District

View to the West of York Central District

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Vegetation

Dean's Park

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Lynch Study

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Landmarks

LANDMARKS. The obvious landmarks in York are the York Minster and Clifford's Tower. These are two specific visual landmarks that can be identified from a distance and used as radial references to navigate around the city. Some of the other prime landmarks, used as clues of identity and structure are the Shambles, York Dungeon and the Train Station.

Minster District

Nodes

York Minster

Edges

Paths

Central Shopping District

NODES Inside the city walls there are three major nodes located in the heart of the city at the junctions of the major paths. The numerous bars and gates along the wall also act as major nodes as they are the junctions of the wall and ground where the traveler can navigate to and from.

Shambles

Hungate District

EDGES The major edge of the city is obviously the city wall. The other edges are the road elements and the River Ouse and Foss which split the area into districts.

Train Station

York Dungeon

PATHS The city wall acts as a major path as well as an edge of the city, as it is a prime route for the traveler to navigate around the city. The other paths shown on the map are the most common routes along which people move around the city.

Clifford's Tower

Micklegate District Castle Piccadilly District

Walmgate District

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

DISTRICTS York can easily be split into districts according to the characteristics of the area. The area around the Minster and the major shopping area from two obvious districts. There are also the two areas currently under redevelopment - Hungate and Castle Piccadilly. The area to the West of the River Ouse forms the Micklegate district and the South East area of York is known as the Walmgate district.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Lynch Study

Lynch Study - York

LANDMARKS. Within the area of Walmgate there are no landmarks which can be viewed from a distance and used as radial references.

However there are many places which can be used as a point reference to navigate around the area. These are the two Bars - Fishergate and Walmgate, the Churches of St. Denys and St. George, the new Travelodge hotel and the National Centre for Early Music.

Landmarks

Nodes

Edges

Paths

NODES There is no real core or area of convergence within Walmgate and hence the nodes in the area are primarily the junctions between the major paths.

Early Music Centre

St. Denys’ Church

EDGES The edge of the Walmgate district is formed by the River Foss which encloses the area from the West and North and the city wall and ring road which encloses the area from the South and East .

St. George’s Church

PATHS The major paths within the area are the road elements of Walmgate and Piccadilly.

The other most common paths in the area are Navigation Road, George Street and Margaret Street.

Walmgate Bar

Travelodge Hotel

Fishergate Bar

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

DISTRICTS The area of Walmgate is a district in itself and although the area can be roughly characterized by a residential area to the South East and a more commercial area to the North West, the two merge together and overlap in certain areas and there is no distinct edge between the two. Hence it is difficult to split the area into more than one district as the area is reasonably diverse and better addressed as one whole entity.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Lynch Study

Lynch Study - Walmgate

Lynch Study

Skyline

Skyline Section A-A

A B

River Ouse Skyline Image Looking East

B

A

Skyline Section B-B

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Townscape

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Townscape

Townscape Bootham Bar

York Minster

The townscape analysis takes the form of one continuous route through the city, along which a number of important areas of York are taken in. The first section of the city townscape runs from Bootham Bar, down High Petergate, past the York Minster, and continues along Low Petergate ending up at King’s Square.

Bootham Bar

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Church Street

Duncombe Place

King’s Square

As you walk along High Petergate, the buildings vary between 3 and 4 storeys and the Minster gradually appears on the left. At the junction of High Petergate and Duncombe Place a pleasant open landscaped area sits adjacent to the Minster which houses a War Memorial in memory of Yorkshire soldiers that lost their lives in South Africa between 1899-1902. At this point you enter York’s pedestrian area; continuing along Low Petergate the buildings vary in structure and style but very little in height. At the junction of Low Petergate and Church Street the road begins to open out into the busy King’s Square which leads down to the Shambles.

High Petergate

Low Petergate

King’s Square

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Townscape

Townscape

The second section of the city townscape begins at the entrance to the Shambles. At the end of the Shambles the route then bears right into the Coppergate area, down Piccadilly and along Merchantgate to the top of Walmgate.

All Saints’ Church

The Shambles, one of the best preserved Medieval streets in Europe dates back over 900 years. The upper storeys of the buildings along the narrow cobbled street often project out over the lane giving a unique sense of enclosure and history.

At the end of the Shambles the route bears right towards All Saints’ Church at the top of Piccadilly. The change in atmosphere from the Shambles to Piccadilly is vast as the bustling narrow pedestrian streets are replaced by noisy traffic-filled wide roads. Continuing along Piccadilly, on the left, sunk a few metres below street level, is Merchant Adventurers’ Hall, one of the best preserved Medieval Guild Halls in Europe. A little further along Piccadilly takes you over the River Foss and you catch a glimpse of Clifford’s Tower in the distance. Finally you come to Merchantgate where a new apartment building sits imposingly on the corner of the junction with Piccadilly

Pavement

Merchantgate

Merchant Adventurers’ Hall

Shambles

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Piccadilly

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Townscape

Townscape

Modern Apartments

New Residential Development

St. Denys’ Church

York Press

The final section of the city townscape runs the length of Walmgate from the junction with Merchantgate at the top, to Walmgate Bar at the bottom.

