Aziz Art NOv 20198

AzizArt Nov2019

Andy warhol

Michelangelo BAQER AL-SHAIKH

1-Andy Warhol 6-BAQER AL-SHAIKH 7-Michelangelo

Director: Aziz Anzabi Editor : Nafiseh Yaghoubi Translator : Asra Yaghoubi Research: Zohreh Nazari Iranian art department: Mohadese Yaghoubi

http://www.aziz-anzabi.com

Andy Warhol including The Philosophy of Andy August 6, 1928 – February 22, Warhol and Popism: The Warhol 1987 Sixties. was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s.

After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives. It is the largest He managed and produced the museum in the United States Velvet Underground, a rock band dedicated to a single artist. which had a strong influence on the evolution of punk rock music. He is Warhol's art used many types of also notable as a gay man who lived media, including hand drawing, openly as such before the gay painting, printmaking, photography,liberation movement. His studio, silk screening, sculpture, film, and The Factory, was a famous music. He was also a pioneer in gathering place that brought computer-generated art using together distinguished intellectuals, Amiga computers that were drag queens, playwrights, introduced in 1984, two years Bohemian street people, before his death. He founded Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy Interview Magazine and was the patrons.

1 author of numerous books,

Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films.

Andy had two older brothers, Paul (June 26, 1922 – January 30, 2014) and John Warhola (May 31, 1925 – December 24, 2010).

His parents were working-class He coined the widely used Lemko emigrants from Mikó (now expression "15 minutes of fame". called Miková), located in today's Many of his creations are very northeastern Slovakia, part of the collectible and highly valuable. former Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The highest price ever paid for a Warhol's father immigrated to the Warhol painting is US$105 million United States in 1914, and his for a 1963 canvas titled "Silver Car mother joined him in 1921, after Crash (Double Disaster)". A 2009 the death of Warhol's article in The Economist described grandparents.

Warhol as the "bellwether of the art market". Warhol's works Warhol's father worked in a coal include some of the most mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen expensive paintings ever sold.

Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland Early life neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The Andy Warhol (originally Andrew family was Byzantine Catholic and Warhola, Jr.) was born attended St. John Chrysostom on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Pennsylvania. He was the fourth Warhol had two older brothers— child of Ondrej Warhola Pavol (Paul), the oldest, was born (Americanized as Andrew Warhola, before the family emigrated; Ján Sr., 1889–1942) and Julia (née was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol's son, Zavacká, 1892–1972),whose first James Warhola, became a child was born in their homeland successful children's book and died before their move to the illustrator. About 1939, he started U.S. to collect autographed cards of film stars.

In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors. Often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother.

stars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.

As a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945.

After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art. During his time there, Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Club and Beaux Arts Society. He also served as art director of the student art magazine, Cano, illustrating a cover in 1948 and a full-page interior illustration in 1949.These are believed to be his first two published artworks. Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949. Later that year, he At times when he was confined to moved to New York City and began bed, he drew, listened to the radio a career in magazine illustration and collected pictures of movie and advertising.

Death platinum wig, and sunglasses. He Warhol died in Manhattan at 6:32 was posed holding a small prayer am on February 22, 1987. book and a red rose. The funeral According to news reports, he had liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost been making good recovery from a Byzantine Catholic Church on routine gallbladder surgery at New Pittsburgh's North Side. The eulogy York Hospital before dying in his was given by Monsignor Peter Tay. sleep from a sudden Yoko Ono and John Richardson post-operative cardiac arrhythmia. were speakers. The coffin was Prior to his diagnosis and covered with white roses and operation, Warhol delayed having asparagus ferns. After the liturgy, his recurring gallbladder problems the coffin was driven to St. John the checked, as he was afraid to enter Baptist Byzantine Catholic hospitals Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south and see doctors. His family sued suburb of Pittsburgh. the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication. The malpractice case At the grave, the priest said a brief was quickly settled out of court; prayer and sprinkled holy water on Warhol's family received an the casket. Before the coffin was undisclosed sum of money. lowered, Paige Powell dropped a copy of Interview magazine, an Warhol's body was taken back to Interview T-shirt, and a bottle of Pittsburgh by his brothers for the Estee Lauder perfume burial. The wake was at Thomas P. "Beautiful" into the grave. Warhol Kunsak Funeral Home and was an was buried next to his mother and open-coffin ceremony. The coffin father. A memorial service was held was a solid bronze casket with gold in Manhattan for Warhol on April 1, plated rails and white upholstery. 1987, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, Warhol was dressed in a black New York cashmere suit, a paisley tie, a

BAQER AL-SHAIKH Baqer’s highly-textured paintings mostly manifest themselves in the sphere of nudes. A sense of mystique is constant across his pieces. This mystique is heightened by an ubiquitous somberness that transcends past light and dark brushstrokes. Very seldom is a face seen in his work. The figures almost blend into their backgrounds, blurring the lines between the corporal and metaphysical states of darkness.

