The Dark Knight

The Dark Knight (film) For the undeveloped 1998 film, see Batman: DarKnight.

Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor.[11] The Dark Knight Rises, the final film in the trilogy, was released on July 20, 2012.

The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed, coproduced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the second part of Nolan’s The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005’s Batman Begins, starring an ensemble cast including Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Morgan Freeman. In the film, Bruce Wayne/Batman (Bale), James Gordon (Oldman) and Harvey Dent (Eckhart) form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City, but are menaced by a criminal mastermind known as the Joker (Ledger) who seeks to undermine Batman’s influence and create chaos.

1 Plot A gang of criminals rob a Gotham City mob bank, double-crossing and murdering each other until there is only one left: The Joker, who escapes with the money.

Batman, District Attorney Harvey Dent and Lieutenant Jim Gordon form an alliance to rid Gotham of organized crime. Bruce Wayne is impressed with Dent’s idealism and offers to support his career; he believes that, with Dent as Gotham’s protector, he can give up being Batman Nolan’s inspiration for the film was the Joker’s comic and lead a normal life with Rachel Dawes—even though book debut in 1940, the 1988 graphic novel The Killing she and Dent are dating.

Joke, and the 1996 series The Long Halloween, which retold Two-Face's origin. The nickname “the Dark Knight” Mob bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol and the Chechen hold was first applied to Batman in Batman #1 (1940), in a a videoconference with corrupt accountant Lau, who has story written by Bill Finger.[4][5] The Dark Knight was taken their funds and fled to Hong Kong. The Joker interfilmed primarily in Chicago, as well as in several other rupts, warns them that Batman is unhindered by the law, locations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and and offers to kill him in exchange for half of their money, Hong Kong. Nolan used IMAX 70 mm film cameras to but Gambol puts a bounty on the Joker instead after he film some sequences, including the Joker’s first appear- insults him. After escaping and smuggling himself as a ance in the film. The film is dedicated to the memory of corpse, the Joker kills Gambol and takes over his gang.

Ledger, who died on January 22, 2008, some months af- The mob ultimately decides to take the Joker up on his ter the completed filming and six months before the film’s offer. release, from a toxic combination of prescription drugs, Dent arrests the entire mob, while Batman finds Lau in leading to intense attention from the press and movie- Hong Kong and brings him back to Gotham to testify going public. Warner Bros. initially created a viral mar- against them. The Joker threatens to keep killing people keting campaign for The Dark Knight, developing pro- unless Batman reveals his identity, and starts by murdermotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of ing Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and the judge Ledger as the Joker. presiding over the mob trial. The Joker also tries to kill Mayor Anthony Garcia, but Gordon sacrifices himself to stop the assassination. Dent learns that Rachel is the next target.

A co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom, The Dark Knight was released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, on July 18, 2008, in North America, and on July 25, 2008, in the United Kingdom. Considered by film critics to be one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever,[6][7] the film received highly positive reviews and set numerous records during its theatrical run.[8] The Dark Knight appeared on more critics’ top ten lists (287) than any other film of 2008 with the exception of WALL-E, and more critics (77) named The Dark Knight the best film of 2008 than any other film released that year.[9] With over $1 billion in revenue worldwide, it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time, unadjusted for inflation.[10] The film received eight Academy Award nominations; it won the award for Best

Bruce decides to reveal his secret identity. Before he can, however, Dent announces that he is Batman. Dent is taken into protective custody, but the Joker appears and attacks the convoy. Batman comes to Dent’s rescue and Gordon, who faked his death, arrests the Joker and is promoted to Commissioner. Rachel and Dent are escorted away by Michael Wuertz and Anna Ramirez, detectives on Maroni’s payroll. Batman interrogates the Joker, who reveals that Rachel and Dent have been trapped in separate locations rigged with explosives. Batman races to save Rachel, while Gordon goes to save Dent. Batman arrives at the building, realizing that the Joker sent him to 1

2

2

CAST

Dent’s location instead. Both buildings explode, killing Rachel and disfiguring half of Dent’s face. The Joker escapes the jail with Lau. Coleman Reese, an accountant at Wayne Enterprises, deduces that Bruce is Batman and tries to go public with the information. After observing the unpredictability of the Joker, Maroni informs the Joker’s location to Commissioner Gordon. The Joker sets fire to the mob’s money, burning Lau alive in the process, and kills the Chechen.

Not wanting Reese’s revelation to interfere with his plans, the Joker threatens to destroy a hospital unless someone kills Reese. Gordon orders the evacuation of all the hospitals in Gotham and goes to secure Reese. The Joker finds Dent in Gotham General and manipulates him into seeking revenge for Rachel’s death. The Joker then destroys the hospital and escapes with a busload of hostages.

Dent goes on a killing spree based on a coin flip and targets people he holds responsible for Rachel’s death, including Wuertz (who is killed) and Ramirez (who is spared). While in Maroni’s car, Dent shoots his driver, presumably killing Maroni as well.

After announcing Gotham will be subject to his rule come nightfall, The Joker rigs two evacuating ferries with explosives; one containing civilians and the other containing prisoners. He says that he will blow them both up by midnight, but will let one live if the passengers of either boat blows up the other. Batman finds the Joker with a sonar device that spies on the entire city, with the reluctant help of Lucius Fox. Both the civilians and the prisoners refuse to kill each other, and Batman apprehends the Joker after a fight. Before the police arrive to take the Joker into custody, he gloats that Gotham’s citizens will lose hope once Dent’s rampage becomes public knowledge.

Gordon arrives at the building where Rachel died, where Dent judges his fate, along with his own and Batman’s, by flipping a coin. He spares himself, shoots Batman, and tries to kill Gordon’s son. Before he can, Batman, who was wearing body armor, tackles Dent off the building to his death. Batman persuades Gordon to preserve Dent’s heroic image by holding Batman responsible for the killing spree. As the police launch a manhunt for Batman, Gordon destroys the Bat-signal, Fox watches as the sonar device self-destructs, and Alfred Pennyworth burns a letter from Rachel about her choice to marry Dent.

2

Cast • Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A billionaire socialite who dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a bat-masked vigilante hailed as its “Dark Knight” at night. Bale said he was confident in his choice to return in the role because of the positive response to his

Cast and crew of The Dark Knight at the European premiere in London. From left to right: Director Christopher Nolan, producers Emma Thomas and Charles Roven, actors Monique Gabriela Curnen, Michael Caine, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Christian Bale.

portrayal in Batman Begins.[12] He continued training in the Keysi Fighting Method and performed many of his own stunts,[12][13] but did not gain as much muscle as in the previous film because the new Batsuit allowed him to move with greater agility.[14] Bale described Batman’s dilemma as whether "[his crusade is] something that has an end. Can he quit and have an ordinary life? The kind of manic intensity someone has to have to maintain the passion and the anger that they felt as a child, takes an effort after a while, to keep doing that. At some point, you have to exorcise your demons.”[15] He added, “Now you have not just a young man in pain attempting to find some kind of an answer, you have somebody who actually has power, who is burdened by that power, and is having to recognize the difference between attaining that power and holding on to it.”[16] Bale felt Batman’s personality had been strongly established in the first film, so it was unlikely his character would be overshadowed by the villains, stating: “I have no problem with competing with someone else. And that’s going to make a better movie.”[17] • Heath Ledger as The Joker: A psychotic criminal mastermind portraying himself as an “agent of chaos”, who rises to dominant power by terrorizing Gotham and plunging it into anarchy. Before Ledger was confirmed for the role in July 2006, Paul Bettany,[18] Lachy Hulme,[19] Adrien Brody,[20] Steve Carell,[21] and Robin Williams[22] publicly expressed interest in it. However, Nolan had wanted to work with Ledger on a number of projects in the past (including unsuccessfully approaching Ledger for the role of

3 Batman in Batman Begins) and was agreeable to Ledger’s chaotic interpretation of the character.[23] When Ledger saw Batman Begins, he had realized a way to make the character work that was consistent with the film’s tone:[24] he described his Joker as a "psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy.”[25] In the film, the Joker has a Glasgow smile, and his trademark chalk-white skin and red lips are makeup rather than the result of chemical bleaching, as in the traditional portrayal of the character.

Throughout the film, the Joker states his desire to upset social order through crime, and comes to define himself by his conflict with Batman. To prepare for the role, Ledger lived alone in a hotel room for a month, formulating the character’s posture, voice, and personality, and kept a diary, in which he recorded the Joker’s thoughts and feelings.[17][26] While he initially found it difficult, Ledger eventually generated a voice unlike Jack Nicholson's character in Tim Burton's 1989 Batman film.[25][26] He was also given Batman: The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, which he “really tried to read and put it down.”[24] Ledger also cited A Clockwork Orange and Sid Vicious as “a very early starting point for Christian [Bale] and I. But we kind of flew far away from that pretty quickly and into another world altogether.”[27][28] “There’s a bit of everything in him. There’s nothing that consistent,” Ledger said, and added, “There are a few more surprises to him.”[27] Ledger was allowed to shoot and mostly direct the videos the Joker sends out as warnings. Each take Ledger made was different from the last. Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter (Anthony Michael Hall).[29] On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filming The Dark Knight, Ledger died of an accidental prescription drug overdose, leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes. “It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day [during editing],” Nolan recalled. “But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish.”[28] All of Ledger’s scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no “digital effects” to alter Ledger’s actual performance posthumously.[30] Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger’s memory.[31][32]

• Gary Oldman as James Gordon: A lieutenant in the Gotham City Police Department and one of the city’s few honest police officers, who forms a tenuous, unofficial alliance with Batman and Dent and is given the position of Police Commissioner by the city’s mayor following the recent commissioner’s assassination. Oldman described his character as “incorruptible, virtuous, strong, heroic, but understated.”[33] Nolan explained that "The Long Halloween has a great, triangular relationship between Harvey Dent and Gordon and Batman, and that’s something we very much drew from.”[34] Oldman added that “Gordon has a great deal of admiration for him at the end, but [Batman] is more than ever now the dark knight, the outsider. I'm intrigued now to see: If there is a third one, what he’s going to do?"[34] On the possibility of another sequel, he said that “returning to [the role] is not dependent on whether the role was bigger than the one before.”[35] • Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent: Gotham’s district attorney, hailed as the city’s “White Knight”.[36][37] Nolan and David S. Goyer had originally considered using Dent in Batman Begins, but they replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they “couldn't do him justice.”[38] Before Eckhart was cast in February 2007, Liev Schreiber,[39] Josh Lucas,[40] and Ryan Phillippe[41] had expressed interest in the role,[42] while Mark Ruffalo auditioned.[43] Matt Damon stated that he was considered for the role, but could not accept due to scheduling conflicts.[44] Hugh Jackman was also considered for the part. Nolan chose Eckhart, whom he had considered for the lead role in Memento, citing his “extraordinary” ability as an actor, his embodiment of “that kind of chiselled, American hero quality” projected by Robert Redford, and his subtextual “edge.”[45] Eckhart was “interested in good guys gone wrong,” and had played corrupt men in films such as The Black Dahlia, Thank You for Smoking, and In the Company of Men. Whereas Two-Face is depicted as a crime boss in most characterizations, Nolan chose to portray him as a twisted vigilante to emphasize his role as Batman’s counterpart. Eckhart explained, "[He] is still true to himself. He’s a crime fighter, he’s not killing good people. He’s not a bad guy, not purely.”[36][37] For Dent, Eckhart “kept on thinking about the Kennedys,” particularly Robert F. Kennedy, who was “idealistic, held

4

3 a grudge and took on the Mob.” He had his hair lightened and styled to make him appear more dashing. Nolan told Eckhart to not make Dent’s Two-Face persona “jokey with slurping sounds or ticks.”[46] • Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes: Gotham City’s assistant district attorney and Bruce’s childhood friend, who is one of the few people to know Batman’s true identity. Gyllenhaal took over the role from Katie Holmes, who played the part in Batman Begins. In August 2005, Holmes was reportedly planning to reprise the role,[47] but she eventually turned it down to do Mad Money with Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah.[48] By March 2007, Gyllenhaal was in “final talks” for the part.[49] Gyllenhaal has acknowledged her character is a damsel in distress to an extent, but says Nolan sought ways to empower her character, so “Rachel’s really clear about what’s important to her and unwilling to compromise her morals, which made a nice change” from the many conflicted characters whom she has previously portrayed.[50]

PRODUCTION

Melinda McGraw appears as Barbara Gordon, Gordon’s wife, while Nathan Gamble appears as James Gordon, Jr., Gordon’s ten-year-old son. Michael Jai White portrays Gambol, a Nigerian mafia boss in charge of illegal gambling and extortion for the mob. Colin McFarlane reprises his role as Gillian B. Loeb, the Police Commissioner of Gotham.

The film’s supporting cast includes Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Janet Surrillo, and Tom “Tiny” Lister, Jr. as a prison inmate on one of the bomb-rigged ferries.

William Fichtner played the Gotham National Bank manager, and Cillian Murphy returns in a cameo as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow, who is apprehended early on in the film by Batman.[54] Musician Dwight Yoakam was approached for the roles of either the manager or a corrupt cop, but he chose instead to focus on his album Dwight Sings Buck.[55] United States Senator Patrick Leahy—a fan of Batman comics who was previously an extra in the 1997 film Batman & Robin and also was a guest voice actor on Batman: The Animated Series—appears as a guest at Bruce Wayne’s party.[56] Matt Skiba, lead singer of Chicago punk band Alkaline Trio, made a small appearance in the film.[57] David Dastmalchian appears as Thomas Schiff, the fake Guard of Honor who disrupts Loeb’s funeral and is later held at gunpoint by Dent.[58]

• Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth: Bruce’s trusted butler and confidant, who supplies useful advice to Bruce and likeness as a father figure, leading him to be labeled “Batman’s batman".[51][52] • Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox: The recently promoted CEO of Wayne Enterprises who, now fully aware of his employer’s double life, serves more directly as Bruce’s armorer for the Batsuit in addition to his corporate duties.[53] Monique Gabriela Curnen and Ron Dean portray Anna Ramirez and Michael Wuertz respectively, corrupt detectives in Gordon’s unit. Nestor Carbonell appears as Anthony Garcia, the mayor of Gotham. Ng Chin Han portrays Lau, a corrupt Chinese LSI Holdings accountant at Wayne Enterprises and Triad boss. Eric Roberts plays Sal Maroni, an Italian mafia boss who takes over Carmine Falcone's mob, and Ritchie Coster portrays the Chechen, a Chechen mafia boss in charge of drug-trafficking for the mob. Anthony Michael Hall appears as Mike Engel, a Gotham Cable News reporter, and Keith Szarabajka portrays Gerard Stephens, a detective in Gordon’s unit.

Joshua Harto plays Coleman Reese, an M&A law accountant at Wayne Enterprises who deduces Bruce’s persona of Batman from Fox and plans to reveal it to Gotham.

3 Production 3.1 Development As we looked through the comics, there was this fascinating idea that Batman’s presence in Gotham actually attracts criminals to Gotham, [it] attracts lunacy. When you're dealing with questionable notions like people taking the law into their own hands, you have to really ask, where does that lead? That’s what makes the character so dark, because he expresses a vengeful desire.