Walmgate Bar

Walmgate

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

The majority of the buildings along the top of Walmgate are similar in style and period, housing a mixture of shops, pubs and private businesses; with the notable exceptions of St. Denys’ Church and the York Press building. The bottom of Walmgate is mainly residential. Over the past few decades new flats have replaced the slums and overcrowded housing areas of the 19th Century. Finally, Walmgate Bar, the only Bar to retain its barbican (on the outside face) is also home to an Elizabethan house, a later addition supported on stone pillars.

Walmgate

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Geology and Hydrology

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Geology and Hydrology

Geology and Hydrology Introduction and Comparison

Geology of York (Map 1).

Extent of flooding across York (Map 2).

The geology and hydrology of York are the reason the city exists where it does. The River Ouse and the River Foss have throughout the centuries been York’s defenders as natural moats against invaders, simultaneously allowing the people of York to navigate to and communicate with the rest of England and Europe by sea. The Foss was siphoned to create a moat for Clifton Tower and York Castle in the Middle Ages, and diverted to create a canal for the Rowntree and Terry’s Mills allowing goods to be delivered where York’s industry required.

At other times the two rivers have been York’s destroyers. Flooding the city and causing vast amounts of damage, they have isolated York from the rest of the country, most recently for three days in June 2007.

York is susceptible to fluvial flooding as it sits on a natural floodplain. In the past this was due to snowmelt and heavy rainfall combined with strong winds across the flat surrounding landscape. A third factor that is contributing more and more is the urbanisation reducing the soil’s drainage and absorption capacity even further due to an increase in hard surface zoning in large car parks. This reduces the time lag between the rainfall and the moment the water reaches the Ouse, forcing a large volume of water to swell the relatively narrow River Ouse in a short time frame. Comparing the Geology with the Hydrology map above we see a clear connection between the primary watercourses and the areas of York constantly at risk of flooding.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Geology and Hydrology

Geology and Hydrology Geological Analysis

Geology of City of York Area.

Geological Section Through the Vale of York. (Fig. 1).

(Map 3).

From the geological sections of York (Fig.1 & 2), we can see that there was a conscious effort to situate York on stable land as York sits on a peak of solid glacial deposits, surrounded by deep troughs of soft clay. The softer soil-type would have historically hampered York’s urban expansion as building would be confined to the solid bedrock of the glacial deposits. The clay soil is capable of supporting agriculture, with regular flooding of the River Ouse flood plain bringing fertile sedimentary deposits.

Geology of Walmgate Area.

Geological Deposits in the Vale of York. (Fig. 2).

(Map 4).

We can see on Map 4 that the Walmgate area sits on Lacustrine clay and Alluvium from the river deposits. The glacial deposits are directly beneath the urbanised city centre. Map 6 shows how the Walmgate area floods severely, specifically due to the poor drainage qualities of the clay..

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Geology and Hydrology

Geology and Hydrology Flood Risk Analysis

Flood risk in York area (Map 5).

February 2004 – Typical severe flooding throughout the city January 2007 – Flooding typical to late Winter.

The River Ouse in flood, November 2000.

Flood risk in Walmgate area (Map 6).

A view of Cawood – Wistow Lordship Ings, looking upstream from Selby, with Riccall Ings and Riccall in the background. (Photo 1).

June 2007 - Severe flooding throughout the city.

EA - Ouse Flood Risk Management Strategy Section 3 – Flood risk. (Fig.3).

Flooding happens when there is severe climate such as a combination of heavy winter snow melting due to rising temperatures, and intense rainfall saturating the water table which in York is primarily a clay soil and therefore impermeable, providing very poor drainage. Hard surfacing in urban areas causes the amount of water to exceed the flow capacity of the river channel. Typically flooding in York occurs in November - January such as the November 2000 floods which cost the City of York Council £1,321,000 and the January 2007 floods when the river was 4.36m above normal levels. Many roads are closed as a result. Skeldergate/ A19 between Fordlands Rd. and landing lane in Fulford. St.George’s Field car park. Roads in Naburn and Poppleton.

The relatively seasonal pattern of the floods was broken in June 2007 where without snowmelt, abrupt rainfall alone totalling 170mm (3 times the long term average) caused significant rainfall runoff for which the flood defences ( designed to accommodate a 30 year high), sewers and drains were wholly inadequate.(Ref: Meeting 10 Dec. CYC/YW).

Businesses and properties were flooded in five areas: Haxby/ Wittington, Ruforth, Strensall, Clifton/ Rawcliffe, Acomb/ Holgate. Photo 1 shows an area South of York, flat and with poor drainage. York’s recovery from any flooding depends as much on the ability of surrounding areas to drain away their floodwater as on its own drainage capacity.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Geology and Hydrology

Geology and Hydrology Flood Defence Analysis Foss Barrier

Foss Barrier Plan of Site. (Map 7).

Cutaway plan of Barrier. (Fig.4).