Baqer Al-Shaikh hails from Baghdad, Iraq. He currently resides in Amman, Jordan. Baqer holds a Diploma in Fine Arts from the Fine Arts Institute of Baghdad. He is a member of several artist associations. He is also the recipient of several awards, including the Al-Wasti Festival of Baghdad Award, and the 2008 Ashtar Festival Award of the Iraqi Artists Association. He also holds nominations from global art sites, and numerous honorary awards.

Baqer has exhibited his works through group exhibitions in Lebanon, Iraq & Saudi Arabia, as well as solo exhibitions in Jordan & Lebanon.

6

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo , was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

Considered as the greatest living artist in his lifetime, he has since been held as one of the greatest artists of all time.Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.

A number of his works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. His output in every field during his long life was prodigious; when the sheer volume of correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences that survive is also taken into account, he is the bestdocumented artist of the 16th century.

Two of his best-known works, the PietĂ and David, were sculpted before he turned thirty. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

As an architect, Michelangelo pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library. At the age of 74 he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica.

Michelangelo transformed the plan, the western end being finished to Michelangelo's design, the dome being completed after his death 7 with some modification.

In a demonstration of Michelangelo's unique standing, he was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive.

Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime; one of them, by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all artistic achievement since the beginning of the Renaissance, a viewpoint that continued to have currency in art history for centuries.

For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence, the bank had failed and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born.At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the Judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi.

Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrotis claimed to In his lifetime he was also often descend from the Countess called Il Divino ("the divine one"). Mathilde of Canossa; this claim One of the qualities most admired remains unproven, but by his contemporaries was his terribilità , a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur, and it was the attempts Michelangelo himself believed it. of subsequent artists to imitate Several months after Michelangelo's Michelangelo's impassioned and birth, the family returned to highly personal style that resulted Florence, where Michelangelo was in Mannerism, the next major raised. At later times, during his movement in Western art after the mother's prolonged illness and after High Renaissance. her death in 1481, when he was just six years old, Michelangelo lived Early life, 1475–88 with a stonecutter and his wife and Michelangelo was born family in the town of Settignano, on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near where his father owned a marble Arezzo, Tuscany.(Today, Caprese is quarry and a small farm.Giorgio known as Caprese Michelangelo). Vasari quotes Michelangelo:

Apprenticeships, 1488–92 As a young boy, Michelangelo was sent to Florence to study grammar under the Humanist Francesco da Urbino.[5][8][b] The young artist, however, showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of painters.

years to create the bronze doors of the Baptistry, which Michelangelo was to describe as "The Gates of Paradise". The exterior niches of the Church of Or' San Michele contained a gallery of works by the greatest sculptors of Florence, Donatello, Ghiberti, Verrocchio, and Nanni di Banco.The interiors of the older churches were covered with The city of Florence was at that frescos, mostly in the Late Medieval time the greatest centre of the style, but also in the Early arts and learning in Italy. Art was Renaissance style, begun by Giotto sponsored by the Signoria (the and continued by Masaccio in the town council), by the merchant Brancacci Chapel, both of whose guilds and by wealthy patrons works Michelangelo studied and such as the Medici and their copied in drawings. During banking associates.

Michelangelo's childhood, a team of painters had been called from Florence to the Vatican, in order to The Renaissance, a renewal of decorate the walls of the Sistine Classical scholarship Chapel. Among them was and the arts, had its first flowering Domenico Ghirlandaio, a master of in Florence.In the early 1400s, the the technique of fresco painting, of architect Brunelleschi had studied perspective, figure drawing and the remains of Classical buildings portraiture. He had the largest in Rome and created two churches, workshop in Florence, at that San Lorenzo's and Santo Spiritu, period. which embodied the Classical precepts. The sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti had laboured for fifty

In 1488, at thirteen, Michelangelo was apprenticed to Ghirlandaio..

