4TH BAZE UNIVERSITY PROFESSORIAL INAGURAL LECTURE (30TH JULY, 2024) by Baze University

PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF-AWARENESS AND EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL LIVING AND HEALTHY

LIFE STYLE

ANINAUGURAL LECTURE

PROFESSORAKINYELEODEBUNMI FNPA

PROFESSOROFPSYCHOLOGY

INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES NO. 4

PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF-AWARENESS AND EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL LIVING AND HEALTHY LIFE STYLE

ANINAUGURAL LECTURE

PROFESSORAKINYELEODEBUNMI FNPA

PROFESSOROFPSYCHOLOGY

INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES NO. 4

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SEN. Y. D. BABA-AHMED, PhD FSAN Founder,Chancellor,ChairmanBoardofTrustees

PROFESSORAKINYELEODEBUNMI FNPA

PROFESSOROFPSYCHOLOGY

· TheChancellor,ChairmanBoardofTrusteesofBazeUniversity, Sen.Y.D.Baba-AhmedPh.DFSAN

· TheAg.ViceChancellor,ProfessorKathleenE.Okafor,SAN

· DVC,Administration,Dr AtikuD.Saleh

· DVC.ITRI,Dr.RislanKanya

· TheRegistrar,AssociateProfessorJamilaShu'ara

· TheUniversityLibrarian,Dr.JamesDaniel

· TheAg.Bursar,MrsJulietOmotayoBature

· DeansofFaculties

· Directors

· MembersofSenate

· DistinguishedformerInauguralLecturers

· DistinguishedColleagues(AcademicandNon-Academic)

· StudentsofthisgreatUniversity

· DistinguishGuests

· Mydearfamilymembersandfriends

· GentlemenofthePress

· Ladiesandgentlemen

DEDICATION

TomywifeFolashade,thankyou.Tomychildren,Akinwale,Olumide,Folake&Jaiyeola (Jay). Thanks for your understanding. To my sons- and daughters-in-law, Demetrius Lineberger, Natalie Odebunmi, Ifeanyi Odebunmi, & Makenze Odebunmi. Thanks for your enduring love.To my grandchildren,Akinkayode Odebunmi, Motayo Odebunmi, Isiah Lineberger, Chidi Odebunmi, Joshua Lineberger, Kemi Odebunmi, & Eden OdebunmiIamproudofallofyou,andIthanktheAlmightyforHisFavour Andtomy siblings,Mrs.IbijokeSowemimo,Mr.SegunOdebunmi,Mrs.OlabisiObimakinde,Mrs. YetundeAiyegbayo&Mr.BabajideOdebunmi,IprayforGod'scontinuedprotectionand Graceoverallofus,ourchildren,andgrandchildren.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is regrettable that many individuals, driven by ego, tend to forget the adage "No man is an island " Every individual, irrespective of how intelligent or wealthy, has been assistedonewayortheotheratcertaintimesinlife However,oncetheybecomesuccessful manyofthemseemtochoosetoforgetthattheyhavebeenassistedinthepast.Manyofsuch individuals always claim to have risen to stardom or have amassed their wealth by dint of hardwork ButyouknowandIknowthateachofushavebeenassistedbeforetheybecome greatorbeforetheybecamerich.

Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoacknowledgethevariousinstitutionsthathave signicantly impacted my life and contributed to my achievements My success today is largely owed to two secondary schools in Nigeria. They are Baptist Boy's High School Abeokutafounded1923andIgbobiCollegeLagos,founded1932.Bothschoolsshapedmy teenageyearsforwhichIamverygrateful IalsoextendmygratitudetoChapmanCollegein Orange, California, where I earned my bachelor's and master's degrees in psychology. Additionally,IamthankfultoClaremontGraduateSchool,nowClaremontUniversity,for providingmewiththerigoroustrainingnecessarytofaceacademicchallengesinNigeria

Whilestudyingabroad,IobservedthatpsychologistsintheUnitedStatesmaintained mutualrespect,regardlessoftheirspecicareasofexpertise.Weallsharedacommongoalof applyingourknowledgetoadvancethedisciplineofpsychologyinNigeria However,upon returningtoNigeria,itbecameapparentthatsomecolleaguesbelievedtheirspecialization shouldbeconsideredsuperiortoothers.Itakethisopportunitytoappreciatemycolleagues, includingpastpresidentsandexecutivemembersoftheNigerianPsychologicalAssociation, who have tirelessly worked to sustain the association despite efforts by some factions to create divisions. Ironically, these factions are not necessarily better trained than most psychologistswithintheassociation Duringaconference,Irequestedthetranscriptsofall members,andProf Uzokawasnominatedtochairthecommitteetoreviewthem

IwouldalsoliketoacknowledgeCovenantUniversity,wheremytwoPhDstudents have made signicant contributions to the eld of psychology in Nigeria and the United StatesasAssociateProfessorsofPsychology SpecialthanksgotothelateProf (Mrs )Aize Obayan, former Vice Chancellor of Covenant University and Landmark University, and Bishop David Oyedepo, Chancellor of Covenant University. At the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) in Kaduna, where I served for ve years as a Visiting Professor of Psychology,IcontributedtotheaccreditationoftheDepartmentofPsychology,servedon the NDA Selection Board from 2012 to 2017, provided training for Nigerian cadets and foreign students from the WestAfrican sub-region, and participated in the formulation of NDA's drug policy. I appreciate and acknowledge the three NDACommandants I worked with:Rtd.Gen.OsitaOnwuamaegbu(25thCommandantofNDA),Rtd.Gen.Mohammad InuwaIdris(26thCommandantofNDA),andRtd Gen MTIbrahim(27thCommandantof NDA)

Lastly, I extend my gratitude to the Vice Chancellors of the University of Benin, under whom I have served: the late Prof TijaniYesufu, Prof Adamu Bakie, the late Prof GraceAleleWilliams,andProf AndrewG Onakerhoraye

viii

INTRODUCTION

Firstandforemost,IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoBazeUniversity, for this great opportunity to deliver my Inaugural lecture. This moment is particularly signicant as it comes many years after my promotion, which was delayedduetoillhealththatnecessitatedmyearlyretirementfromtheUniversity of Benin. This occasion is truly a dream fullled. I am especially thankful to this greatUniversityfortheirsupport,allowingmetotravelannuallyformymedical treatments. In 2022, the University granted me a year-long leave of absence without pay, enabling me to undergo two majormedical procedures. I extend my heartfelt thanks to the Chancellor, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Senator Y.D. Baba-Ahmed, PhD; the Acting Vice Chancellor, Prof. Kathleen E. Okafor, SAN; the DeputyVice Chancellors, and the entire management and staff of Baze University.

My journey through life has been challenging yet rewarding. The early years were tumultuous as I struggled to nd my identity. However, through perseverance and resolve, I was able to overcome these challenges. I owe a great deal to my father, Chief J.D. Odebunmi, an educator and disciplinarian, whose guidance and wisdom provided me with the direction I needed. His words of fullment and determination resonated deeply with me, making him my lifelong role model and the reason for my current fullment and success. It is perhaps unsurprisingthatthisjourneyledmetotheeldofPsychology,whichisdedicated tounderstandingandimprovingthehumancondition.

MyjourneytobecomeanacademicbeganatChapmanUniversity,whereI obtainedbothmyundergraduateandmaster'sdegreesinpsychology.Whileatthe University, I was honoured to be elected President of the International Student Club and served as captain of the college soccer team. I was fortunate to be mentoredbyProfessorWilfredLandrus,myacademicadviser,whochallengedme to take a rigorous course load, ensuring I graduated on time and with excellent grades. This mentorship paved the way for my acceptance into the master's programme and my initial teaching experience as graduate assistant in the PsychologyDepartment,assistingprobationstudents

At Claremont University, where I earned my PhD, I was privileged to be guided by Prof. N. Calif and Malcom P. Douglas. I contributed to the Claremont UniversityResearchGroup,investigatingacaseofassumedracialprejudiceinan elementary school child. This early experience in therapeutic intervention was pivotalinshapingmyinterestinbehaviourmanagement.Uponstartingmycareer attheUniversityofBenin,Itrainedstudentsinpsychology,industrialpsychology, and the management of psychological health problems. I was also involved in a joint research training program on drug abuse and management with the InternationalCouncilofAddictionAlcohol(ICAA)inSwitzerland,whichfurther fuelledmyinterestinpsychologicaldiagnosisandresearch.

During my sabbatical year at the Delaware Valley Mental Health

Foundation in Doylestown, Pennsylvania from1982 to1983, I completed a postdoctoralinternshipinpsychotherapyandservedasaconsultantfamilytherapist. This experience, particularly attending weekly lectures on Childhood and AdolescentDisorders,deepenedmyresearchinterestsandledtothepublicationof mybook,"UnderstandingBehaviourProblems"(Odebunmi,Akin,1990).

My professional practice extended to several mental health institutions, includingtheNeuroPsychiatricHospitalinBeninCity,whereIspentmy1989-1990 sabbatical year. My assigned duties at these facilities included assessment and management of emotionally disturbed and substance abused patients. Appreciations to the Medical Director Dr. Rowland Agidee and his staff Drs. Malomo,Adamson, Osahon, and Ikeji. It was also at this period I was assigned to teachPsychotherapyforthepostgraduatestudentspursuingMScinPsychologyat theUniversityofBenin.Duringthisperiod,IwasalsoinvitedasaPsychologisttothe Nigerian Psychiatric Hospital Management Board. My assignments included Diagnosing Emotionally Disturbed patients at Aro Mental Hospital, Yaba Psychiatric Hospital and Neuro Psychiatric hospital Benin City. The use of my researchonPsychologicalTestforCounsellingandHealthManagement(PTCHM) cameinhandy.

Throughout my career at the University of Benin, between 1979 and 1997, I was invited as an external examiner to several Nigerian universities, assessing undergraduateandpostgraduatepsychologyprogrammes.Theseuniversitiesinclude University of Ibadan; University of Lagos; ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile Ife, to mention a few. My international experience includes serving as a Drug Abuse Research Consultant at the Human Resources Development Institute (HRDI) in ChicagowhereIprovided,clinicalservicesandclinicaltrainingtoselectedHRDIstaff between 1996 and 1999. I was also involved with providing training for teachers, counsellinginterns,psychologyinterns,andsocialworkinternsatCookCountyJail SpecialSchool,Chicago.Illinois.MyappreciationgoestolateDr.VinceBakemanthe thenHRDIPresidentandCEO.