Foss Barrier Elevations. (Fig. 5).

Plan of Foss Barrier Inlets & Culverts. (Map 8).

Explanation of the Flood Defences.

The Foss Barrier is located just above the junction of the Rivers Ouse and Foss to the extreme South of York, outside the city walls. During a rise in water level (specifically when the Ouse is above 7.6m Above Ordinance Datum), the Ouse overflows and backs up into the Foss, causing the Foss itself to overflow. The catchment area of the Foss itself does not overflow extensively enough to cause flooding so traditional methods of flood alleviation were not appropriate. The Foss barrier separates the waters of the Foss from the Ouse preventing the Ouse backing into the Foss. Rising water levels in the Foss are alleviated by water pumps bypassing the Foss Barrier allowing the Foss to flow into the Ouse, simultaneously pushing the Ouse away, preventing it from backing into the Foss. Since the 2000 flood, a similar barrier has been proposed for Clementhorpe that will protect against a river level of 10.2m AOD.

Flood Walls and Pumping Stations

Extensive new flood walls

Discreet pumping station

(Photo 2).

(Photo 3).

Reinforced concrete flood walls running to a length of 280m, widen the River Ouse and deepen its embankments along its course throughout York. Also there are discrete pumping stations to relieve the Ouse further downstream, disguised as corner gardens. All of this is done in such a manner so as not to damage the character and therefore tourist potential of York.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Topographic and Drainage Analysis Watercourses & Drainage in Vale of York . (Map 9).

References: British Geological Survey: York Sheet 63, 1:50000 Series. Crown Copyright 1978.

British Geological Survey: Selby Sheet 71, 1:50000 Series. Crown Copyright 1973.

-(Maps 1/ 3/ 4).

City of York Council - Website: http://www.york.gov.uk - City Strategy Advisory Panel (posted 3 December 2007) Environment Agency Website: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ - (Maps 2/ 5/ 6). (Fig. 3).

- Flood Defences in York (published 2000). (EA North East Region). (Maps 7/ 8). (Fig. 4 / 5).

(Photos 2/ 3) - Ouse Flood Risk Management Strategy. (published 2005). (Photo 1). (Map 9).

- ‘Flood Matrix’ - Flood Risk Standing Advice for England (PPS25) version 1.0 - Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and Flood Risk (PPS25) - Practice Guide (accompanying PPS25) Benson, George, A.R.I.B.A.: York – from the Reformation to the year 1925 Vol.2 (Maps & Plans). (republished by S.R.Publishers Ltd. 1968) - (Fig. 1/ 2).

BBC News Website: http://news.bbc.co.uk Patrick Nuttgens, Editor,The History of York: From Earliest Times to the Year 2000 (published 2001, Blackthorn Press local histories)

A third line of defence proposed after the June 2007 floods is to increase the drainage capacity of upstream wash lands surrounding York, such as Clifton Ings (where the water rose by 3.96m in 2000), by building garden allotments further upstream in the catchment area of the Ouse and its tributaries in addition to higher embankments. This would make land available for gardening and small-scale farming, which would actually benefit from the fertile deposits left by the flood waters. Further it would provide an income for the council, and increase the drainage capacity of the flood plains to the North of York. There is also a proposal to divert water from the upper tributaries away from York entirely beginning at Holgate Beck, bypassing the city’s choked drainage system, re-entering the river network once past York. This defence is augmented by a comprehensive network of drainage sewers and impressive temporary measures such as digging thousands of gullies in the vicinity of York to increase drainage capacity.

For any development in the Walmgate area where flooding is extremely likely, it is advisable to consider water compatible developments such as docks, marinas, navigation facilities, nature conservation and outdoor sports areas, and water-based recreation (excluding sleeping accommodation). The extreme zoning of land use caused severe flooding of car parks and pedestrianised areas of the city centre, therefore breaking up the land use and hard–surfaced areas would be a sensible material planning method in addition to York’s flood defences. As much as possible, surface water that results from a new development should follow and mimic the natural flow of the rivers. Any flood defences incorporated into the design should not be temporary and demountable, but permanent.

On Map 9 showing critical watercourses affecting York we see that York is the focal point of the majority of the tributaries upstream of York, with the rivers Swale, Nidd and Ure feeding directly into the Rivers Ouse and Foss from the Pennines. The importance of these tributaries can be seen in the photographs and the flood defence solutions chosen. The topography of the neighbouring Northern, Eastern and Western areas slopes gently towards the Vale of York. To the South the catchment area is again flat, resulting in the flood water being unable to drain away effectively and forming large lakes that cut off York sometimes for up to three days as in June 2007.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Geology and Hydrology

Geology and Hydrology

Character

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Character

Character Identification Plan

2

3

1 4 8 5

7 6

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

2. Precentor's Court, Dean's Park / Minster

2

1

The Guilds Hall in its original form was built between 1446 and 1459. It was destroyed during an air raid in 1942. The building we now see is a faithful copy of the original, which was officially opened in 1960.

