internauka282020 by baranovmir2

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Papers in english

Medicine and pharmacology

CORRELATION STUDY BETWEEN LEVEL OF SOME TRACE ELEMENT IN SERUM AND SEMINAL PLASMA IN INFERTILE PATIENT Hussain Falh Ali Muyad Sraibet Abbood

Engineering

THE SET OF FACTORS EFFECTING PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF ECO-FRIENDLY COAL BRIQUETTES Abdukhakim Muminov Olim Abdurakhmonov

Philology

SOMERSET MAUGHAM “THE MOON AND SIXPENCES” Mukhlisa Khidirova

USING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE GAMES IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE Madina Mirzaxmadova

O'zbek tilida maqolalar

Pedagogika

ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK YO‘NALISHI – PXISOLINGVISTIKADA O‘ZBEK BOLALARI NUTQINING O‘RGANILISHI Shayxislamov Nursulton Zamon o‘g‘li –Ё

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: Fawaz H.I. Deep learning for time series classification: a review / H.I. Fawaz, G. Forestier, J. Weber, L. Idoumghar, P.A. Muller // Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2019 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 33, â&#x201E;&#x2013; 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; C. 917-963. . . Keras Python / . . , . . , . . // - 2019 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; â&#x201E;&#x2013; 2 (16) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; C. 41-50. Burlutskiy N. An Investigation on Online Versus Batch Learning in Predicting User Behaviour / N. Burlutskiy, M. Petridis, A. Fish, A. Chernov, N. Ali // Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXXIII â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2016. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; P. 135149. Lopes N. GPUMLib: An EfďŹ cient Open-Source GPU Machine Learning Library / N. Lopes, B. Ribeiro / International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2011 ISSN 2150-7988 Volume 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 355-362. Ioffe S. Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift / S. Ioffe, C. Szegedy //arXiv:1502.03167 [cs] â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2015 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 1-11. Hinton G.E. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors / G.E. Hinton, N. Srivastava, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, R.R. Salakhutdinov // arXiv:1207.0580 [cs] â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2012. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 1-18. Kohavi R. A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection // International Joint Conference on Arti cial Intelligence (IJCAI) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1995 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; C. 1-7. Nair V. Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines / V. Nair, G.E. Hinton â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 1-8.

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HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PRE-WAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGINEERING AVIATION SERVICE OF THE RUSSIAN AIR FORCE BY S. V. AVERCHENKO (TO THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE HISTORIAN) Sergey Yeliseyev Candidate of historical Sciences, historian, Russia, Moscow

. .

ABSTRACT The article describes the work of the historian of the engineering aviation service of the Russian Air force, candidate of historical Sciences S. V. Averchenko, who explores the little-studied pre-war period of the development of this service. The author covered all his published works with a brief analysis of the most significant of them. : , , , , . Keyword: Air Force, engineering aviation service, operational and technical service, technical operation, aviation equipment. -

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THE ARMENIAN QUESTION IN SOVIET-TURKISH RELATIONS DURING THE REIGN OF MUSTAFA KEMAL (FIRST HALF OF THE 1920S) Yana Kuzina Student, Bryansk State University named after academician I.G. Petrovsky, Russia, Bryansk

. 1925 .

BSTRACT The Armenian question is one of the important aspects in the development of Soviet-Turkish relations during the reign of Mustafa Kemal. The article discusses the resolution of the Armenian issue from the moment Turkey concluded the Sevres Treaty with the imperialist powers until the 1925 Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality with the USSR was signed. : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . Keywords: Soviet-Turkish relations; Armenian question; foreign policy of the Turkish Republic; Mustafa Kemal; Armenia; Soviet authority; Dashnaktsutyun; Treaty of Sevres; Moscow Treaty; Treaty of Kars. ,

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TO PROVE THE BINARY GOLDBACH CONJECTURE Evgeniy Amosov associate professor, Samara state technical university, Russia, Samara

ABSTRACT The question of a method for searching for violations of the binary Goldbach conjecture about the possibility of decomposing any even number into two simple terms is considered. : , Keywords: prime numbers, Goldbach conjecture ё

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DECOMPOSING AN ODD NUMBER INTO SIMPLE TERMS Evgeniy Amosov Associate professor, Samara state technical university, Russia, Samara ,

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15,

ABSTRACT It is shown that any odd number starting from 15 can be represented as the sum of three summands, each of which has the form 6k±1, where k is a natural number. : , , . Keywords: prime numbers, Goldbach conjecture, decomposition into terms. ,

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18N+5 = (6N–1) +(6N+1) + (6N+5) = (6N–1) +(6N+1) + (6(N+1)–1), 18N+7 = (6N–1) +(6N+1) + (6N+7) = (6N–1) +(6N+1) + (6(N+1) +1). 18N+11

, , .,

18N+13 18N+11 = 6N+(6N+6) + (6N+5), 18N+11 = (6N–1) +(6(N+1) +1) +(6(N+1)–1), 18N+13 = (6N–1) +(6(N+1) +1) +(6(N+1) +1).

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15 = 5+5+5 = (6–1) +(6–1) + (6–1), 17 = 5+5+7 = (6–1) +(6–1) + (6+1), 19 =5+7+7 = (6–1) +(6+1) + (6+1), 21 =7+7+7 = (6+1) +(6+1) + (6+1), 23 =5+7+11 = (6–1) +(6+1) + (12–1). ё

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2N+1 = (6k±1) + (6m±1) + (6l±1),

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18N+9

18N+9 = (6N+1) +(6N+1) +(6(N+1) +1).

, 15, : 18N–3, 18N–1, 18N+1, 18N+3, 18N+5, 18N+7, 18N+9, 18N+11, 18N+13. ё . , ,

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№ 28 (157), 2020 . 1. ё

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USING BIANGULAR COORDINATES TO STUDY MAGNETS Diana Dmitrievskaya Master student, North - Caucasus federal university, Russia, Stavropol

ABSTRACT This article explores the biangular coordinate system, its application on straight lines, and the application of biangular coordinates to study magnets. There were the methods of mathematical analysis, analytical geometry, vector and tensor analysis in this work. : , , , , , , . Keywords: biangular, coordinate system, methods, connections, relationships, functions, angles. (

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Olga Ivanova Master student of the civil law department of the Faculty of Law of Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia, Saint Petersburg

. ABSTRACT The article examines the features of the legal nature of bilateral international agreements on the protection of intellectual property in international law. The analysis of the "weak" and "strong" sides of the regulation of international relations for the protection of intellectual property through bilateral international agreements. : ; ; ; ; . Keywords: intellectual property; protection of intellectual property; bilateral agreement; international agreements; international law. , .

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LIMITS ON THE CARRIER'S LIABILITY TO PASSENGERS. (RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE) Kirill Shishenkov

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№ 28 (157), 2020 .

PAPERS IN ENGLISH

MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY CORRELATION STUDY BETWEEN LEVEL OF SOME TRACE ELEMENT IN SERUM AND SEMINAL PLASMA IN INFERTILE PATIENT Hussain Falh Ali student, Al-Nahrain University, Iraq, Baghdad Muyad Sraibet Abbood scientific advisor of Ph.D.,Al-Nahrain University, Iraq, Baghdad ABSTRACT Background: Male infertility is a serious problem all over the world. Nutritional deficiency of trace element Zinc (Zn) may play a role in male infertility as Zn plays an important role not only in normal testicular development, but also in spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Deficiency of Zn is associated with hypogonadism and insufficient development of secondary sex characteristics. In order to get a complete overview of the possible mechanism of lead-induced toxicity on the reproductive system, all important constraints like sperm parameters, morphology, and disruption in hormones, gene expressions, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis were analyzed from previous research findings. The normal sperm parameters were directly affected by lead exposure. It causes alteration at the reproductive axis, sperm motility and viability, acrosome reaction, chemotaxis[1]. Semen quality [2].and structural abnormality in lead treated animals [3]. Lead chloride exposure significantly repressed the motility and increased the tail anomalies and immotile sperm count [4]. The reduction of sperm motility was also found in lead chloride exposure in the human study [5]. Objective: The present study was designed to analyse the level of seminal and serum Zn and pb among different groups of infertile patients and to correlate it with sperm concentration, active, sluggish and immotile fractions of seminal parameters, with an objective to establish the role of Zn and pb in male infertility. Setting and Design: The present study was carried out in tow- year's period from 2019 to 2020. It was a descriptive analytical study with non-probability sampling. Materials and Methods: Semen and serum examination of the patients was carried out according to the standardized method of the World Health Organization. Was estimated by atomic absorption (Flameless Atomic absorption).

Statistical Analysis: Data were entered using Excel Microsoft Program (2016) and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Categorical data described as frequency and percentage while numerical data described means and standard deviation (SD). Chi square test was used to estimate the association between two categorical variables. While, independent sample ttest used for comparison of numerical data. Level of significance of ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant[6]. Results: In the present study, a comparison was done for the levels of trace elements (zinc and lead in serum and semen of fertile and infertile males. The results showed a highly significant difference (p<0.05) in the level of these elements between these groups both in serum and semen. (Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation). Conclusions:  Effect of heavy elements on the parameter of semen.  Heavy elements are bound together in serum and semen.  Heavy elements are linked to external influences, such as smoking alcohol. Introduction Infertility is defined as the lack of ability to conceive within one year of unprotected intercourse with the same partner. It is estimated that nearly 8–12% of couples are infertile [7], and approximately 30–40% of infertility cases are caused by male factors [8]. Several risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of infertility, some of which include alterations in spermatogenesis due to testicular cancer, aplasia of the germinal cells, varicocele, defects in the transport of sperm, or environmental factors as well as congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, bilateral sperm ducts anomalies, pregnancy-related infections, alterations in the characteristics of semen such as a decrease in sperm motility and sperm count, the presence of antispam antibodies (ASAs), and nutritional deficiency of trace elements such as selenium and zinc (Zn) [9].