—Nolan, on the theme of escalation[16] Before the release of Batman Begins, screenwriter David S. Goyer wrote a treatment for two sequels which introduced the Joker and Harvey Dent.[59] His original intent was for the Joker to scar Dent during the Joker’s trial in the third film, turning Dent into Two-Face.[60] Goyer, who penned the first draft of the film, cited the DC Comics 13-issue comic book limited series Batman: The Long Halloween as the major influence on his storyline.[38] According to veteran Batman artist Neal Adams, he met with David Goyer in Los Angeles, and the story would eventually look to Adams and writer Denny O'Neil's 1971 story “The Joker’s Five-Way Revenge” that appeared in Batman #251, in which O'Neil and Adams re-introduced the Joker.[61] While initially uncertain of whether or not he would return to direct the sequel, Nolan did want to reinterpret the Joker on screen.[17] On July

3.2

Filming

31, 2006, Warner Bros. officially announced initiation of production for the sequel to Batman Begins titled The Dark Knight;[62] it is the first live-action Batman film without the word “Batman” in its title, which Bale noted as signaling that “this take on Batman of mine and Chris’ is very different from any of the others”.[63] After much research, Nolan’s brother and co-writer, Jonathan, suggested the Joker’s first two appearances, published in the first issue of Batman (1940), as the crucial influences.[23] Christopher had Jonathan watch Fritz Lang's 1933 crime film The Testament of Dr. Mabuse prior to writing the Joker,[64][65] with the Joker resembling Mabuse’s characteristics.[66] Christopher Nolan referred to Lang’s film as “essential research for anyone attempting to write a supervillain”.[67] Jerry Robinson, one of the Joker’s co-creators, was consulted on the character’s portrayal.[68] Nolan decided to avoid divulging an indepth origin story for the Joker, and instead portray his rise to power so as to not diminish the threat he poses, explaining to MTV News, “the Joker we meet in The Dark Knight is fully formed ... To me, the Joker is an absolute. There are no shades of gray to him – maybe shades of purple. He’s unbelievably dark. He bursts in just as he did in the comics.”[69] Nolan reiterated to IGN, “We never wanted to do an origin story for the Joker in this film,” because “the arc of the story is much more Harvey Dent’s; the Joker is presented as an absolute. It’s a very thrilling element in the film, and a very important element, but we wanted to deal with the rise of the Joker, not the origin of the Joker.”[23] Nolan suggested Batman: The Killing Joke influenced a section of the Joker’s dialogue in the film, in which he says that anyone can become like him given the right circumstances.[70] Nolan also cited Heat as “sort of an inspiration” for his aim “to tell a very large, city story or the story of a city": “If you want to take on Gotham, you want to give Gotham a kind of weight and breadth and depth in there. So you wind up dealing with the political figures, the media figures. That’s part of the whole fabric of how a city is bound together.”[23] According to Nolan, an important theme of the sequel is “escalation”, extending the ending of Batman Begins, noting “things having to get worse before they get better”.[71] While indicating The Dark Knight would continue the themes of Batman Begins, including justice vs. revenge and Bruce Wayne’s issues with his father,[72] Nolan emphasized the sequel would also portray Wayne more as a detective, an aspect of his character not fully developed in Batman Begins.[14] Nolan described the friendly rivalry between Bruce Wayne and Harvey Dent as the “backbone” of the film.[69] He also chose to compress the overall storyline, allowing Dent to become Two-Face in The Dark Knight, thus giving the film an emotional arc the unsympathetic Joker could not offer.[70] Nolan acknowledged the title was not only a reference to Batman, but also the fallen “white knight” Harvey Dent.[73]

5

3.2 Filming While scouting for shooting locations in October 2006, location manager Robin Higgs visited Liverpool, concentrating mainly along the city’s waterfront. Other candidates included Yorkshire, Glasgow, and parts of London.[74] In August 2006, one of the film’s producers, Charles Roven, stated that its principal photography would begin in March 2007,[75] but filming was pushed back to April.[76] For its release in IMAX theaters, Nolan shot four major sequences in that format, including the Joker’s opening bank robbery and the car chase midway through the film, which marked the first time that a feature film had been even partially shot in the format.[77] The cameras used for non-IMAX 35 mm scenes were Panavision’s Panaflex Millennium XL and Platinum.[78] For fifteen years Nolan had wanted to shoot in the IMAX format, and he also used it for “quiet scenes which pictorially we thought would be interesting.”[69] The use of IMAX cameras provided many new challenges for the filmmakers: the cameras were much larger and heavier than standard cameras, and produced noise which made recording dialogue difficult.[79] In addition, the cameras had short film loads ranging from 30 seconds to two minutes[79] and the cost of the film stock was much greater than standard 35mm film.[80] Nevertheless, Nolan said that he wished that it were possible to shoot the entire film in IMAX: “if you could take an IMAX camera to Mount Everest or outer space, you could use it in a feature movie.”[81] In addition, Nolan chose to edit some of the IMAX sequences using the original camera negative, which by eliminating generation loss, raised the film resolution of those sequences up to 18 thousand lines.[82]

Director Christopher Nolan (far left) and actor Heath Ledger (in make-up) filming a scene in The Dark Knight with an IMAX camera

Warner Bros. chose to film in Chicago for 13 weeks, because Nolan had a “truly remarkable experience” filming part of Batman Begins there.[83][84] Instead of using the Chicago Board of Trade Building as the location for the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises, as Batman Begins did,[85] The Dark Knight shows Wayne Enterprises as being headquartered in the Richard J. Daley Center.[86] While filming in Chicago, the film was given the false title

6 Rory’s First Kiss to lower the visibility of production, but the local media eventually uncovered the ruse.[87] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times commented on the absurdity of the technique, “Is there a Bat-fan in the world that doesn't know Rory’s First Kiss is actually The Dark Knight, which has been filming in Chicago for weeks?"[88] Production of The Dark Knight in Chicago generated $45 million in the city’s economy and created thousands of jobs.[89] For the film’s prologue involving the Joker, the crew shot in Chicago from April 18, 2007 to April 24, 2007.[90][91] They returned to shoot from June 9, 2007 to early September.[89] Noticeably, unlike Batman Begins, less CGI was used to disguise Chicago. Many recognizable locations were used in the film, like the Sears Tower, Navy Pier, 330 North Wabash, the James R. Thompson Center, Trump International Hotel and Tower, LaSalle Street, The Berghoff, Randolph Street Station, and Hotel 71. An old Brach’s factory was used as Gotham Hospital. The defunct Van Buren Street post office doubles as Gotham National Bank for the opening bank robbery.

Several sequences, including one car chase, were shot on the lower level of Wacker Drive.[86][92] The Marina City towers also appear in the background throughout the movie.[86] Pinewood Studios, near London, was the primary studio space used for the production.[93] While planning a stunt with the Batmobile in a special effects facility near Chertsey, England in September 2007, technician Conway Wickliffe was killed when his car crashed.[94] The film is dedicated to both Ledger and Wickliffe.[31] The restaurant scene was filmed at the Criterion Restaurant in Piccadilly Circus, London.[95] The following month in London at the defunct Battersea Power Station, a rigged 200-foot fireball was filmed, reportedly for an opening sequence, prompting calls from local residents who feared a terrorist attack on the station.[96] A similar incident occurred during the filming in Chicago, when an abandoned Brach’s candy factory (which was Gotham Hospital in the film) was demolished.[97] Filming took place in Hong Kong from November 6 to 11, 2007, at various locations in Central, including Hong Kong’s tallest building at the time, the International Finance Centre, for the scene where Batman captures Lau.[98][99][100] The shoot hired helicopters and C-130 aircraft.[98] Officials expressed concern over possible noise pollution and traffic.[99] In response, letters sent to the city’s residents promised that the sound level would approximate noise decibels made by buses.[98] Environmentalists also criticized the filmmakers’ request to tenants of the waterfront skyscrapers to keep their lights on all night to enhance the cinematography, describing it as a waste of energy.[99] Cinematographer Wally Pfister found the city officials a “nightmare,” and ultimately Nolan had to create Batman’s jump from a skyscraper digitally.[30]

3

PRODUCTION

3.3 Design Costume designer Lindy Hemming described the Joker’s look as reflecting his personality, in that “he doesn't care about himself at all"; she avoided designing him as a vagrant, but still made him appear to be “scruffier, grungier,” so that “when you see him move, he’s slightly twitchier or edgy.”[17][26][26] Nolan noted, “We gave a Francis Bacon spin to [his face]. This corruption, this decay in the texture of the look itself. It’s grubby. You can almost imagine what he smells like.”[101] In creating the “anarchical” look of the Joker, Hemming drew inspiration from such countercultural pop culture artists as Pete Doherty, Iggy Pop, and Johnny Rotten.[102] Ledger described his “clown” mask, made up of three pieces of stamped silicone, as a “new technology,” taking less than an hour for the make-up artists to apply, much faster than more-conventional prosthetics usually requires. Ledger also said that he felt he was barely wearing any makeup.[17][103] Hemming and Ledger’s Joker design has had an impact in popular and political culture in the form of the Barack Obama “Joker” poster, and has since become a meme in its own right.[104] Designers improved on the design of the Batsuit from Batman Begins, adding wide elastic banding to help bind the costume to Bale, and suggest more sophisticated technology. It was constructed from 200 individual pieces of rubber, fiberglass, metallic mesh, and nylon. The new cowl was modeled after a motorcycle helmet and separated from the neck piece, allowing Bale to turn his head left and right and nod up and down.[105] The cowl is equipped to show white lenses over the eyes when the character turns on his sonar detection, which gives Batman the white eyed look from the comics and animation.[106] The gauntlets have retractable razors which can be fired.[105] Though the new costume is eight pounds heavier, Bale found it more comfortable and not as hot to wear.[14] The depiction of Gotham City is less gritty than in Batman Begins. “I've tried to unclutter the Gotham we created on the last film,” said production designer Nathan Crowley. “Gotham is in chaos. We keep blowing up stuff, so we can keep our images clean.”[16]

3.4 Effects The film introduces the Batpod, which is a recreation of the Batcycle. Production designer Nathan Crowley, who designed the Tumbler for Batman Begins, designed six models (built by special effects supervisor Chris Corbould) for use in the film’s production, because of necessary crash scenes and possible accidents.[107] Crowley built a prototype in Nolan’s garage, before six months of safety tests were conducted.[14] The Batpod is steered by shoulder instead of hand, and the rider’s arms are protected by sleeve-like shields. The bike has 508-millimeter (20-inch) front and rear tires, and is made to appear as if

3.5

Music

7 scarred visage. Nolan felt using make-up would look unrealistic, as it adds to the face, unlike real burn victims.

Framestore acknowledged they rearranged the positions of bones, muscles and joints to make the character look more dramatic. For each shot, three 720-pixel HD cameras were set up at different angles on set to fully capture Aaron Eckhart’s performance. Eckhart wore markers on his face and a prosthetic skullcap, which acted as a lighting reference. A few shots of the skullcap were kept in the film. Framestore also integrated shots of Bale and Eckhart into that of the exploding building where Dent is burned. It was difficult simulating fire on Eckhart because it is inherently unrealistic for only half of something to burn.[110]

3.5 Music Main article: The Dark Knight (soundtrack)

Aaron Eckhart with make-up and motion capture markers on set.

Below is the finished effect.

Batman Begins composers Hans Zimmer and James Newton Howard returned to score the sequel. Composition began before shooting, and during filming Nolan received an iPod with ten hours of recordings.[111] Their nineminute suite for the Joker, “Why So Serious?,” is based around two notes. Zimmer compared its style to that of Kraftwerk, a band from his native Germany, as well as bands like The Damned.[112] When Ledger died, Zimmer felt like scrapping and composing a new theme, but decided that he could not be sentimental and compromise the “evil [Ledger’s performance] projects.”[113] Howard composed Dent’s “elegant and beautiful” themes,[112] which are brass-focused.[111]

it is armed with grappling hooks, cannons, and machine 4 Marketing guns. The engines are located in the hubs of the wheels, which are set 3 1 ⁄2 feet (1067 mm) apart on either side “Why So Serious?" redirects here. For the Shinee album of the tank. The rider lies belly down on the tank, which and song, see Chapter 2. Why So Serious? – The Miscan move up and down to dodge any incoming gunfire conceptions of Me and Why So Serious? (song). that Batman may encounter. Stuntman Jean-Pierre Goy In May 2007, 42 Entertainment began a viral marketing doubled for Christian Bale during the riding sequences in The Dark Knight.[107] The Batpod was highly unstable for riding, and Goy was the only stuntman who could manage to balance the bike, even commenting that he had to “nearly un-learn how to ride a motorcycle” to manage riding the Batpod. Bale did insist on doing shots on the Batpod himself, but was prohibited by the team fearing his safety.[108] Nolan designed Two-Face’s appearance in the film as one of the least disturbing, explaining, “When we looked at less extreme versions of it, they were too real and more horrifying. When you look at a film like Pirates of the Caribbean – something like that, there’s something about a very fanciful, very detailed visual effect, that I think is more powerful and less repulsive.”[109] Framestore created 120 computer-generated shots of Two-Face’s

WhySoSerious.com directed fans to find letters composing the Joker’s message “The only sensible way to live in this world is without rules,” to send in photographs of these letters, and then featured their photos in a collage.