The Guildhall is maybe best viewed from the opposite riverbank, on a summer's evening, when the red boats are moored in front of its glowing facade.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

York Minster is the largest medieval cathedral in England.

The first church on the site was a wooden structure built in a hurry in 627. York Minster is particularly of interest to artlovers, especially those of stained glass, the Great East Window being the biggest medieval.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Character

1. The Guilds Hall, 1446 and 1459

4. Foss Island/ Navigation Road/ Walmgate

3

4

15

The former St Andrew's Church, secularised after the Reformation and much patched, is still a pivotal feature.

The middle and northern parts of the street still have some Georgian and early Victorian cottages capable of improvement, enhanced by the street's gentle wavering.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Foss Islands Road isn't the most attractive part of York. A few interesting buildings, the oldest and most attractive of which is the Red Tower, which marks one end of this section of the bar walls. It's a mix of some historic and attractive buildings alongside more modern buildings

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Character

3. St Andrew Gate, Spen Lane

Character

6. Clifford Street

5. River Foss, Foss Bridge/ Rowntree Wharf

5

6

This imposing 19th century building, originally known as Leetham's Mill, was designed by Walter Penty.

Recently, this much-admired industrial building has been converted into offices and flats, and is now known as Rowntree Wharf.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

15

Clifford Street is home to many ornate Victorian buildings, decorated with important-looking inscriptions. Clifford Street is one of York's newer streets, in that it wasn't created until the late 19th century. Previously there was only the very narrow street of Castlegate, to which Clifford Street runs more or less parallel, to get you through to York Castle.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Character

7. The Bonding Warehouse

8. Station Rise

8

7

15

A beautiful 19th century warehouse at the end of Queen's Staith, near Skeldergate Bridge .The Bonding Warehouse was built towards the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 20th century it was no longer used as a warehouse but had been refurbished as a pub and restaurant.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

The building that forms the centerpieces of this picture is now GNER offices, and was built in 1890 - 1906 as the a Headquarters of the North Eastern Railway.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

Conservation Area

Conservation Area

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

York UDP

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

York Central & Castle Piccadilly - The Redevelopment Strategy There are three major areas of regeneration that are currently taking place at York. The main areas are York Central, Castle Piccadilly and Hungate.

York Central is two thirds the size of York's historic walled centre and is located adjacent to the City centre. It is situated behind York railway station and shaped like a 'teardrop'. There are about 30-35 hectares (75-85 acres) of land for development. The boundaries of the site are defined by railways which restrict access to the site and it's connection with the City. The size and location of the site make it possible to create a sustainable and accessible development. Existing land uses include: - York railway station - The National Railway Museum - New houses at St Peters Quarter - Older housing at Carlton Street and Carlisle Street - The Railway Institute sports and arts facilities - A number of businesses along Leeman Road - A number of Listed Buildings including the Railway Station (Grade II*), a water tank and workshop, gate piers and gates, the former weigh station and former goods station.

Castle Piccadilly is located on the southern side of the city within the city centre boundary. The redevelopment of Castle Piccadilly is an opportunity to enhance the historic setting of the area whilst also developing an area that builds on the vitality of the city.

The mixed use proposal is intended to enhance the historic site and also develop mixed use and retail sectors within York city centre.

York City Centre is a sub regional centre serving the City's business, shopping, service, tourism, administrative, leisure, cultural and education needs. It has an international role in terms of tourism and is a key city in the economic development of the region. The Development Control Local Plan outlines the vision for York as,

“a vibrant historic city where modern life and business develop in harmony with their environment, while preserving the city’s unique heritage for the future. This is reflected in ‘York’s Community Strategy York: A City making History…’. The appeal of the city’s historic centre will be strengthened by sympathetic development, which maintains the traditional varied character of its streets while adding new life. Only by both developing and preserving York’s character can we safeguard its role as both a successful tourist and shopping centre maintaining its Unfortunately there is currently no more information available to show proposals as some expired policies in the vitality and vibrancy” (Development Control Local Plan paras 1.14 & 1.15). appraisal have resulted in the superseded plans being removed. The boundary of the development is shown below and in the UDP.

The key objectives for the regeneration project within the Castle Piccadilly to enliven the vision of enhancement are listed as: -To create an outstanding development that demonstrates the principles of sustainable development in all aspects including its design, construction and use.

•To ensure the setting of Clifford’s Tower and the Castle precinct is enhanced and the important views of these historic buildings are maintained.

•To secure the enhancement of the public realm with high quality design, detailing and materials which respect the existing buildings within the Central Historic Conservation Area.

•To ensure development is of the highest architectural quality, which respects the scale and massing of development in the City Centre.

•To promote a mixed use development of the highest quality which helps to address the retail needs of the city.

•To consider housing opportunities within the area in accordance with local plan policy.

•To create a new open and civic space around the Eye of York and Clifford’s Tower, which is of the highest quality of design, will enhance the historic character and appearance of the area, provide an appropriate setting for Clifford’s Tower and assist in the public’s understanding of the Castle Precinct.

•To provide mixed use development which creates interactive, permeable and interesting frontages.