№ 28 (157), 2020 .

Trace elements play an important role in the male reproductive process because of their high activity at the molecular level, although they are known to exist in the body at very low levels. Zn is second only to iron as the most abundant element in human tissues. Although Zn is found in most types of foods such as red meat, white meat, fish, and milk, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that one-third of the world’s population are deficient in zinc. Zinc and citrate are excreted from the prostate gland as a low-molecular-weight complex; thus, it is estimated that the zinc levels in seminal plasma typically represent prostatic secretory function. After ejaculation, half of the quantity of this complex is redistributed and linked to medium- and high-molecular-weight compounds generated from the seminal vesicles [10] The decrease in the seminal plasma zinc concentration may result from inadequate intake, reduced absorption, increased losses, or increased demand. The commonest worldwide cause is inadequate intake as a result of a diet low in Zn or rich in phytate. Additionally, increased urinary losses can occur under conditions associated with muscle catabolism, such as sepsis, or iatrogenic ally from the prolonged use of drugs (Foresta et al., 2014). Furthermore, some studies have reported that a sharp decrease in zinc in the prostatic fluid may result in low zinc concentration in seminal plasma [11]. Materials and Methods The case control study examined100 infertile patients and 50 fertile controls were taken; the mean ages were between 20- 45 years who attended the High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technology / AL-Nahrain University. This prospective study was accomplished through the period from October 2018 till March 2019. Inclusion criteria Infertile patients and all subgroups of infertility have seminal fluid analyses and they are abnormal. Exclusion criteria Infertile male receiving immunosuppressive and supplements drugs. Collection and examination of samples The collection and examination of semen were done by properly standardized procedures, as mentioned in WHO laboratory manual.

Blood collection  Three ml blood of each patients was added to gel tube and was separate by  Centrifuge with 3000 rpm then serum was collected in plan tube (to measure zinc and copper.  Two ml blood of patients was added to heparin tube (to measure lead). Storage of sample a- Seminal plasma After performing semen analysis, the rest of the semen samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 to 20 minutes. The pellet was discarded, while the supernatant of the semen samples were aliquoted and stored at 4-6 °C for evaluation of seminal Zn and pb. b- Blood Zinc The rest of the blood samples were centrifuged at 2 000 rpm for 15 to 20 minutes. The pellet was discarded, while the supernatant of the serum samples was aliquoted and stored at 4-6 °C Zn. Determination of seminal plasma zinc Lead Keeping blood in the heparin tube and keeping it in the refrigerator in a 4-6 °C. Statistical Analysis Data were entered using Excel Microsoft Program (2016) and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Categorical data described as frequency and percentage while numerical data described means and standard deviation (SD). Chi square test was used to estimate the association between two categorical variables. While, independent sample ttest used for comparison of numerical data. Level of significance of ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant [6]. Results 4.3. Comparison of trace elements levels (Zn and Pb) in serum and semen between fertile and infertile males included in the present study: In the present study comparison was done for the levels of trace elements (zinc and lead in serum and semen of fertile and infertile males. The results showed highly significant difference (p<0.05) in the level of these elements between these groups both in serum and semen as shown in table (4-2). (Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation). Table 1.

Comparison of trace elements levels (Zn, Cu and Pb) in serum and semen between fertile and infertile males included in the present study: Groups Element

Infertile Mean ± SD 70.20 ± 10.71 Zn Serum (Mg/dl) 26.06 ± 6.06 Pb Serum (Mg/dl) 3.21 ± 1.18 Zn Seminal (Mg/dl) 8.74 ± 2.71 Pb seminal (Mg/dl) Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ** Highly significant difference p<0.001

Fertile Mean ± SD 96.24 ± 14.83 14.40 ± 2.57 10.39 ± 1.85 4.38 ± 0.64

p value <0.001** <0.001** <0.001** <0.001**

№ 28 (157), 2020 . study and was classified into normal and abnormal ratio according to specific limits. The normal ratio was (>5) Mg/dl for zinc while lead normal ratio was (≤ 5.25Mg/dl). The concentration of these elements was considered abnormal if (<5 Mg/dl) and (>5.25Mg/dl) for Zn and Pb consequently. The percentage of patients with normal and abnormal concentration of heavy elements was illustrated. Comparison was done between the infertile and control groups of males for the presence of normal or abnormal ratio of these metals and these results recorded highly significant difference (p<0.001) between the two groups.

4.6 normal limits of heavy elements concentration in serum and semen of infertile and control groups. The concentration of heavy metals was measured in serum of al males included in the present study and was classified into normal and abnormal ratio according to specific limits. The normal ratio was (80-150) Mg/dl for zinc while lead normal ratio was (≤ 25Mg/dl). The concentration of these elements was considered abnormal if (<80) Mg/dl and (>25) Mg/dl for, Zn and Pb consequently. The percentage of patients with normal and abnormal concentration of heavy elements was illustrated. In addition the concentration of heavy metals was measured in semen of al males included in the present

Table 2. Comparison of control and infertile male percentage with normal and abnormal ratio of serum heavy elements Group Elements

Infertile Count % 78 78.0%

Abnormal (<80)Mg/dl Normal 22 (80-150)Mg/dl Abnormal (>25)Mg/dl 39 Pb serum Normal (<=25)Mg/dl 61 Abnormal (<5)Mg/dl 91 Zn seminal Normal (>5)Mg/dl 9 Abnormal (>5.25)Mg/dl 8 Pb seminal Normal (<=5.25)Mg/dl 92 Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ** Highly significant difference p<0.001 Zn serum

Fertile

p value

Count 5

% 10.0%

22.0%

90.0%

39.0% 61.0% 91.0% 9.0% 8.0% 92.0%

0 50 4 46 48 2

0.0% 100.0% 8.0% 92.0% 96.0% 4.0%

<0.001**

<0.001** <0.001** <0.001**

Table 3. Semen parameters of fertile and infertile males included in the study Groups semen parameter

fertile Mean ± SD

4.44 ± 0.94 Volume (mL) 23.92 ± 5.78 Liquefaction time (minutes) 7.67 ± 0.24 PH 49.20 ± 15.15 Sperm concentration (million/ml) 33.52 ± 6.49 Progressive motile (percentage %) 20.69 ± 4.75 Non progressive sperm (percentage%) 37.70± 8.67 Immotile sperm (percentage%) 43.88 ± 5.71 Normal sperm (percentage%) 2.25 ± 0.50 Sperm agglutination (percentage%) 6.90 ± 4.90 Round cells (hpf) **Highly significant difference p<0.001 *Significant difference p<0.05 (NS) Non- significant difference p>0.05

infertile Mean ± SD 2.24 ± 1.03 40.18 ± 13.79 7.88 ± 0.30 44.38 ± 31.24 28.07 ± 17.45 26.68 ± 13.70 45.49 ± 21.23 27.47 ± 17.01 4.44 ± 1.71 14.18 ± 13.90

P- value < 0.001** <0.001** <0.001** 0.308NS 0.036* 0.004* 0.011* <0.001** 0.008* 0.04*

normal morphology and agglutination). The correlation was also significant (p<0.05) between serum lead and time of work, infertility duration, liquefaction time, semen PH, percentage of immotile sperm and normal morphology percentage. Other correlations were done between semen concentrations of heavy metals with semen parameters. For

Correlations between heavy metal concentration and semen parameters: Correlations were done between serum concentration of heavy metals and semen parameters. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was noticed between serum zinc and (age, time work, infertility duration, semen volume, liquefaction time, semen PH, immotile sperm, 68

№ 28 (157), 2020 .

significant correlation (p<0.05) was documented between semen zinc and infertility duration, liquefaction time, PH and sperm progressive motility. On the other hand a significant correlation was recorded between

lead semen concentration and age, time work, infertility duration, semen PH, progressive motility, immotile sperm percentage, normal sperm morphology and round cells number. These results were summarized in table 4. Table 4.

Correlation between serum and semen concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb) and semen parameters parameters Volume

Cu Serum

Zn Serum

Pb Serum Cu Seminal Zn Seminal Pb Seminal

-0.151

.209*

-0.064

-0.092

-0.041

-0.051

0.134 NS

0.037*

0.528 NS

0.362 NS

0.682 NS

0.616 NS

0.037

-0.002

0.009

0.019

-0.311

0.075

0.025*

0.049*

0.031*

0.004*

0.028*

0.459 NS

0.030

-0.031

0.023

0.066

-0.018

0.017

0.01*

0.043*

0.023*

0.514 NS

0.02*

0.011*

0.188

-0.186

0.173

0.187

-0.120

0.146

0.061 NS

0.064 NS

0.085 NS

0.063 NS

0.236 NS

0.148 NS

0.124

-0.064

0.042

-0.029

0.045

-0.034

0.219 NS

0.529 NS

0.680 NS

0.03*

0.023*

0.043*

-0.133

0.085

-0.043

0.066

0.003

-0.062

0.188 NS

0.04*

0.031*

0.517 NS

0.978 NS

0.538 NS

0.112

-0.022

0.004

-0.125

-0.071

0.017

0.266 NS

0.045*

0.038*

0.215 NS

0.483 NS

0.04*

-0.054

0.010

-0.008

0.047

0.078

-0.047

0.033*

0.02*

0.023*

0.646 NS

0.442 NS

0.027*

-0.137

0.112

-0.073

0.028

-0.015

0.046

0.176 NS

0.268 NS

0.471 NS

0.779 NS

0.881 NS

0.648 NS

-0.014

0.056

-0.036

0.173

-0.154

0.244

0.909 NS

0.649 NS

0.767 NS

0.156 NS

0.207 NS

0.043*

Liquefaction time

Sperm concentration

Progressive motile

non-progressive sperm

Immotile sperm

Normal sperm

Sperm agglutination

Round cells

Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. * Statistical significance p value > 0.05. (NS) non- significant difference p>0.05. centration of cupper has highly significant correlation (p<0.001) with that of serum ZN and Pb the same situation was found for the concentration of heavy metals in semen

Correlations between serum and semen heavy metals The concentration of heavy metals in serum and in semen was evaluated and it was found that serum con-

№ 28 (157), 2020 . Table 4-5.