InNovember1996,IwasinvolvedintheUnitedNationsDrugControlProgramme (UNDP),AfricanRegionalofcetrainingProjectinAbidjan,CoteD'Ivoire(IvoryCoast). My assignmentsincluded:trainingSubstanceAbuse Counsellorsand psychologistfrom sixteendifferentAfricancountriesincludingNigeria.My appreciationto Dr. KanayoG. Mwale, the then UNDP Technical Director of the Project. In 2005 I also worked as a Consultantto UNDPinAbuja. My duties involved the Inspectionof all the UNDPDrug funded programs in Nigeria. It involves my visit to various UNDPfunded programs in AbrakkaUniversity,UniversityofAbuja,Lagos,andKanostates.

At Chapman University's El Toro Academic Center (1997-1999), I taught postgraduate courses in research methods and substance abuse treatment. My assignments also included conducting research on the impact of alcohol and tobacco

advertising on youth for the National Council on Addiction and Drug Dependence in OrangeCounty.Furthermore,Ihaveorganizedstressmanagementandhealthylifestyle training programs for various organizations and corporations, including the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), the NationalIntelligenceAgency(NIA),andtheNigerianDefenceAcademy(NDA)Ofcer's WivesAssociationandthePresidency. Iamdeeplyappreciativeoftheopportunitiesand supportIhavereceivedthroughoutmycareer,enablingmetocontributemeaningfullyto the eld of psychology and to the betterment of mental health practices in Nigeria and beyond.

Choosing the topic for this lecture was a challenging task. I often remind my studentsthat"thereisathinlinebetweensanityandinsanity,"aboundaryweallcrossat various points. Psychology is a fascinating discipline because it encompasses all living beings and addresses the most vital aspects of life. It includes morality, language, perceptive memory, dreams, and emotions. Formally, psychology is concerned with human personality, behavior, and emotional adjustment. It is the study of the mind through the examination of behaviors. Essentially, it is the science of behavior and the mind. “Behaviour” can be studied through observation of individual actions, while the “mind” can be studied through subjective experiences such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams and motives. The science of behaviour provides an objectiveway to answerscienticquestionsbased on observablefacts/data, and well-described methods of observation. Therefore, the scientic denition of psychology is: “The scientic study of behaviour and mental processes.” The study of psychology has afforded me the opportunityto explore and interpret my world and the peoplewithinit.DerivedfromtheGreekword'psyche,'meaningmind,consciousnessor awareness, psychology represents the essence of an individual, contributing to the characterattributedtohumans.Thus,psychologycanbedenedasthestudyofthemind and behaviour.The disciplineencompassesall aspectof human experiences,from brain functions to individual actions, from child development to geriatric care. In every conceivablereality,fromscienticresearchtomentalhealthservices,'theunderstanding ofbehaviouristhereforetheenterpriseofpsychologists.

This fourth Inaugural lecture is titled 'Psychological Self Awareness and EmotionalAdjustment for Successful Living and Healthy Lifestyle'. It was not easy to come up with a topic that could reect my research interest in Psychology due to the breadth of my interests. However, I was guided by the advice of one of my mentors and academicadvisor,whoemphasizedtheimportanceoffocusingonresearchthatenhances our awareness and promotes healthy living. This guidance has been ingrained in my memory, leading me to prioritize practical applications. Consequently, this topic addresses the critical need for knowledge acquisition regarding our choices between healthy and unhealthy lifestyles. In order words, a good choice of behaviour should be more advantageousto positivepersonalitybehaviourpatternsthatcouldsee us through livingahealthylifestyle.

SECTIONONE

RESEARCHONPSYCHOLOGICALDIAGNOSTICTESTS

BackgroundtoTheDevelopmentofPsychologicalTestforCounselling,Therapyand HealthManagement.

I became interested in research on Psychological Diagnostic Tests as a result of my TeachingAssignmentatChapmanUniversitywhichincludedtheuseofpsychologicaltest toassiststudentsonprobation.ButIrealizedthatmanyofthepsychologicaltestsmade available to us were not yielding expected results because some of them were culturally biased.DuringmyPh.D.programinPsychologyatClaremontGraduateUniversity,my primary supervisor, Professor Malcolm P. Douglas, encouraged my interest in psychologicaltesting. HenominatedmeforsponsorshiptoattendtheAnnualMinnesota MultiphasicPersonalityInventory(MMPI)ConferenceattheUniversityofMinnesota. AttheconferenceIhadtheopportunityofraisingtheshortfallofMMPIusageasitaffects othercultures.Iandotherswithsimilarquestionsweredirectedtohighlightourconcerns to Jim Butcher. It was gratifying to note that the revised version of the MMPI was cognizant of some of the concern raised. I was privileged to receive sponsorship from MMPItoattendmanyoftheirconferences,includingUniversityofHawaiiwhereImetso manyProfessorsinthePsychologyDepartment,whowerecalledResearchprofessors. UponreturningtoNigeria,IbecamedeeplyinvolvedinestablishingtheNigerian Psychological Association alongside colleagues who shared the same vision. At the UniversityofBenin,BeninCity,whereItaught,oneofthemajorproblemsencountered was the lack of available psychological tests. This led to the birth of my rst Research titled:“PsychologicalTestsbyAkinOdebunmi,Ph.D.Thistestwaslaterpurchasedbythe Edo, Delta, Ogun, and Lagos states. The test has been used for training purposes for Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN); Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC); NigerianAgriculturalDevelopmentBank(NADB);NigerianIntelligenceAgency(NIA); The Presidency; Nigerian Drug law enforcement Agency where I participated as the ConsultantfortheNDLEA2008NationalAwarenessProgrammeAgainstDrugAbuseby NigerianYouths.ThetestswerealsousedatNigerianDefenceAcademy(NDA)whereI participated in the NDA Recruitment between 2012-2017 as a Visiting Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychology; Also, at NDA's Army Ofcer's wives TrainingProgrammeonPersonalityDevelopmentandStressManagement.Manyofmy colleaguesatBazeUniversitymayevenrecallthattheirresultsarewithBazeUniversity Psychology Department as it was used for my staff seminar presentation on Baze University, Faculty of Management and Social Science at Faculty Series Seminar. The Test was also used to score some points for Baze University Psychology Department accreditation. This work represents one of my signicant contributions to the eld of PsychologyinNigeria.

PSYCHOLOGICALTEST FOR COUNSELLING, AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT (PTCHM)

This test is made up of three Sections: Section I General Trait Scale; Section II intellectual Traits;andsectionIIIEmotionalAdjustmentInventory(EAI).Inanessentialrequirementfor writingthistestitems,thefollowingruleswerestrictlyadheredto:Detailedstatisticalanalysis of how the items relate to each other, which was absolutely indispensable part of the constructionofthequestionsandtestitems;Testitems,whichwerenotcorrelated,withother testitemsinthegroupswereeliminated;InboththegeneralandemotionaltraitsImadesure thattestitemswereclearlyrelevanttoparticulartraits,whichwerebeingmeasured;Another important factor considered in the arrangement of both the general trait scale and the, emotional adjustment inventory was the consideration of marked correlations between the differenttraits;

AHierarchicalModelinDiagrammaticFormlinkingupthecommontraitsasfollows:

I. General Trait Scale

(1)Aggression Temper Scale

(2)AssertivenessAggression Scale

(3) Insecurity Scale

(4) Introversion Extroversion QuotientScale

(5) Leadership Scale

(6) Popularity Unpopularity Scale

(11) Tolerance Scale

II. Intellectual Traits

(1) Intelligence Scale

(1)Anxiety

(2)Autism

(3) Depression

(7) Psychological Fitness Scale

(8) Risk Scale

(9) Superiority Inferiority Scale

(10) Superstition Scale

(2) Intelligence/Achievement Orientation Scale

III. EmotionalAdjustment Inventory

(10) Suicide

(9) Stress

(8) Sleep Disorder

(4) Eating Disorder

(5) Insecurity

(6)Anger (7) Neurosis

RELIABILITY OF PTCHM: The purpose of this psychological tests' is to give the user mostly guidance counsellors, psychologists and psychotherapists insights into: Peoples generaltraitsbehaviourpattern;Peoples intellectualtrait;and Peoples emotionaladjustment patterns.Thescoresofanyofthethreecategoriesoftestaresuggestiveratherthandenitive. The scores of any of the three categories of tests should be used as guides and possibly comparedwithsimilartests.Intherapy,theinterviewapproachcanbeutilizedtoconrmthe resultsofbothgeneraltraitscaleandtheemotionaladjustmentinventory Thefollowingarethe previous ndings on the psychological test: On a group of sixty-four (64) post-graduate studentspursuingmaster'sdegreeprogrammeinguidanceandcounsellingattheUniversityof Benin,ftysix(56)ofthem,whichrepresents87.5%,agreedtotheirperformanceinthegeneral traitscaleasanaccuratedescriptionoftheirgeneraltraits.Thisresultshowsapercentageof 87.5%,inagreementwithwhatthegeneraltraitscalemeasured.Thispercentageofagreement ishighenoughtoconrmareliabilityofthegeneraltraitscale.Thesamegroupofsixty-four (64)postgraduatestudentsagreedtotheirperformanceintheemotionaladjustmentscale.This percentage of agreement is also high enough to conrm a reliability of the emotional adjustmentscale.Inagrouptherapysession,anewdevicewasusedtoobtaingroupsimilarity responses on both the general trait and emotional adjustment scale of twelve (12) of the postgraduatestudentsinanencountergroupsession.Eachmemberofthegroupwasallowedto comment on each individual's general trait personality characteristics. Of the 12 at least the responses of ten of the postgraduates responded to the individual's score themselves in the generaltraitscale,plustheindividualbeingassesseditbecomes91.66%inagreement. Usingthesamegroupindynamicsencountergroupsession,theemotionaladjustment ofthe12groupmembersalsofollowedthesameformatandnineresponsesoutofthetwelve agreedwiththeindividual'sassessmentofthemselves.Thisshowsa75%agreementwithout countingtheindividual'sacceptance,whichmakesit83.33%agreement.Intheintelligencetest performance only forty-three (43) out of the (64) sampled agreed to their result as a true assessmentofthemselves.Although67.18%seemsnottoohighitishighenoughconsidering howpeoplegenerallyfeelabouttheassessmentoftheirintelligence.Whilestillinvestigating intelligencetestperformanceofthesixty-four(64)post-graduatestudents,anotherdevicewas sought.Thistimetheintelligencetestperformanceofthepostgraduatestudentswereweighed along with their performance in a post graduate statistics course, which was purely quantitative.There was a correlation of about 95.3% as sixty-one (61) of the sixty-four (64) studentsperformedinlinewiththeirintelligenceperformance.Thirty-one(31)studentswho performed above average in the intelligence test also performed average in the statistics examination.Ten(10)performedaveragelyandmanagedtojustpassthestatisticsexamination while seventeen (17) post-graduate students who performed woefully in the statistics examinationalsoscoredbelowaverageintheintelligentscale.Three(3)postgraduatestudents although performed woefully in the statistics examination performed above average in the intelligent scale. This could probably be explained as lack of interest in statistics or examinationormathematicsphobiaanxiety.Butonthewholethe95.3%washighenoughto convince one of a high correlation between intelligence and performance in statistics examination.