•To improve the connectivity between the Castle area, Piccadilly and the rest of the City Centre.

•To maximize the potential of the River Foss in terms of its contribution to the visual amenities of the area and public accessibility and as part of a wider river walkway strategy through the centre.

•To ensure the wildlife value of the River Foss is protected and enhanced with the provision of a wildlife corridor.

•To provide development that is viable and helps to deliver wider planning objectives for the area e.g. the provision of quality civic and open space, links across the river, riverside paths and the relocation of the castle car park.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

Proposed Developments

Hungate - The Redevelopment Strategy The Hungate site is the site located on the North-East region within the boundary of the city walls.

The main criteria regulating what the community space could be used for are: • Size – 8,000 square foot is slightly smaller than St Helen's Square.

•Income – the new community space will have to generate some form of income in order to sustain itself.

•Layout – this floor space may be split over more than one floor and will not necessarily be a single large room. Structural columns will interrupt the space.

HUNGATE SITE

•Shared use – the space will need to be multi functional and to serve all communities (different ages, different activities). Residential uses will sit above the community space.

•Delivery date – the focal building will be part of the later phases of development. Construction is expected to start Autumn 2009, with completion Spring 2011.

FOCAL BUILDING TO INCLUDE COMMUNITY SPACE

Other points regarding the focal building: •Design – it is intended that a design competition will be held for the focal building.

In the case of the Hungate development, the Section 106 agreement includes details of the focal building, which will include the community space. The agreement says:

•Neighbouring uses within the focal building – the accommodation within the focal building on the outline planning application is as follows: •Residential – 22 apartments 15,537 sq ft •A1 retail/ A3 restaurants/ cafes – 10,351 sq ft •B1 business – 11,567 sq ft of which 8,000 will be for community use.

•The focal building will be approximately 37,456 sq ft (3,480 m sq); •Within the focal building, 8,000 sq ft (743 m²) will be provided for community space uses; •The proposed community space uses must be agreed with the Council; Should the community space uses within the focal building be unoccupied within 12 months of completion of the building, then the community space use will revert back to the Owner for them to let or dispose of as they see fit.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

Proposed Developments

Proposed and New Developments

New Developments Winners of York Design Awards 2007

4 2

1

3

2

3

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

1

1) New Build, Residential, Moss Street, Ric Blenkharn (Architect) 2) Conservation/Conversion, Sarah Coggles Shop, Carey Jones Architects 3) Mixed Commercial/ Residential/ Conservation, Merchant Exchange, Crease Strickland Parkins Architects 4) Mixed Commercial/ Residential/ Conservation, 62 – 68 Low Petergate, Malcolm Payne Group

4

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

New Developments Modern Architecture of York - The City Screen The City Screen in York was opened on the 14th of January 2000, and is owned and operated by City Screen Ltd, who own and manage another 12 sites and programme various other venues across the country.

The City Screen is located next door to the historic St Martin's Church and overlooks the river Ouse. Due to the orientation of its architecture the morning sun streams through the building and gives a light airy atmosphere in the café-bar with wonderful views across the river.

The complex also has a veranda overlooking the river and adjoining the café-bar area. Panoramic views across the river and historic city can be enjoyed from the sky lounge, and as you can see from the photographs many components of the building reference the rich archaeology of York.

In the evening the city screen is lit up and beautiful reflections can be seen in the river creating a picturesque image from across the river. The evening lights of York can also be enjoyed from the café bar area with lit buildings reflecting in the river creating a harmonious atmosphere.

Images Courtesy of City Screen Ltd & Microsoft Virtual Earth

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

New Developments Modern Architecture of York - Borders Books & The Travelodge Hotel Borders Books Borders Books building, Davygate, York £19 million building portfolio surveyed for LaSalle Investment Managers, on behalf of a London pension fund.

The Borders Books building consists of a beautifully restored chapel, located on Davygate within the city walls of York.

Borders' galleried cafe serves speciality drinks and light snacks via the café located on the top floor. Along with this feature customers have the freedom to indulge their passion for books and music and browse the store - coffee in hand!

Borders Books

There are DVDs and music on the upper floor too and the atmosphere in the café is tranquil and quirky right at the top of the huge, old building. What better place to sit and drink than in a quiet bookshop, overlooking other browsers. Border’s café in fact has a hole in the middle of the floor, enabling you to observe the people below. Arranged around the gallery are the usual sofas and tables, and a rather charming clock, which though it won’t let you know when your lunch break is over, it certainly has other values.

The Travelodge Hotel York Travelodge is a large modern hotel, built using traditional York Stone, blending in very well with the old city walls next to the hotel. The 'Postern Gate' restaurant/bar joined to the hotel has an outdoor seating area looking out onto the River Foss and Castle Mill. Located on Piccadilly, which leads straight into York centre and Parliament Street. Parking is available at the NCP, 200 yards along Piccadilly.