8

5 RELEASE

campaign utilizing the film’s “Why So Serious?" tagline with the launch of a website featuring the fictional political campaign of Harvey Dent, with the caption, “I Believe in Harvey Dent.”[114] The site aimed to interest fans by having them try to earn what they wanted to see and, on behalf of Warner Bros., 42 Entertainment also established a "vandalized" version of I Believe in Harvey Dent, called “I believe in Harvey Dent too,” where e-mails sent by fans slowly removed pixels, revealing the first official image of the Joker; it was ultimately replaced with many “Haha"s and a hidden message that said “see you in December.”[115]

tic style, paralleling numerous artists collaborating in the same DC Universe.[122]

Toyota Formula One racing car featuring the Batman insignia, at the 2008 British Grand Prix

Warner Bros. devoted six months to an anti-infringement strategy that involved tracking the people who had a pre-release copy of the film at any one time. Shipping and delivery schedules were also staggered and spot checks were carried out both domestically and overseas to ensure illegal copying of the film was not taking place in cinemas.[130] An unlicensed copy was released on the web approximately 38 hours after the film’s release. BitTorrent search engine The Pirate Bay taunted the movie industry over its ability to provide the movie free, replacing its logo with a taunting message.[131]

After the death of Heath Ledger on January 22, 2008, Warner Bros. adjusted its promotional focus on the Joker,[123] revising some of its websites dedicated to promoting the film and posting a memorial tribute to Ledger on the film’s official website[124] and overlaying a black memorial ribbon on the photo collage in WhySoSerious.com.[125] On February 29, 2008, I Believe in Harvey Dent was updated to enable fans to send their e-mail addresses and phone numbers.[126] In March 2008, Harvey Dent’s fictional campaign informed fans that actual During the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con International, campaign buses nicknamed “Dentmobiles” would tour 42 Entertainment launched WhySoSerious.com, sending various cities to promote Dent’s candidacy for district fans on a scavenger hunt to unlock a teaser trailer and attorney.[127] a new photo of the Joker.[116] On October 31, 2007, the film’s website morphed into another scavenger hunt with hidden messages, instructing fans to uncover clues at certain locations in major cities throughout the United States, and to take photographs of their discoveries. The clues combined to reveal a new photograph of the Joker and an audio clip of him from the film saying “And tonight, you're gonna break your one rule.” Completing the scavenger hunt also led to another website called Rory’s Death Kiss[117] (referencing the false working title of Rory’s First Kiss), where fans could submit photographs of themselves costumed as the Joker. Those who sent photos were mailed a copy of a fictional newspaper called Movie poster for The Dark Knight, seen in Paris’ Rue SaintThe Gotham Times, whose electronic version led to the Honoré in August 2008. discovery of numerous other websites.[118][119] On May 15, 2008, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Great Adventure theme parks opened The Dark Knight roller coaster, which cost US$7.5 million to develop and which simulates being stalked by the Joker.[128] Mattel produced toys and games for The Dark Knight, action figures, role play costumes, board games, puzzles, and a special-edition UNO card game, which began commercial distribution in June 2008.[129]

The Dark Knight's opening sequence, (showing a bank raid by the Joker) and closing montage of other scenes from the film, was screened with selected IMAX screenings of I Am Legend, which was released on December 14, 2007.[69] A theatrical teaser was also released with non-IMAX showings of I Am Legend, and also on the official website.[120] The sequence was released on the Blu-ray Disc edition of Batman Begins on July 8, 2008.[121] Also on July 8, 2008, the studio released Batman: Gotham Knight, a direct-to-DVD animated film, set between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight and featuring six original stories, directed by Bruce Timm, cocreator and producer of Batman: The Animated Series, and starring veteran Batman voice actor Kevin Conroy.

Each of these segments, written by Josh Olson, David S. Goyer, Brian Azzarello, Greg Rucka, Jordan Goldberg, and Alan Burnett, presents its own distinctive artis-

5 Release Warner Bros. held the world premiere for The Dark Knight in New York City on July 14, 2008, screening in an IMAX theater with the film’s composers James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer playing a part of the film

9 score live.[132] Leading up to The Dark Knight's commercial release, the film had drawn “overwhelmingly positive early reviews and buzz on Heath Ledger’s turn as the Joker.”[133] The Dark Knight was commercially released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, grossing almost $2.3 million in its first day.[134]

the comic-book movie.” Ebert stated that the “key performance” is by Heath Ledger, and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous Academy Awardwinning actor since Peter Finch in 1976. (The Oscar was awarded to the late Ledger.)[139] Ebert ranked this as one of his twenty favorite films of 2008.[140]

In the United States and Canada, The Dark Knight was distributed to 4,366 theaters, breaking the previous record for the highest number of theaters held by Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End in 2007. The number of theaters also included 94 IMAX theaters, with the film estimated to be played on 9,200 screens in the United States and Canada.[134] Online, ticketing services sold enormous numbers of tickets for approximately 3,000 midnight showtimes as well as unusually early showtimes for the film’s opening day. All IMAX theaters showing The Dark Knight were sold out for the opening weekend.[135]

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone writes that the film is deeper than its predecessor, with a “deft” script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with popular psychology, instead pulling the viewer in with an examination of Bruce Wayne’s psyche.[141] Travers praised all the cast, saying each brings his or her "'A' game” to the film. He says Bale is “electrifying,” evoking Al Pacino in The Godfather Part II, that Eckhart’s portrayal of Harvey Dent is “scarily moving”, and that Oldman “is so skilled that he makes virtue exciting as Jim Gordon”.[141] Travers says Ledger moves the Joker away from Jack Nicholson's interpretation into darker territory, and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award,[141] Travers says that the filmmakers move the film away from comic book cinema and closer to being a genuine work of art, citing Nolan’s direction and the “gritty reality” of Wally Pfister's cinematography as helping to create a universe that has something “raw and elemental” at work within it. In particular, he cites Nolan’s action choreography in the IMAXtailored heist sequence as rivaling that of Heat (1995).[141] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote, “Pitched at the divide between art and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind.”[142] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, “best-of” list, saying, “Every great hero needs a great villain. And in 2008, Christian Bale’s Batman found his in Heath Ledger’s demented dervish, the Joker.”[143] BBC critic Mark Kermode, in a positive review, said that Ledger is “very, very good” but that Oldman’s turn is “the best performance in the film, by a mile"; Kermode felt Oldman was deserving of an Oscar nomination.[144]

6

Reception

Heath Ledger’s performance was widely praised and ultimately won him a posthumous Academy Award.

The Dark Knight received positive reviews from critics.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 94%, based on 318 reviews, with an average score of 8.6/10. The site’s critical consensus reads, “Dark, complex and unforgettable, The Dark Knight succeeds not just as an entertaining comic book film, but as a richly thrilling crime saga.”[136] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews from top mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 82 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating “universal acclaim”.[137] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was “A” on an A+ to F scale, and that audiences skewed slightly male and older.[138] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, awarding four out of four stars, described The Dark Knight as a “haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy.” He praised the performances, direction, and writing, saying the film “redefine[s] the possibilities of

Emanuel Levy wrote Ledger “throws himself completely” into the role,[145] and that the film represents Nolan’s “most accomplished and mature” work, and the most technically impressive and resonant of all the Batman films. Levy calls the action sequences some of the most impressive seen in an American film for years, and talks of the Hong Kong-set portion of the film as being particularly visually impressive.[145] Levy and Peter Travers conclude that the film is “haunting and visionary,”[141][145] while Levy goes on to say that The Dark Knight is “nothing short of brilliant.”[145] On the other hand, David Denby of The New Yorker said that the story is not coherent enough to properly flesh out the disparities. He said the film’s mood is one of “constant climax,” and that it feels rushed and far too long. Denby criticized scenes which he argued to be meaningless or are cut short just as they become interesting.[146] Denby remarks that the central conflict is workable, but that “only half

10 the team can act it,” saying that Bale’s “placid” Bruce Wayne and “dogged but uninteresting” Batman is constantly upstaged by Ledger’s “sinister and frightening” performance, which he says is the film’s one element of success. Denby concludes that Ledger is “mesmerising” in every scene.[146] The vocalization of Christian Bale’s Batman (which was partly altered during postproduction) was the subject of particular criticism by some commentators, with David Edelstein from NPR describing Bale delivering his performance with “a voice that’s deeper and hammier than ever”. Alonso Duralde at MSNBC, however, referred to Bale’s voice in The Dark Knight as an “eerie rasp”, as opposed to the voice used in the Batman Begins, which according to Duralde “sounded absurdly deep, like a 10-year-old putting on an ‘adult’ voice to make prank phone calls”.[147][148] The Dark Knight was ranked the 15th greatest film in history on Empire's 2008 list of the “500 Greatest Movies of All Time,” based upon the weighted votes of 10,000 readers, 150 film directors, and 50 key film critics.[149] Heath Ledger’s interpretation of the Joker was also ranked number three on Empire's 2008 list of the “100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.”[150] In June 2010, the Joker was ranked number five on Entertainment Weekly's “100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years”.[151] Heath Ledger’s portrayal of the Joker ranked second on The Hollywood Reporter's list of Greatest Superhero Movie Performances of All Time, behind Hugh Jackman's performance as Wolverine.[152] Paste magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000– 2009), ranking it at number 11.[6] In 2016, Playboy ranked the film number five on its list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals.[153] The Dark Knight was included in American Cinematographer's “Best-Shot Film of 1998-2008” list, ranking in the top 10. More than 17,000 people around the world participated in the final vote.[154] In March 2011, the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their eight favorite film of all time.[155] On the March 22, 2011 television special Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, The Dark Knight was voted the second best action film while the Joker, as portrayed by Ledger, was voted the third greatest film character.[156] In 2012, Total Film ranked The Dark Knight as the sixth most accomplished film of the past 15 years, writing that “Christopher Nolan’s psycho-operatic crime drama was its decade’s most exciting blockbuster – and its most challenging.”[157] In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[158] The Dark Knight was listed at 80th place on this list.[159] In 2014, The Dark Knight was ranked the 3rd greatest film ever made on Empire's list of “The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time” as voted by the magazine’s readers.[160] The film was also included and ranked 57th on Hollywood’s 100 Favorite Films, a list compiled by The Hollywood Reporter, surveying “Studio chiefs, Oscar winners and TV royalty”.[161] The Dark Knight ranked 96th on BBC's “100 Greatest American Films” list, voted on by

6 RECEPTION film critics from around the world.[162] It was also ranked the 33rd best film of the 21st century by 177 film critics, polled by BBC in 2016.[163]

6.1 Commentary Mystery writer Andrew Klavan, writing in The Wall Street Journal, compared the extreme measures that Batman takes to fight crime with those U.S. President George W. Bush used in the War on Terror. Klavan claims that, “at some level” The Dark Knight is “a paean of praise to the fortitude and moral courage that has been shown by George W. Bush in this time of terror and war.” Klavan supports this reading of the film by comparing Batman— like Bush, Klavan argues—"sometimes has to push the boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past.”[164] Klavan’s article has received criticism on the Internet and in mainstream media outlets, such as in The New Republic's “The Plank.”[165] Reviewing the film in The Sunday Times, Cosmo Landesman reached the opposite conclusion to Klavan, arguing that The Dark Knight “offers up a lot of moralistic waffle about how we must hug a terrorist – okay, I exaggerate. At its heart, however, is a long and tedious discussion about how individuals and society must never abandon the rule of law in struggling against the forces of lawlessness. In fighting monsters, we must be careful not to become monsters – that sort of thing. The film champions the anti-war coalition’s claim that, in having a war on terror, you create the conditions for more terror. We are shown that innocent people died because of Batman – and he falls for it.”[166] Benjamin Kerstein, writing in Azure, says that both Klavan and Landesman “have a point,” because "The Dark Knight is a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists.”[167] Former U.S. president Barack Obama has used the film to help explain how he understood the role and growth of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). “There’s a scene in the beginning in which the gang leaders of Gotham are meeting ... These are men who had the city divided up. They were thugs, but there was a kind of order. Everyone had his turf. And then the Joker comes in and lights the whole city on fire. ISIS is the Joker. It has the capacity to set the whole region on fire. That’s why we have to fight it.”[168]

6.2 Themes and analysis According to David S. Goyer, the primary theme of The Dark Knight is escalation.[169] Gotham City is weak and the citizens blame Batman for the city’s violence and corruption as well as the Joker’s threats, and it pushes his limits, making him feel that taking the laws into his own

6.4

Box office

11

hands is further downgrading the city. Roger Ebert noted, “Throughout the film, [the Joker] devises ingenious situations that force Batman, Commissioner Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent to make impossible ethical decisions. By the end, the whole moral foundation of the Batman legend is threatened.”[139]

received nominations from the Writers Guild of America (for Best Adapted Screenplay), the Producers Guild of America, and the Directors Guild of America, as well as a slew of other guild award nominations and wins. It was nominated for Best Film at the Critics Choice Awards and was named one of the top ten films of 2008 by the Other critics have mentioned the theme of the triumph of American Film Institute. evil over good. Harvey Dent is seen as Gotham’s “White The Dark Knight was nominated for eight Academy Knight” in the beginning of the film but ends up becoming Awards for the 81st Ceremony,[172] breaking the previseduced to evil.[73] The Joker, on the other hand, is seen ous record of seven held by Dick Tracy[173] for the most as the representation of anarchy and chaos. He has no nominations received by a film based on a comic book, motive, no orders, and no desires but to cause havoc and comic strip, or graphic novel. The Dark Knight won “watch the world burn.” The terrible logic of human error two awards: Best Supporting Actor for Heath Ledger is another theme as well. The ferry scene displays how and Best Sound Editing. It was additionally nominated humans can easily be enticed by iniquity, and how that for six others, these being Best Art Direction, Best Cincould lead to potential disaster.[170] ematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Visual Effects, The inclusion of a character like the Joker, one who re- Best Makeup, and Best Film Editing. Heath Ledger was fuses to play by the traditional rules of villainy, has led the first posthumous winner of the Best Supporting Acsome critics and scholars to identify The Dark Knight's tor award, and only the second posthumous acting winner depiction of violence as a clear allegory for the use of ever (Peter Finch posthumously won the Best Actor award force in response to global threats in post-9/11 America. for his performance in the 1976 film Network). In addiFor example, in a controversial article for the Wall Street tion, Ledger’s win marked the first win in any of the major Journal, Andrew Klavan contends that The Dark Knight Oscar categories (producing, directing, acting, or writing) is “a paean of praise to the fortitude and moral courage for a superhero-based film. Notably, Richard King’s win that has been shown by George W. Bush in this time of in the Sound Editing category blocked a complete awards terror and war. … Like W, Batman sometimes has to sweep of the evening by the eventual Best Picture winpush the boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emer- ner, Slumdog Millionaire. Although it did not receive a gency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries Best Picture nomination, the show’s opening song paid homage to The Dark Knight along with the five Best Picwhen the emergency is past”[171] ture nominees, including host Hugh Jackman riding on a mockup of the Batpod made out of garbage. In spite of the film’s critical success, the film was noticeably absent 6.3 Awards from the Best Picture nominee list, prompting controcriticize the Academy Awards for Main article: List of accolades received by The Dark versy and led many to [174][175] “snubbing” the film.