Correlations between concentration of heavy metals in serum and semen Heavy metals Zn Serum

Zn Serum p

Pb Serum

Zn Seminal

Pb seminal

0.000**

0.495

0.446

0.151

0.405

0.000**

0.495

0.151

0.446 p ** High statistical significance P<0.001 Data expressed as mean ±SD

0.405

Zn Seminal Pb seminal

0.000** 0.000**

Comparisons between fertile and infertile males regarding general parameters A comparison was done between fertile and infertile males included in the present study and results showed highly significant difference (p<0.001) for type of infertility, smoking habit, surgical history, drug history and job. Also significant difference was found (p<0.05) between the two groups regarding alcohol habit. Table 4-6. Comparison of general characteristics between fertile and infertile males Group Infertile

parameters

Fertile

p value

Count

80.0%

0.0%

20 secondary 5 Yes Alcohol 95 No 55 Yes Smoking 45 No 54 Nil Surgical history 46 Varicose veins 56 Supplements Drug history 44 no treatment driver taxi Employee worker Job 5 Soldier Electrical 1 Engineer 2 study ** High statistical significance P<0.001 (Ns) Non-statistical significance P>0.05

20.0% 5.0% 95.0% 55.0% 45.0% 54.0% 46.0% 7 23 62

0 0 50 7 43 50 0 7.0% 23.0% 62.0%

0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 14.0% 86.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0 39 11

5.0%

0.0%

1.0%

0.0%

2.0%

0.0%

Type of infertility

primary

<0.001** 0.108Ns <0.001** <0.001** 0.0% 78.0%

<0.001**

22.0%

The accurate measurement of trace element concentrations in biological tissues and fluids therefore becomes very important. Such measurements can either be used to find the total trace element concentration of a particular material i.e. the sum of a trace element’s concentrations in all chemical species containing that particular trace element or can look more specifically at individual chemical species [13].

Discussion Male infertility can cause by anatomical or genetic abnormalities, systemic or neurological diseases, infections, trauma, iatrogenic injury, gonad toxins and development of sperm antibodies. Several lifestyle factors and environmental issues can have a negative impact on male reproductive health [12]. Trace elements effect on human fertility and reproduction has been discussed. It has been demonstrated that the concentration at which an element is 32 present in the body can greatly affect its function, with a potential for both positive and negative effects. 70

№ 28 (157), 2020 . dity and fertility and this was documented in previous studies [18]. 5.4 Correlations between serum and semen concentration of trace elements and seminal fluid analysis parameters: 5.4.1 Correlations between serum and semen concentration of Cupper and seminal fluid analysis parameters: The concentration of cupper was measured in serum and semen of all males included in the study and correlation was done with all parameters of seminal fluid analysis. There was no significant correlation between serum cupper and seminal fluid analysis parameters except percentage of normal sperm morphology there was highly significant (p<0.001) correlation. In addition the results of the present study recorded no significant correlation between semen concentration of cupper and seminal fluid analysis parameters except liquefaction time which showed highly significant (p<0.001) correlation. These results are not in agreement with a study was done by Wong et al. (Wong et al., 2001), who mentioned that there was a positive connection between blood copper concentrations and sperm motility. Another study documented that an important connections between semen copper level and sperm concentration, progressive motility, and normal morphology [19].However, Aydemir et al. (Aydemir et al., 2006) announced higher levels of plasma copper in a subfertile male group, contrasted with a fertile male group [20]. In the given study, which is in agreement with that of the present study there was no alliance was found between copper level and sperm volume, count, motility, and normal morphology [21].This variance between the results of the above-mentioned studies may be due to the redox activity of copper [22]. On one hand, copper plays a role as a trace element essential for the activity of several metalloenzymes and metalloproteinase engaged in energy or antioxidant metabolisms [23].On the other hand, copper is known to be a catalyst for Fenton and Haber Weiss reactions which generate hydroxyl free radicals from hydrogen peroxide and superoxide ion radicals [24]. Copper not only boosts ROS formation but also can bind directly to the free thiol groups of cysteine. In consequence, copper can lead to oxidation and becomes linked between proteins, thus inactivating enzymes or impairing structural proteins [25].In consequence, the ionic form of copper has been specified as a highly toxic element. Since spermatozoa include high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and [26],generate reactive oxygen types, mainly superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, they are especially liable to per-oxidative damage [27],including lipid peroxidation. Damage to lipid membranes prompted by reactive oxygen types has been proposed as one of the major causes of human male infertility [28]. Consistently, Sakhaee and others (Sakhaee et al., 2012) displayed reduced sperm concentration, motility, and viability in rats poisoned with copper. The current study displays high levels of ROS value in the Cu-H group compared to the Cu-L group [14].

5.1. Serum and semen levels of trace elements (Zn, and Pb): 5.1.1 Comparison of serum and semen level of zinc between fertile and infertile males: The results of the present study showed highly significant difference in the level of zinc both in serum and semen being higher in the fertile group this finding was in accordance with that of previous studies as it was recorded that Zinc plays a significant role in the physiology of sperm cells. Although many articles have been published on the multiple functions of zinc in semen, its impacts on the structure, motility, and survival of spermatozoa are still controversial [14]. 5.1.2 Comparison of serum and semen level of lead between fertile and infertile males: The results of the present study documented highly significant difference between serum and semen level of lead being higher in infertile group as shown in These results were in agreement with previous studies which concluded that higher levels of lead were associated with male infertility as detected by changes in hormonal profile and seminal parameters. Environmental exposure to Pb may adversely impact on fertility in men. Smoking habits and anemia are considerable factors in male infertility. Kidney functions and reproductive hormonal profiles are deleteriously impacted in males exposed to Pb in a regular manner [15]. 5.2 Comparisons of seminal fluid parameters between fertile and infertile males: Semen analysis results were compared between fertile and infertile groups which showed highly significant difference in semen volume, liquefaction time, pH, and normal morphology, significant difference was found in motility grades, agglutination percentage, and round cells number but no significant difference was documented in sperm concentration. There was extensive overlap between the fertile and the infertile men. Although each of the sperm measurements helped to distinguish between fertile and infertile men, none was a powerful discriminator. This finding was in accordance with previous studies [16]. 5.3. Comparison of percentage of males with normal trace elements limits in serum and semen between fertile and infertile groups: The normal limit of cupper concentration was 80150 mg/dl and <10 in serum and semen respectively while the abnormal limit was >150 mg/dl and >10 mg/dl in serum and semen respectively. Regarding zinc the normal limit was 80-150 mg/dl and >5 mg/dl in serum and semen respectively while abnormal limits was <80 and <5 respectively. While that of lead the normal limits was ≤ 25mg/dl and ≤ 5.25mg/dl in serum and semen respectively and if >25 mg/dl in serum or >5.25 mg/dl in semen it was considered abnormal. These limits values depended on previous studies [17]. When comparison was done between fertile and infertile groups for percentage of males with abnormal trace elements limits in serum and semen all of them recorded highly significant difference indicating the important effect of these trace elements on male fecun-

№ 28 (157), 2020 .

A positive connection between copper levels and TOS values was also shown. These results elucidate that some toxic effects of copper may also occur in infertile males. In light of this, the mechanisms for preserving the balance between essential and toxic levels of copper are very important for good sperm quality[29]. In fact, the copper ions in semen are mainly bound to proteins. Thus, copper existing in seminal plasma from fertile males is catalytically inactive [30]. Besides, antioxidant protection at positions of gamete production, maturation and storage and embryo implantation has been developed [31]. Although, the function of copper in male reproductive capacity evidence to be largely unknown, this metal evidences to be related in spermatozoa motility and it may also act at the pituitary receptors which dominance the release of LH [32]. Jockenhövel and others explained a weak but important positive connection between blood copper concentrations and sperm motility [33]. The recent study was not in agreement with both the above studies. Wong and other colleges [34],Semen volume, morphology and motility are shown an important variation between normal and abnormal with but unimportant with Cu signal that the higher the volume of semen the more will be the concentration of Cu the seminal fluid. This finding agrees with the observation of Kanwal [35]. 5.4.2 Correlations between serum and semen concentration of zinc and seminal fluid analysis parameters: Correlation between serum zinc and seminal fluid analysis parameters except sperm concentration, progressive motility, agglutination and round cells number there was significant correlation. In addition the results of the present study recorded no significant correlation between semen concentration of zinc and seminal fluid analysis parameters except liquefaction time, pH and progressive motility which showed significant the concentration of zinc was measured in serum and semen of all males included in the study and correlation was done with all parameters of seminal fluid analysis. There was significant p-value Volume (0.037), p-value Liquefaction time (0.049), p-value PH (0.043), p-value nonprogressive sperm (0.04) p-value Immotile sperm (0.045), p-value Normal sperm (0.02) for serum, Pvalue Liquefaction time (0.028), p-value PH (0.02) for seminal Correlation These results were in accordance with previous studies which recorded that high zinc concentration is related to poor sperm quality, whereas other studies showed no important social reported that Zn concentration in seminal plasma should be considered as one of the factors responsible for decreased testicular function in infertile male subjects[36]. While other studies were not in agreement with present study like that of WHO declared that zinc influences sperm motility by improving sperm oxygen uptake and controlling energy utilization through the ATP system[37]Zinc may also increase the activities of zincdependent enzymes, such as sorbitol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, which play an important role in the servicing of sperm motility [38].