The Travelodge Hotel

Borders Books

The Travelodge Hotel THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Images Courtesy of Borders, Travelodge & Microsoft Virtual Earth

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Proposed and New Developments

New Developments Modern Architecture of York - Private Flats at Westgate & The Hotel 53 Private Flats at Westgate The development at Westgate is a dramatic seven-storey building providing the ultimate in contemporary living.

Occupying an enviable riverside location, adjacent to the Memorial Gardens and within close proximity to the train station.

A concierge welcomes both residents and visitors, with the additional security of a video entry system and CCTV cameras.

In addition to the allocated parking spaces, the property also provides secure underground storage for bicycles.

Private Flats at Westgate

The apartments are offered for sale.

The Hotel 53 The Hotel 53 is situated in a prime location within York's famous city walls and is in walking distance from York Racecourse, Jorvik Viking Centre museum as well as York Minster gothic cathedral. This hotel is only few minutes from the University of York, National Railway Museum and the Shambles.

Hotel 53 (formerly the Quality Hotel York) is a new hotel with a stylish modern interior and has 100 en-suite bedrooms with an informal, modern restaurant and bar, the glass-fronted, 6-floor hotel is furnished in a warm, minimalist style.

Also offering conference facilities, including air-conditioned meeting rooms with free wireless Internet throughout the hotel. Conference suites with air conditioning, natural daylight, ISDN video conferencing and wireless Internet access are available for both day and 24hour meetings.

The Travelodge Hotel

Private Flats at Westgate

The Hotel 53 THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Images Courtesy of Hotel 53, Savills Estates & Microsoft Virtual Earth

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Focus on Walmgate

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Focus on Walmgate

Walmgate Zone Potential

Legend Key Potential Sites Fixed Historical Sites Sites Under Development Potential Sites Existing Open Sites

N

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Weakness

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Opportunity

SWOT Analysis

Threat

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

STRENGTHS

OPPORTUNITIES

Natural environment

Better Transport/ Traffic Management

-The strays, rivers and surrounding green spaces are assets of which the importance is often overlooked and cannot be overstated.

- There is an opportunity to provide an integrated public transport system that can compete with the private car, including for example a proper bus station.

Historic environment

Increased Employment Opportunities

- York’s unique historic environment attracts 4 million visitors a year.

- Developing an office quarter to enable larger organizations to consolidate their operations in locations accessible by public transport to attract investment. The need space for sciencebased firms to start up and expand, as the Science Park is full.

Connectedness - York’s connectedness to the rest of the UK offers it the opportunity to act as a regional ‘hub’ through its good links to the motorway network and excellent rail links to London and elsewhere.

Quality Hotel Accommodation

Emerging technology

Iconic Modern Architecture

- Has a new role as an emerging high technology ‘Science City’, centered on its hugely successful University (which is only 40 years old but already one of the UK’s top ten).

- As you may have noticed in the new developments section there is a scope for more iconic modern architecture.

WEAKNESSES Distance from Airport - The relative distance from a major international airport is a disadvantage, although this too could change if Finningley Airport near Doncaster takes off.

- There is no five star hotel in York at present.

A New Attraction - A new visitor attraction, possibly science-based, acting as a linked Conference Centre would also be welcomed.

THREATS

Commercialization of Historic Buildings

Flooding

- Many fear that the city is starting to lose its unique identity, as, for example, Starbucks opens up as an alternative to Betty’s.

- York has particular cause to be concerned about global environmental issues; many forecasters are predicting more frequent floods such as the one in 2000 which came close to overwhelming York’s defences.

Presentation as a Gateway - Certain assets – particularly the city walls – could be presented better as a gateway to the wider Yorkshire Region.

Poor Nightlife

Provide Affordable Housing - Without a ready supply of affordable housing, there is a danger that York’s existing residents will be gradually priced out of their own city. Future growth will need to be achieved through greater density rather than through major incursions into the greenbelt.

- Perhaps the most frequent comment made by younger citizens was the need to enhance nightlife in York, and almost everybody spoke of the need to improve the vitality of the city in the early evening.

Lack of Office Space -The problem of management capacity is aggravated by the fact that York lacks modern office space.

Conservation vs Economic Growth -The desire to conserve historic buildings needs to be balanced with realistic economic needs of any city which would attract competitive tourism.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis

Appendices

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Planning Restrictions - Part 1 Affordable Housing Act - A guideline for new developments

Sustainable Design and Construction - Basic Principles

The City of York Council will seek to ensure, through negotiation and agreement, that proposals for all new housing development of 15 dwellings/0.3 hectares or more in the urban area, and 2 dwellings/0.03 hectares or more in villages with less than 5,000 population, will include affordable housing in line with the Council’s Second Housing Needs Survey April 2002. In order to achieve the maximum reasonable proportion of affordable housing, the following targets have been set on all suitable allocated and windfall sites in York: 45% for affordable rent, plus 5% for discounted sale, to address priority housing needs in the city. Where properties offered for discounted sale are not purchased it is appropriate that these are used for affordable rent. Lower targets previously agreed in Local Plan allocations or where clearly set out in approved Development Briefs will be reassessed down from 50% where the developer can demonstrate financial loss against previous land acquisition (e) The provision within the curtilage of a dwelling/house of a price. hard surface for any purpose incidental to the enjoyment of the Conversation Areas - A breakdown dwelling/house where the hard surface would front a relevant East Mount Road is already in a Conservation Area, but the Article location. (f) The installation, alteration or replacement of a satellite 4(2) Directive gives the local planning authority further powers antenna on a dwelling/house or within its curtilage, where the over changes to the elevations of single family dwelling houses part of the building or other structure on which the satellite fronting a relevant location (which in this context means a highway or open space). antenna is to be installed, altered or replaced fronts a relevant location.