There was speculation that Knight the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences later Most notable among the nominations were Heath changed their number of Best Picture nominees to ten, instead of the traditional five, because of the film’s omission. In a question-and-answer session that followed the announcement, the Academy’s then president Sidney Ganis said; “I would not be telling you the truth if I said the words Dark Knight did not come up.”[176] A British-American production, the film was nominated for the 2009 Goya Award for Best European Film.[177] It had a nomination in Japan for the 2009 Seiun Awards under the Science Fiction category[178] with a Japan Academy Prize Award for Best Foreign Film.[179]

6.4 Box office The Tumbler in use at the film’s European premiere

Ledger’s almost complete sweep of over twenty awards for acting, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Dark Knight also

The Dark Knight earned $534.9 million in North America and $469.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1 billion. Worldwide, it is the 28th highestgrossing film, the highest-grossing film of 2008, and the fourth film in history to gross more than $1 billion. It made $199.7 million on its worldwide opening weekend, which ranks 34th on the all-time chart.[180] Box Office

12

6 RECEPTION Part 2) and so on until its tenth day of release (records surpassed by Marvel’s The Avengers).[201] Moreover, it was the fastest film to reach $100 million (a record first surpassed by New Moon), $150 million and each additional $50 million through $450 million (records surpassed by Marvel’s The Avengers), and $500 million (a record first surpassed by Avatar).[202] Finally, it achieved the largest second-weekend gross (a record first surpassed

by Avatar).[203]

It has grossed the fourth largest Saturday gross ($51,336,732). On its first Monday, it grossed $24.5 million, which stands as the largest non-holiday Monday gross and the fourth largest Monday gross overall, and on its first Tuesday, it grossed another $20.9 million, which A sign of the film’s pre-release at Coliseum cinema in Barcelona, stands as the largest non-opening Tuesday gross and Spain the second largest Tuesday gross overall.[204] Notably, it topped the box office during the second biggest weekend of all time in North America (aggregated total Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74.26 million tickof $253,586,871)[205] and it was the only 2008 film [181] ets in the US in its initial theatrical run. that remained on top of the box office charts for four In order to increase the film’s chances of crossing $1 bil- consecutive weekends.[206] lion in worldwide gross and of winning Oscars, Warner The Dark Knight is the highest-grossing film of 2008, Bros. re-released the film in traditional and IMAX thethe second-highest-grossing superhero film, the secondaters in the United States and other countries on Janhighest-grossing film based on comics, and the fourth uary 23, 2009.[182][183] Before the re-release, the film’s highest-grossing North American film of all time. Adgross remained at $997 million,[184] but following the rejusted for ticket-price inflation though, it ranks 28th.[207] release, the film crossed the $1 billion-mark in February In contrast to Avatar and Titanic — both which grossed 2009.[185] more than The Dark Knight in North America and had slow but steady earnings — The Dark Knight broke records in its opening weekend and slowed down signifi6.4.1 North America cantly after its first few weekends.[204][208] The Dark Knight opened on Friday, July 18, 2008. It set a record for midnight showings, earning $18.5 million from 3,040 theaters[186] (a record first surpassed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince).[187] The midnight opening included $640,000 from IMAX screenings.[188] It was then shown on 9,200 screens at a record 4,366 theaters (a record first surpassed by Iron Man 2),[189] also setting an opening and single-day record gross, with $67.2 million[186][190] (both records first surpassed by The Twilight Saga: New Moon),[191] and an opening weekend record, with $158.4 million[186][192][193] (first surpassed

by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).[194] The weekend per theater average of $36,283 stands as the fifth-largest of all time.[195] It sold an estimated 22.37 million tickets during its first weekend with 2008’s average admission of $7.08, meaning the film sold more tickets than Spider-Man 3, which sold 21.96 million with the average price of $6.88 in 2007.[196][197] Additionally, the film set an IMAX opening weekend record, with $6.3 million[186] (a record first surpassed by Star Trek).[198] It achieved the largest Sunday gross with $43.6 million[186] and the largest opening week from Friday to Thursday with $238.6 million (both records surpassed by Marvel’s The Avengers).[199][200] It also achieved the largest cumulative gross through its third and fourth day of release (both records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows –

6.4.2 Outside North America Overseas, The Dark Knight is the highest-grossing 2008 film[209] and the fourth-highest-grossing superhero film.

It premiered in 20 other territories on 4,520 screens, grossing $41.3 million in its first weekend.[210] The film came second to Hancock, which was screening in 71 territories in its third weekend. The Dark Knight's biggest territory was Australia, where it grossed $13.7 million over the weekend, setting a record for the largest superhero film opening.[211] It topped the weekend box office outside North America three consecutive times and four in total. Citing cultural sensitivities to some elements in the film, and a reluctance to adhere to pre-release conditions, Warner Bros. declined to release the film in mainland China.[212] Its highest-grossing market after North America was the UK, Ireland, and Malta, where it earned $89.1 million. Also, in Australia, it earned of $39.9 million, still remaining in the all-time Top 10 of the country.[213] The five highest-grossing markets outside North America also include Germany ($29.7 million), France and the Maghreb region ($27.5 million) and South Korea ($25.0 million).[214]

13

6.5

Home media

The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in North America on December 9, 2008. Releases include a onedisc edition DVD; a two-disc Special Edition DVD; a two-disc edition BD; and a Special Edition BD package featuring a statuette of the Bat-pod.[215] The BD/iTunes version presents the film in a variable aspect ratio, with the IMAX sequences framed in 1.78:1, while scenes filmed in 35 mm are framed in 2.40:1.[216] The DVD versions feature the entire film framed in a uniform 2.40:1 aspect ratio. Disc 2 of the two-disc Special Edition DVD features the six main IMAX sequences in the original 1.44:1 aspect ratio. Additional IMAX shots throughout the film that are presented in 1.78:1 on the Blu-ray release are not, however, included in the DVD’s special features.

In addition to the standard DVD releases, some stores released their own exclusive editions of the film.

[2] “The Dark Knight (2008)". British Film Institute. Retrieved June 16, 2014.

[3] “The Dark Knight (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 19, 2009.

[4] Marc Tyler Nobleman (2012). Bill the Boy Wonder:The Secret Co-Creator of Batman. Charlesbridge Publishing, U.S. ISBN 978-1580892896 [5] “Noblemania”.

[6] “The 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000–2009)". Paste Magazine. November 3, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2011.

[7] “Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade”.

Metacritic. January 3, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2012.

[8] “Movie Records”. the-numbers.com. Retrieved August

24, 2010.

In the United Kingdom, the film had combined sales of 513,000 units on its first day of release, of which 107,730 [9] “Best of 2008”. CriticsTop10. Retrieved November 12, (21%) were Blu-ray Discs, the highest number of first-day 2014.

[217] Blu-ray Discs sold.

In the United States, The Dark Knight set a sales record for most DVDs sold in one day, [10] “All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses”. Box Office selling 3 million units on its first day of release – 600,000 Mojo. Retrieved May 22, 2016. of which were Blu-ray Discs.[218] [11] “Academy Awards Database - ACTOR IN A SUPPORT-

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc editions were released in ING ROLE, 2008”.

Australia on December 10, 2008. Releases were in the form of a one-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition on [12] “WWC – 'The Dark Knight' Panel”. wizarduniverse.com.

Wizard Entertainment. August 11, 2007. Archived from DVD; a two-disc edition including a Batmask on DVD the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved November and BD; a two-disc Batpod statuette Limited BD Edi10, 2008. tion; a two-disc BD edition; and a four-disc Batman Begins/The Dark Knight pack on DVD and BD. As of [13] “Dark Knight: Christian Bale: Batman/Bruce Wayne”.

December 19, 2008, the DVD release is the top sellkeysikfm.com. Keysi Fighting Method. Archived from the ing film in the Australian DVD Charts[219] and is exoriginal on June 12, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008. pected to break the Australian sales record set by Finding [14] “Joker’s Wild”. wizarduniverse.com. Wizard EntertainNemo.[220] ment. February 11, 2008. Archived from the original on

The movie also sold Blu-ray copies worth 370 million yen February 8, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.

(US$4.1 million) in Japan, placing it 3rd out of 10 in the [15] Beale, Lewis (July 15, 2007). “Fast Chat: Christian Bale”. top 10 overall Blu-ray category.[221][222]

Newsday. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007.

In March 2011, Warner Bros. offered The Dark Knight Retrieved April 19, 2008. for rent on Facebook, becoming the first movie ever to be released via digital distribution on a social networking [16] David M. Halbfinger (March 9, 2008). “A Director Confronts Darkness and Death”. The New York Times. Resite. Users in the United States were able to use Facebook trieved March 8, 2008.

Credits to view the film.[223]

7

See also • Vigilante film • List of films featuring surveillance

8

References

[1] “The Dark Knight”. British Board of Film Classification.

Retrieved December 13, 2014.

[17] Jolin, Dan (January 2008). “Fear Has a Face”. Empire.

Bauer Verlagsgruppe. 223: 87–88. Retrieved July 8, 2008.

[18] Chavez, Kellvin (January 28, 2006). “Bettany Talks Batman Begins Sequel!". latinoreview.com. Latino Review.

Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

[19] Beall, Mark (May 30, 2006). “Lachy Hulme Talks Joker”. cinematical.com. Moviefone. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

[20] Stax (January 9, 2006). “That Joker Adrien Brody”. IGN Comics. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

14

8

REFERENCES

[21] Saney, Daniel (September 21, 2005). “Steve Carell to play The Joker?". Digital Spy. UK. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

[38] Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer (2007). “Introduction”. Absolute Batman: The Long Halloween. London: Titan. ISBN 978-1-4012-1282-7.

[22] Otto, Jeff (June 26, 2006). “Robin Williams, Joker?".

IGN. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

[39] Chavez, Kellvin (May 31, 2005). “Video Interview: Schreiber & Stiles on The Omen!". latinoreview.com.

Latino Review. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2006.

[23] Stax (December 6, 2007). “IGN interviews Christopher Nolan”. IGN Movies. Retrieved June 3, 2008.

[24] Lesnick, Silas (November 10, 2007). “IESB Exclusive: Heath Ledger Talks the Joker!". The Movie Reporter.

IESB.net. Retrieved November 12, 2007.

[25] Lyall, Sarah (November 4, 2007). “Movies: In Stetson or Wig, He’s Hard to Pin Down”. The New York Times.

Retrieved July 8, 2008.

[26] Richards, Olly (November 28, 2007). “World Exclusive: The Joker Speaks: He’s a Cold-blooded Mass-murdering Clown”. Empire. Bauer Verlagsgruppe. Retrieved July 8, 2008.

[27] Horowitz, Josh (November 10, 2007). “Heath Ledger Says His Joker Has 'Zero Empathy' ". MTV Movies Blog.

MTV. Retrieved November 12, 2007.

[28] Carroll, Larry (March 18, 2008). "'Dark Knight' Stars, Director Want Film To 'Celebrate' Heath Ledger’s Work”.

MTV Movies Blog. MTV. Retrieved June 5, 2008.

[29] “Merrick” (pseudonym) (December 5, 2008). “Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu-Ray, a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film (Featuring Live Q & A w/ Nolan), TDK Sequel, and More!!". Ain't It Cool News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2008.. .

[30] Brown, Scott (June 24, 2008). “Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing”. Wired. Retrieved June 24, 2008.

[31] “Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger”. BBC News. June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.

[32] Jolin, Dan (July 2008). “The Dark Knight”. Empire.

Bauer Verlagsgruppe. 228: 92–100.

[33] Fischer, Paul (July 9, 2008). “Exclusive Interview: Gary Oldman for “The Dark Knight"". Darkhorizons.com.

Dark Horizons Multimedia. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

[34] Carroll, Larry (July 10, 2008). “In 'Dark Knight,' The Often-Incompetent Jim Gordon Actually Knows What He’s Doing”. MTV Movie News. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

[35] Brevet, Brad (July 18, 2008). “Gary Oldman Discusses His Role as Jim Gordon in 'The Dark Knight'". RopeofSilicon.com. Ropeofsilicon. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

[40] Carroll, Larry (April 21, 2006). “Movie File: Brad Pitt, Chevy Chase, Ben Stiller, Owen Wilson, Josh Lucas & More”. MTV. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

[41] Stax (February 2, 2007). “Phillippe Talks Two-Face”.

IGN. Retrieved February 2, 2007.

[42] McNary, Dave (February 15, 2007). “Eckhart Set As Two-Face”. Variety. Retrieved February 15, 2007.

[43] Seijas, Casey (October 2, 2008). “Mark Ruffalo Discusses His Try-Out For Harvey Dent/Two-Face Role In 'The Dark Knight'". MTV Splash Page. Retrieved October 3, 2008.

[44] Marshall, Rick. “Matt Damon Confirms He Was Up For Two-Face Role In 'The Dark Knight'". MTV News. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

[45] Jolin, Dan (July 2008). “The Dark Knight”. Empire.

Bauer Verlagsgruppe. 228: 92–100.

[46] Keck, William (July 29, 2008). “Aaron Eckhart puts on his best acting face”. USA Today. Retrieved November 16, 2008.

[47] "Batman Begins Sequel Is Moving Along”. cinescape.com.

Cinescape. August 10, 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2006.

[48] Adler, Shawn (January 14, 2008). "'Dark Knight' Absentee Katie Holmes Full Of Regrets? 'Not At All,' Actress Says”. MTV News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2009.

[49] McClintock, Pamela (March 8, 2007). “Gyllenhaal Joining Batman Sequel”. Reed Business Information. Retrieved March 8, 2007.

[50] Williams, Andrew (January 6, 2008). “Gyllenhaal Talks Sexy Underwear”. Metro. Retrieved January 8, 2008.

[51] Mackie, Rob (October 21, 2005). “Batman Begins review”. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved February 20, 2007.

[52] Tilley, Steve (June 13, 2005). “Michael Caine one tough butler”. Edmonton Sun. Retrieved February 20, 2007.

[53] Getlen, Larry (July 13, 2008). “MORGAN FREEMAN: HOW I MENTORED BATMAN”. New York Post. Retrieved September 14, 2008.

[36] Boucher, Geoff (May 3, 2008). “Aaron Eckhart: Not Just Another Pretty Face in 'The Dark Knight' ". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 3, 2008.

[54] Loder, Kurt (July 18, 2008). "'The Dark Knight': Ledgerdemain”. MTV. Retrieved September 14, 2008.

[37] Purdin, Rickey (March 4, 2008). "(Dark Knight Exclusive): Aaron Eckhart Q&A”. wizarduniverse.com.

Wizard Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

[55] Lanham, Ton (October 17, 2007). “Dwight Yoakam Pays Tribute to Buck Owens”. examiner.com. Examiner.

Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2007.

15

[56] Mooney, Alexander; Kornreich, Lauren (August 14, 2007). “Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Gotham)". Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved August 14, 2007.

[57] “Alkaline Trio – 06.06.08”. AbsolutePunk.net. June 26, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2010.

[58] Venable, Nick. “How Gotham Could Connect To The Dark Knight In Its Midseason Premiere”. Cinema Blend.

Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[59] “A Round Up so Far”. Batman – The Dark Knight. June 15, 2007. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007.

Retrieved June 15, 2009.

[60] “Premiere Features Batman Begins". Superhero Hype!.

Coming Soon Media, L.P. May 9, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2006.

[61] Spry, Jeff (February 2014). “Neal Adams: Up Close and Personal”. Bleeding Cool. #8. Avatar Press. pp. 57–63.

[62] Warner Bros. Pictures (July 31, 2006). "Batman Sequel Title & Casting Confirmed!". ComingSoon.net. Coming Soon Media, L.P. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

[63] Stax (August 4, 2006). “Dark Knight Talks Dark Knight".

IGN. Retrieved October 3, 2006.

[64] Nolan, Jonathan. Christopher Nolan: The Movies. The Memories. Part 6: Jonathan Nolan on The Dark Knight Archived July 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., EMPIRE. from Empire’s issue 253. Retrieved 10 Oct 2015.

[65] Jolin. Dan. The Making Of The Joker Archived December 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., EMPIRE. From December 2009 issue of Empire Magazine. Retrieved on 26 October 2015.

[66] Saunders, Christopher (AllenbysEyes)The Empire of Crime: Dr. Mabuse, the original supervillain, Posted on 23 Sept 2014. Retrieved 10 Oct 2015.

[67] Christopher Nolan’s Top 10 Archived November 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 26 October 2015.

[68] “Updates on The Dark Knight Plus Our Own Exclusive on the Involvement of Joker Creator Jerry Robinson in the Batman Sequel!". insomniacmania.com. Insomniac Mania. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2006.

[69] Horowitz, Josh (December 3, 2007). "'Dark Knight' Opening Scenes Reveal 'Radical' New Joker”. MTV. Retrieved December 4, 2007.