When he was only fourteen, his disfigurement which is conspicuous father persuaded Ghirlandaio to in all the portraits of Michelangelo pay his apprentice as an artist, which was highly unusual at the Bologna, Florence and Rome, time. When in 1489, Lorenzo de' 1492–99 Medici, de facto ruler of Florence, asked Ghirlandaio for his two best Michelangelo's Pietà, St Peter's pupils, Ghirlandaio sent Basilica (1498–99) Michelangelo and Francesco Lorenzo de' Medici's death on 8 Granacci. From 1490 to 1492, April 1492 brought a reversal of Michelangelo attended the Michelangelo's circumstances.

Humanist academy which the Michelangelo left the security of Medici had founded along Neo the Medici court and returned to Platonic lines. At the academy, his father's house. In the following both Michelangelo's outlook and months he carved a polychrome his art were subject to the wooden Crucifix (1493), as a gift to influence of many of the most the prior of the Florentine church prominent philosophers and of Santo Spirito, which had allowed writers of the day including him to do some anatomical studies Marsilio Ficino, Pico della of the corpses of the church's Mirandola and Poliziano. At this hospital.[21] Between 1493 and time, Michelangelo sculpted the 1494 he bought a block of marble, reliefs Madonna of the Steps and carved a larger than life statue (1490–1492) and Battle of the of Hercules, which was sent to Centaurs (1491–1492). The latter France and subsequently was based on a theme suggested disappeared sometime circa 18th

by Poliziano and was century. On 20 January 1494, after commissioned by Lorenzo de heavy snowfalls, Lorenzo's heir, Medici. Michelangelo worked for a Piero de Medici, commissioned a time with the sculptor Bertoldo di snow statue, and Michelangelo Giovanni. When he was seventeen, again entered the court of the another pupil, Pietro Torrigiano, Medici. struck him on the nose, causing the

In the same year, the Medici were expelled from Florence as the result of the rise of Savonarola.

Michelangelo left the city before the end of the political upheaval, moving to Venice and then to Bologna. In Bologna, he was commissioned to carve several of the last small figures for the completion of the Shrine of St. Dominic, in the church dedicated to that saint. At this time Michelangelo studied the robust reliefs carved by Jacopo della Quercia around main portal of the Basilica of St Petronius, including the panel of The Creation of Eve the composition of which was to reappear on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Towards the end of 1494, the political situation in Florence was calmer. The city, previously under threat from the French, was no longer in danger as Charles VIII had suffered defeats. Michelangelo returned to Florence but received no commissions from the new city government under Savonarola. He returned to the employment of the Medici. During the half year he spent in Florence, he worked on two small statues, a child St. John the Baptist and a sleeping Cupid

According to Condivi, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, for whom Michelangelo had sculpted St. John the Baptist, asked that Michelangelo "fix it so that it looked as if it had been buried" so he could "send it to Rome...pass an ancient work and … sell it much better." Both Lorenzo and Michelangelo were unwittingly cheated out of the real value of the piece by a middleman.

Cardinal Raffaele Riario, to whom Lorenzo had sold it, discovered that it was a fraud, but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome. This apparent success in selling his sculpture abroad as well as the conservative Florentine situation may have encouraged Michelangelo to accept the prelate's invitation.Michelangelo arrived in Rome 25 June 1496 at the age of 21. On 4 July of the same year, he began work on a commission for Cardinal Raffaele Riario, an over-life-size statue of the Roman wine god Bacchus.

Upon completion, the work was rejected by the cardinal, and subsequently entered the

collection of the banker Jacopo Galli, for his garden.

The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance.

In November 1497, the French ambassador to the Holy See, Cardinal Jean de Bilhères-Lagraulas, commissioned him to carve a Pietà, a sculpture showing the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of Jesus. The subject, which is not part of the Biblical narrative of the Crucifixion, was common in religious sculpture of Medieval Northern Europe and would have been very familiar to the Cardinal.

The contract was agreed upon in August of the following year.

Michelangelo was 24 at the time of its completion. It was soon to be regarded as one of the world's great masterpieces of sculpture, "a revelation of all the potentialities and force of the art of sculpture".

Contemporary opinion was summarized by Vasari: "It is certainly a miracle that a formless block of stone could ever have been reduced to a perfection that nature is scarcely able to create in the flesh.