Zinc plays a significant role in the physiology of sperm cells. Although many articles have been published on the multiple functions of zinc in semen, its impacts on the structure, motility, and survival of spermatozoa are still controversial [39]. Some studies signalize that a high zinc concentration is linked with normal morphology and increased sperm cell motility and density. Consistently higher zinc levels were found in fertile men, compared to those who were infertile, and zinc supplementation was declared to be an effective method for treatment of the infertile males with chronic prostatitis [40]. Ali et al., 2007 have announced that zinc plays a vital role in the physiology of spermatozoa and spermatogenesis and an essential nutritional ingredient [41]. Omu and associates (1998) had explained that Zn therapy results in an important improvement in sperm quality with increases in sperm density, progressive motility, and improved conception and pregnancy result [42]. Prostate-specific antigen, zinc, and activity ultra αglucosidase in seminal plasma were found to be correlated with abnormal semen viscosity (Holmes, 2020). Some trace amounts of metals are essential for physiological homeostasis [43]. 5.4.3 Correlations between serum and semen concentration of lead and seminal fluid analysis parameters: The concentration of lead was measured in serum and semen of all males included in the study and correlation was done with all parameters of seminal fluid analysis. There was significant p-value PH (0.031), pvalue non-progressive sperm (0.031), p-value Immotile sperm (0.038), p-value Normal sperm (0.023) in serum correlation between serum lead and seminal fluid analysis parameters except semen volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, agglutination and round cells number which was not significant. In addition the results of the present study recorded no significant correlation between semen concentration of lead and seminal fluid analysis parameters except PH, progressive motility, immotile sperm normal sperm morphology percentage and round cells count which showed significant pvalue PH (0.011), p-value Progressive motile (0.043), pvalue Immotile sperm ( 0.04), p-value Round cells ( 0.043)in seminal correlation Higher levels of lead were associated with male infertility as detected by changes in hormonal profile and seminal parameters. Environmental exposure to Pb may adversely impact on fertility in men. Smoking habits and anemia are considerable factors in male infertility. Kidney functions and reproductive hormonal profiles are deleteriously impacted in males exposed to Pb in a regular manner [44]. The lead was inversely associated with semen parameters as, ejaculate volume, sperm count, sperm concentration, live sperms, and rapid mobility [45]. Semen analysis is the single most useful and fundamental inquiry of males' infertility [46]Evidence of various studies proposes that cigarette smoking may have a hurtful action on male fertility by reduction of sperm creation, Motility, and increasing abnormal shapes. Smokers are 60% more prone to be infertile than nonsmokers. Smokers also have high levels of serum estradiol and low levels of LH, FSH, and prolactin than non72

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smokers, all these findings can negatively impact spermatogenesis [47] There was an important increase in serum creatinine and blood urea in the study group when compared to the observation group. These results are comparable to previous literature, where a persuasive relation between abnormal renal function and blood lead levels (BLLs) <10 μg/dL was announced [48] registered that, Pb could negatively impact the male reproduction, by disruption of hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis or by direct negative impact on spermatogenesis, leading to impairment of semen quality [49]. A propensity towards the reduction of quality has been proved in males exposed to heavy metals [50]. There is the obvious agreement that high or even moderate values of lead led to fertility problems in males. Radin and others presented that >40 μg/dL of lead in the blood leads to a reduction in sperm count (Radin et al., 2012). In addition, they announced lower motility (<50%) with levels >35 μg/dL in whole blood (Vidaeff, Alex C Sever, Lowell E)[50]. Telisman also displayed that high lead concentration in blood (36.7μg/dL) remarkably lowers sperm density and motility (51)High levels of lead seem to be clearly associated with sperm damage (Callaway, O’Callaghan and David McIntyre, 2009). After adjusting for confounding variables (e.g. age, smoking, alcohol, blood cadmium, serum copper, zinc increase in blood lead was markedly) linked with reducing percentages of morphologically healthy and subnormal sperm and with increasing percentages of slow sperm and overly wide sperm [52] In another study, the seminal plasma lead values of males not exposed to lead in their work or environment were found to negatively coordinate with fertilization ability of sperm acrosome reaction and the fertilization rate when using the IVF procedure, and also with seminal plasma zinc levels [53] As a result, the previous trials propose that lead may remarkably reduce the quality of semen, even at low-levels that is usual for common people all over the world. many trials including lead labours have demonstrated that paternal blood levels of lead of about 30–40 μg/dL are a most likely threshold for the high rate of

spontaneous abortions, decreased rate of live births and prolonged time to pregnancy(Fuller, 2018). Although changeable findings or minor incompatibility were also revealed blood plasma lead and were inversely coordinated with the rate of fertilization [54] [55]. The split of lead in whole blood between the erythrocyte and plasma fractions varies considerably [56] and appears dependent upon plasma protocol [57]. Since the fragment of whole blood lead in plasma is more readily available for distribution to other organs, therefore, should be considered the biologically relevant measure [58]. However, the use of blood plasma lead levels in the study of human infertility is limited by the current unpredictability as to baseline blood plasma lead levels in normal individuals. Positive relationships between blood lead levels and seminal plasma lead levels have been announced after both work exposures and environmental exposures to lead [59]. This suggested that a mechanism must exist in which lead exposures were readily conveyed to the male reproductive tract. Therefore, in the current study, it is checked the relationship between seminal plasma lead levels and male infertility. Seminal lead levels were unforeseen as, according to questionnaire responses, none of the subjects was engaged in work likely to produce exposure to metal ions [60]. We also report that the level of lead in seminal plasma is negatively correlated with male fertility potential, as measured seminal plasma lead levels can occur without detectable effects on male reproductive endocrine function, and that increased lead intake may be weakly associated with decreased sperm concentration, decreased normal morphology and decreased sperm motility [61]. 5.5 Comparisons of general characteristics between fertile and infertile males In table 4-6 some environmental and social factors which were suspected to have an effect on male fertility were summarized and compared between fertile and infertile males. It was found that alcohol drinking, smoking; surgical treatment for varicocele, drug history and heavy work was more in infertile males which indicates the effect of these factors on male fertility.

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Abarikwu SO. Causes and risk factors for male-factor infertility in Nigeria: a review. Afr J Reprod Health. 2013;17(4). Zhao J, Dong X, Hu X, Long Z, Wang L, Liu Q, et al. Zinc levels in seminal plasma and their correlation with male infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2016;6(1):22386. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22386 Wu X, Tang J, Xie M. Serum and hair zinc levels in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12249. Jurkowska K, Kratz EM, Sawicka E, Piwowar A. The impact of metalloestrogens on the physiology of male reproductive health as a current problem of the XXI century. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2019;70(3):337–55. Brummer-Holder M, Cassill BD, Hayes SH. Interrelationships Between Age and Trace Element Concentration in Horse Mane Hair and Whole Blood. J Equine Vet Sci. 2020;87:102922. Kasperczyk A, Dobrakowski M, Czuba ZP, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Kasperczyk S. Environmental exposure to zinc and copper influences sperm quality in fertile males. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2016;23(1). Podfigurna A, Czyzyk A, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Meczekalski B. Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. In: Menopause. Springer; 2017. p. 23–66. Bucher K, Malama E, Siuda M, Janett F, Bollwein H. Multicolor flow cytometric analysis of cryopreserved bovine sperm: a tool for the evaluation of bull fertility. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(12):11652–69. Saha AK. Fatty Liver Disease, a Silent Killer of Human Beings. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2019. Shahin MA, Khalil WA, Saadeldin IM, Swelum AA-A, El-Harairy MA. Comparison between the effects of adding vitamins, trace elements, and nanoparticles to shotor extender on the cryopreservation of dromedary camel epididymal spermatozoa. Animals. 2020;10(1):78. Wang Y-X, Wang P, Feng W, Liu C, Yang P, Chen Y-J, et al. Relationships between seminal plasma metals/metalloids and semen quality, sperm apoptosis and DNA integrity. Environ Pollut. 2017;224:224–34. Leisegang K, Henkel R. Environmental Factors 34. Male Infertil Contemp Clin Approaches, Andrology, ART Antioxidants. 2020;437. Elfassy Y, Bongrani A, Levy P, Foissac F, Fellahi S, Faure C, et al. Relationships between metabolic status, seminal adipokines and reproductive functions in men from infertile couples. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;1(aop). Janczarek M, Kowalska E. On the origin of enhanced photocatalytic activity of copper-modified titania in the oxidative reaction systems. Catalysts. 2017;7(11):317. Mezzaroba L, Alfieri DF, Simão ANC, Reiche EMV. The role of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotoxicology. 2019;74:230–41. Ranji-Burachaloo H, Gurr PA, Dunstan DE, Qiao GG. Cancer treatment through nanoparticle-facilitated fenton reaction. ACS Nano. 2018;12(12):11819–37. Saporito-Magriñá CM, Musacco-Sebio RN, Andrieux G, Kook L, Orrego MT, Tuttolomondo MV, et al. Copperinduced cell death and the protective role of glutathione: the implication of impaired protein folding rather than oxidative stress. Metallomics. 2018;10(12):1743–54. Nenkova G, Petrov L, Alexandrova A. Role of trace elements for oxidative status and quality of human sperm. Balkan Med J. 2017;34(4):343. Richard E, Gallego-Villar L, Rivera-Barahona A, Oyarzábal A, Pérez B, Rodríguez-Pombo P, et al. Altered redox homeostasis in branched-chain amino acid disorders, organic acidurias, and homocystinuria. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018. Aitken RJ. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of sperm capacitation and pathological damage. Mol Reprod Dev. 2017;84(10):1039–52. Tadele F. Evaluation of total oxidative stress and creatine kinase (bb) level for screening and diagnosis of brain tumor among brain tumor patients attending Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. BY. Addis Ababa Universty; 2018. Usuga A, Rojano B, Restrepo G. Effect of seminal plasma components on the quality of fresh and cryopreserved stallion semen. J Equine Vet Sci. 2017;58:103–11. Cruz MHC, Leal CLV, da Cruz JF, Tan D-X, Reiter RJ. Role of melatonin on production and preservation of gametes and embryos: a brief review. Anim Reprod Sci. 2014;145(3–4):150–60. Correia SC de L. Estrogens and regucalcin in testicular apoptosis and sperm function:“a matter of life and death". 2014; Wong WY, Flik G, Groenen PMW, Swinkels DW, Thomas CMG, Copius-Peereboom JHJ, et al. The impact of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma on semen parameters in men. Reprod Toxicol. 2001;15(2):131–6. Uttl B, White CA, Gonzalez DW. Meta-analysis of faculty’s teaching effectiveness: Student evaluation of teaching ratings and student learning are not related. Stud Educ Eval. 2017;54:22–42. 74