[70] Thompson, Anne (July 6, 2008). “Dark Knight Review: Nolan Talks Sequel Inflation”. Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[71] Horowitz, Josh (August 23, 2006). “Exclusive! Dirt on The Dark Knight!". betterthanfudge.com. Better Than Fudge. Archived from the original on September 19, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2006.

[72] Stax (October 3, 2006). “Exclusive: Nolan’s Dark Knight Revelations”. IGN. Retrieved October 23, 2006.

[73] Boucher, Geoff (November 17, 2008). “Thor’s cartoon, Stan Lee’s medal and Dick Tracy’s fate all in Everyday Hero headlines”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 22, 2008.

[74] Jones, Catherine (October 13, 2006). “Batman Film May Swoop Into Liverpool”. icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk. icLiverpool. Retrieved October 13, 2006.

[75] Newgen, Heather (August 12, 2006). “Producer Chuck Roven on The Dark Knight". Superhero Hype!. Coming Soon Media, L.P. Retrieved August 23, 2006.

[76] Lowman, Rob (February 19, 2007). “Tricks of the Trade (Part 2)". Los Angeles Daily News. MediaNews Group.

Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.

[77] “Nolan to Shoot Dark Knight in IMAX Format”.

Filmwad. Retrieved September 23, 2011.

[78] “Batman Looms Larger”. American Cinematographer.

July 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2013.

[79] “How The Dark Knight Went IMAX”. Slash Film. June 14, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

[80] “3D a 'Flash in the Pan' – 'Inception' Cinematographer”.

The Wrap. November 12, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2011.

[81] Bowles, Scott (May 28, 2007). “First Look: Enter the Joker – In the IMAX Format”. USA Today. Retrieved May 29, 2007.

[82] Weintraub, Steve (December 22, 2010). “Exclusive: Exclusive: David Keighley (Head of Re-Mastering IMAX) Talks 'The Dark Knight', 'The Dark Knight Rises’, 'Tron: Legacy', New Cameras, More”. Collider.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011. .

[83] Armour, Terry (January 28, 2007). “Quiet on the Set? Not in This Town”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 30, 2007.

[84] Pearlman, Cindy (October 25, 2006). “Caped Crusader May Alight Here Next Year”. Chicago Sun-Times. SunTimes Media Group. Retrieved October 25, 2006.

[85] Ebert, Roger (June 13, 2005). “Batman Begins”. rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved February 25, 2007.

[86] Palmer, Dan (July 29, 2008). “Mies’s Gotham”. Confessions of a Preservationist. The Landmark Society of Western New York, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2008.

[87] “Film: Chicago Journalists Smell a Bat in 'Rory’s First Kiss’". The Guardian. UK. July 19, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2008.

[88] Roeper, Richard (July 18, 2007). “Potter Leaks Won't Ruin Book’s Magic – Piracy Usually Hits Movies, But Publishers Also Affected”. Chicago Sun-Times. SunTimes Media Group.

[89] Yue, Lorene (June 8, 2007). “Batman Movie Filming to Start Saturday”. chicagobusiness.com. Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved June 8, 2007.

16

8

REFERENCES

[90] “Batman’s Back in Chicago”. nbc5.com. WMAQ-TV. [108] Heaf, Jonathan. “Christian Bale: behind the mask”. GQ April 18, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007.

Magazine.

[91] Giardina, Carolyn (May 29, 2007). "'Dark Knight' Heeds [109] Williamson, Kevin (July 15, 2008). “Two-Face a grueImax Signal”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Comsome delight”. London Free Press. Quebecor Media. Repany. Archived from the original on May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2008. trieved May 29, 2007.

[110] Duncan, Jody. “Batman Grounded”. Cinefex (115): 64– [92] Gardener, Chris (July 2008). “A Knight to Remember: 88, 116–117.

Death, drama and a Chicago setting – The Dark Knight blasts onto screens this month”. Chicago Social. p. 66.

[111] Gallo, Phil (July 14, 2008). “A different kind of 'Knight' music”. Variety. Retrieved July 15, 2008.

[93] “Pinewood Studios – The Dark Knight (2008) production information”. Archived from the original on August 3, [112] Martens, Todd (June 2, 2008). “Zimmer Brings 'punk at2008. titude' to Batman with 'The Dark Knight'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Re[94] Hough, Andrew (September 25, 2007). "'Batman' Film trieved June 4, 2008.

Technician Dies in Accident”. The Thomson Corporation.

Reuters. Retrieved September 25, 2007.

[113] Wolf, Jeanne (July 1, 2008). “Singing the Joker’s Praises”.

Parade. Advance Publications. Retrieved July 8, 2008.

[95] “The Dark Knight film locations”. The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations. The Worldwide Guide To Movie Lo- [114] “Harvey Dent for Gotham District Attorney: Harvey cations. January 1, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.

Dent: Latest News”. ibelieveinharveydent.com. Warner Bros. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Re[96] “Battersea Power Station Explosion”. thelondonpatrieved June 1, 2008. This is an updated version of that per.com. thelondonpaper. October 12, 2007. Archived website. from the original on August 17, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2010.

[115] “Now You See Him...”. Empire. Bauer Verlagsgruppe.

228: 26. July 2008.

[97] “Batman Film Crews Blow Up Brach’s Candy Building”.

WMAQ-TV. August 29, 2007. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2008. [116] Graser, Marc; Thompson, Anne (July 29, 2007). “Jokes Join Joker at Comic-Con”. Variety. Retrieved July 30, 2007.

[98] “New Batman Flick to Be Filmed in HK”. ninemsn.com. ninemsn. November 3, 2007. Archived from the original [117] “The Joker’s Halloween Treat”. IGN. October 31, 2007. on November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.

Retrieved November 1, 2007.

[99] “New Batman Movie Completes High Profile Shooting in Hong Kong”. International Herald Tribune. November [118] "The Gotham Times". Warner Bros. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008.

12, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.

[100] Chiang, Scarlett (September 21, 2007). “Holy Chaos, [119] “Update #12: The Dark Knight Viral Campaign”.

Superhero Hype!. Coming Soon Media, L.P. November Batman!". The Standard. Hong Kong: Sing Tao News30, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2008. (Source: The paper Limited. Retrieved September 21, 2007.

Fans.)

[101] James, David (January 14, 2008). “Indy, Batman, Narnia All Return in 2008”. MSNBC. NBC Universal, Microsoft. [120] Adler, Shawn (December 14, 2007). "'Dark Knight' Retrieved January 16, 2008.

Trailer Shows A Joker Hellbent On Chaos”. MTV. Retrieved December 16, 2007.

[102] IGN Staff (February 25, 2008). “Dressing the Joker”.

IGN. Retrieved February 26, 2008.

[121] McCutcheon, David (March 17, 2008). “Batman Begins Anew”. IGN. Retrieved March 17, 2008.

[103] “Joker in the Pack”. SFX. Future Publishing. 164: 18.

Winter 2007.

[122] "'Batman: Gotham Knight' Set for July 8 Release”. wiz[104] Foreign, Our (August 18, 2009). “Creator of Barack Obama 'Joker' image was bored student”. The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved September 24, 2009.

arduniverse.com. Wizard Entertainment. February 25, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2008.

[105] Jensen, Jeff (June 15, 2007). “Batman’s New Suit”. [123] Marshall Crook and Peter Sanders (January 24, 2008).

“Advertising: Will Marketing Change After Star’s Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 18, 2007.

Death?". The Wall Street Journal. pp. B1. Retrieved [106] “Batman flattert nach Hongkong” (in German). Kino.de.

June 4, 2008.

October 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October [124] “Heath Memorial”. Warner Bros. January 23, 2008. Re17, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. trieved March 17, 2008.

[107] Carpenter, Susan (June 18, 2007). “Wholly High-Tech, Batman”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 24, [125] “Why So Serious?". whysoserious.com. Warner Bros. Re2007. trieved March 17, 2008.

17

[126] IGN Staff (February 29, 2008). “Harvey Dent Wants [143] Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; You”. IGN. Retrieved February 29, 2008.

Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; [127] "'Dentmobiles’ Promote Dark Knight". Sci Fi Wire.

Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on June 21, Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.

Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), “THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARAC[128] Filas, Lee (September 27, 2007). “Great America GetTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUting New 'Dark Knight' Coaster Next Year”. Daily HerSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED ald. Paddock Publications, Inc. Retrieved September 29, US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS.” Entertainment 2007.

Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84 [129] “Mattel on Board for Speed Racer & The Dark Knight”. [144] Kermode, Mark (July 25, 2008). “Mark Kermode reviews 'The Dark Knight' - BBC 5 Live”. 'Kermode and Mayo’s Superhero Hype!. Coming Soon Media, L.P. June 19, Film Review' YouTube channel. Retrieved August 29, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2008. (Source: Warner Bros.

2014.

Consumer Products.)

[130] “The Dark Knight Pirate Movie Update – Batman’s 38 [145] Emanuel Levy (n.d.). “Movie Review: Dark Knight, The: A”. emanuellevy.com. Retrieved July 9, 2008.

Piracy Free Hours Deemed Success”. webtvwire.com.

July 29, 2008.

[146] Denby, David (July 21, 2008). “Past Shock”. The New Yorker. newyorker.com. Retrieved July 16, 2008. (Post[131] “The Dark Knight Torrent Used To Mess With Hollydated) wood”. webtvwire.com. July 26, 2008.

[147] Coyle, Jake (August 3, 2008). “Christian Bale’s Batman: [132] Zeitchik, Steven (July 14, 2008). "'Dark Knight' buzz Was The Voice Ridiculous?". Huffington Post. Retrieved keeps building”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen ComJuly 30, 2011. pany. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Re[148] Holmes, Linda (August 4, 2008). “What’s Up With Battrieved August 1, 2008. man’s Voice in 'The Dark Knight'? Isn't It Obvious?".

New York Mag. Retrieved July 30, 2011.

[133] ""Dark Knight” set to open north of $100 million”.

Canada.com. July 17, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2013.

[149] “Empire’s 500 Greatest Movies of All Time”. Empire.

Retrieved September 27, 2008.

[134] DiOrio, Carl (July 16, 2008). “High expectations for 'Dark Knight'". The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Com[150] “Empire’s 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time”. pany. Retrieved July 16, 2008.

Empire. Retrieved November 26, 2008.

[135] DiOrio, Carl (July 17, 2008). "'Dark Knight' sells out [151] Adam B. Vary (June 1, 2010). “The 100 Greatest Charquickly online”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Comacters of the Last 20 Years: Here’s our full list!". Enterpany. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2012. trieved August 1, 2008.

[152] “50 Greatest Superhero Movie Performances of All Time”. The Hollywood Reporter. March 3, 2017.

[136] “The Dark Knight Movie Reviews”. Rotten Tomatoes.

Flixster. Retrieved August 23, 2016.

[153] “Revenge of the Movie: 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals”. Playboy. March 15, 2016. Re[137] “The Dark Knight (2008): Reviews”. Metacritic. CNET trieved July 16, 2016.

Networks. Retrieved December 14, 2010.

[138] Rich, Joshua (July 20, 2008). "'Dark Knight' Nabs Biggest Debut Ever”. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 20, 2008.

[154] “American Cinematographer Poll Names Amélie BestShot Film of 1998-2008”. The American Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved August 27, 2013.

[155] “Radio 1 Movies Blog”. BBC. Retrieved 2013-07-23.

[139] Roger Ebert (July 16, 2008). “The Dark Knight”. Chicago Sun-Times. rogerebert.com. Retrieved July 19, 2008.

[156] “Taking on the best films of all time”. Tim’s Takeout.

2011-03-24. Retrieved 2017-03-17.

[140] Roger Ebert (December 5, 2008). “The best films of 2008... and there were a lot of them”. Chicago Sun-Times. [157] “50 Best Movies of Total Film Magazine’s Lifetime”. Total Film. Retrieved 2013-05-18.

Retrieved December 9, 2008.

[158] “The 100 best action movies”. Time Out. Retrieved [141] Peter Travers (July 18, 2008). “Dark Knight”. Rolling November 7, 2014.

Stone. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008. (Postdated) [159] “The 100 best action movies: 80-71”. Time Out. Retrieved November 7, 2014.

[142] Manohla Dargis (July 18, 2008). “The Dark KnightShowdown in Gotham Town”. The New York Times. Re- [160] “The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time”. Empire. Retrieved October 9, 2012. trieved May 29, 2014.

18

8

REFERENCES

[161] “Hollywood’s 100 Favorite Films”. The Hollywood Re- [180] “WORLDWIDE OPENINGS”. Box Office Mojo. Reporter. Retrieved June 22, 2015. trieved September 5, 2011.

[162] “100 Greatest American Films”. BBC. Retrieved July 21, [181] “The Dark Knight (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2015.

May 31, 2016.

[163] “The 21st Century’s 100 greatest films”. BBC. Retrieved [182] DiOrio, Carl (September 11, 2008). ""Dark Knight” August 23, 2016. plans re-release for Oscar push”. The Hollywood Reporter.

Reuters. Retrieved September 11, 2008.

[164] Klavan, Andrew (July 25, 2008). “What Bush and Batman Have in Common”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived [183] “WB to Re-Release The Dark Knight Jan. 23”. Superhero from the original on February 18, 2010.

Hype!. December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2008.

[165] Christopher Orr (July 25, 2008). “Batman as Bush, Ctd.”. [184] Gray, Brandon (February 20, 2009). “Billion Dollar Batman”. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on The New Republic. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

October 20, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2014.

[166] Landesman, Cosmo (July 27, 2008). “The Dark Knight – [185] "The Dark Knight breaks a billion”. E! Online. E! Enthe Sunday Times review”. The Sunday Times. London. tertainment Television. February 20, 2009. Retrieved Retrieved August 19, 2008.

February 21, 2009.

[167] Benjamin Kerstein (Autumn 2008). “Batman’s War On [186] Gray, Brandon (July 23, 2008). "'Dark Knight' Begins Terror”. Azure. Retrieved December 1, 2008.

Smashingly”. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.

[168] Goldberg, Jeffery (April 2016). “The Obama Doctrine”.

[187] Gray, Brandon (July 16, 2009). “Sixth 'Harry Potter' Posts The Atlantic. Retrieved March 11, 2016.

Franchise-Best Opening Day”. Box Office Mojo. Re[169] Shawn Adler (April 27, 2007). "'Batman' Writer David trieved May 20, 2012.

Goyer Spills 'Dark Knight,' 'Invisible' Details”. MTV. Retrieved January 7, 2009.

[188] Kilday, Gregg (July 18, 2008). "'Dark Knight' sets midnight record”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Com[170] David Chen (2008-07-20). “Assessing the Themes of The pany. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. ReDark Knight”. Slashfilm.com. Retrieved January 7, 2009. trieved August 1, 2008.

[171] Klavan, Andrew (2012-07-29). “Andrew Klavan: Bat- [189] “Movies With the Widest Openings at the Box Office”. man Battles The Politics Of Resentment”. Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-11-28.

[190] “Opening Day Records at the Box Office”. Box Office Mojo. Box Office Mojo, LLC. Retrieved August 1, 2008.