TEST-RETESTRELIABILITYOFPTCHM:

Usingarandomlyselectedgroupoffty(50)

nal-yearBachelorofEducationstudentsattheUniversityofBeninAge:X=22.5years,1,2 yearswithanintervalof12weekbetweenthetwoadministrations.Thetest-retestreliabilityof the General trait scale was found to be 0.72 while the test-retest reliability of the Emotional adjustmentscalewasfoundtobe0.76.Theabovetest-retestreliabilityofthegeneraltraitand theemotionaladjustmentscalearebothconsideredadequateespeciallywithinanintervalof12 weeks when traits are expected to undergo some changes as a result of university activities whichmayhavealteredsometraitsiftheyareunstable.

Inconclusion,tobeconvincedthatthepsychologicaltestisvalid,severalprocedures wereusedtodetermineitsvalidity Fundamentallyalltheseproceduresareconcernedwiththe relationshipbetweenperformanceonthetestandotherindependentlyobservablefactsabout thebehaviourcharacteristicsunderconsideration.Theseproceduresaredescribedbyvarious names such as: Concurrent validity; Predictive validity; Construct validity; Content validity; andFacevalidity Fromtheabove,itcouldbeseenthatconcurrentvalidityofthepsychological test can easily be determined if the test can measure the ability or achievement otherwise measuredbyanothertest.Thishaspresentlybeenresearchedintobysomeofthepost-graduate studentsattheUniversityofBeninpursuingmaster'sorPh.D.inMentalHealthorMastersor Ph.D.inGuidanceandCounselling,orMaster'sorPh.D.inMeasurementandEvaluation.

Onpredictivevaliditythecorrelationsbetweenthepostgraduatestudentsperformanceinthe intelligencetestandthestatisticsexaminationreectsthispredictivevalidity.Also,whenthe general trait scale was used along with Odebunmi's adopted version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the correlation was 0.50 (N=50; p.01).When the emotional adjustment scale was used along with Bakare's Student Problem Inventory, correlationwas0.48(N=50;p..01).

On'constructvalidity'theindividual'sassessmentofselfandthegroupassessmentthrough group dynamics of encounter demonstrates that the test described certain ability being measured.

On Content Validity, which involves essentially the systematic examination of the test, to determinewhetheritcoversarepresentativesampleofthebehaviourdomaintobemeasured, thepsychologicaltestswerevalidatedinapsychiatricsettingattheBeninpsychiatrichospital Uselu,Benincityandthebehaviourdomaintobemeasuredwascriticallyinvestigatedbefore publication.

On'FaceValidity'whichiswhenatestinjudged,tobevalidonthebasisoflookingatthetest critically Itcanbeemphasizedthatthishasbeencriticallydonewithinthelastcoupleofyears beforethepublicationofthistest.

ThisPsychologicalTestforCounsellingandHealthManagement(PTCHM)isstrongly recommendedtobeusedbypsychologists,counsellors,teachers,parents,andhealthpersonnel to diagnose; general traits; intellectual traits and emotional adjustments of their students, childrenandclients.

Validity and Reliability of Intellectual Achievement Orientation Scale (IOAS): The purpose of the intellectual achievement orientation scale (IOAS) test is to check the drive or motivationalleveloftheclientsinrespectofintellectualachievement.

VALIDITY: Face validity was established in an item-by-item strutting by a jury of ten (10) trainee psychologists in the Department of Educational Psychology and curriculum studies, universityofBenin.Forsomeitemstheoriginalwererewordedtosoundmoreexplicit.

RELIABILITY

Thetestwasadministeredtoten(10)post-graduatestudentsinthedepartmentofeducational psychology and Curriculum studies of the University of Benin majoring in Guidance and Counselling.Thefollowingscorewereobtained:27,20,21,27,28,25,23,and20.

Thesplithalfyielded:X=16,10,10,13,11,11,11,12,11,9=114

Y=11,10,11,14,13,10,17,12,12,11=122

Where X=scoresforoddnumberitems,and Y=scoresforeveryevennumberitems.

Thespearman-browncorrelation usedthisformula:

SUGGESTED USE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS/COUNSELLINGANDHEALTHMANAGEMENT

The psychological test can be used for the following purposes: Psychological diagnosis; Therapy; ManagementandResearch.Itcanalsobeadministeredtostudentsindividuallyortogroups;Itmaybe used to sensitize psychologists, counsellors, career masters, teachers and principals to the to identify areasofgeneraltraitsandemotionalproblemsoftheirstudents;Itmaybeusedtoidentifystudentswho needspecialprofessionalattentions;Itmaybeusedbypsychologists,teachers,counsellorsorschool authorities and parents to understand students' behaviour or misbehaviour; It may be used to solve students,learningdifculties.

Therapeutic Use: Psychotherapist and medical practitioners to establish the basis for suspected psychosomatic illness can use the psychological tests. In psychiatric or counselling interviews, the psychologicaltestscanbeusedtopreventtimewastedquicklydirectingthetherapistattentiontothe areas of concern in the client or patient's life. It may also be used to check on patient's progress or deterioration.

Management Use: (PTCHM) can be used by management for the following: Personnel selection; Assessmentofmanagementstaffforpromotions;Assessmentofmentalalertnessoftopmanagement stafftodetermineneedforpsychologicalassistance;Assessment ofspecicemotionalareasofconcern to management such as stress, assertiveness, leadership, superiority, and tolerance; Assessment of individual'spersonalandprofessionaleffectiveness;andDevelopmentofhumanpotentialandpersonal growth.

ResearchUse:(PTCHM)Thistesthasawiderangeofuseinresearchsuchas: Checkingtheeffectof age and sex differentials on individual's general traits patterns, intelligent traits and individual's emotionaltraitpatterns;Assessmentofindividualsorgroups;andStudyontheconcurrentvalidityof thetestwhencomparedwithothersimilartests.

SECTION2

RESEARCHFINDINGSONSTRESS

“You need stress in your life; Without stress life would be dull and unexciting; Stress adds ﬂavour, challenge and opportunity to life. Too much stress, however, can damage you physically and mentally.”

Stresshasbeenidentiedasasignicantfactorcontributingtoindividual's'inabilities maintainahealthylifestyle. Itisaknownfactthat:“Youneedstressinyourlife!Withoutstress lifewouldbedullandunexciting!Stressaddsavour,challenge,andopportunitytolife”.“Iam a living witness of how stress can damage your life. I thank God for a full recovery after a stroke".Ihavebeentreatedforhighbloodpressureasateenager YouwouldthinkIshouldhave beenmorecarefulwithmyhealth.No,likeotherindividualslikeme,Iwasindenial.Inever believeditcouldhappentomesoIgotcareless.Theendresultwasastroke.Yourattitudeand philosophy to life are more or less responsible for your thought pattern, which more or less controlhowyouliveyourlife. MythoughtsarealwaysbecloudedbylecturesIhaveheardor readfromgreatteachers,speechesIhavelistenedtoorreadfromgreatspeakersandwritersand myownregularreectivethoughtswhenevermymindissettledorinachaoticstate.Thereisa commonsayingrequestingphysicianstohealthemselves.Asapsychologist,oneofmymost admiredquotesis:

“Life is a continuum; Tomorrow is yesterday of the day after; Today is yesterdayoftomorrow;Youcanappreciatethepastasawarningfortomorrow, butdon'tliveinit.”

Howoftendoyoumeasureyourfailurewithyourpast?Measuringthepastwiththe present or the future often disturbs good thinking.There is no correlation between what you usedtobeandwhatyoucanbecome.Condenceinpositivethinkingandinone'scharacteris moreorlesstheprivilegeofglorious,successfulmenandwomen.Ioncereadabook,which describedhumangrowthfromtheperspectiveofplantgrowth.It'sratherdifcultformanyto visualize our growth being compared with plant growth, but the truth stares at each of us to visualize the comparison. All we need to visualize becomes vivid when we remember how fragileweareashumans.Thefearofdeathisverystrongamonghumansyetwelivereckless lifestyles.And irrespective of our protective lifestyle we die anyway You may be afraid of automobile accidents and refuse to ride in any vehicle, but does that prevent you from being knockeddownbyarecklessdriver?

The perception of the causal factors of life's tragedies in our lives is more or less responsibleforourbelief.IfyoubelieveintheAlmightyCreator'sultimatecontroloftheentire universe, you are more likely going to be less anxious and stressed about your Life.You are likelygoingtoseelifeinamoredifferentmannerthanthosewhorefusetosurrenderthemselves to GOD. The majority of those who do not believe in the power of the Almighty tend to experienceconfusion,morematerialistic,andstressed.

Howdoyoufeelaboutyourself?Areyouhappy?Areyoucontented?Areyouatpeace withyourself?Doyoucompareyourselfwithyourfriends?Doyouwishyouweresomebody else?Ifyoudonotconsideryourselfhappyorfeelgoodaboutyourself,thetendencyisthatyou

arestressingyourself.Ifyouarenotcontentedwithwhatyouareoratpeacewithyourself,you arestressingyourself.Ifyoucontinuouslycompareyourselfwithothersandcontinuouslywish you'resomebodyelse,youareonlystressingyourself.Theindividualhighlightedabovewhois stressinghimselforherself,whenasked:'Howdoyoufeel?Willanswer,'I'malright,itcouldbe better'Heorsheisnotactuallysoundingconvincingthatheorsheisalright.Ifheorsheisalright theadditionalcommentof'itcouldbebetter'willnotbeadded.ThequestionInormallyaskmy clientswhoanswernegativelyabouthowtheyare,is:Doyoureallyfeelthatmiserable?Isthere nothingtothanktheAlmightyfor?Howmanypeople,inyourposition,willbegratefultothe Almighty?Withthesequestionsmanyofthemcometoarealizationthattheirconditioniseven enviedbysubordinatesunderthemand,therefore,changetheirnegativeattitudetolife. Ifyoufeelnegativeaboutyourself,Iwouldliketosharewithyouthatyournegativefeelingis keeping some of your presupposed friends happy But the moment you change and start to appreciatewhatyouarewithpositivecommentsaboutyourselfyourpresupposedfriendsand enemiesareabouttostartfeelingbadaboutyou.Youhaveshownthemthatyounolongerneed their assistance, you no longer depend on them for acceptance or rejectionThis demonstrates thatyouarealreadyoutoftheirbondage.Whatwouldyouratherbecome?Remainenslavedor breaklooseandobtainyourfreedom?