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35. Stewart KR, Bradley CL, Wilcock P, Domingues F, Kleve-Feld M, Hundley J, et al. Superdosing phytase fed to mature boars improves semen concentration and reproductive efficiency. Prof Anim Sci. 2018;34(1):95–102. 36. Akinloye O, Abbiyesuku FM, Oguntibeju OO, Arowojolu AO, Truter EJ. The impact of blood and seminal plasma zinc and copper concentrations on spermogram and hormonal changes in infertile Nigerian men. Reprod Biol. 2011;11(2):83–97. 37. Bisht S, Faiq M, Tolahunase M, Dada R. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2017;14(8):470. 38. Kerns K, Zigo M, Sutovsky P. Zinc: A necessary ion for mammalian sperm fertilization competency. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(12):4097. 39. Juyena NS, Stelletta C. Seminal plasma: an essential attribute to spermatozoa. J Androl. 2012;33(4):536–51. 40. Zofkova I. Involvement of bone in systemic endocrine regulation. Physiol Res. 2018;67(5):669–77. 41. Alsalman AR, Almashhedy LA, Hadwan MH. Zinc supplementation attenuates lipid peroxidation and increases antiperoxidant activity in seminal plasma of Iraqi asthenospermic men. Life Sci J. 2013;10(4):989–97. 42. Fallah A, Mohammad-Hasani A, Colagar AH. Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men’s health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization. J Reprod Infertil. 2018;19(2):69. 43. Zofkova I, Davis M, Blahos J. Trace elements have beneficial, as well as detrimental effects on bone homeostasis. Physiol Res. 2017;66(3). 44. Kumar S, NG S, Gautam AK, Agarwal K, Shah B, Kulkarni PK, et al. Semen quality of industrial workers occupationally exposed to chromium. J Occup Health. 2005;47(5):424–30. 45. Salas-Huetos A, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies. Hum Reprod Update. 2017;23(4):371–89. 46. Butt F, Akram N. Semen analysis parameters: Experiences and insight into male infertility at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63(5):558–62. 47. Olayemi OJ, Olayinka BO, Musa AI. Evaluation of antibiotic self-medication pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (Main Campus) Zaria. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2010;2(1):35–8. 48. Halbesma N, Brantsma AH, Bakker SJL, Jansen DF, Stolk RP, De Zeeuw D, et al. Gender differences in predictors of the decline of renal function in the general population. Kidney Int. 2008;74(4):505–12. 49. Vander Borght M, Wyns C. Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem. 2018;62:2–10. 50. Vidaeff AC, Sever LE. In utero exposure to environmental estrogens and male reproductive health: a systematic review of biological and epidemiologic evidence. Reprod Toxicol. 2005;20(1):5–20. 51. Mínguez-Alarcón L, Afeiche MC, Williams PL, Arvizu M, Tanrikut C, Amarasiriwardena CJ, et al. Hair mercury (Hg) levels, fish consumption and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2018;221(2):174–82. 52. Telišman S, Čolak B, Pizent A, Jurasović J, Cvitković P. Reproductive toxicity of low-level lead exposure in men. Environ Res. 2007;105(2):256–66. 53. Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D, Du Plessis SS. Utility of antioxidants during assisted reproductive techniques: an evidence based review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12(1):112. 54. Snyder TD, Dillow SA. Digest of Education Statistics, 2011. NCES 2012-001. Natl Cent Educ Stat. 2012; 55. Benoff S, Jacob A, Hurley IR. Male infertility and environmental exposure to lead and cadmium. Hum Reprod Update. 2000;6(2):107–21. 56. Rogers J, Li R, Mastroeni D, Grover A, Leonard B, Ahern G, et al. Peripheral clearance of amyloid β peptide by complement C3-dependent adherence to erythrocytes. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27(12):1733–9. 57. Appledorn DM, Patial S, McBride A, Godbehere S, Van Rooijen N, Parameswaran N, et al. Adenovirus vectorinduced innate inflammatory mediators, MAPK signaling, as well as adaptive immune responses are dependent upon both TLR2 and TLR9 in vivo. J Immunol. 2008;181(3):2134–44. 58. Devonshire AS, Whale AS, Gutteridge A, Jones G, Cowen S, Foy CA, et al. Towards standardisation of cell-free DNA measurement in plasma: controls for extraction efficiency, fragment size bias and quantification. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014;406(26):6499–512. 59. Yabe J, Nakayama SMM, Nakata H, Toyomaki H, Yohannes YB, Muzandu K, et al. Current trends of blood lead levels, distribution patterns and exposure variations among household members in Kabwe, Zambia. Chemosphere. 2020;243:125412. 60. Flora SJS, Agrawal S. Arsenic, cadmium, and lead. In: Reproductive and developmental toxicology. Elsevier; 2017. p. 537–66. 61. Roychoudhury S, Saha MR, Saha MM. Environmental Toxicants and Male Reproductive Toxicity: OxidationReduction Potential as a New Marker of Oxidative Stress in Infertile Men. In: Networking of Mutagens in Environmental Toxicology. Springer; 2019. p. 99–115.

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ENGINEERING THE SET OF FACTORS EFFECTING PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF ECO-FRIENDLY COAL BRIQUETTES Abdukhakim Muminov Student, Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara Olim Abdurakhmonov Doctor of technical sciences, associate professor, Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Uzbekistan, Bukhara

, .

ABSTRACT The primary aim of the article is to present the result of the research conducted on identifying key factors that effects physical attributes of eco-friendly coal briquettes, namely moisture degree and proportion of ingredients of coal briquettes. ,

. Keywords: Coal briquettes, durability, ash content, physical attributes, moisture degree, ignition time. : , , , , . Eco-friendly coal briquettes are inexpensive solid fuels made from coal dust and organic waste available to use in both domestic and industrial sectors. The identified coal reserves of Uzbekistan are equal to 1382.8 million tons and predicted reserves are more than 3.5 billion tons [1]. Addition to this, 85.9% of all electricity produced in Uzbekistan belongs to electricity taken from thermal power plants (TPPs) and one of the main fuel sources of TTPs are coal, after natural gas. These numbers show that coal industry will remain to be one of the main fuel industries of the republic for the next couple of decades. The finely broken coal, coal dust, inevitably produced during mining process. Pure coal dust is difficult to burn as it is both hard to arrange adequate airflow throw a fire of these small pieces, also it tended to be drawn up and out of the chimney by the draught, giving visible black smoke[2]. And doubtlessly burning finely broken coal causes serious environmental problems. Meanwhile, there is a possibility of creating ecofriendly solid fuel product with high heating power and durability value from composition of pure coal dust and biomass.

Picture 1. Square coal briquette samples The aim of the research was to conduct the set of experiments to identify best ratio of compounds namely pure coal dust and biomass, to get eco-friendly briquettes. During the experiment 3 diverse treatments with 4 repetitions, i.e. treatment 1 (80% pure coal: 20% 76

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biomass), treatment 2 (85% pure coal: 15% biomass), treatment 3 (90% pure coal: 10% biomass) conducted. As the factor of harm to the ecology was taken the ash content of the briquettes. As well as ash content, during the experiment other aspects of the coal briquette like ignition and burning time were measured too.

The results show that the second ratio of compounds has relatively better indicators of the harmlessness. Average ignition time for 4 experiments of the 2nd treatment was 22.32 seconds which is better to 2.5 seconds than in treatment 3. Table 1.

The result of the briquette analysis on average ash content. Treatment number 1 2 3

Ratio of compounds Average ignition Average length of Average ash contime burning tent Coal dust portion Biomass portion (seconds) (minutes) (%) (%) (%) 80 20 18.3 17.25 32.7 85 15 22.32 19.54 27.3 90 10 24.8 20.42 37.5

But the length of the burning time was relatively longer in treatment 3 than in treatment 2, furthermore samples of the treatment 1 have showed the least ignition time equal to 18.3 seconds. Despite this factors, as the main index of eco-friendly fuel was taken ash content, the samples of the treatment 2 is considered as the best one, having ash content equal to 27.3%, which is 5% lower than in treatment 1 and 10% lower than in treatment 3. For the experiment on ash content samples of cubic form (2x2x2 sm) was taken. After drying period[3] (310 days depending on room temperature and moisture degree, and process can be intensified by artificial drying methods) one sample from every treatment and the samples were placed above the grid and given the initial source of heat in order to identify ignition time. Samples’ ignition times varied from 15 to 25 seconds. In the second step of the experiment burning time of the briquette samples were measured. Average burning length differed from 17 to 21 minutes. Last stage of the measurement was to identify the ash content of the samples. It was accomplished by measuring the weight of the samples before and after burning coal briquettes. The less ash content the more eco-friendly briquettes are.