[172] “The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners”. oscars.org. Retrieved November 22, 2011.

[191] Gray, Brandon (November 21, 2009). "'New Moon' Shatters Opening Day Record”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved [173] “Session Timeout – Academy Awards Database – AMMay 20, 2012.

PAS”. Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. Retrieved December 19, 2009.

[192] DiOrio, Carl (July 20, 2008). “Batman beats Spidey with $158.4 mil haul”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Com[174] Child, Ben (January 28, 2009). “The week in geek: The pany. Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. ReDark Knight’s Oscars snub is a disgrace”. The Guardian. trieved August 1, 2008.

London. Retrieved 8 December 2012.

[193] “Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office”. Box Of[175] Wallace, Lewis (January 22, 2009). “Why So Serious? fice Mojo. Box Office Mojo, LLC. Retrieved August 1, Oscars Snub Dark Knight for Top Awards”. Wired. Re2008. trieved 8 December 2012.

[194] Gray, Brandon (July 18, 2011). “Weekend Report: [176] Cieply, Michael (June 25, 2009). “Academy Expands 'Harry' Makes History”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May Best-Picture Pool to 10”. The New York Times. Retrieved 20, 2012.

1 December 2012.

[195] “TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES”. Box Of[177] 2009 Goya Awards Archived October 25, 2014, at the fice Mojo. Retrieved September 5, 2011.

Wayback Machine. Alt Film Guide. Retrieved September 30, 2011 [196] "'Dark Knight' sets record with help of ever pricier tickets”. Northwestern University. Retrieved August 7, 2008.

[178] “News: Japanese Science Fiction Con Award Nominees Revealed”. Anime News Network. April 14, 2009. Re- [197] "Dark Knight breaks box office record”. San Francisco trieved February 10, 2011.

Chronicle. July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.

[179] “32nd Japan Academy Prize Award prizes page” (in [198] Gray, Brandon (May 11, 2009). “Weekend Report: 'Star Japanese). Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.

Trek' Prospers”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 20, Retrieved February 10, 2011.

2012.

19

[199] “Single Day Records: Highest Grossing Sundays at the [220] Fenech, Stephen (December 11, 2008). “The Dark Box Office”.

Knight tipped to break Finding Nemo’s DVD sales record”. The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the [200] “Biggest Opening Weeks at the Box Office”. original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2008.

[201] “Top Movies Opening Grosses After 3-Days in Release”.

[221] “News: 2009’s Top-Selling Blu-ray Discs in Japan (Con[202] “Fastest Movies to Hit $100 Million at the Box Office”. tinued)". Anime News Network. December 26, 2009.

Retrieved February 10, 2011.

[203] “Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office”.

[222] “BD 1 9.6 [204] “The Dark Knight – Charts”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 5, 2011.

1.11 2 7.5 " (in Japanese).

AV Watch. December 25, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2011.

[205] “BIGGEST WEEKENDS Aggregated Top 12 Weekend [223] Helft, Miguel; Barnes, Brooks (March 8, 2011). “Warner Totals, 1982–Present”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved Tests Renting Film on Facebook for Web Cash”. The New September 5, 2011.

York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2011.

[206] “Weekend Index”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 5, 2011.

[207] “DOMESTIC GROSSES Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 5, 2011.

[208] “Titanic (1997) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo”.

[209] “Overseas Total Yearly Box Office”. Box Office Mojo.

Retrieved September 5, 2011.

[210] Hollinger, Hy (July 21, 2008). "'Dark Knight' eyes worldbeater status”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Company. Retrieved August 1, 2008.

[211] Segers, Frank (July 20, 2008). "'Hancock' holds on overseas”. The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Company.

Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2008.

[212] McNary, Dave (December 23, 2008). “China to miss out on 'Dark Knight'". Variety. Retrieved December 24, 2008.

[213] “Australia Yearly Box Office”. Retrieved November 1, 2011.

[214] “THE DARK KNIGHT”. Retrieved November 1, 2011.

[215] “Dark Knight Swoops In”. IGN. September 29, 2008.

Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.

[216] "'Dark Knight' Ready to Turn Blu”. Home Media Magazine. December 3, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008.

[217] Reynolds, Simon (December 9, 2008). "'The Dark Knight' breaks Blu-ray records”. Digital Spy. Retrieved December 9, 2008.

[218] Chmielewski, Dawn C. (December 11, 2008). "'Dark Knight' DVD selling at brisk pace”. Los Angeles Times.

Retrieved December 11, 2008.

[219] “Top 20 DVD – Daily Charts – Sanity.com.au – More Movies – More Music”. December 19, 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2008.

9 Further reading • Byrne, Craig (2008). The Dark Knight: Featuring Production Art and Full Shooting Script (Hardcover).

Universe. ISBN 0-7893-1812-1.

• Nolan, Christopher; Goyer, David S. (2007). “Introduction”. Absolute Batman: The Long Halloween (Hardcover). New York: DC Comics. ISBN 14012-1282-4.

• O'Neil, Dennis (2008). The Dark Knight (Paperback). Novelization of the film. Berkley. ISBN 0425-22286-1.

10 External links • Official website • The Dark Knight at the Internet Movie Database • The Dark Knight at the TCM Movie Database • The Dark Knight at AllMovie • The Dark Knight at Box Office Mojo • The Dark Knight at Rotten Tomatoes • The Dark Knight: Blu-ray Disc Review at HD Report

20

11

11 11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses Text

• The Dark Knight (film) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_(film)?oldid=781197268 Contributors: Patrick, Kchishol1970, Ixfd64, Kingturtle, Susurrus, John K, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Val42, Ed g2s, Etoile, Dimadick, DHN, Emergencyninja, Xanzzibar, Davidcannon, DocWatson42, Misterkillboy, Everyking, Jason Quinn, DoubleCross, Chowbok, Andycjp, Mike R, SarekOfVulcan, Loremaster, ShakataGaNai, Girolamo Savonarola, Kuralyov, Halo, Hammersfan, Jareha, ErikNY, W6embaLw3VOekPuVco7, Korodzik, Ukexpat, Nevistar, CyclopsScott, Valadius, Trevor MacInnis, Lacrimosus, Gamingboy, Running, Maestro25, Discospinster, IKato, Zoso Jade, EliasAlucard, Cagliost, Liflon, LindsayH, CABAL, Indrian, Bender235, Crevaner, JustPhil, Lankiveil, Visualerror, Zeality, Maqsarian, Warpozio, TMC1982, 96T, Causa sui, Bobo192, Marblespire, Enric Naval, Pikawil, Chirag, Kbir1, Nsaa, NickCatal, Kweh!, Alansohn, Gary, Kelcey s, Gargaj, Halsteadk, Penwhale, Dan Dassow, Riana, Scarecroe, Hoary, Fritzpoll, Mac Davis, Ynhockey, Mysdaao, Bart133, Ronark, TheRealFennShysa, SidP, Erik, Fourthords, Shadowolf, DonQuixote, RainbowOfLight, DodgerOfZion, Bsadowski1, W7KyzmJt, CinnamonCinder, Forteblast, Falcorian, Ron Ritzman, Crackjack, Zntrip, Tristessa de St Ange, Novacatz, Bacteria, Woohookitty, Bjones, Henrik, LOL, DoctorWho42, PatGallacher, BillC, Kurzon, Plumcouch, Madchester, Qaddosh, Hurricane Angel, Ppk01, Bbuda, GregorB, Harac, AnmaFinotera, Male1979, Tutmosis, Bad Graphics Ghost, Estarriol, Gallaghp, Paxsimius, Bcaff05, Schuyler s., Vader47000, Ashmoo, James26, Kbdank71, Schmendrick, Avram, Jclemens, Aidepikiw0000, Pmj, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Ichabod, NekoFever, Scrivener, Bruce1ee, MZMcBride, SMC, Katxo, Commando303, MarnetteD, Jamdav86, Remurmur, Platypus222, Greebowarrior, ChrisStansfield, FlaBot, T smitts, Gadgetfusion, Jw21, Webgeek, RexNL, ApprenticeFan, Banazir, Paranoid-andrew, Pinchofhope, D.brodale, Stephantom, Hibana, JM.Beaubourg, Chobot, Gregorik, Mhking, Igordebraga, VolatileChemical, The Shadow Treasurer, Utaking, Therefore, Gwernol, MamboJambo, Jason.cinema, Alpv, Wavelength, Peregrine Fisher, SpikeJones, Tommyt, Christflame3, Sceptre, Samuel Wiki, Rtkat3, Wikky Horse, RussBot, Joelpop, SluggoOne, Gateman1997, Chensiyuan, Tenebrae, Pseudomonas, Bullzeye, NawlinWiki, Grafen, Clashfrankcastle, Dumoren, Hwasungmars, WAS, Boccages, Keith Gow, Joel7687, ONEder Boy, Chunky Rice, Scn7471, NYScholar, Nader85021, HoneyBee~enwiki, Lexicon, Passive, The Filmaker, Eturtle, Tonyfuchs1019, Nuhouse, Semperf, Tony1, Alex43223, PHOENIXZERO, JNeal, Zythe, Falcon9x5, Kouch21, Cardsplayer4life, ColdFusion650, ObiWanKenobi-2005, Kal-El, Drworm2002, Andersersej~enwiki, Alpha 4615, Pegship, Richardcavell, Spikezoft, SFH, Noclip, Zzuuzz, Closedmouth, Th1rt3en, Esprit15d, JQF, Barkochbar, CWenger, Validusername, Fram, Jhamm, Tryptofeng, Cassandraleo, Chris1219, Smurfy, Eaefremov, Bly1993, Bghurricane11, Kungfuadam, JDspeeder1, PRehse, Pentasyllabic, Payneos, Wallie, Tom Morris, WesleyDodds, Entheta, That Guy, From That Show!, Matt Heard, DT29, Conman33, Luk, Wbeaumo, Edenbeast, Shimoroka, SmackBot, MattieTK, Uthanc, Shoemortgage, Kellen, Tigerghost, Cubs Fan, Simon Beavis, DuoDeathscyther 02, Malkinann, Prodego, Depressed Marvin, KnowledgeOfSelf, Ominae, Prototime, Zeropunk16, Allixpeeke, Jagged 85, Sunkorg, WookieInHeat, Dwanyewest, Delldot, Antrophica, Kintetsubuffalo, Tytoalba451, IstvanWolf, Master Deusoma, Pisces03x, Bugs5382, WARendfeld, Yamaguchi , PeterSymonds, Ohnoitsjamie, Stan weller, Mkimemia, Oscarthecat, Skizzik, RHCD, Webwarlock, CmdrClow, Andy M. Wang, Cooldude3240, The monkeyhate, Billyhart, Neilthecellist, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, GoldDragon, Lew19, Faded, Gonzalo84, Joseph Q Publique, Persian Poet Gal, The bobinator, Sizzlemctwizzle, Annoyer, Master of Puppets, Kilbosh, Jgera5, EncMstr, SSantoro, Bignole, SchfiftyThree, Comedy240, The Rogue Penguin, Neo-Jay, TheLeopard, Goldenboy, Diemi, Chr.K., Emurphy42, Killingthedream, Lenin and McCarthy, Muboshgu, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Rebelkass, Lovdahl, NicolaM, Jennica, MJBurrage, Silent Tom, Squadoosh, Pattersonc, Neorge, Jasca Ducato, Jee75, BarryTheUnicorn, JesseRafe, Addshore, GrahameS, Wxxvi, JSmith9579, CamXV, Bookworm101, Powerbomb1411, The Moving Finger Writes, Earl CG, Iapetus, Decltype, Sirgregmac, Nakon, Savidan, Underbar dk, Oanabay04, Evilgidgit, EVula, Blake-, Cigammagicwizard, Rajrajmarley, Cordless Larry, Jokerdude48, French mailman, Batman2005, DrewD007, Jhonan, Invincible Ninja, PsychoJosh, Peterwhy, Hl, SpiderJon, 918577, Vbartilucci, ShadowUltra, A gx7, Kendrick7, Daniel.Cardenas, CN31808, Risker, Curly Turkey, Kukini, Qmwne235, Ohconfucius, The-Night, Mingshu, Hmoul, SashatoBot, Darquehex, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Rdub8619, Shakirfan, KnowBoundaries, Jzummak, Kuru, Radicaladz, Euchiasmus, Radaar, Loodog, Ndphil21, AiddonValentine, HansTAR, Linnell, Hope(N Forever), Mgiganteus1, Ringer7, Wickethewok, Wnorris, Chris 42, Runningfridgesrule, Pennyforth, DaffyDuck619, Wanna Know My Name? Later, Ckatz, The Man in Question, Evensong, MarkSutton, Andypandy.UK, Slakr, Plume~enwiki, Phbasketball6, NcSchu, Grandpafootsoldier, Possecomitatus, Dbo789, Ace Class Shadow, Doczilla, TastyPoutine, AdultSwim, Anakinjmt, Insomniacsdream, Delta759, Ecurran, The Drainpipe, Asyndeton, Masem, Theimperial, NealJW, Smacksaw, Quaeler, ThuranX, Levineps, Brook 33, BranStark, −5-, Nehrams2020, Darkvampire900, Cat’s Tuxedo, Iridescent, Kencf0618, Cptspiffy, Clarityfiend, Plefno, Enter Movie, BrainMagMo, Dcfreak114, Michael Keenan, Wackeychan, Theone00, JoeBot, Newone, JHP, Erkman27, Igoldste, Tony Fox, Azrich, Tony fanta, Blehfu, Joppyhoppy, Atreyu1075, Ecco1983, Supertigerman, Mxengel, My Name Is URL, The Broox, Tawkerbot2, The B, Jackalt, RattleandHum, Leader Vladimir, Plasma Twa 2, Fdssdf, Marsoullis, Fearingly, TheHorseCollector, Zero one, Editornumber24, Benfranklinlover, Anicomicgeek, SkyWalker, Scott.lyon, JForget, TORR, Wolfdog, GerardKennedy, DangerousPanda, Fiskintl, Jayunderscorezero, Cyrus XIII, Redekopmark, Addict 2006, Seanmilloy, Forgotten hope, Haris Aggelopoulos, Qbking, Jacobking, Lttljvd, GhostStalker, ShelfSkewed, Wiki-Wolf, Dusk83, Frankly Man, CmdrDan, Gran2, Ksoileau, Chantessy, Anthony Bradbury, Scmods, Bdingg, Afulinara, Yaris678, Cydebot, DavidFuzznut, Msa1701, SilvaStorm, Jienum, Rock8591, Treybien, Mccojr02, ClonedPickle, Simoragn, Cablebfg, CovenantD, Gogo Dodo, Philsome, Hcb, Jonjonz, Jon Stockton, ST47, Lugnuts, Blackmetalbaz, CasimirAngel, Mclay19, Myscrnnm, Anechoic Man, Ss112, Arun athmanathan, Maestrodagod, DumbBOT, Alaric Deschain, Asenine, Phimu222, Supreme Pontiff Ares, Weils, In Defense of the Artist, Thematt523, NorthernThunder, Blindman shady, Ward3001, Dirtysocks, The 80s chick, KnoxSGT, Gonzo fan2007, Arcayne, Ebyabe, Alexvincent2, Omicronpersei8, SgtGrumbles, Douglast86, Ventifact, Theroeffect, Joowwww, Tabascoman77, Malleus Fatuorum, Lid, Thijs!bot, Planetwarrior, Epbr123, Maddyfan, Kris Classic, El diez, C wane, UltimoCrofto, TonyTheTiger, Grand Dizzy, Ejmasi, Brandnewyork20, Savager, Tailkinker, Oliver202, Tonyle, Evincar, James086, Bravo Plantation, RoryS89, DanDud88, QuasyBoy, Alientraveller, Jonjon125, Kendal Ozzel, El Tarantiniese~enwiki, Rusty23, TFunk, Choppercity, Philippe, Batman tas, Squishy Vic, Capitalg, Mdriver1981, Natalie Erin, Silver Edge, DJ Mike TJG, CrusaderGamesNYC, Northumbrian, Caleson, K12worker, Mentifisto, Darkwarriorblake, Baville, Mgerb, Weaponbb7, Cladeal832, AntiVandalBot, Mtn, Luna Santin, Lukiebaggs, Rebeldude457, KevinManh, Cesarm, Juan Cruz~enwiki, Osubuckeyeguy, Dr who1975, Pangjeff, Jeff24, Ealgian, Torrancejunior, Biocyte, Mr 47, JimDunning, AdamDeanHall, Enzobot24, Jhsounds, Gdo01, Sreejithk2000, L0b0t, Xleax, Pixelface, Leevclarke, Smcmanus, Qwerty Binary, Jean yourinaga, Kevin S., PPF, Supermike, CPitt76, Klow, Ingolfson, Darrenhusted, MikeLynch, DCincarnate, Andrzejbanas, Jonathan.Bruce, Zestos, Oharion, Iscaria, Husond, Mrsolutions, Txomin, Sonicsuns, Wasd, Areaseven, XxTrillvillexX9, Art1991, Rogan999, MB1972, Justin The Claw, OhanaUnited, The Iceman2288, Garda40, J Greb, Reh303, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Meltzercool, JulianBelgium, RonBatfreak, Fofr, Connormah, Lenny Kaufman, Jameshdl, KagamiNoMiko, S@lo, Creationlaw, El Greco, Dp76764, VoABot II, Unbreakable1000, Erik Pflueger, Comelloyellow, Avjoska, Ramystein, Euges116, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, JNW, HorseloverFat, Agentdemon, Enguerrand, Kt'Hyla, ‫باسم‬, Ling.Nut, CTF83!, JGray, Jlerner, Bhuttu, Twsx, JPG-GR, DRMparadigm, Cartoon Boy, Allied45, Christo jones, JobSmee, Midgrid, Isaiahcambron, Duggy 1138, LPscottyDawg, Cedric Diggory, Brwest06, Animum, Starface01, Digifruitella, Timmah86, Web-Man, Ish-