Florence, 1499–1505 David (Michelangelo) Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499. The republic was changing after the fall of antiRenaissance Priest and leader of Florence, Girolamo Savonarola, (executed in 1498) and the rise of the gonfaloniere Piero Soderini.

He was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by Agostino di Duccio: a colossal statue of Carrara marble portraying David as a symbol of Florentine freedom, to be placed on the gable of Florence Cathedral.

Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work, the Statue of David, in 1504. The masterwork definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination. A team of consultants, including Botticelli And Leonardo da Vinci, was called together to decide upon its placement, ultimately the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio. It now stands in the Academia while a replica

occupies its place in the square.

With the completion of the David came another commission. In early 1504 Leonardo da Vinci had been commissioned in the council chamber of the Palazzo Vecchio depicting the Battle of Angiari between the forces of Florence and Milan in 1434. Michelangelo was then commissioned to paint the Battle of Cascina.

The two paintings are very different, Leonardo's depicting soldiers fighting on horseback, and Michelangelo's showing soldiers being ambushed as they bathe in the river. Neither work was completed and both were lost when the chamber was refurbished. Both works were much admired and copies remain of them, Leonardo's work having been copied by Rubens and Michelangelo's by Bastiano da Sangallo.

Also during this period, Michelangelo was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a "Holy Family" as a present for his wife, Maddalena Strozzi.

It is known as the Doni Tondo and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame which Michelangelo may have designed.He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist, known as the Manchester Madonna and now in the National Gallery, London, United Kingdom.

Sistine Chapel ceiling, 1505–12 Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; the work took approximately four years to complete (1508–12) in 1516.Of the other statues In 1505, Michelangelo was invited intended for the tomb, two known back to Rome by the newly as the Heroic Captive and the Dying elected Pope Julius II. He was Captive, are now in the Louvre. commissioned to build the Pope's During the same period, tomb, which was to include forty Michelangelo painted the ceiling of statues and be finished in five the Sistine Chapel, which took years. approximately four years to Under the patronage of the Pope, complete (1508–1512). According Michelangelo experienced to Condivi's account, Bramante, constant interruptions to his work who was working on the building of on the tomb in order to accomplish St Peter's Basilica, resented numerous other tasks. Although Michelangelo's commission for the Michelangelo worked on the tomb Pope's tomb and convinced the for 40 years, it was never finished Pope to commission him in a to his satisfaction. It is located in medium with which he was the Church of S. Pietro in Vincoli in unfamiliar, in order that he might Rome and is most famous for the fail at the task. central figure of Moses, completed

Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the Twelve Apostles on the triangular pendentives that supported the ceiling, and cover the central part of the ceiling with ornament.

Michelangelo persuaded Pope Julius to give him a free hand and proposed a different and more complex scheme, representing the Creation, the Fall of Man, the Promise of Salvation through the prophets, and the genealogy of Christ. The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel which represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church.

The composition stretches over 500 square metres of ceiling, and contains over 300 figures. At its centre are nine episodes from the Book of Genesis, divided into three groups: God's Creation of the Earth; God's Creation of Humankind and their fall from God's grace; and lastly, the state of Humanity as represented by Noah and his family. On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of the

Jesus; seven prophets of Israel and five Sibyls, prophetic women of the Classical world.Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are The Creation of Adam, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, the Deluge, the Prophet Jeremiah and the Cumaean Sibyl.

Florence under Medici popes 1513 – early 1534 In 1513, Pope Julius II died and was succeeded by Pope Leo X, the second son of Lorenzo dei Medici.

Pope Leo commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the façade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures. He agreed reluctantly and spent three years creating drawings and models for the façade, as well as attempting to open a new marble quarry at Pietrasanta specifically for the project. In 1520 the work was abruptly cancelled by his financially strapped patrons before any real progress had been made. The basilica lacks a façade to this day.

In 1520 the Medici came back to Michelangelo with another grand proposal, this time for a family funerary chapel in the Basilica of San Lorenzo.

Fortunately for posterity, this project, occupying the artist for much of the 1520s and 1530s, was more fully realized. Michelangelo used his own discretion to create its composition of the Medici Chapel. It houses the large tombs of two of the younger members of the Medici family, Giuliano, Duke of Nemours, and Lorenzo, his nephew, but it also serves to commemorate their more famous predecessors, Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano who are buried nearby.

The tombs display statues of the two Medici and allegorical figures representing Night and Day, and Dusk and Dawn. The chapel also contains Michelangelo's Medici Madonna. In 1976 a concealed corridor was discovered with drawings on the walls that related to the chapel itself.