The Directive applies to the following matters: (a) Development consisting of the enlargement, improvement or (g) The erection or demolition of a gate, fence, wall or other means of enclosure where the gate, fence, wall or other means other alteration of a dwelling/house where any part of the of enclosure would be within the curtilage of a dwelling/house enlargement, and would front a improvement or alteration would front a relevant location. relevant location. (b) Any alteration to the roof of a dwelling/house where the alteration would be to a roof slope which fronts a relevant location. (h) The painting of the exterior of any part, which fronts a relevant (c) The erection or construction of a porch outside any external location, of: door of a dwelling/house where the external door in question (i) A dwelling/house fronts a relevant location. (ii) Any building or enclosure within the (d) The provision within the curtilage of a dwelling/house of any curtilage of a dwelling/house. building incidental to the dwelling/house as such, or the (i) The erection, alteration or removal of a chimney on a maintenance dwelling/house or on a building within the curtilage of a improvement or other alteration of a building or enclosure being dwelling/house. development where the building or enclosure to be provided would front a relevant location, or where the part of the building or (j) The demolition of the whole or any part of any gate, fence, enclosure maintained, improved or altered would front a relevant wall or any other means of enclosure. This means that any alterations to the houses in this street shown on the list above location. will need planning permission. The exception to this is if a like-for-like replacement is made (which should be an exact replica of an original feature of the house).

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

Proposals for all development should have regard to the principles of sustainable development as summarized in criteria a-i below. All commercial and residential developments will be required to be accompanied by a sustainability statement. The document should describe how the proposal fits with the criteria listed below and will be judged on its suitability in these terms. Development should: (a) Provide details setting out the accessibility of the site by means other than the car and, where the type and size of the development requires, be within 400m walk of a frequent public transport route and easily accessible for pedestrians and cyclists; (b) Contribute toward meeting the social needs of communities within the City of York (including housing, community and recreational facilities, car clubs, recycling facilities and communal laundry blocks) and to safe and socially inclusive environments; (c) Maintain or increase the economic prosperity and diversity of the City of York, and maximize employment opportunities (including supporting local goods and services and providing training and employment for local unemployed and young people); (d) Be of a high quality design, with the aim of conserving and enhancing the local character, heritage and distinctiveness of the City; (e) Minimize the use of non-renewable resources, reuse materials already on the development site, and seek to make use of grey water systems both during construction and throughout the use of the development. Any waste generated through the development should be managed safely, recycled and/or reused. The ‘whole life’ costs of materials should be considered; (f) Minimize pollution, including that relating to air, water, land, light and noise; (g) Conserve and enhance natural areas and landscape features, provide both formal and informal open space, wildlife areas and room for trees to reach full growth; (h) Maximize the use of renewable resources on development sites and seek to make use of renewable energy sources, such as heat exchangers and photovoltaic cells; and (i) Make adequate provision for the storage and collection of refuse and recycling.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Appendices

Appendix A

Planning Restrictions - Part 2 Listed Buildings - Alterations, Extensions and Demolition

Waste Treatment - General Information and Home Composting

Listed buildings are protected by law. This does not mean a listed building can never be altered; however, listed building consent is required for its demolition and for any works of alteration or extension which would affect its character as a building of special architectural or historic interest. This consent should be obtained from the Planning Department of City of York Council. Listed building consent is separate from planning permission, and is sometimes required when the latter is not. Always check with the City Council, if you are uncertain what kind of consent is required. There is no charge for listed building consent. City of York Council has a duty to consult English Heritage over listed building consent applications relating to grade I and II* buildings. However, this does not mean that grade II listed buildings are not significant. Grade II includes the majority of listed buildings in York and in the country as a whole, and represents a major element in the historic quality of our towns, villages and countryside. It is worth remembering it is a criminal offence to carry out unauthorized works to a listed building or to fail to comply with a condition attached to a listed building consent.

Provisions for new space - Governmental Targets Developments for all housing sites or commercial proposals over 2,500m2 gross floor space will be required to make provision for the open space needs of future occupiers. This should be provided in addition to any area required for landscaping. For sites of less than 10 dwellings a commuted sum payment will be required towards off site provision. For sites of 10 or more dwellings, an assessment of existing open space provision accessible to the proposed development site including its capacity to absorb additional usage will be undertaken.

This is to ascertain the type of open space required and whether on-site or a commuted sum payment for offsite provision is more appropriate (this will include the cost of land purchase), based on individual site circumstances.