11.1

Text

21

sahai, Shield2, Gerrardperrett, Adrian J. Hunter, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Little Jimmy, PNW Raven, Wrad, Ngchikit, Prcjac, Romancer, Xargon666x6, SlamDiego, Drewcifer3000, Osh33m, MWShort, PassionoftheDamon, Contrib123456, DerHexer, JaGa, Rovastar, HGergo, Lordkelvin, Sonicxtreme, Connor Behan, Badapro, DocNox, Christiem, Paliku, So Smart s0 Dumb, SquidSK, Ace280287, Elonrutberg, Khalpz, Quietpopcorn, Enterhase, Tazz555, Blacksqr, MikeCarroll, Hemidemisemiquaver, Arnabdas, Guywithoutaname, SpecialWindler, Me and my robot, Cliff smith, MartinBot, Danleary25, Maxer64, Rhino131, Yorae, Chromega, D2B, Xsmasher, Kineticturtle, Keith D, T-Prime85, Eruquin, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ccs4ever, Big Boss Inc., Lilac Soul, RockMFR, Loontheschoon, Shavyshavshav92, J.delanoy, Jaybling, Rotek, TheLastAmigo, Lg16spears, Vjrocks, Richiekim, Social alien7, Frightwolf, Nihilozero, Bdsproductions, Jasmerrin, Yonidebot, Marcd30319, Borkdog, Thegreenj, Extransit, A Nobody, Pajfarmor, Johnny542, Pandrio Androtti, Bruinfan13, Cop 663, Beatle23, Creepy Crawler, Captain Infinity, Gzkn, Firevenom, Ryankat25, Bilbo82, Salliesatt, Katalaveno, Designdlikedice, Slevil Sliccolo, Ncmvocalist, QuasiAbstract, Mc8755, Stuffentein, Spartan 1505095, Ultimen, Jedd the Jedi, Stormfin, DJ1AM, B64, SaliereTheFish, Vinavinavina, Goarany, Onepiece226, AntiSpamBot, 97198, Comp25, PhantomPlanet99, Bdondaunique1, Fullmetal2887, Elliottsmith001, Imacphee, Pm504, Jdawg88, Jmcw37, Toon05, Cubfan789, ThinkBlue, NeoAlastor, Root7, Littlechesney, BigHairRef, Cmichael, Dothedew 12, Dpm12, Shadow Android, Juliancolton, Guncontrol2006, WJBscribe, TheEemingTree, DurinsBane87, Ancalagon the Greatest, Kyunghoonie, DorganBot, Donmike10, Jaimeastorga2000, Guyzero, Bonadea, Bart-16, Num1dgen, Jampilot, Useight, DrNegative, GOBLUE56, Almostfamous83, Tkgd2007, Lukelindemeyer, Homologeo, Pogokidd2, CardinalDan, Johnpedia, Eaglestorm, Wikieditor06, Boggydark, Gregorburns, Vranak, Chinneeb, Roaring phoenix, Geeky Randy, Annoynmous, Critical Info, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, ABF, L.A.Nutti, Dylthephil, DOHC Holiday, Flyingidiot, Chaos5023, BatNation, Leebo, Wabed, Ikos, The Duke of Waltham, Jeff G., Indubitably, Crimson2007, Michael.frederick, Savestheday16, Nosman2, Cjblair, Macktan, VasilievVV, Bovineboy2008, Sjones23, Saget53, PandarenLord, Blaze The Movie Fan, J miester25, Aesopos, Punkpop101, GPanesarJatt, Scombs, Philip Trueman, Wilson2007, RPlunk2853, Mcflytrap, TXiKiBoT, Pendragonrah, EvanCarroll, Jbrhill, Poison the Well, Yankees2832, Cosmic Latte, EditorGuy07, WatchingDragon, Acsempronio, ApolloMakesUsHappy, Beem2, Mediaman2007, Pilcher40k, Godzilla Boy, Anonymous Dissident, Sean D Martin, Pic82101, Ogio84, Macslacker, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici, Lradrama, IllaZilla, HHHDX, Werideatdusk33, Broadbot, Onsen~enwiki, Huperphuff, Sterling32157, LeaveSleaves, Rsweens, Drex15, Amog, Figureskatingfan, Seb az86556, Adam 004, AdamFendelman, Bmkey, Soulclipper, Quinlanfan2, Bbrnbrwn, LedgerJoker, Redmagemp3, Jacoblevi, Brokenwit, Metal Gear VVVVV, Majalinno, The Bandsaw Vigilante, Rexalex52, Itemirus, RandomXYZb, Ninjawarriordex, Kgaris42, Mcsemp, TheValentineBros, Feudonym, Loveem, Arbok123, Minimac93, Enviroboy, Ldstryfe, JesterCountess, 300bucks, Cartman1997, Navel80, PAVA11, Chris Bulgin, Sesshomaru, K10wnsta, This.machinery, AlleborgoBot, Itbegins2005, Sacularamacal13, DarthBotto, UNK222, Kobalt64, Planet-man828, Corabal, Taylorjb, Trey, Droner, Weridal9621, Andypp123, Theoneintraining, 3yoda, Lancelot8001, Danny92, Nenog, GirasoleDE, Ryratt, U n82, ChrisDilke, Tnuriel, Filthysize, TheJediCouncil, SieBot, Tomalak geretkal, Evansrjh, Ys8er2323, Coffee, Wolfee37, Damian7693, AdmXoklY, John the apostle, Tiddly Tom, Obriensg1, Work permit, Scarian, AKR619, Rolfy boy, SheepNotGoats, Iammilind, Oldag07, Claycrow, Krawi, Gerakibot, Rob.bastholm, Retroman3000, Grieferhate, Yuefairchild, Manchester united 999, DCrep, BabylonKid473, Mst3kevin, Triwbe, 5150pacer, KISSBATMAN1, WhiteEyes89, Allansplace, Ode2joy, Danmas1986, Wildonrio, Merotoker1, Thebestlaidplans, TheScarecrowAA, Dustman81, Darkwingdave, Rjbonacolta, Ajhoax, Yankees10, Dlukenelson, Quiksilver 014, Basket548, Flyer22 Reborn, Redmond Barry, TheDarkKnight2008, Captain Yankee, Stupidone0, Matthewedwards, Arknascar44, Ruthless Xero, FrankRizzo2006, Paul730, Ophois, Captain117, The Clawed One, Daniil Maslyuk, E.M., Batmaster1337, Spinerod, Oxymoron83, Faradayplank, Megduck, Csaag, Spock2266, TheOnlyOne12, Dookie38, Polbot, Sjl0523, Scottkriz, Flamingbart, Tds247, Takuy, Mattc1888, CollisionCourse, Alex.muller, RiseDarthVader, Maxbone007, Ilikeeggs1, Ahangar-e-Gaz, Macy, AMbot, OKBot, TheManWhoLaughs, Ooza, Th 2005, Marcus40mast, Joshwest1, 1wayoranother, Nign0g1, Highlandimmortal, Scottyoak2, Latics, Lmomo, Stakelover, Giant19, Deadbat23, Realm of Shadows, Martiian000, Movieguru2006, Evilresident93, Dj pundyt, TaerkastUA, SlashFox14, EveryDayJoe45, Dabomb87, FallenWings47, Mr Vinx, Joshschr, Cocoapropo, Pinkadelica, LeoGard, LeonMcNichol, Senorerik, Iamwisesun, I'mverycool, Three cheers for sweet revenge, Greal, GasSnake or Poison Oak, Critiq, Phoenixmuffin, DarkDetective, Brendanshoe, Kanonkas, Jwk3, Qconroe, Bobit13, Fezmar9, Eljayess, Explicit, Angel caboodle, Jrstarwars22, ImageRemovalBot, Steve, ScottDrumr, Thedemon666, Faithlessthewonderboy, Googooboo1387, Kraygh, Deavenger, Kgman6, Quon, James Quon, Razrsharp67, Phyte, DuaneThomas, ClueBot, Yamanbaiia, DP08, Andrelim1, Lord Sinestro, Mithos90, Pritoolmachine2806, Hezapirate19, Tom H12, Ubernessicty2341, SubZeroSilver, Jay3205, Noitora, Astro.scope, Oyuke, GorillaWarfare, Artichoker, RoverTheBendInSussex, FloydNIN, Bobbydfl, AlexanderLD, Elephant Talk, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, ConstantineChernabog, Kobra1907, PokeHomsar, D4rkseid, Strikers5, Tmdscore, EoGuy, MarionFrazier, K3f3rn, Dansham, ZenCopian, Xwingdude, Supertouch, Powerofjuju, Sonic3456, Jeb69, Arakunem, Damian1234567, Somanytictoc, Pairadox, Lord Holy Ono, Ezzex, Cube lurker, Wildroot, Stuthomas4, JTBX, Ikarus14, Regibox, Desertmonk, Agustinaldo, MrKTE, Nytimes19992000, Niceguyedc, Bluerules, Xenon54, Debangshu Mukherjee, Blanchardb, Cluebert, Parkwells, Poptopea, Cheaterboy3007, Beatowner, Rfcucl1972, Trivialist, Cunninge, FightTheDarkness, FSKOTI, Anthonydraco, Rockfang, LukeTheSpook, TheGoonSquad, Pointillist, Boduke343, Ironman2978, AlexanderHaas, DragonBot, LifeStroke420, Tlatseg, Mc chaz, Erebus Morgaine, Mr Psi, Tako8Yaki, GoldenGoose100, ImNotRichImStillLyin, The lost boy, PixelBot, Trevor7508, Bartallen2, 2K-Dragon, Dantheman0056, Elephantissimo, Scuban, Del91, Davetb, Sonicdrewdriver, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, Gavatron, Tyler, RyanNelson1988, Arjayay, Faty148, Jotterbot, Fts9, Reece.1605, Drunknesmonsta, Gabrielclai, JamieS93, Tnxman307, Ltholt, Comix zombie, Squirreljml, Dim386, CowboySpartan, Mr manilow, Scog, DangerousPotential, Wizard World, Wtwhitejr, Cornerstone11, Aphtorshok, Editor510, Nobody of Consequence, Didgogns, D.Gerba, JasonAQuest, Surten, El bot de la dieta, Sparrowgoose, Chrisk035, Snakebyte42, Friedfrogz, Thingg, Ocean’s Fourteen, Dealer Camel, Aitias, Flower Priest, HOEDY, Rocket citadel, Ace 9, AP500, AHRtbA==, .facs, Stringanomaly, Beowulf000, RonWilder, DaedricDancer, ClydeNut, Ddog892, Gray Spot, SoxBot III, Themanwhofalls, Vegaswiki, Cheeseandshogi, MasterOfHisOwnDomain, CPGACoast, DumZiBoT, Karppinen, InChase5, Ibelikegoldeneye, Heero808, Dynesclan, Loveaboutmusic, Against the current, Zombie Hunter Smurf, Fele97, Salamangkero, Zadduel86, XLinkBot, Will-B, Tahitia, Ljastangs21, Gnowor, DisturbedTim90, Gonzonoir, Bilsonius, Pjmccormick, Aprisco86, Stickee, Enanoj1111, Mage67usa, ManOfSummer, ObeyK1NGTaz, Ljm091, Mjpresson, Lynch1000s, Planewalker Dave, Jprw, Drshatner, HMFS, Sergay, KorjokManno, B4mBoozl3, SilvonenBot, Miloluvr, Khunglongcon, Erroneuz1, Millennium Cowboy, Badgernet, MovieKidX3, Damooney, Alotofsparetime, Edmund949, Mattlittlej, Jerrymayers, Bret Bacharach, MystBot, Gmo7711, Akram112, MichaelsProgramming, Froghawk, Chrisigjbhudh, Bradley0110, Ryuryu111, Godbot77, Tool2Die4, RyanCross, Magnificator, HexaChord, 24JackBauer, Cornucopia, Frogs123, Blood Lines of Darkness, VanishedUser ewrfgdg3df3, Cabayi, Dancingonmice, Mbroderick271, Spike300, American Eagle, Yodalee, Malconfort, Purplellamas01, Yousou, Ocrasaroon, Pattygoround, Kenneth Hardeman, Blend1100, Freakmighty, Beamathan, Dan56, Shark113, Hokuto lover, Tcncv, Roaring Siren, Betterusername, MichaelWayne-BatmanReborn, Landon1980, Non-dropframe, MegadethFan69, TripOnMyShip, Dudemanfellabra, Theleftorium, The Editor 155, Batpedia1, Techbonefrombama, Veggiegirl, AkhtaBot, Blethering Scot, Wolfman8796, SmartM&M, Saturncast, Jamestown28, Elmondo21st, Fieldday-sunday, Untitledmind72, Rx4evr, Scgdude, Davemilz, ContiAWB, Cornrow2, Opawesome49, Ragefans, CanadianLinuxUser, Darkness2005, Medleystudios72, Untruc1981, Heart2rokk, Dyadron, NjardarBot, Cst17, SoSaysChappy, TriiipleThreat, LaaknorBot, Nascar360, Chamal N, Ccacsmss, Bysmuth, The Shadow-Fighter, Bassbonerocks, Svernon19, Zero no Kamen, Davidclein, Spittlespat, Derrickjohnwynn, Nickin, AndersBot, NMS Bill, Debresser, LyKy~enwiki, Not