Library at San Lorenzo's Church. He designed both the interior of the library itself and its vestibule, a building which utilises architectural forms with such dynamic effect that it is seen as the forerunner of Baroque architecture. It was left to assistants to interpret his plans and carry out instruction. The library was not opened until 1571 and the vestibule remained incomplete until 1904.

In 1527, the Florentine citizens, encouraged by the sack of Rome, threw out the Medici and restored the republic. A siege of the city ensued, and Michelangelo went to the aid of his beloved Florence by working on the city's fortifications from 1528 to 1529. The city fell in 1530 and the Medici were restored to power. Michelangelo fell out of favour with the young Alessandro Medici who had been installed as Pope Leo X died in 1521, to be the first Duke of Florence, and succeeded briefly by the austere fearing for his life, he fled to Rome, Adrian VI, then his cousin Giulio leaving assistants to complete the Medici as Pope Clement VII. Medici chapel and the Laurentian In 1524 Michelangelo received an Library. Despite Michelangelo's architectural commission from the support of the republic and Medici pope for the Laurentian resistance to the Medici rule, he was welco

Rome, 1534–46 The Last Judgement (1534–41) In Rome, Michelangelo lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto. It was at this time that he met the poet, Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara, who was to become one of his closest friends until her death in 1547.Shortly before his death in 1534 Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint a fresco of The Last Judgement on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. His successor, Paul III was instrumental in seeing that Michelangelo began and completed the project.

Michelangelo labored on the project from 1534 to October 1541.The fresco depicts the Second Coming of Christ and his Judgement of the souls.

Michelangelo ignored the usual artistic conventions in portraying Jesus, and showed him a massive, muscular figure, youthful, beardless and naked. He is surrounded by saints, among which Saint Bartholomew holds a drooping flayed skin, bearing the likeness of Michelangelo.

The dead rise from their graves, to be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell.Once completed, the depiction ofChrist and the Virgin Mary naked was considered sacrilegious, and Cardinal Carafa and Monsignor Sernini (Mantua's ambassador) campaigned to have the fresco removed or censored, but the Pope resisted. At the Council of Trent, shortly before Michelangelo's death in 1564, it was decided to obscure the genitals and Daniele da Volterra, an apprentice of Michelangelo, was commissioned to make the alterations.An uncensored copy of the original, by Marcello Venusti, is in the Capodimonte Museum of Naples.

Michelangelo worked on a number of architectural projects at this time. They included a design for the Capitoline Hill with its trapezoid piazza displaying the ancient bronze statue of Marcus Aurelius.

He designed the upper floor of the Palazzo Farnese, and the interior of the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, in which he transformed the vaulted interior of an Ancient Roman bathhouse. Other architectural works include San

Giovanni dei Fiorentini, the Sforza on it, but little progress had been Chapel (Cappella Sforza) in the made. Michelangelo was Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore persuaded to take over the project. and the Porta Pia.St Peter's Basilica, He returned to the concepts of 1546–64While still working on the Bramante, and developed his ideas Last Judgement, Michelangelo for a centrally planned church, received yet another commission strengthening the structure both for the Vatican. This was for the physically and visually.The dome, painting not completed until after his death, of two large frescos in the has been called by Banister Cappella Paolina depicting Fletcher, "the greatest creation of significant events in the lives of the Renaissance". the two most important saints of As construction was progressing on Rome, the Conversion of St Peter's, there was concern that Saint Paul and the Crucifixion of Michelangelo would pass away Saint Peter. Like the Last before the dome was finished.

Judgement, these two works are However, once building complex compositions containing a commenced on the lower part of great number of figures.They were the dome, the supporting ring, the completed in 1550. In the same completion of the design was year, Giorgio Vasari published his inevitable.

Vita, including a biography of On 7 December 2007, a red chalk Michelangelo. sketch for the dome of St Peter's In 1546, Michelangelo was Basilica, possibly the last made by appointed architect of St. Peter's Michelangelo before his death, was Basilica, Rome. The process of discovered in the Vatican archives. replacing the Constantinian It is extremely rare, since he basilica of the 4th century had destroyed his designs later in life. been underway for fifty years and The sketch is a partial plan for one in 1506 foundations had been laid of the radial columns of the cupola to the plans of Bramante. drum of Saint Peter's.

Successive architects had worked

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