Haveyoulookedinthemirrorlately?Didyoulikewhatyousawofyourself?Areyou mentallyandphysicallyalright?Whatisyouropinionofyourmentalstateofmind?Whatisyour opinion of your physical appearance? Do you think it is impossible to change your thought patternsaboutyouremotions?Isitalsopossibletolosethosefattytissues,whichhavedisgured your shape? To many in denial, physical adjustment is not possible once an individual approachesmiddleage.Themiddle-agespread,tothem,isuncontrollable.Someofthemwill even describe themselves as round instead of fat. For all those in this category stress managementforhealthylivingisaremedyandasolutiontotheirproblems.Whatisimportant aboutyourweightthoughisgoodhealth,andnothowskinnyyoulook.Foraslongasyouare abletocarryyourweightwithpridewithoutencounteringmedicalproblemsyouwillnothave psychologicalproblemsofcomplex,lowselfesteem,depressionoranorexianervosa.Butifyour weightisnegativelyaffectingyourhealth,pleaseseeyourmedicaldoctororyourpsychologist. Whatisyourdreamforyourfuture?Isyourdreamtobecomearespectablehealthy oldmanorwoman?Orisyourdreamtobecomeaburdentoyourchildrenandgrandchildren? Can you recall having healthy grandparents? Do you dream that your grandchildren should recall you as a healthy grandfather or healthy grandmother? Do you wish for a good health at your old age to be able to play with your grandchildren and possibly great grandchild if the Almightypermits?Peopleshouldnothangontotheirpast.Ifwedon'ttakeownershipofourpast wecannothaveafuture.Thepastshouldprepareusforabetterfutureifwearethinkingright. Butwecannothaveafutureifwedon'tthink.Asindividuals,wecaneithercontinuetolivethe waywearelivingorwecanchangeitwithadream.Thinkingisthemotivatingforce,whichcan allow our dream to come to reality. Manypeople,whenyoumentiontheneedforgoodhealth, will complain that they cannot maintain good health because they cannot afford good health nancially.Aretheyactuallysayingthatgoodhealthissynonymouswithwealth?Isitnottrue that some people eat up their wealth? Health may be considered wealth but can wealth be considered health? Do you need wealth to think? Can you recall when last you were able to indulgeinseriousthinking?Isitwhenyouarewellfedorwhenyouweresober?

The beginning stage of 'thinking' is the 'dream'. Your life is the sub-total, of your thinking.Youneedtotakeownershipofyourhealthandthinkofyourfuturehealth.Foryouto liveahealthylifestyle,youneedtothinkonhowtoimproveyourlifeandyourhealth.Thereis needtoprioritizeonwhatisyourneedforahealthyliving.Alldreamsshouldfocuson'vision', 'passion'andstrongdesire.Onceyouhaveavision,apassionandastrongdesireforgoodhealth, youareonthewaytoahealthylivinglifestyle.Yourlifewillbemeasuredbyhowyousetyour standard.Dreamiscritical.Lifeisastorm.Yourdestinyisyourcharacter,whichisaby-product ofyouractionandin-actionisthewordyouspeakwhichis"your'input'.

Areyourwordspositiveornegative,aretheyencouragingordiscouraging?Ifyour wordaddstoyourcharacter,hangontoit,speakit,believeit,andconsumeit.Itthenbecomesa habit. The bridge between the thought line and action is the way we speak. Feelinggood,ina healthylifestyleismorethantheemotionalfeelings;itincludeswhatyousay,yourwordsand action.Doyoubelieveinyour-self?Whining,complaining,lowexpectationandinsecuritytend toproduceanaverageorbelowaveragepersonwithanaverageorbelowaveragehealth.Whatis yourresponsetocommongreetings?Suchas:'HowAreyoudoing?Isyourresponse,'Nottoo bad',or'canbebetter'? Myquestiontothisresponseis,'isbadyourstandard?Ifyouranswer is,it'snottoobad,can'tyoumakeitbetter,ifnotgreat.Nowletuscomparetheresponseof'Not toobad'to'Iamdoinggreat'and'Ifeelverygood'.Thedifferenceinthecomparisonisinthe thinking.Thepersonwhofeelsitcanbebetterthinkshisdestinyisinthehandsofotherswho can do whatever they wished with it. The other person who responds with 1 am feeling great' believes and thinks that his life is in his or her hand under his or her control. He is doing something about his or her life already. Such individuals do not whine, complain and do not have low esteem or low expectations about their abilities.This individual is an achiever, who doesnotwaitforanybody'sapprovaltofeelgoodabouthimorherself.Thebridgefromthemind ofthebodyisthepowerofwhatwesay.Don'tlookforpityorsympathy.Bestrong.Thegrief,the hardships in your life is opportunities for greater things if you think and consider them as challenges.

Whileworkingwithagroupofadolescents,oneoftheparentschallengedmebysaying: 'Iamthemotherofoneofthechildrenyouareworkingwith.Mysontoldmehelikesyoualot whydoyouraisetheirhopesup?Sheasked;Irepliedwithanotherquestion(asaNigerianwho lovestoanswerquestionswithquestions)'wouldyouratherwishIshoulddiscourageyourson from hoping? 'Would you be more comfortable if I let your child feel very miserable just like you?'Iwasshockedtoseethewomaninmyofcetheseconddaywithhersonandrequestingfor atherapysession.Thisencounterledtotheson'squickhealing.

The research on Stress Management has resulted into the publication of 'Stress Management forHealthy Living'.The book addressed the readers' consciousness of a need for a healthy living lifestyle with the Following topics: Stress Symptoms; Stress, Illness and Coping; Elimination of Unnecessary Stressor; Stress and Time Management; Stress ManagementStrategies;CognitiveBehaviouralRelaxation;AutogenicMeditationasaStress Management Technique; Philosophical Thinking: as a Stress Management Strategy; and Exercises as a Stress Management Technic. However, for this lecture only two of the major topicswouldbecovered.ThetopicsareStressSymptomsandStressManagementStrategies.

StressSymptoms:"HealthisWealth".Thisisoneofthemostpopulartruesayings.But doyou,asanindividual,appreciateitsmeaning?Untilanindividualissick,theindividualdoes notappreciatethe'goodhealth'thatwealltakeforgranted.Stresscanbedetectedbyobservinga person'sbehaviour.Theindividual'snon-verbalandverbalcommunicationcuescanhelptodetectone'sstress.Thefollowingcanbeconsideredaspossiblechanges,whichspellstressinany individual.

"Alcoholism and drinking dependency". When an individual who has not been drinking startstoengageinheavydrinkinganduseofpsychotropicdrugs,thepresenceofstressinthe individual'slifemayberesponsibleforthedrinkinganddrugproblem.Remembersmokingis alsoconsideredasadrug.

"When the individual's personality changes", stress can be sus-pected.All of a sudden, a very pleasant person starts to behave irrationally; stress can be responsible for the irrational behaviour.

"Lossofcondence"oftenoccurswhentheindividualisstressed.Suddenly,averycondent personlosesallcondenceandstartsbehavinguncoordinated.

"Over-zealousness" is often a symptom of stress. Suddenly a calm and reasonable person starts to behave in a way and manner that portrays him or her as being unnecessarily overbearing.

"Shorttemperorrudeness"isasymptomofstressforanindividualwhoisknowntobean even-tempered and polite person. When one begins to notice some kind of irritability on an individualwhoisknowntobepleasant,stresscouldbesuspected."Generalaggressiveness" is highly symptomatic of stress. When the pressure mounts up, a person easily becomes generallyaggressive.

“Unnecessary violence", when displayed by an individual who is generally considered peaceful,couldbeasignofstressresultingfrominter-nalizedfeelingsofangerandanxiety

"Panic" is another symptom of stress. Many individuals' reaction to stress is through panic. When individuals begin to panic without any known cause, stress can be suspected

"Inefciency" is a common symptom of stress. When, all of a sudden, an efcient person beginstodemonstrateinefciencyinareasthatheorshehasbeenknowntobeveryefcientin previousoccasions,stressshouldbesuspected.

“Loss of memory" is a popular symptom of stress.When an individual begins to constantly losehisorhermemory,thereisneedfortheindi-vidualtocheckhisorheractivitieswhichare stressful.

"Lossofinterest"isanothersymptomofstress.Allofasudden,theindividualwhohasbeen veryactivebeginstoloseinterestinactivitieswhichheorsheoncelovedandparticipatedin veryactively.

"Lossofwell-being"isalsoasymptomofstress. Whenanindividualbeginstolosehiswellbeing,orself-concept,thereisneedtosuspectstressandstartstoplanforitsmanagement."Bad

eatinghabits"isastrongsymptomofstress.Thebadeatinghabitsaremoreorlesssubstituted to cover up the individual's stress. Considering the other unhealthy negative effects of bad eatinghabits,theindividualneedstodosomethingabouthisorherstress.“Withdrawal"is one of the most common symptoms of stress. When an individual is highly stressed, the individual withdraws into his or her shell. If the individual's stress is not properly managed, there is a tendency for the him or her to end up with chronic depression. The above psychological diagnostic symptoms are best done by professionals such as clinical psychologists,psychotherapists,counsellingpsychologistsandpsychiatrists-Thesymptoms aredifculttodiagnoseasaresultofthefactthatmanyofthesymptomscouldbesymptomatic ofotherpsychologicalillnesses.

PhysicalSymptoms:Thephysicalsymptomsofstress,easilyobservedwereasfollows:on theotherhand,canbeeasilyobservedandareveryeasytodiagnose.Thephysicalsymptoms areasfollows:

"RaisedbloodPressure"canbeeasilyrecordedwiththeuseofasphygmomanometer Once thebloodpressurereadingrecordishigh,stressiseasilysuspectedandphysicianscanplace thepatientonstressmanagementmedications.

"Migraine headaches" is another physical symptom of stress.When many individuals are stressed,theyautomaticallysuffermigraineheadaches.

"Nervous breakdown" is another major physical symptom of stress. When an individual startstofeelnervousasaresultofstress,thereisneedtodosomethingaboutitbeforeatotal nervousbreakdown.

"Depression"isastrongphysicalsymptomofstress.Whilelossofinterest,lossofwell-being andwithdrawalcanbenoticedamongpsychologicalsymptomsofstress,thecorrelationwith depressionisveryfactual.