22

11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

G. Ivingname, LinkFA-Bot, Pimpinclown24, Nishwanth, Jadbaz, Jenkum, Ed92, TrippyPixie, Not-So-Funny-Comedian, Biscuitsandputaters, Persianknight, RZRPack, Georgekearney, Tassedethe, SLTS91, Siouxcity, ZackTuren, Species8473, Dayewalker, Redflare326, Flappychappy, Joepeterpierce, ElvisFan1981, Lightbot, Satipo, Smeagol 17, Elsass3, Finbar McBride, Stumpjumper01, The Affable Man, Leonidas23, Lolicakes101, PWindbag, Kranyak, Hotwheelzrc, NeoBatfreak, Murphy418, Okungnyo, PrisonBreakguy, Wvsax27, Jpiece, CountryBot, EDelacroix99, Cchow2, Brizymcbriz, Joeyness, Greggumbel, Nabeel15, Xploren, Wikifan12345, LinkToddMcLovinMontana, Ironmonger117, WikiGuy86, Eureeka83, Carrybackdrive, Ben Ben, Artichoke-Boy, Math Champion, Emperor of Rockingham, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ananyajoshi, AzureFury, ProtoBuster, Granpuff, EchetusXe, Caxbeachxdude, Pollis, JohnnyCalifornia, Selladora Schnitzeler, Paraphyco, Ptbotgourou, Harvey “Two-Face” Dent, Dodgerblue777, Darth Goku, Mikecarpenter512, Cflm001, Edsully, DragoLink08, Awesomedrako, Jnivekk, Carrot98, Redranger241, InuYoshi, Totalfilmi99, Kevinbrogers, Starwars404, Bsmith016, Fulliyo, Egginahole, CSMegadeth, My New Animated Life~enwiki, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, GateKeeper, CinchBug, Worm That Turned, MovieFanAtic4Ever, FilmFan69, KamikazeBot, JXCphoenix, Senormime, Ceauntay46, Teman13, Naz45228517, Torydude, Tkotw12, Gangefan83, Tdolamite, Aztecapro 1, JAROSHULK28, AlexLevyOne, Itzsnider, Magog the Ogre, Highwaystar95, SapphireBlue2008, Websurfer246, Bbb23, GroundZ3R0 002, T4rdKnoT, Face1991, Wiki Roxor, Jessi1989, AnomieBOT, Jonnyhiboy, Teethmonkey, Benjamin canaan, TheKillingJoker, GulloNYC, TJD2, Rjanag, Lenord39, Rkb669, Jim1138, IRP, Pyrrhus16, Guyver85, Pernelldh, JackieBot, Commander Shepard, Ulric1313, Spthoennes, Smartalec77, Peanut King, Dunderminion07, Kam47625, Flewis, Maniahmed, Giants27, Materialscientist, Daviessimo, Firebrandjo, Indianatrooper, Danno uk, TheDude42, Citation bot, ZenCopain, Hunter O'Eeils, Fadalio, Abactor, Sidney West, Tomtom0624, Jock Boy, Bleckppl, Lollollollol007, Maxis ftw, UnR3al man, Williamsburgland, Pé de Chinelo, Political Biscuit, Annapakman, ArthurBot, Heathledgerfan123, Smgold92, Saccyind, LovesMacs, Natural RX, LilHelpa, Bcrichgod1234, Smartalec77777, Pen76, Piratedjoker7, Ridley rockets, BalticPat22, Xqbot, Dugancn, Anonymous6666, Gilberturena, XFacTier, Yasire, Bugboy52.40, JesusFreak89, ObsessiveJoBroDisorder, Corneliuswonder, Blagflagnlag, TheHeartOfTheOcean2009, Sionus, Intelati, Ronaldoisaplayer, Capricorn42, Boscaswell, Aquila89, CaliSEAL, SolanSarr, Millahnna, Mononomic, Shestellposds, Dr.ewing, Live Light, Owaisistutty, Timmyshin, Betty Logan, Dr. Slide, Gilo1969, Motorheadx, JayExperience, Harrykaser, Throwback0369, Tom Lennox, Jmrv75, Champlax, Almabot, Reubengan, DerrikLounds, Fatheroftebride, J04n, Broncos4ever, Prem555, Vibration2291, Mr-susans, Ericgoldman, Shirik, Qashijoo, Sambangs, RibotBOT, Jdogno5, NOLA504ever, Myonly101, Rc52, Multixfer, Pedro thy master, Doulos Christos, Murrows, ChaosMaster16, Mrs Collum, User4815162342, Lewok, Natural Cut, Marchui, Pcstratford, Coolboy223, Akv1984, Lagooncopperorange, JoedyBoston, MCBMFAU, Ankitbhatt, Shmikeheaven, WaltonHershamFC, Misortie, Fanaction2031, Jzrnsk1, Sesu Prime, VasOling, Jessywithans, Abubakr aries, FFlixx7481, Razr95, Kilikili7890, Dalekrabe, Crotchety Old Man, Frozenevolution, Edgars2007, Mkdarth95, Nagualdesign, FrescoBot, Frigenchigen, Sock, Litrock, Happymeal111, Liridon, UKFilmCouncil, Fortdj33, Jkoreyf, Hacks234, Lalo22, World Cinema Writer, D'ohBot, Jonathansuh, Cowbell31, Varunn pandya, Mo HH92, Gfcp03, Ceauntay59, Stolengood, Chen19711, Joker123192, Jokerfan2009, BenTenPen, Crystal Clear x3, Citation bot 1, Former user 9, Scarce, Markjambas, Redrose64, FriscoKnight, Clueless1995, Symplectic Map, Valkerie V, Notedgrant, Vaahtlnirn1, Nlb329, EdgarBacon, Valkyrie Red, Kingharris, DaichiS4815162342, Tylerdw, GrapedApe, Davidevans123, Smijes08, Badjsp, Weedle McHairybug, Meaghan, DReifGalaxyM31, Full-date unlinking bot, Blckmgc, A Patient Etherised, Lamp301, Rolaye With Cheese, Banan14kab, Nirinsanity, Arbero, Bi boy24, Lightlowemon, Typhoon966, Nathanchase, Jedi94, ArtistScientist, Einsteinbomb, Mundilfari, Sayantan m, Commandr Cody, Roller Co-star, MikeAllen, Ryry17354, Explorer t, Sifter66, Battlepot, Cowlibob, Ktlynch, Vovikb50, Aurorion, Pilot850, Merlinsorca, Canuckian89, Jhenderson777, Radioactivemutant, Tbhotch, Mark Marino, MegaSloth, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Meatwood, Hectorferjr2, RjwilmsiBot, Unrescued, Bento00, Darthdj31, DRAGON BOOSTER, Scieberking, Akó si Gundam, CatJar, AbramTerger, Baddog19, The Stick Man, Salvio giuliano, Cajunwilson, Lee lid, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, Jon Unheard, Kutchkutch, Gfoley4, Superdude43097, Haon 2.0, Rail88, FAEP, Hindsighter, GoingBatty, RA0808, Edlitz36, Blmpxcvd, Wham Bam Rock II, Randis Kers, Hoovering, Michaeltobbylee, Mdraus93, Shaunthered, Stefanodunne1986, Marek Koudelka, ValiantRed600, JDDJS, Gogomkd123, Movieman2099, AvicBot, Vladwin, John Cline, Akerans, Boycool42, Empty Buffer, Ayrshire95, Jordancelticsfan, Lacon432, Ὁ οἶστρος, AvicAWB, Hazard-SJ, Everard Proudfoot, Andrewaboulton, H3llBot, Unreal7, AndrewOne, Koresdcine, SIXontecbmehr, Navidff, Chopperface116, Matt FJ, Atat67, Jpcase, Chillwill92, Johnc69, Brandmeister, Oh babe, Christianbff, L Kensington, Jimscrooge, MonoAV, AbsoluteGleek92, TomorrowWeDie, Movielovinggraham, Flan456, Epsilark2, Amplifier123, Polisher of Cobwebs, X Runbash65 x, JacksonChee, TheClown90, Evil Genius77, Spinc5, InfamousPrince, Chigurgh, Delfino319, TheDeviantPro, Metalla515, Rusted AutoParts, Hoppybunny, Sofffie7, Seunorg, Jabez Stone, Theamazingspiderman20, TheTimesAreAChanging, Mythical Curse, Tanbircdq, Jonomonster, BarrelProof, Letoya123, MishMari, Bright Darkness, EddyGA, Flannerys03, GoldenGlory84, Smokeyfire, Peachfuze, Starscream7, LordXVMon, Dru of Id, JamesCarter05, Jamestyrons, Hyliad, Wipqozn113, Helpful Pixie Bot, Calidum, Wbm1058, Avengednightmario, SchroCat, Plantdrew, Kailash29792, BusSDriver, Flax5, M0rphzone, MrAyushRaj, Nathanleeflannery, Dave Lars, Gabriel Yuji, Skeleton 777, Cyn7kaL, $oliton, Jyenor86, RealGrayLogan, Sailingfanblues, RichardSnider, Gonnym, Chris the Paleontologist, SamEtches, Snow Rise, Revan4000, Batman194, JaciFan, Futuremoviewriter, Elisfkc, Skywalker80100, Jay6385, PauliJC, Andrew Haxley, KiwiRyan, BattleshipMan, Thorsam3333, Wrath X, Ldavid1985, Kenny Sauceda, CAWylie, Achowat, Aznkd96, Yfine, Poppersocks, Mumbai0618, RudolfRed, FlawlessViper, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, Nhrps95gd11, David.moreno72, Newlife512, Whitetararaj, Midnite Joker, Snowshredder140, Cyberbot II, Ari online, YFdyh-bot, Norgizfox5041, Just another guy in a suit, Phillip Bevin, Vekipeki965, Darkrealm37, Bluescarred, Dexbot, Nairmayukh, Surge elec, Charles Essie, Nodaybuttoday10, Partyclams, Alexlacroix77, Neverrainy, Saul Grant, Konbini, StarShopSTX, AldezD, TDKR Chicago 101, Sammyjankis88, Veki965, Benji Powell, Josephjames.me, Clibenfoart, Plant’s Strider, Kiran.Ajay07, Rambo.XIV, Reatlas, Bosna Sarajevo, Windows7Guy100, Althemise, The Dark Knight 2899, MatthewHoobin, TwoNyce, Kerwig, Dmz144, ArmbrustBot, DdragoonMaster, Bro(sv), BeastJ18, UnknownBat, Lembrazza, Internet Informant, Randomuser112, Atotalstranger, SNUGGUMS, Brian McInnis, JKLoling, Liz, TheRocknRollPat, Anarchistdy, Facu-el Millo, TheDarkKnight180, Survivorfan1995, Jaume14, Monkbot, TropicAces, Godwin1996, Ptb1997, Trying to envelop, Darkknight2149, TheFireRises, Icyball13, ArmandoBecker, Curryslinger101, Matheus6666, Kierancremin, AdaCiccone, Warner REBORN (old), Justbecause5, Nicky Haugh, Bong009, JeremyCarl, Warner REBORN, Joel the wise, Veo swaggin, Heronmeil, Dibyendutwipzbiswas, PatTheMoron, Wikibenboy123, Calvert Hall, Batmanjl77, Freshness For Lettuce, Karl Vickers, Tt300, Methylated603, Sundayclose, Dash9Z, IITGN SOLANKI, Qmovie16, Jackkennedyjr, Varmint99, Curdlash, KasparBot, Hueymc, DCTrinity, Hendo96, SmithN41V, Chavalabobby, Yasinator360, SuperCarnivore591, BFlatley, Schmidt-austin, LordofMoonSpawn, WforRight, Arborann2, JokerLaugh214, Majora, Thecertifiedg, Extravaganza1, Lewiscranston16, Rusherduckie, Granitebees, Parsley Man, InternetArchiveBot, Eurocus47, Luaza1313, Ty45674, Ronslade, Jewcer, Noahop5000, Jaypeesun, Cwf97, Chewie101, GreenC bot, Kingo7672, TheSomeGuy97, Kbatra97, TheJoebro64, Locked from inside, Zalooka4, JonathanLSydel, Shiv1202, Super997, Optimistic Wikipedian, CerberaOdollam, Darunia02, Bender the Bot, Archer Rafferty, Tjdrum2000, Underdevil10, Justeditingtoday, RolandJackson, BambiLongLegs, Campanelli72, Lex Luthor16 and Anonymous: 2032

11.2

11.2

Images

23

Images

• File:Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:GT2_-_Flickr_-_CarSpotter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/GT2_-_Flickr_-_CarSpotter.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: GT2 Original artist: CarSpotter from New York • File:Heath_Ledger.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Heath_Ledger.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Howie Berlin • File:Jarno_Trulli_2008_Britain.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Jarno_Trulli_2008_Britain.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Toyota - Dark Night! Original artist: Marc Evans from Newbury, UK • File:Jokerbehingdthaglass.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/Jokerbehingdthaglass.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: http://moviesmedia.ign.com/movies/image/article/793/793117/the-dark-knight-20070531101345259.jpg Original artist: ?

• File:Norulessensible.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/Norulessensible.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: http://www.whysoserious.com Original artist: ?

• File:Question_bubble_thing.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Question_bubble_thing.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Speech balloon.svg, adaptation is Own work Original artist: Isarra (edits), Sven Manguard (concept), MarianSigler (original) • File:The_Dark_Knight_-_PR_-_Barcelona.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/The_Dark_Knight_-_ PR_-_Barcelona.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mutari • File:The_Dark_Knight_European_Premier_-_Leicester_square.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/ 48/The_Dark_Knight_European_Premier_-_Leicester_square.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as The Dark Knight European Premier - Leicester square Original artist: Ben Coombs • File:The_Dark_Knight_Tumbler_at_European_Premiere.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/The_ Dark_Knight_Tumbler_at_European_Premiere.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as The Dark Knight European Premiere Original artist: Cristiano Betta • File:Two-face_before_and_after.jpg Source: cense: Fair use Contributors: Cinefex issue 115 Original artist: ?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/da/Two-face_before_and_after.jpg Li-

• File:United_States_film.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/United_States_film.svg License: LGPL Contributors: Own modification of work from Commons Original artist: Ysangkok • File:Video-x-generic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

11.3

Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0