Three various moisture degree of the compounds were tested during the research in order to find most optimal one. Each ratio had 4 samples. Durability rates of each samples were gathered up and average durability were taken as an overall result. The physical strength of the research samples was tested by measuring equipment of the G.U.N.T Company, Germany, called WP300.20. The high measuring accuracy of the equipment increased reliability of taken results. WP 300 has the functions of conducting various testing methods, such as tensile test and Brinell hardness test, and test like compression test, bending test, stamping test, shear test, disc spring and coil spring test can be conducted using the additional accessories[4].

Picture 3. Measuring equipment G.U.N.T. WP300.20 The computer software of the equipment simplified testing procedure. The first step in testing is to choose test method and enter the values (form, height, width and etc.) of the sample. The next step is to put the sample to the specific area of the equipment and start the test. While conducting compression test manually the computer will collect all date coming from the machine and displays the results both in table and diagram form. The diagram beneath depicts durability of the sample to the physical force for 1mm2 area. The highest point of the line, accounting for 3.38 N, indicates the maximum force involved in the test in order to destruct the sample. Which means the sample can resist to the

Picture 2. The process of testing ash content of the samples 77

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amount of physical force less than 3.38N/mm2 area. This is higher than usual briquette samples’ durability to 1.5 times. Additionally, both of the research shows that coal briquettes had higher attributes than pure coal of Uzbek

origin which has approximately 750kkal/per kilo which is almost 7 times lower than coal efficiency of the ones originated from Russia and Caucasus, which in turns gives motive to continue works on developing characteristics of coal briquettes.

Diagram 1. Physical durability of the tested sample the real life will bring new type of eco-friendly fuel to the energy industry of the country, whereas the ordinary method of using coal, burning coal with its dust, has the negative effect both to the environment and to human health. Energy efficiency of the fuel is also one of the main profits which can be acquired by the realizing the method.

Conducted research on testing ash content of the eco-friendly coal briquettes from composition of coal dust and organic waste showed the impact of compounds ratio to the ash content of the coal briquettes and average ignition and burning time. And there is a possibility of further improvements in heat power and durability of the briquettes by conducting other researchers on relevant topic. Inculcating the research methods to

References: 1. Electronic resource: www.uzbekenergo.uz/eng/activities/coal-industry/ 2. Global Colloquium on GeoScience and Engineering 2017: “Bio-coal briquettes using low-grade coal”. I.M. Estiaty, D. Fatimah and Widodo 3. Journal Pone November 9, 2018: “Development and characterization of charcoal briquette from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)-molasses blend”. Naomi P. Carnaje, Romel B. Talagon 4. Electronic resource: www.gunt.de/eng/model_search/wp_300/

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PHILOLOGY SOMERSET MAUGHAM “THE MOON AND SIXPENCES” Mukhlisa Khidirova Uzbekistan State World Languages University, the 1 year student of Master’s Department, Uzbekistan, Tashkent st

ABSTRACT The article considers the phenomenon of ekphrasis - a verbal description of an object of art in a literary work. This article examines the phenomenon of ekphrasis in the novel by S. Maugham "Moon and Penniless." The novel describes five paintings on behalf of various observers in monological and dialogical forms of ekphrasis. In addition, the article considers a number of other works of the writer, along with biographical data. Keywords: Canvas, fresco, easel, vehement, hackneyed, harlot, maxim, whim, peccadillo, Adam and Eve, moral degradation. The 20th century left its indelible marks in the spiritual life of the United States; this century was quite difficult for American literature, but quite fruitful. This is the time when strict Putiran prescriptions, condemning art created not by sober reason, but by feeling, were squeezed out by the industrial revolution and the economic breakthrough. For American literature this century was marked by the rapid development of realism, along with trends such as decadence and modernism. this period elevated US literature to a leading level in the history of world literature. perhaps the first and second world wars served as an impetus for the rethinking of values and a new look at literature focused on the topic of moral degradation of the individual. This era gave rise to many world-famous writers and publicists, including Somerset Maugham, playwright, novelist, novelist and critic, who is known for his work as “The Moon and the Penny,” “Lady Frederick”, “The Unknown”, “The Circle”, “For Services Rendered”, “Sheppey”, “Liza of Lambeth”, “Mrs. Craddock”, “Of Human Bondage”, “The Moon and Sixpence”, “The Painted Veil”, “Cakes and Ale”, “The Theater”, “The Razor's Edge” and etc. dhering to realistic principles, Somerset also partially falls under the influence of naturalism, modernism and neoromanticism. "one of the leading writers of the second row," that’s what kind of appreciation a writer gives himself, who, during his lifetime, almost became a classic. Maugham was born in the family of a British lawyer in France, he orphaned early and raised his uncle, who was a priest, in the Maugham family was the youngest child, with brothers who continued his father’s career, had almost no contact and grew up lonely. in view of his short stature, stuttering and poor English, he often endured the ridicule of those around him, “I will never forget the suffering of these years ..” - the writer later says, recalling his precarious childhood. later than 1892, Maugham became a student at the medical school at the St. Thomas, his enlightenment in the field of medicine, is clearly reflected in his works, according to many opinions, it was this profession that made Maugham a writer: “For these three years I have witnessed all the emotions that a person is capable of. This kindled my playwright's instinct, worried me about the writer ... I saw people die. I saw how they tolerated the

pain. I saw what hope, fear, relief look like; I saw the black shadows that despair puts on faces; saw courage and stamina." « The Summing Up». The love of literature appeared in the writer from childhood, his lonely life was diversified by books. The writer writes his first work at a very young age, at 23 years old. It was the novel "Lisa of Lambeth." This book was based on his personal impressions of communicating with the poor, which he received during his medical practice at the Medical School of St. Thomas Hospital. Although the novel turned out to be quite good, he did not bring fame to the author. But his subsequent works, including the novel "Mrs. Craddock" and “Lady Fredrick”, which brought the author recognition. n amazing fact in the life of the writer is that, he was a bisexual. The writer himself admitted that he did not experience true mutual love in life. he writes about this in his autobiographical novel, “Summing Up,” here he shares with the reader his inner feelings. The writer's work was also influenced by his participation in the first and second world war, as a British intelligence officer, he opposed Nazi Germany (“For Services Rendered”, “The Razor's Edge”, “Rain”, “Macintosh”). the writer's works do not feel optimistic, many of Maugham’s works are saturated with the idea of a tragedy of attitude, but his characters are always selfless in opposing fate, trying to break out of “human slavery” and stagnant society. It is in this spirit that the writer’s novel “The Moon and Sixpences” is saturated, which describes the martyrdom of the stock broker Mr. Strickland, who left his family, home, career to become a painter. The title of this novel is not always understood by the reader until he delves into the essence of the novel. Maugham, using the idiom and metaphor of the words "moon", which is a symbol of a higher dream, fantasy, something sublime, as in the phrase "promise the moon", promise golden mountains, and on the contrary to Sixpence, associated with poverty and the whole identity of being, as in the saying "not worth sixpence". So the name of this novel is metaphorical, since the hero of the novel sacrifices all his wealth and position in society for the sake of a passion for rediscovering himself as an artist-painter. If you decipher the name of the

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book, then the moon is life given to the altar of art, and a Sixpence is a well-fed and hypocritical existence. The novel takes place in the early twentieth century. This is a novel about attainable and unobtainable from the point of divinity and permissible and impermissible from the point of morality. So as in many Maugham`s novels, story is told by man, who shares his memoirs with a reader. He was a young writer, who just started his career in the center of bourgeois society, where he first acquainted with The Stricklands, firstly with Mrs. Strickland who was adore of being among art-men, in order to catch up with times, then with Mr. Strickland, who was thought as a boring, offish man absolutely indifferent to art. However, despite the fact that he was unconcerned, he turned out as a genius, who could dare to exchange everything for the life in slums, for hermitage and poverty. All events revolve around the main character Strickland, who goes against society and its laws to quench the thirst for beauty, to fulfill its mission - to become an artist. reading the novel, the reader understands that Strickland, according to his father’s instructions, renounces painting and becomes a broker, his father’s words “you can’t earn much on canvas” block his desire for a while, but with age this desire transforms into the meaning of life and makes the hero obsessed. His family and friends do not accept this as a reason and believe that he left everything for the sake of another woman, while love and other passions do not matter to Strickland. He nourishes in himself inhuman strength and will, which at the same time torments him, making him a slave to art, unable to love and live like a normal person, this force destroys and at the same time exalts him. For a start, it seems that even he himself does not understand what is happening to him, he only listens to the call of his heart that tells him to create, and he himself admits this when he is persuaded to return home: “‘Then, what in God`s name have you left her for’/ ‘-I want to pain’ , I looked at him for quite a long time/…/ I thought he was mad. It must be remembered that I was very young, and I looked upon him as a middle-aged man…” Later its frescoes are characterized by epithets, - "primitive", "terrible", "inhuman" - indicating that in nature there are more sublime forms of beauty, reading a novel you understand that not all people are created for the family and for routine, but the whole vice is that society does not accept such people on time. There is a version that the prototype of Strickland is the famous French painter Paul Gauguin, who also left his former life, a family with the goal of becoming an artist.