"Sleeplessness"isanotherphysicalsymptomofstress.Whenanindividualisstressedheor shebehavesasifheorshehasmurderedsleep.Manyofsuchindividualsevengototheextent oftakingsleepingpillstounwindandsleep,evenwhensuchsleepingpillsarenotprescribed forthembyphysicians.

"Stomachupsets"isastrongphysicalsymptomofstress.Someindividualshaveclaimedthat theybecomecarelesswiththeireatinghabit;someevenclaimtheyalwaysforgettoeatwhen theyaretoobusy

"Gastro-intestinaldisorders"isacommonphysicalsymptomofstress.Theindividualwho develops gastro-intestinal disorders must be very careful, as this could easily lead to ulcer whichisoneofstress'sdiseases.

“Skinrashes"isalsoaphysicalsymptomofstress.Diagnosingstressfromskinrashisnotan easy task as there are lots of medical problems which often have symptoms of skin rash.

“Lowerbackpain"isamajorsymptomofstress.Individualssufferingfromthissymptomof stress need to be very careful. If the stress of such individuals is not properly managed, the lowerbackpaincouldleadtoachroniclumbagoproblem.

"Neckandshoulderachesandpains"areverycommonsymptomsofstress.Thisisoneof the major reasons why stress management in-volves physical exercises, relaxation and medication.

"Achingjaw"isanothercommonphysicalsymptomofstress.Thisparticularsymptomisan eye opener and should not be taken lightly When individuals who are suffering from stress ignorethewarningsignofanachingjawitmightbetoolatebeforetheyrealizethatthejawis abouttoshifttoonesidewhentheybecomestrokevictims.

“Susceptibilitytocolds/u"isanothermostcommonsymptomofstress.Whenanindividual is stressed, his resistance drops and so is the immunity. The individual therefore, becomes easily susceptible to colds and inuenza. "Coronary heart disease" though it is the lastmentionedsymptomofstressinthislecturebutitisnottheleastinamountofdamageitcando tothestressedperson.

OtherStressManagementStrategies

Thefollowingarethemostcommonpracticablestressmanagementstrategieswhichhavebeen foundtobemostusefulformanyadults,especiallyindividualswhoareinvolvedwithstressful jobsandexecutivesofvariouscompaniesandcorporations:

“Organizeyourtimeeffectively":Thereisneedforindividualstomanagetheirdailystress and strains. Effective time management has been realized to assist individuals, mostly executives in their ability to manage their stress and handle their busy schedule with ease; "Valuing" is also considered to have stronger effects in providing effective management strategyforindividualstress.Throughvaluing,oneisabletodeterminewhatisimportantfrom whatisurgent,throughprioritizationofone'spriority;"Personalplanning"isveryimportant foreveryindividualwhointendstoliveastress-freelife.Withproperplanningtheindividualis abletosetgoalsandworktowardsthem;"Commitment" theindividualisabletoinvesthim or her-self in any proposed target; tasks are completed and not abandoned halfway; "Pace yourself'Individualsareurgedtopacethemselvesproperly,notexpectingtogotoofastortoo slow. With this pacing individuals are able to go as far as their strength would go without strainingthemselves;"Changethescene"Whenanindividualisconfrontedwithastressful situation, he or she is requested to move away from the scene or char, re the scene to a nonstressfulsituation;"Makecontactwithothers"Individualsareurgedtomakecontactwith others and establish support network. By making contact with oth-ers, individuals are less stressed;"Listen"Incommunication,individualsareurgedtotaketimetohearwhatanother person is saying By listening, stress is reduced or some-times removed through communication. Open communication is the key to less stressful relationship; "Asserting oneself':isconsideredaneffectivestressmanagementstrategy.Individualsareurgedtoassert themselves and learn to say "no" without feeling guilty or explaining why; "Flight": Individuals who are interested in managing their stress are urged to stand up for what they believe in without harming others. They are urged to move away from stressed scene if it becomesnecessary;"Buildanest":Individualswhoareinterestedinmanagingtheirstresses andstrainsofeverydaylivingareurgedtocreateanestaroundtheirhomes.Yourhouseshould be made into a home where you can relax and have peace; "Re-label the situation" It is

stronglyadvisedthatsituationsthatarestressfulshouldbere-labelled.Individualsshouldlook forsomethingpositiveinstressfultimesandsituations;"Surrender"Letgoofforcesinyour lifethatarebiggerthanyou,berealistic;"Faith"isalsointerrelatedtoone'sbeliefsystemthat one should accept the unknowable; "Imagination" Through imagination, individuals are urgedtochangecomplaintsintojokes.Thisimaginationisexpectedtoturnnegativethoughts intopositive.Thisalsoinlinewith"self-talk"withwhichstressedpeoplecangivethemselves positive messages; "Exercise": is a strong stress management strategy Through regular physicalexercisesallindividualsareabletopossesshealthybodiesthatareproperlytonedand physicallyt;"Eatingright"Thereisalotofawarenessandnecessaryinformationcirculated ontheneedforproperdietasapre-requisiteforhealthyliving;“Begentlewithyourself'Don't be harsh on yourself. Without harshness, you can feel relaxed and able to tackle the daily stresses and strains. "Practice relaxation techniques" Try deep breathing exercises, meditation, prayer, self-hypnosis has been claimed to be effective stress management strategies;"Knowyourselfandyourbody"Recognizeandactonyourbody'swarningsigns; “Let go" There is need to let go', don't allow past or current problems control your life; "Engage in personal growth activities"An idle hand, they say, is the devil's workshop. If interested,attendstressmanagementseminarsandreadstressmanagementbooksinorderto improve your personal knowledge on stress management; "Reduce the number of alternatives"thathavetobedealtwithinanyonedecisionmakingprocess;"Establishlife rhythms" Move away from bore-dom by establishing a life rhythm of daily, weekly or monthlyroutineswhichareproductive;"Learntousebehaviourmodicationtechniques" on maladaptive behaviours; "Re-stimulate yourcreativity" Re-introduce your old hobbies andcreatenew ones; "Add some variety to yourlife", thereis needtoaddsomevarietyto yourlife.Adulllifestylecouldbestressful;"PractiseYogaandMeditation"inanyformyou deem t; "Hold opinions loosely" It has been realized that many who are stressed are very rigidandhighlyopinionated,thereisneedtobeexibleandalwaysbewillingtochangeyour opinionswithnewfactualknowledge;“Helpothers"Byhelpingothersindividualsareableto taketheirmindofftheirownproblems.Theemphasisonselfisdecreasedandtheindividualis abletofeelfreeandthinkofotherpeople'sproblems;“Indulgeinimageryandfantasy"This isastressmanagementstrategywhichreectsonautogenicmeditation,centeredonimagery, fantasyandcreativity;"Laughterorcrying"arewaysoflettingyourfeelingsout.Watching comedyortragiclmsoftenmakestheindividuallaughorcry.Lettingourfeelingsoutisan effective way of managing your stress; "Working off frustration" Many individuals have been known to become workaholics as an escape from their stressful situations; “Rest and sleep well"According to Shakespeare, sleep nourishes our life's feast. Sleep is an important factortoeffectivestressmanagement;"Takelongwalks"Takinglongwalksisaneffective stress management strategy You may take the walk alone or in the company of a friend or partner;"Takehotbathsorshowers"Takinghotbathsorshowershasbeenfoundtobean effective stress management strategy; "Massage": This is another very relaxing stress management strategy The massage may be done once or twice a month; "Sauna bath or steam bath" is another very important stress management strategy. Hot teas, (decaf.) or hot chocolateisanotherstressmanagementstrategy;"Knowyourbody'swarningsignal"This isanimportantstressmanagementstrategy Onceyouknowyourlimits,listentoyourbody's warningsignals;“Remembertoprovideyourselfwithoptions”

SECTION3

RESEARCHFINDINGSONUNDERSTANDINGBEHAVIOURALPROBLEMS

"Understandinghumanbehaviour"isatask,whichshouldbecarriedoutbyallyouths and adults, Parents, teachers, doctors, nurses, counsellors, human resources managers, social welfareworkers,educatorsandallhumansirrespectiveoftheirstatuswithinthesociety "UnderstandingHumanBehaviour(Odebunmi,2004)wasputtogetherasaresultofresearch ndingsonHumanbehaviourstudiesandexperiencesgatheredthroughpractice,coupledwith the exposure from the post-doctoral internship in Psychotherapy at Delaware Valley Mental Health Foundation Doylestown Pennsylvania; seminar lectures at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School with Albert Honig D.O. my mentor; sabbatical working experiences with Neuro Psychiatric Hospital Benin City and consulting experiences with the NigerianPsychiatricHospitalManagementBoard;alsoforalongperiod,Ihavebeenhauntedby Late Professor Bode Akindele's (former Medical Director, Aro Mental Hospital Abeokuta) st assertionintheForewordhewroteforthe1 editionofUnderstandingBehaviourProblems: AnIntroduction,publishedin1990.Hewroteinteralia: "One thing, however, is apparent. It isthekindofbookthatwillneedtobereviewedfromtimetotime,inlinewithnewknowledge andchangesinsociety.".Allthesetrulyaggregatedtothecomprehensiveandconcisematerials inthe2004editionofUnderstandingBehaviourProblemsforthislecture.

"Understandinghumanbehaviour"shouldbeofinteresttoallpersonswhoareinterested in their character and personality growth. Character and personality are always considered synonymousandwillbenecessarytodeneboth:Character,accordingtoMahatmaGhandi,is 'what you are when you are alone'. Everyindividualisabletorecognisehisorhercharacter, eventhoughmanytrytohidetheirtruenaturefromothers,itmanifestsintheirpersonality One's backgroundorupbringinglargelyimpactsone'scharacter Thisiswhyone'sparentalupbringing and schooling, most especially in Secondary Schools, is most vital for appropriate character formation.Examplesaboundwherecertaingroupsofpeoplecanbetrustedbecausetheyhave imbibedthepositivemoralhomeandschoolcultures.Thereisthevitalneedforalleducational institutions and families to provide the needed moral education, which is paramount for character formation, and subsequent human development, where the individual concerned needstoabidebythecodesofconductwithwhichtheyhavebeenraisedinschoolsandhomes. Personalityinoneofmyearlierresearchworks,basedonTraitTheories,itcanbedescribedas traits,whicharedescriptionsofhabitualbehaviourpatternslike, 'sociability', 'Impulsiveness', 'Risktaking','EmotionalExpressiveness',Reﬂectiveness'and'Responsibility.Sincethereare more than 4,500 traits, I have grouped them into six categories: Sociability; Impulsiveness; Risk-Taking;EmotionalExpressiveness;ReectivenessandResponsibility.