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

The following provision of open space (or commuted sum equivalent) will be required: (a) 0.9ha per 1,000 population / or 1,000 employees of informal amenity open space; In addition, for housing developments: (b) 1.7ha per 1,000 population of sports pitches; (c) 0.7ha per 1,000 population for children’s equipped play spaces.

Applicants will be expected to enter into a Section 106 Agreement towards ensuring the provision and future maintenance (whether by means of a commuted sum payment or by some other means) of the open space facility for a period of 10 years.

Rest homes and nursing homes will only be expected to provide amenity open space. Single bedroom dwellings and student accommodation will not be expected to provide children’s play space.

It is recommended that all new developments include an area that can be used to site recycling banks. Other local authorities have found that there is still a need for recycling banks in addition to Curbside Recycling collections. These banks tend to be used by residents whose property is not suitable for a Curbside Recycling collection, for materials that cannot be collected through the Curbside Collections or used by residents who collect surplus materials that they wish to recycle before the next collection day.

The area should be within walking distance to the residential properties but not so close that those living in close proximity to the banks are disturbed by noise. It may be necessary to consult residents living in close proximity to the recycling banks.

The number and size of containers can vary from site to site depending upon local requirements. It is recommended that a minimum area of approximately 8m x 4m is required to site a standard range of paper, glass and can banks. Consideration should be given to vehicle access which is required to empty the containers. The design of the site of the site should also be considered as it will require hard standing and may need screening from nearby properties if appropriate.

Developers may be required to pay for any recycling banks required. Depending upon the circumstances a contribution may also be required from the Developers towards the costs of emptying the banks for a certain period.

Home composting To assist residents to reduce the amount of waste they put out for the bin men it is recommended that a home compost bin is provided to each household with a garden. The Council works in partnership with the company Blackwall to promote home composting and provide home compost bins to residents in York and North Yorkshire at discounted prices. The council may be able to assist the developer purchase compost bins through this partnership.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1

Appendices

Appendix B

Appendices

Appendix C Planning Restrictions - Part 3 Smoking Shelters - Guidance Notes

Solar Panels - Restrictions and Guidance Notes

Smoke free legislation in the Health Act 2006 comes into force England at 6am on Sunday 1 July 2007. Its aim is to create smoke-free places and to protect workers and public from harmful effects of passive or secondary smoke. It introduces a statutory smoking ban in “enclosed” and “substantially enclosed” premises. The new law will affect most public premises, including restaurants, pubs, bars, shops, cinemas, shopping centers, leisure centers, offices, factories and other enclosed workplaces and public transport.

Solar panels fixed to the roof of a single dwelling house or curtilage building are classed as "development", but may often be "permitted development".

Exemptions include: - private accommodation, but not common parts, e.g. staircases and lifts - hotel accommodation - other residential accommodation in care homes, hospices, mental health units - prisons for adults Evidence from Ireland (ban from March 2004) and Scotland (ban from March 2006) shows many licensed premises will seek to provide areas for smokers, by the provision of facilities such as smoking shelters, canopies or other covered outside areas which, combined with the use of outdoor space heaters, allow use in most weathers.

These structures will have some form of roof, and a combination of walls and openings to comply with the Health Act provisions. The legislation also requires signage to be displayed at premises where the smoking ban is operative.

The minimum requirements are that the no-smoking sign is to: (a) be a flat, rectangular sign with minimum dimensions of A5 in size (148mm by 210mm); (b) display the international “no smoking” symbol, consisting of a graphic representation of a burning cigarette enclosed in a red circle with a red bar across it, at least 75mm in diameter; and (c) carry the following words, in characters that can be easily read: “No smoking. It is against the law to smoke in these premises.”

THA 1603 – Integrated Urban Design and Architecture York Urban Study

As a guide, planning permission will not be required for installation of solar panels on house roofs subject to all of the following:•The panel's) should be fixed parallel to the existing roof slopes.

•The panel's) should project no more above the roof surface than a typical roof light (a 'velux' style window - up to 10 cm projection).

•The highest part of the panel's) should not be higher than the highest part of the original roof.

•There are no restrictions on development at the house (as a result of conditions imposed on the original planning permission).

•The property is not a Listed Building.

•The property is not within a Conservation Area. It may still be possible to install solar panels without planning permission but the Development Control Section should be contacted first. Generally the installation of panels on the roof slope fronting a highway would be considered to be a material alteration requiring planning permission.

•The property is not a flat, whether it is in a purpose-built block of flats or a house or other building converted into flats.

Solar panels fixed to house walls do not normally need permission provided:•The highest part of the panel's) is not higher than the highest part of the original roof.

•The highest part of the panel's) does not exceed 4 metres in height, within 2 metres of a boundary of the curtilage of the house.

•The panel's) does not project closer to a highway than the original house unless there would be 20 metres between it and the highway.

In conservation areas solar panels on walls would not be "permitted development". They would need planning permission and it is likely that they would be refused on visual appearance grounds. There could also be efficiency problems if panels were to be installed on walls.

Huddersfield University Diploma 1