Their age and fate are largely identical - both artists lived and worked in poverty, and became famous only after death. However, there is a possibility that this novel is autobiographical, there are many facts that Maugham endowed his hero with the qualities that he himself would like to have - the writer himself, because of his unconventional orientation, forced himself to marry a woman with whom he did not live under the same roof Fearing condemnation of society, perhaps the author himself did not have enough in life the decisiveness with which he endowed his hero. In the novel, the artist’s relations with people around him are somewhat tragically described, always straightforward and rude Strickland at first glance causes hatred that he does not take into account the opinions of others, never sells and does not show his works to others, although he lives very poorly, here you can understand what he does not believe that the people around him will understand the philosophy of his work, they will not be able to see the beauty and the martyrdom that the artist put into his paintings. Hidden genius in Strickland is seen by Dirk Stroeve - a dutch artist who wrote vulgar and banal paintings about Italy, but was very successful in his time. He boldly claims that Strickland is a genius, but people have so far lost the flair for real art that they simply do not understand what Strickland wants to convey through his paintings. “fter reading the novel, I involuntarily gave myself up to thoughts that everyone has a dream. Another question is that not everyone will decide on this. The main character, Charles Strickland, is a living example of how you can suddenly drop everything and change your life drastically by following your dream. To do this, you need to have the special character that Strickland had. The character around him causes different feelings: from adoration and love to hatred and contempt. The hero is not indicated as an antagonist or protagonist. What does the author think of him? Maugham hardly gives Strickland any specific assessment. So readers should read and decide for themselves how they feel about this strange complex person. perhaps not every reader will understand Strickland. But I was very touched by the main idea of the author: when a strong personality, purposeful person, not striving to please anyone, believes in his destiny, then everything falls into place. Everything is as it should be. You can live your life the way you want. And nothing can stop you. Perhaps the author himself also wanted to live as his main character, but could not find the strength to resist the strength of society, and embodied Strickland with all the qualities that he himself would like to possess.

References: 1. Electronic resource: https://books.google.com/books?id=hD_7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 2. Electronic resource: https://books.google.com/books?id=r1zcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT289 3. Electronic resource: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/nov/30/somerset-maughamholburnemuseum-bath#maincontent 4. Electronic resource: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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USING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE GAMES IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE Madina Mirzaxmadova Magistr, Uzbek State World Languages University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent ABSTRACT Nowadays, engaging pupils in lessons through a variety of communicative games is evolving significantly. The purpose of this article to determine the use of communicative language games for teaching English in Uzbek primary schools for developing communicative competence. In order to conduct an effective lesson and to develop pupils’ communicative competence Communicative Language Teaching approach is advised by many researchers. As a tool questionnaire and observation sheet are used and the participants of the questionnaire was ten English teachers of Uzbek primary school. The results of the work indicate that the teachers in this primary school are well aware of the benefits of communicative games and want to use them more in the classroom. Keywords: Communicative competence, communicative language games, Communicative Language Teaching. to support classes in which the Communicative Language Teaching approach is used. Similarly, Abe (2013) states that group activities and individual development, discussions and presentations are useful in classes where the CLT approach is applied. Yen-Hui Wang (2010) states that CLT aims to develop learners’ communicative competence by exposing learners to rich and comprehensible input in the target language and involving them in communicating and participating actively through using the language. Method The current study was designed to explore Uzbek primary school teachers’ viewpoints about using communicative language games in English language teaching. It was conducted at a public school located in Sergeli district. The questionnaire was taken from ten English teachers who teach primary school pupils. This study was conducted by using some methods: a questionnaire and observation sheet. There is openended questions in the questionnaire and observation sheet was one of the main instrument for collecting data. Both tools were written in English. The questionnaire was given to teachers and the purpose of this instrument was to get information about teachers’ views regarding the use of communicative language games to develop learners’ communicative competence. Moreover, the aim of the observation sheet was mostly used to take some notes about the frequency of conducting different game activities and the most common communicative games applied by teachers. Results and Discussions The results of this study show that the majority of the teachers in primary schools have positive attitude towards communicative competence and communicative language games. They have a great passion to use communicative games in their lessons. According to observations, teachers in Uzbekistan strictly must follow the course-books and syllabus provided by educational authorities. For this reason, they have some problems with the time and there are limited games or activities for learners to make a real conversation in the course-books. The questionnaire results indicate that teachers use and manage for some communicative games in primary classes in each lesson. However, lack of time, facilities, materials and internet, some very

Introduction The notion of Communicative Competence has become a productive research issue for Language Teaching. It is the central notion for schools in many developed countries and mostly used where the English language is taught. Implementing communicative competence in schools is a difficult process that requires specific materials and methodologies. According to “State Educational Standards of Continuous Education of Uzbekistan”, primary school pupils must be at 1 level in Uzbekistan. Therefore, the educational process is based on a number of competencies to provide pupils with effective knowledge. The role of communicative competence is important among them. It is important to organize lessons based on age-appropriate, fun games so that young language learners can speak freely and communicate with others fluently in English. The research investigated here aims at describing how the materials and the methodology should be utilized to the development of the pupils’ Communicative Competence. In order to find out what kinds of communicative language games are used the most frequently in English lessons some primary school teachers are questioned. Literature Review The term “communicative competence” was first used by D.Hymes (1966). He defines communicative competence as the speaker's ability to participate in a society not only as a speaking member but also as a communicative member. The term communicative competence has been used by sociolinguists to include both knowing a language (linguistic competence) and knowing how to use it. According to Hymes CLT is an approach in ESL/EFL teaching aiming at developing learners’ communicative competence. Furthermore, Light (1997) states that communicative competence should achieve four main purposes: expressing wants and needs, developing social closeness, exchanging information, and fulfilling social etiquette routines. Communicative Language Teaching started in both America and Britain in the 1960s. According to Moss and Ross-Feldman (2003), any kind of activity that requires the learner to speak and listen to others includes the use of communication. Richards and Rodgers (2014) claim that use of games, role-plays, simulations, and task-based communication activities are important 81

№ 28 (157), 2020 . interest in language learning. There are several advantages of using communicative language games in English language teaching: motivate students’ learning with fun, enjoyment and excitement, provide practice on language use and language usage, supply chances to use language in authentic contexts, create an agreeable and supportive learning environment, and promote interpersonal relations. These are suggested by Yen-Hui Wang and it is visible that communicative games stimulate pupils’ interest in language learning and help them to communicate in English fluently.

useful games are not employed. The use of internet make teachers work easy and adopt interesting games for developing pupils’ communicative competence. Conclusions The findings show that there still a number of issues that need to be solved. The necessary conditions must be created for using games in the classrooms to develop communicative competence. Furthermore, the availability of the internet in all educational institutions will greatly help teachers to conduct lessons effectively. As a same time, using CLT approach and conducting communicative activities motivates learners to take more

References 1. Abe, E. (2013). Communicative language teaching in Japan: Current practices and future prospects: Investigating students' experiences of current communicative approaches to English language teaching in schools in Japan. English Today, 29 (2), 46-53. 2. Hymes, D. 1971. Competence and performance in linguistic theory. In R. Huxley & E. Ingram (eds.) Language Acquisition: Models and Methods. London: Academic Press. 3. Hymes, D. 1972. On communicative competence. In J.B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 269-293. 4. Hymes, D.H. 1967. The anthropology of communication. In F.E. Dance (Ed.), Human communication theory: Original essays. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 5. Light, J. 1997. “Communication is the essence of human life”: Reflections on communicative competence. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 13, 61–70. 6. Richards, J. C. and Rodgers, T. S., Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 7. Moss, D., & Ross-Feldman, L. (2003). Second language acquisition in adults: From research to practice. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/CAELA/esl_resources/digests/SLA.html. 8. The Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of the RUz, State Educational Standards of Continuous Education of Uzbekistan (2013), 2-6. 9. Yen-Hui Wang. ( 2010). Using Communicative Language Games in Teaching and Learning English in Taiwanese Primary Schools, Kainan University, Journal of Engineering Technology and Education, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 126-142. -

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O'ZBEK TILIDA MAQOLALAR

PEDAGOGIKA ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK YO‘NALISHI – PXISOLINGVISTIKADA O‘ZBEK BOLALARI NUTQINING O‘RGANILISHI Shayxislamov Nursulton Zamon o‘g‘li Toshkent viloyati Chirchiq davlat pedagogika instituti talabasi, O’zbekiston, Chirchiq ANNOTATSIYA Quyidagi maqolamizda ontolingvistik bilimlar, lisoniy qobiliyat, lisoniy faollik,bolalar nutqining shakllanishi, maktab yoshigacha bo‘lgan bolalar hamda maktab o‘quvchilarining nutqiy kamchiliklari haqidagi, bolalarda nutqning shakllanish jarayonlarini ilmiy asoslab bergan bir qancha psixolingvist olimlarning ilmiy izlanishlarini havola etamiz hamda assotsiativ metod asosida tuzilgan jadvalni tahlil qilamiz. Hozirda yuqori sinf o‘quvchilarining nutqi yo‘qolib borayotganligi hamda nutning xulq bilan o‘zaro bog‘liqliklarini ko‘rib chiqamiz. Kalit so‘zlar: nutq, psixolingvistika, assotsiativ metod, ontolingvistika, lisoniy qobiliyat, lisoniy faollik, alaliya, afaziya. “Psixolingvistika” ilm-fanga yangi kirib kelgan yo‘nalishlardan biri hisoblanadi. Psixolingvistika atamasi amerikalik olimlar tomonidan ilmiy hayotga olib kirilgan. Ilk marta bu atama 1946-yilda Amerika psixologi Pronko tomonidan “Til va psixolingvistika” maqolasida qo‘llaniladi. 1953-yil Indiana shtatining Blumington shahrida mashxur Amerika psixologlari Kerol va Osgudlar bilan taniqli tilshunos va etnograf Siboeklar tomonidan o‘tkazilgan universitetlararo seminarda tilshunoslik bilan psixologiya munosabatlari muhokama etildi va psixolingvistika nomi bilan ataluvchi alohida fan yo‘nalishi bo’lishi lozimligi ta’kidlandi. Shu tariqa psixolingvistika fani vujudga keldi. [1,63-64 ]. Bolalar nutqini tahlil qilar ekanmiz, avvalo, nutq nima ekanligiga to‘xtalib o‘tamiz. Nutq – tilning fikr ifodalash va almashish jarayonida amal qilishi, tilning alohida ijtimoiy faoliyat turidagi muayyan shakli. [2] Aynan bolalar nutqini o‘rganish olimlarda katta qiziqish uyg‘otgan. Va bu boradagi ilmiy izlanishlar 18asr oxiri 19-asrlardan boshlangan. Bolalar nutqiga oid dastlabki qarashlar Germaniyada Tideman tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlarda o‘z aksini topgan. Faylasuf, psixolog va tarixchi Tenning 1877-yilda “ Mind” jurnalida chop etilgan maqolalari, CHarlz Darvin hamda Xemfrining bolalar muloqot xulqini aks ettiruvchi misollar jamlangan kundaliklaridan parchalar, nemis fiziologi Preyerning bolalar nutqi tahliliga oid qaydlar, Kruze tomonidan yoshli bola so‘z zaxirasini o‘rganish asosida to‘plangan muayyan leksikostatistik ma’lumotlar ushbu yo‘nalishning rivojlanishiga muhim hissa bo‘lib qo‘shilgan. Shuningdek bolalar nutqi Garbining 1889-yilda Italyan tili materiali asosida nashr qilingan ilmiy ishida ham tadqiq etilgan.[3, 3-bet] Lisoniy qobiliyat (linguistic competence) tushunchasi Xomskiy tomonidanilmiy muomalaga kiritilgan. Xomskiy lisoniy qobiliyatni mazkur tilde so‘zlashish qobiliyatini tashkil qiluvchi sifatida izohlagan. Ma’lumki, kishi tovushlar birikuvi so‘zlar bog‘lanishi, umuman tildagi so‘zlar tizmining