UnderstandingBehaviouralProblemsispregnantwithmeaningandIhavebeenmindful of all the various factors, which are considered responsible for human behaviour, such as environment, culture, and societal norms. I did not deliberate on the controversial "normal" and"abnormal"behaviourdenitions,sincewhatisconsiderednormalwithinagrouporsociety may be frowned at as abnormal in another society, it is a difcult task to write on normal or abnormalbehaviours. Thenormsofagroupwithinasocietyareoftenreectedastheacceptable normalbehaviourseventhoughthosenormsmaybeatabootoanothergroupwithinthesame society

Psychologistswhostudypersonalitydevelopmentareofacommonopinionthatnormal behaviour is a determinant of what the groups within a society consider acceptable. But as a

resultoftheadventofwesterncivilisationandthegrowthofdemocracyindefenceofhuman rights,individualsarenowfreetothinkanddothingsdifferentlywithoutbeingcompelledto conform,providedtheyrespecttherightsandfreedomsofothersaroundthem. Individuals,as a result of this new development, are now realising that their freedom ends where the other person'sfreedombegins.

The areas to be covered on this inaugural on the Understanding of Behaviour will attempt to focus on awareness on character formation and personality development research and ndings. Discussions of the researches on Understanding of human problems would thereforebecentredonthefollowing:AdjustmentProblems;Character/PersonalityProblems; Psychoneurotic Problems; Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence; and Disorders of Adulthood.

AdjustmentProblems:Firstonthelistofpersonalityadjustmentproblemis:

HOSTILITY:Thiscanbedenedasastrongemotion,whichusuallyresultsfromathreattoan individual'sstatus,esteem,orphysicalwell-being.Hostilepeopleareverydifculttogetalong with.Thehostilepersonsbecomeunpleasantiftheydonotgetwhattheywant.Theyarealways involved in ego conict with almost everyone around; they constantly have marriage and family problems; often love to disrupt the plan of activities within any group; engage in personalityconictswithgroupleadersorothermembersofthegroup;andseetheirsecurity constantlythreatened.

Ahostilepersonwouldhavedevelopedovertheyears,feelingsofinsecurityandtriesto protecthisorherweakself-conceptbyattackingothersalways.Causesofhostilityhavebeen traced to the childhood relationships with parents. A hostile individual will quickly attack otherstoprotecthisorherself-concept,whichisresponsibleforfeelingsofinsecurity.Among the factors responsible for development of hostility in an individual is an unnecessary inconsistentandharshdiscipline.Thiskindofdisciplineoftenmakesachildfeelunwanted, resentfulwithanattitudeof'Idon'tcare'.Onceachildbecomesavictimofharshtreatmentin the hands of parents and parent substitutes, such a child views the world as a hostile environment;Otherfactorsthatcauseshostilityinachildincludes;Overindulgentparents; parents who often attempt to pamper their children with almost everything they want, such childrenareoverprotectedandarenotallowedtodeveloptheirownindependence.Improper trainingisanothercausalfactorofhostility: Whenachildisnotproperlytrained,especiallya tantrum throwing child, as an adult he or she could become very hostile whenever he or she wants to have his or her way Parental inconsistencies can also be responsible for a child's development of hostility. One of such parents may even be able to operate from the level of loving acceptance to angry rejection. In such instances the inconsistency may develop from both parents disagreeing on how the child should be raised.Aparent may be a disciplinarian whilestheotheranextremeofpermissiveleniency Childrenmaystarttoimitateparentswho cannotcontroltheirtempers.Thechildbeginstofeelthatthislackofcontrolisanacceptable behaviour. Another cause of hostility may be Physical injury. A brain-damaged child may demonstratewideuctuationofperformance. Onemomentheorshemaybefriendly,another momentitmaybeanaggressiveandhostilebehaviour

ManagementStrategiesforHostileChildren:Thefollowingmanagementstrategiesmaybe employedforhostilechildren:Provisionofapeaceful,non-criticalatmosphereinthehome by parents and parent substitutes; parental consistency; demonstration of acceptable behaviour ; avoiding undue provocation of tantrum-tempered children and regular medicalcheck-upsandappropriatemedicaltreatments.

HostilityManagementStrategiesforAdults

Ventilation of hostile feelings, hostile feelings must be brought into the open, discussed and evaluated; Consultation with a psychologist isnecessary; Therapy must focus on the client's conceptofhimselforherself;Thehostileadultmustbemadetorealisethatangryemotionsare amethodofself-defenceagainstthreatsandfrustrations.Thepsychologistmusthelpthehostile person to develop a sense of security; Medical attention is necessary if cause of hostility is physicalillness.

INFERIORITYCOMPLEX:anotheradjustmentproblemisinferioritycomplexwhichcanbe described as a feeling of incompetence and lack of personal adequacy. While inferiority complexisanoccasionaloccurrencetosome,itisaconstantphenomenontoothers.Symptoms ofInferiorityComplexareidentiedasfollows: continually seeking to gain the attention of others, the inferiority-complex ridden individual is easily upset and embarrassed, over sensitivity to criticism, always comparing themselves with others in a jealous and envious manner, tendency to become perfectionists, tendency to lord it over others, especially inferiors,preferencetobereclusiveandalone,andconstanttendencytocriticizeothersinan attempttoappearadequate.

Causes of Inferiority Complex includes the following: Imagined mental or physical functions. Parental rejection; constant excessive punishment not proportional to oﬀence, may lead a child to develop feelings of personal inferiority; constant teasing of the child, sometimes with degrading nicknames; humiliation in the presence of peers can reinforce a child's feeling of unworthiness; unfavourable comparisons by parents can inict a sense of shame or feeling of inadequacy; over solicitude; not allowing children to make their own decisionsanddemandforunrealisticstandards. Management of Inferiority Complex: Inferiority feeling in children can be handled by: Providing the child with experiences in which the child feels comfortable; avoidance of situationswhichdemandunduecompetitionorfrustrations;parentsorparentsubstitutesmust showcondenceinthechild'sabilities;helpingthechildadjustmorerealisticallytogoals;the therapist, psychologist or counsellor must instil feelings of worthiness; the child must be assistedtoattainabetterdesirableself-image.

INSECURITY: Many psychotic disorders have insecurity as a common element. Insecurity can be described as: lack of self-condence; an individual feels inadequate, he/she feels unwantedandunloved,somebodywhoisoftennervous,andsusceptibletoconstantworryand apprehension. When frustration or conict arises, the insecure individual feels overwhelmed andisunabletohandlethesituation.

Causes of Insecurity: Innumerable experiences may be responsible for the cause of insecuritybutthemostcommonofsuchexperiencesinclude:parentalrejectionandlackoflove. Manyhomesfailtoprovideafreeinterchangeofloveandaffection;theoverbearingmannerofa parentmayproduceaninsecurechild. Asaresult,domineering,perfectionistandoverlycritical parents often produce insecure children. Cruel and harsh discipline coupled with parental rejection by alcoholic or emotionally disturbed parents often lead to the rearing of insecure children. Other causes include; ridiculing or disgracing children with humiliating names during ts of anger of parents often leads to insecurity. Also 'squelching' the young child's

emotionaldevelopmentbyoverindulgentparentsoftenproduceinsecurityfeelingsinchildren, soalsoisparentalinconsistencyandraisingchildrenwithoutoneorbothparents,sometimes situational circumstances in adulthood often lead to feelings of insecurity In most cases, a child who developed naturally without feelings of insecurity may, probably through relationshipwithanemotionallymaladjustedpartner,begintofeelinsecureasanadult.

ManagementofInsecurity:Managementstrategiesforanyindividualsufferingfrom insecurity feeling cannot be adequately timed. It depends on the gravity of the feeling. Treatment includes: allowing the insecure individual to express freely his or her fears, hesitanciesandinsecuritieswhichinterferewithhisorherpersonalhappiness;thecounselloror therapistshouldalsoinquirewhathasbeenresponsibleforthefeelingsofinsecurity Thisisthe processofgaininginsightbythepatient,whichisthecoreofcounsellingortherapy Also,since theinsecurepersonisinneedoflove,understandingandstability,thecounsellororthetherapist should work on these with the client; there is also the need to build the individual's sense of adequacybythepsychologist.

Jealousy: can be described as an attitude of envy or resentment towards a more successfulrival.Jealousycanbecharacterisedas:Beingatoddswithone'senvironment;being suspicious and stubborn; Frequently attacking the individual who is subject of the person's envy;beingirritable,highlystrungandnervous;downgradingandslanderingthosewithmore apparentabilityandthejealouspersonattemptstoenhancehisorherownselfesteem.Feelings of jealousy or sibling rivalry are universal and parents and adults should expect a certain amount of positive competition for success. It is when attitudes of jealousy become xed, negativeandveryintensethatparentsandteachersshouldworryandseekprofessionalhelp.

CausesofJealousy:parentalwronghandlingofearlychildhoodrelationships.Another causeisthearrivalofanewbaby,mostespeciallywithchildrenwhohavebeenoverprotected and have had excess attention lavished upon them. Such children are more vulnerable to feelingsofjealousy Excessivecompetitionmayalsostimulatejealousy;parentalfavouritismis anothercausalfactorofjealousy Strongfeelingsofinsecurityandinadequacycouldalsolead tojealousy;inmanyinstancesjealousyisaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance.

Management of Jealousy: Management strategies of jealous children should be geared towards the child's understanding of the basic causes of the feelings of envy and inadequacy.Parentsshoulddesistfromfavouritismandstopcomparisonamongtheirchildren. They should also examine their feelings towards their children. The psychologist should encouragethejealouspersontohaveanunderstandingofcertainaspectsofhisorherownlife which have been responsible for the development of the feelings of jealousy. With the knowledge and acceptance of personal limitations, the individual is able to accept the true natureofhisorherabilitiesandcapabilitiesandtodevelopanadequateself-concept.Also,if thejealouspersonisamarriedadult,bothhusbandandwifeshouldbecounselledtogether If parentsareinterestedinbringingupchildrenwithoutthedisastrousfeelingsofjealousy,they shouldassisttheirchildrentodevelophealthyinterpersonalrelationsandarespectfortherights ofothers.

