1. Introduction: Objectives and Scenario Not long before, Nepal was boasting uncommon potential of food surplus; but as 21st century crawled in most of the districts (41 out of 75) are facing food deficit. With the expansion of road network, cheap food from plain area (Terai) is being transported to remote areas. Call it a curse or a boon, but due to availability of cheap food from Terai, the inhabitants of hilly areas are facing problems to get proper market for selling their products (food crops and other commodities). So, in spite of investment in hilly areas; the food produced there isn’t able to get possible market to compete with the cheap food of Terai region. So farmers of hilly areas are lacking incentive to continue farming. As alternate strategies of livelihood, they are migrating from hill to the Terai and urban areas or going abroad to explore opportunities of earning. Therefore hill farmers and conventional farming is become more vulnerable. Due to lack of competing power in local market with the food produced in Terai region, farmers of hilly region are cutting down their production, which has resulted in plunge in purchasing power of the people of hilly areas. The drop of purchasing power is reducing the accessibility and creating dependency of people to imported food, thereby creating vulnerability in them. Due to these substantial challenges people migrate to urban areas in search of livelihood thus creating population imbalance and political chaos. We can apply the following measures to solve the problem of food accessibility and supply
Eliminate dependence on food-grain crops for farming and promote alternative crop for farming to ensure an alternative source of income thus increasing income of the farmers and ultimately their purchasing power. Create dual way transportation channel of food crops, commodities and cash i.e. from hill to Terai and from Terai to hills.
In countries like Nepal and many others, the problem is not in production; instead the problem lies in untapped opportunities like production of best possible alternative crops and strengthens the distribution system. Therefore our idea is centralized in improving these mechanisms.
2. Description: Due to the interlink of Terai with hilly areas, cheap processed food such as milled rice, floor, biscuits, noodles etc are being supplied there but the flow of goods and commodities is one way and same goes to the cash flow but in opposite direction (i.e. from hilly to Terai region). The means of transportation carrying food from Terai return empty (most of the time there is nothing to send from hillside to Terai). One way transport from Terai to hills is the main cause of increased cost of food items, which has also become expensive for urban consumers. If the transportation system is made dual way (i.e. flow of Terai food items to hills and hilly agriculture production to Terai) then within the same transportation cost; dual channel can be established thereby increasing the income and purchasing power of the hilly inhabitants as well as reducing transportation cost simultaneously. Terai region has comparative advantage over food crops (such as: rice, wheat, maize, etc) whereas hilly region has comparative advantage over cash crops (such as: tea, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, onion, garlic, etc). Agricultural items such as tea, potato, onion, garlic, cabbage, cauliflower receive favorable environmental conditions to grow in hilly areas. Also, several medicinal herbs can be grown in hilly areas, which have high economic return. In addition, spices (such as: Cardamom) also receive favorable growing conditions in hills. Lastly, sheep wool, carpets, yak’s cheese etc are also the chief production of hills. These items can be transported to Terai or even abroad with the same transportation channel (trucks); which otherwise are being sent back empty to the Terai. This will greatly contribute to the climb in income of people of hills and thus they can buy food items imported from Terai by selling their own commercial items. Thus, thus it isn't mandatory to implement the idea of growing food crops to ensure food for all; we can also do it by prioritizing on comparative advantage of the region. For example: people of Arab countries are having enough food not by growing food crops; instead they are doing so by focusing on improvement in production of mineral resources (oil, gas, petrol, diesel etc)
3. Applications and Results: Such kind of dual way transportation policy can be implemented in many developing nations like Nepal where there is production but lags behind in distribution and accessibility. This policy mainly aims at maximum utilization of locally available resources i.e. focusing on comparative advantage. If people are financially capable, they can buy a livelihood. Then, instead of exporting manpower, we can embark on export oriented production. Results:
Increment in income as well as purchasing power of local inhabitants. Decrease in transportation cost leads to decreased price of food items. Discouragement to urban migration.
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Environmental problems such as soil erosion and landslides would also significantly reduce as land of hill region will not be left barren.
4. Concluding Recommendations: To round off, we would like to say, targeting only the production sector is not enough for food sustainability, instead all the three aspects namely: production, distribution and accessibility should be given equal attention. If one becomes weak, the other aspects cripple. Most of the nations face the problems related to the later two sectors. The deficit in purchasing power is becoming clearly visible. The problem lies in poverty. Poverty and vulnerability to food is common problem in many developing countries (especially in rural areas) where most of the residents are farmers. So this type of strategy would be effective in those countries (like: SAARC countries, Vietnam, Thailand and most of the African countries).Thus, by channeling the poor for the proper utilization of their resources, we can increase their income and enhance their purchasing power thereby ensuring sustainable supply of food for all.