qo‘llanilishini onasidan, tevarak-atrofdagi yaqinlaridan eshitib o‘z ona tilini o‘zlashtiradi (ayni holat tilshunos yoki tilni har qanday o‘rganuvchida ham kuzatiladi). Bunday tizimdan foydalanish natijasida inson ona tilidagi cheksiz so‘z turkumlari, jumlalar va matnlarni hosil qilish qobiliyatini egallab boradi. Shunga ko‘ra, lisoniy qobiliyatni so‘zlovchi va tinglovchi til bilimining potensiali, deb izohlash mumkin. Xomskiy “lisoniy qobiliyat birlamchi bo‘lib, u lisoniy faollikni belgilaydi”, - deb hisobladi. Transformatsion grammatika tarafdorlari ham asosiy urg‘uni lisoniy qobiliyitga berishdi.[5,25-bet] Xomskiy qarashlaridan qanday xulosaga kelishimiz mumkin? Xomskiy bolada til va nutqning shakllanishini uning atrofidagi insonlar ta’sirida rivojlanishini isbotlamoqchi bo‘lgan. Oiladagi muhit natijasida til shakllansa, demak, shu muhit natijasida bolada nutq xulqi ham rivojlanib boradi. Agar bolada nutq xulqi oiladagi yoki atrof-muhitdagi voqea yoki shaxlar ta’sirida shakllansa, alaliya ham shundan kelib chiqishi mumkin. Alaliya (yunoncha a – inkor yuklamasi va qadimgi yunon tilida lalia – nutq) –nutqiy buzilishning bir ko‘rinishi bo‘lib, u aqli raso, eshitish qobiliyati bekam-u ko‘st bo‘lgan bolalarda nutning bo‘lmasligi yoki nutqning juda kech paydo bo‘lishi bilan tavsiflanadi.[5, 91-bet] Ontogenez (yunoncha onto –borliq va genez) – organizmning individual rivojlanishi, uning shakllana boshlashidan hayotning oxirigacha sodir bo‘ladigan ketma-ket o‘zgarishlar majmuyidir. Ontolingvistika esa bolalar nutqini kompleks holda tadqiq etuvchi yo‘nalish hisoblanadi. Filogenez (yunoncha phylon –avlod,qabila genez) filogeneya – tirik organizmlar hamda ularning taksonomik guruhlari: olam, tip, sinf, turkumlar, oila, avlod va turlarning tarixiy taraqqiyoti.[o’z.milliy ensiklopediyasi 2000-2005] 83

№ 28 (157), 2020 . li uzilib qoladi. Ba’zan biz umuman so‘z boyligi yetarli bo‘lmagan o‘qituvchi kadrlarga ham duch kelamiz. Mening fikrimcha, buning asosiy sababini yuqoridagi ilmiy izlanishlarga qarab ham aniqlashimiz mumkin. Inson o‘zining lisoniy qobiliyatini lisoniy faolligi bilan shakllantirganligi uchun nutqiy kamchiliklarga duch kelamiz. Bu kodlash va dekodlash jarayonlar bilan ham bog‘liq.  Kodlash – ongda jumlani hosil qilish.  Dekodlash – ongda hosil qilingan jumlani tushunish.  Assotsiatsiya – til birliklarining shakli yoki mantiqiy-semantik belgisiga ko‘ra o‘zaro ta’siri. Biz hozir maktab yoshigacha, maktab yoshidagi hamda yuqori sinf o‘quvchilari ishtirokida o‘tkazilgan assotsiativ eksperimenting jadvali bilan tanishamiz. Assotsiativ eksperiment – semantikaning psixolingvistik tahlili eng ko‘pishlangan texnika hisoblanadi. Tajriba o‘tkazilayotganda respondentlarga muayyan stimul so‘zlar beriladi va ulardan xayollariga birinchi kelgan reaksiya so‘zlarni aytish so‘raladi. Ushbu tajribamizning maqsadi turli yoshdagi bolalarning so‘zlarga bo‘lgan munosabatini tekshirish hamda yuorida aytib o‘tganimizdek nutqiy holatlarini o‘rganishdir.

Yuqorida ko‘pgina ilmiy ishlar haqida ma’lumotlar keltirib o‘tdik. Endi o‘z xulosalarimiz haqida fikrlashamiz. Maktab yoshigacha yoki makab yoshidagi bola u yoki bu ma’lumtlarni kodlaydi va dekodlaydi. Dekodlash jarayonida bolaning nutqi katta ahamiyatga ega. Boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining darslardagi faolligini yoki ishtirokini o‘rganib chiqamiz. O‘quvchilar aynan ona tili fanida o‘zjumlalariga aytayotgan har bir so‘zlariga e’tibor beramiz. Darsda o‘quvchilarning aksariytai ongli ravishda badiiy tilda so‘zlaydi. Bizning fikrimzcha, bunga sabab o‘qituvchilar tomonidan berilgan ma’lumotni aynan qabul qilyotganliklarida. Bola maktabdan chiqib uyga, oilaviy muhitga qaytganda ham badiiy uslubdagi so‘z va jumlalardan foydalanadi. Boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarida yuqori sinf o‘quvchilariga nisbatan aniq fanlarning kamligi hamda ijtimoiy fanlarning ko‘pligi bola nutqining badiiylashuviga sabab bo‘ladi. Yuqori sinfga o‘tgandan so‘ng esa bola ijtimoiy fanlar bilan teng ravishda balki undan ham ko‘proq tabiiy, aniq fanlar bilan shug‘illanadi. Masalan, matematika yoki kimyo fanida raqamlar yoki formulalar bilan ishlaymiz. Endi o‘quvchilar o‘ziga ma’lum bbir ixtisoslikni tanlaganlaridan so‘ng shu sohani shakllantirishga o‘zini tayyorlaydi. Natijada boshqa fanlar bilan aloqalar deyar-

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Bu tajribani uyda jiyanlarim bilan birga o‘tkazdim. Yuqorida ko‘rib turganlaringizdek har biri o‘zining yoshiga mos ravishda javob qaytardi. Hattoki, uch yoshli bola ham atrof- muhitdagilarning ta’siri natijasida ma’lumotlarga ega ekanligini aniqladim. Uch yoshli bolada eksperiment o‘tkazish qiyin lekin astoydil harakat qilinsa, undan ham javob reaksiyasini olish mumkin ekan. 17 toshli singglim maktab bitiruvchisi. Tabiiy fanlar bo‘yicha tayyorgarlik ko‘radi. Agar undagi reaksiyalarga e’tibor bersangiz faqat bitta so‘z bilan

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cheklangan. Men buning sababi uning ijtimoiy fanlar bilan, adabiyot bilan umuman shug‘illanmay qo‘yganligi deb o‘yladim. Agar tilimizdan unumli foydalana olsak, bu bizning eng katta yutug‘imizdir. Uni gavhar misoli bilib, unga qancha sayqal bersak shuncha go‘zallashadi. O‘zimizda nutqiy buzilishlarni oldini olishimiz hamda farzandlarimizda nutqiy kasalliklarga yo‘l qo‘ymaslik uchun, avvalo, tilga e’tiborli bo‘lishimiz darkor.

Adabiyotlar ro‘yxati: 1. A.Nurmonov, B.Yo’ldoshev “ Tilshunoslik va tabiiy fanlar”. “ Sharq “ nashriyot-matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi bosh tahririyati. Toshkent – 2001 2. https://uz.wikipedia.org>wiki>Nutq 3. Munavvara Qurbonova “O‘zbek bolalar nutqining sotsiopsixolingvistik talqini”. Toshkent. 2004 4. www.enc.for.uz 5. Usmonova “Lingvistika” (o‘bek tili) maagistratura mutaxassisligi bo‘yicha ma’ruzalar kursi. O‘zbekiston Milliy Universiteti. 2014 6. https://uz.wikipedia.org>wiki> O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi 2000-2005 84

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