LYING;canbeeasilydenedasdeceitfulreportingoffalsehood.Psychologistshave categorisedchildren'sliesintothefollowing:Antagonisticlies-whenachildisdisturbedby anothermemberofthefamilyandthechildliestocoverupthisdisturbance. Whenachildis beingdisturbedfromhisorherplay,heorshemayliethatheorsheissick,feigninginabilityto

carryoutanerrand.Compensatorylies–whenparentsplacetoomuchemphasisonacademic achievement or often skills, a child may feel justied to lie in order to impress his friends, parentsorteachers.Defensivelies–whenachildisabouttobepunished,thechildwouldlieto avoid an unpleasant situation. Lies of exaggeration – may occur when a child exaggerates through bragging. Fantasy lies - when a child tells imaginative stories having resorted to a worldoffantasy Imitativelies-whenachildtriestoimitatetheparent'sespeciallywhenthe father lies that he is not at home. Pathological lying- it's a condition of chronic lying, it is indicativeofsevereemotionaladjustmentproblem.Sociallies-itisasociallieifamothersends herchildtotellvisitorssheisnotathome.Vengefullies-achildmayturntolyingtorevengeon his parents. Lying may result when a person is unable to accept himself as he or she is. Inadequateself-conceptorinferioritycomplexmaycauseit.Individualsoftenresorttolyingin order to be accepted and feel successful like other members of the group.Also, an adult may resorttolyingasaresultofgeneralpersonalitydisturbancesuchassociopathpersonality

ManagementofLying:Managementstrategiesagainstlyingshouldbefocusedonthe causalfactors.Lyingmaybeasymptomofthechild'srealdifculty. Thepsychologistshould thereforeseektheunderlyingconditions,whichgiverisetothechild'slyingbehaviour Ifthe child'slyingiscausedbyparentalimitation,theparentsshoulddesistfromlyingandshowgood examples.Ifthechild'slyingisaresultofbeingneglected,feelingsofinsecurityandinferiority, the child's parents should establish a family relationship in which every child is accepted unconditionally. If parents are interested in their children telling the truth at all times, they should desist from punishing them of whatever oﬀence is committed at all times. Instead, parentsshouldcreateanatmosphereinthehomeinwhichthechildrencouldpossiblyconﬁde in them their mistakes withoutthehorriblefeelingthattheirparentswouldpossiblybeatthem to death. Parents should be more accommodating and remember that it is absolutely impossible for children not to make mistakes. Butifchildrenarenotgiventhechancetobe abletotellthetruthwithoutbeingpunishedallthetime,theywilllearntotellliesandpossibly get away with various offences. In many instances parents encourage children to lie. When parentsareawareofmisbehaviour,theyshouldconfrontthechildwiththeinformationrather than attempt to draw the information from the child, andthusallowingthechildtoavoidthe unpleasant situation by lying to the parents. In the case of pathological lying, counselling or therapy should be aimed at resolving the deep-seated emotional conicts, which have led the childtolyingassurvivaltechniques.

A common therapeutic technique, which I have found to be very useful with pathological liars, is the establishment of rapport with the child and allowing the child to discusshisorherhappiestandunhappydays.ThroughsuchinterviewsIhavebeenabletogain helpfulinsightsintothechild'semotionalworld.Throughtherapythechildisalsoabletogain feelingsofsecurityandself-worth. Thelyingchildshouldnotbeseenalone.Thereisabsolute necessitytoalsohavecounsellingortherapeuticsessionswiththeparentsorguardian.

Adult liars: In the case of the adult liar the psychologist or therapist needs to investigate the causal factors of the adult's lying habit. If it is centred on childhood, consideration should be given to the roots of the problem. It is absolutely necessary that the psychologistshouldbeabletopresentanon-threateningenvironmentiftheclientistobehelped todiscusshisorherproblemsfreelyandhonestly.Theclientshouldbemadetounderstandthat lyingisanunreliablecrutchanditwouldbemorebenecialiftheclientcouldtellthetruthand

acceptself-capabilities.

CHARACTERBUILDINGANDPERSONALITYDEVELOPMENT

Often, individuals are regarded as possessing the following character/personality qualities. They are said to be: accommodating, adjusted, amiable, beautiful inside out, with caring,candid,charitable,cool,andfantasticpersonalities.Suchapersonmaybedescribedasa generous, nice peaceful, amiable, God-fearing person. Any interested person can achieve character building but it is very disturbing when people in relationships quarrel, passing remarkssuchas:"Thatisme,youeithertakeitorleaveit";"Thatismypersonality,Icannot change";"Youwanttochangeme,Iwon'tallowyou".Thesestatementsaresimplyidioticand stupid excuses. In a relationship, people are expected to enjoy each other's company It is unfortunate that some individuals in a relationship make series of attempts to condition their partners to their taste. This is not only selsh but also very dangerous. It is also a dangerous trendthatinrelationships,somepartnersareselshandareonlywillingtoprotectthemselves emotionally and nancially All individuals who are interested in character building and personalitydevelopmentshouldbeencouragedtogothroughthefollowingtencharacteristics ofself-disciplinedgreatachievers.

Thecharacteristicsofself-disciplinedgreatachievers: Great achievers have strong welldeﬁnedsenseofpurpose;Greatachieverschooserolemodelsasmentor(s)whocaninspire them.Greatachievershavestrengthofimagination:sensoryvision(howthingscanbe,andwhy not!!!)Theyvisualisethesuccesssothatthereisasenseofdejavuwhentheygetthere(because they have been there many times before, in their imagination); Great achievers have a positive sensory orientation: They dwell on accomplishment. If things don't happen as planned they regard it as experience and go on. They do not understand the meaning of failure; Great achievershaveselfassurance,self-conﬁdence.Thetrulyself-disciplinedhaveastronggutlevel truly unshakeable belief in themselves and their ability to succeed. Deep down in their heart, they know they can do it and no one can convince them otherwise; Great achievers plan and organise: Practical and methodical approach is the only way to success; Great achievers acquire the knowledge and skills they need to put their game plan together. (They don't look for short cuts); Great achievers have patience: They use every minute to get that much closer to their goal and enjoy it; Great achievers are persistent (They never give up): They are relentless in pursuit of their goals. They stick to their vision through thick and thin; day in, day out. They do not give up despite rejections or setbacks. They do not listen to negative thoughts; Great achievers are always able to experience pleasure while working towards their goal. To great achievers,workistheirpleasure.

Themajorsetbacks,whichrestricttheindividualinbuildinganamiableandamicable character and in developing a well-adjusted personality, include the following: Anger: Inability to recognise and cope with one's anger; Stress: Inability to cope with one's stress; Problemsolving:Lackofknowledgeofproblemsolving;BehaviourBasicRights:Inability to recognise proper behaviour and person's basic rights; Self-Esteem: Inability to raise one's selfesteemandMotivation:Individual'slackofmotivation.

Anger: is a strong feeling against a situation or a person, which could be very unpleasant,resultingintohatingandpossiblyhurtingsomeone.Angerstimulatesthereleaseof

the hormone epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are also produced under stress.Anger stimulates the heart, elevates blood pressure, raises blood sugar level, constricts the blood vessels in the digestive tract and produces feelings of excitement and arousal. Angry individuals are at risk of having health problems. The handling and expression of anger is a problemforaveryhighpercentageofindividuals.Thebasicproblemofangeristhatmanyangry personsareunawareoftheiranger.Beforeangerisdenied,eachindividualshouldtakeagood lookathimselforherselfinthelightofsomeofthesymptomslistedbelow: Feeling depressed with no identifiable reason; Feelings of boredom – apathy or loss of interest in things about whichyouarenormallyenthusiastic; Habitual lateness to every important occasion towhich the individual used to be punctual; Flippancy: not taking matters seriously, sarcasm or cynicism; Procrastination in the completion of imposed tasks; Smiling while hurting – laughing when situation or conversation is not funny; Over-politeness or Pollyannabehaviour–Thebehaviourofapersonwhobelievesthatgoodthingsaremorelikely to happen than bad things, even when this is very unlikely; A liking for ironic or sadistic humour; Waking up tired after at least seven to eight hours sleep rather than rested and refreshed; Frequent sighing; Getting tired more easily than usual Slowing down of one's movementsandactivities;Gettingdrowsyatinappropriatetimes.Nit-picking,faultfindingor excessive irritability regarding trivial issues .Having nightmares or frequent disturbing or frightening dream; Chronically sore or stiff neck or shoulder muscles; Over controlled monotonespeakingvoice;Spasmodicfootmovement–facialticsandhabitualfistclenching; Stomach ulcers, 'touchy' digestion, heartburn and finicky food habits; Grinding of teeth (especially while sleeping); Clenched jaws (especially while sleeping); Difficulty in getting to sleep or sleeping through the night; Sleeping much more than usual; Reluctance or unwillingnesstospeakupwhenyourfeelingshavebeenhurt

The above lists of symptoms are rage symptoms, which masquerade as irritation, annoyance, getting mad, getting angry, etc. Many individuals, because they are not aware of whentheyareangry,oftenbelievetheyareneverangry. Itistheangeryouareunawareofthatis capableofmostdamagetoyouandyourrelationshipswithotherpeople.Yourinabilitytoreact tosuchangeroftengetsexpressedinotherinappropriateandunintentionalways.Theprocessof dealingwithnegativefeelingsinaninappropriatemannercanbehandledthrough 'recognition oftheanger','owninguptooracceptingtheanger',andthrough'dischargingoftheanger'. Therecognitionofanger'sbodilysignalsisimportantfactorwithwhicheachindividualcan tackletheiranger Everyindividualhasbodilysignalswithwhichheorshereactstoanger The numeroussymptomshighlightedaboveareeye–openers. Friendsandfamilymembersmightbe helpfultotelleachofus,howtheycantellwhenweare'angry'or'upset'.Thecommonsignals are 'cleaning up', 'blushing', 'shortening of breath', 'drumming with ngers', 'foot tapping' etc. Whatisyourownsignal?Tryandndoutfromthoseindividualswhoareclosesttoyou. The owning up or acceptance of your anger is also a strong management strategy for your anger. Iftheangerisyours,youneedtobemagnanimousenoughtoacceptit. Whileitistrue that the other person may have said or done something, the person may have succeeded in punching your anger button. But always remember the anger is yours; you cannot make someoneresponsibleforyourownfeelings.

Discharging one's anger is very necessary.Anger demands expression. If you have recognised your anger, own it as yours; it becomes easier to determine how you would dischargeit,ratherthanhowitcoulddischargeyou. Thebestwaytodischargeangeriseither through talking about the anger situation with a trusted friend or professional. An angered personisbetteroffdischargingangerthaninternalisingit,whichoftenleadstodangerousill health/medical conditions, such as heart problems, high blood pressure problems, digestive problemsandmigraineheadaches,andmostespeciallystroke.

Therearefourtypesofpeople: Those who look hot on the surface and are hot reactors under the surface; Those who look hot on the surface but are cool reactors under the surfaces; Those who look cool on the surface but are very hot underneath; Those who look cool on the surface andunderthesurface,Theyarereallyarecool

Anger may be rooted in feelings of being unloved. Such children nurtured with this anger feeling grow up feeling that they cannot trust others to treat them right. This attitude often shows bitterness and a lack of forgiveness.As a result of this suppressed anger during childhood, many individuals have been known to cultivate a long-term habit of repressed anger, which has made it difcult for them to recognise their anger To such persons, their presentangermaynotbeatarecentsituationorperson,butaboutsomethingintheirchildhood, e.g.,fromparentallackoflove,orthechild'srefusaltotrust.

HowtoOvercomeAnger:Individualsshouldendeavourtorecognisetheirangerforwhatit trulyis,andnootheremotion.Individualsshouldlearntopinpointthecauseoftheangeraswell astheirfeelingabouttheanger.Youshouldlearntokeepthingsinproperperspective,youneed to know when something is trivial and not worth an argument. Individuals are urged to be patient,whenapersonisangry,takingatimeoutforphysicalexercises,isarewardingwayto overcome the anger Humour can also be used to defuse anger incidents. Handling anger problems in relationships is very difcult. Sometimes some supposed weaker partners make terrible unbearable comments to their supposed stronger partners and some boss often lose theircontrol.Ifyouarethebossorthesupposedweakerpartnerconsultapsychologist.

You are advised not to react when you are extremely angry at persons or situations, instead, you are advised to investigate and put things in proper perspective before you react angrilytopersonsorsituations.Individualsareurgedtobecarefulatmakingangrystatements, makinggeneralisedstatementsoftenleadtoangryreactionsfrompeople.Forexample,making a statement such as 'Women today are very angry at men', may lead to angry reactions or 'Womenareonlyintomarriagesbecauseoftheirselshgains'.Theobservationandexperience offewshouldnotbeusedtoconditionthemajority

BASICRIGHTS

Another important way of building an amiable and amicable character is by being aware of YourBasicRights.Aperson'sBasicRightsconsistof: Acting in ways that promote dignity and selfrespect as long as other people's dignity and self-respectarenotviolated.Therearecertainactionsindividualsshouldtakewhichpromote dignityandself-respect.Oncetheirdignityandself-respectareprotectedtheindividualisable towalk,talkandfeelgoodinthecompanyoffriends,familyandcolleagues.Thisisgoodfor characterbuildingandpersonalitydevelopment.Thisdemandsthattheindividualneedtobe disciplinedandnotmakeafoolofhimselforherself.

Betreatedwithrespect:Respectingothersbringsaboutrespectforoneselfbyothers. Many individualstendtorespectthosewhorespectthem.Whenyoutreatpeoplewithrespect,theyin turnreciprocatebytreatingyouwithrespect.

Say 'NO' and Not Feel Guilty: Many individuals often turn themselves to laughable, disrespectedanddistrustedpersonsbecausetheyareunabletosayno,evenwhentheyknow theycannotmeettheobligationdemandedofthem.Whilemanyindividualsdonotwanttohurt their spouse, friends and family members and colleagues, they continually accept responsibilities,andassignmentswhichtheyknowtheycannotsuccessfullycarryout.When theyfail,theyarelabelledirresponsibleanddistrusted.

ExperienceandExpressYourFeelings:Characterbuildingandpersonalitydevelopmentcan be disturbed when individuals refuse to experience or express their feelings. When some individualsinternalisetheirfeelingsandrefusetoexperienceorsharethemwithothers,they often end up with bad moods and bad temper, which are not complimentary to character building and personality development. Refusal to experience or express one's feelings often leadstophysiologicalproblemssuchasulcers,migraineheadacheandhypertension. Thisis typicalofintroverts,whoprefertowritetheirfeelingsindiaries. Individualsarestronglyurged to let out their emotions by discussing with professionals or concerned genuine friends with whom they can together seek solution to their problems.Another outlet is through physical exercises.

TakeTimetoSlowDownandThink:Manyindividualsareoftengrouchywhenstressed. As a result of this they often become unapproachable. Character building and personality developmentcannotbereachedwhenpeopleholdsontothemselves.Thereisneedforsocial interactionforeffectivecommunicationandsocialisationwithothers.

ChangeYourMind:Itisonlyarigidpersonthathasproblemschanginghisorhermindwhen additionalcorrectinformationisreceived. Anindividualwhoiswillingtochangehisorher mindasaresultofnewfactsisarespectablepersonwhoisnotrigidordogmatic.Anindividual whocannotchangehisorhermindwhennewfactsareintroducedonanissueissomeonewho refusestogrow,buildhischaracterandimproveonhisorherpersonality.

AskforWhatYouWant:One'sabilitytoaskforwhathewantsisanabilitytoghtforone's right. Itisunfortunatethatsomeindividuals,insteadofaskingforwhattheywantandghtfor theirright,pretendtobesatisedevenwhentheyaresuffering.Apersonwhoisapretenderand acowardcanneitherachievecharacterbuildingnorpersonalitydevelopment.

DoLessThanYouAreHumanlyCapableofDoing:Anindividualwhodoesnotknowhisor her limitations will surely overwork himself or herself. Doing less than you are humanly capable of does not mean you should be lazy Instead, it means you should not overtask or overwork yourself. Many individuals are known to think they are super humans. They generallyrefusetoallowotherssuchastheirsubordinatestoassist.Theyrefusetotrustothers, astheywouldliketodoeverythingbythemselves,evenifitmeanstheyarestretchedbeyond theirlimits.

Ask for information (seek help): In good character building and personality development every individual should be able to seek help and collect necessary information from others. This is currently known as conferencing, when you are able to seek information from others and utilize the information to the good of mankind. For an effective character building and personalitydevelopmentindividualsareurgedtoseekknowledgefromothers.

MakeMistakes:Awriteronceclaimed, "one does not make mistake that one does not try". Inorderthatindividualsmustsucceedinlifetheymusttrynewideas. Andnewideascannotbe triediftheindividualisafraidofmakingmistakes.Foranindividualtosucceedinlifehe/she mustbereadyandwillingtotryandwhiletrying,mustexpecttomakemistakes.

Feel GoodAboutYourself: It is absolutely impossible for an individual to feel good about others if he/she does not feel good about himself or herself.An individual who does not feel good about himself or herself cannot take part in character building or personality development.Feelinggoodaboutoneselfislikefeelingsatisedwithone'slife. Oneneedsto behappywithoneselfbeforeonecanembarkoncharacterbuildingpersonalitydevelopment.

PROBLEMSOLVING

An individual's inability to solve his or her problems resulting from lack of knowledge on problem solving can be responsible for character and personality problems. It is therefore necessary to recommend the following basic principles of problem solving. As a result of individuals' lack of ability to solve problems, many individuals in an attempt to cover up behavefunnytofriends,familyandthosearoundthem.Examplesaboundofindividualswith emotionalproblemsresultingfromlackofknowledgeofsolvingsomeoftheirbasicday-to-day problems.

Basic Principles of Problems Solving: Identify the problem: There is need to identifywhattheproblemis. Theeasiestwaytoidentifytheproblemistosearchforanswersto thefollowingquestions:Whatistheproblem?Whatisthemagnitudeoftheproblem?Whyis theproblemoccurringnow?Hastheproblemoccurredbefore?Whatwerethecausesofthe problems? To what extent does the problem aﬀect you personally? To what extent does the problem aﬀect your spouse, friends, members of your family, and your colleagues? What is therealproblemhere?Nameandclaimresponsibilityforhowyoufeelabouttheproblem: Thereistheneedtonameandclaimresponsibilityforhowyoufeelabouttheproblem.Thereis needtosearchfortheanswerstothefollowingquestions: How do I feel about the problem? HowdoIfeelaboutbeingresponsiblefortheproblem?Howdopeoplearoundmefeelabout my problem? Should I be bold enough to claim responsibility for the problem? Why is the problem bothering me? Identify possible choices: There is need to answer the following questions:Whatarethepossiblechoicestotaketoprovidesolutionstotheproblem?WhatcanI dopersonallytosolvetheproblem?Whatcanthosearoundmedotosolvetheproblem?What are my plans to get out of this problem? Examine possible consequences: There is need to answerthefollowingquestions:Whataretheconsequencesofmyavailablesolutions? IfIdo thisorthat,whatmighthappennext?IfIignoreorrefusetoprovidethesolution,whatmight happen next? What are the consequences of solution A compared to B? Select the best possible solution: There is need to formulate the best possible solutions and weigh them againsteachother Thisstyleoftenmakestheselectionofthebestpossiblesolutioneasy Carry outthesolution:Manyindividualsareverygoodatphilosophisingaboutwhattodoorabout howtocarryoutthesolution,buttheyneverdoit.Thisiswhyitisverynecessarythatthepartof carryingoutthesolutiontoaproblembehandledveryseriously.Thefollowingquestionsmust not only be answered, the answers should be tackled: What are the possible steps to take to carryoutthesolution?WhatdoIneedtocarryoutthesolution?Whateveristhecasenowis the best time to carry out the solution. Evaluatetheactionanditsconsequences:Afterthe solutionhasbeencarriedoutthereisneedtoevaluatetheactionanditsconsequences: Are the solutions carried out able to solve the problem? Are there other solutions that could have beenbetterthantheselectedsolutions?Aretheconsequencesofthesolutionfavourable?

SECTION4

RESEARCHONSELF-ESTEEM

Self-esteem is the way you perceive and value yourself as a person. It's the degree to whichyourespect,accept,andfeelcondentinyourabilities,appearance,andworth.Building andmaintaininghealthyself-esteemtakestimeandeffort,butit'sworthit.Myresearchintoselfesteem focussed on how parents and authority gures handicap children's self-esteem. It has been realised that many individuals with low self-esteem, more or less developed their selfesteemfromtheirchildhoodexperiences.

Amongthecausalfactorsoflowself-esteemamongchildrenarethefollowing: Many parents have been found to have low self–esteem which is more or less responsible for manyoftheirchildren'slowself-esteem,parentswithlowself-esteemalwayshaveatendency to nd faults with their partners and with their children. The negative inuence of parents, teachers and authority gures with low self-esteem on children in their care seems to be disastrous. Thisisduetothefactthatchildren'sawareness,whichisresponsiblefortheirselfesteem, is strongly developed during childhood. With few exceptions many children will act accordingtowhattheirawarenesspermits.Inmanycultures,manyparentsandauthoritygures stronglybelieveandpracticetheculturalnormthatchildrenshouldonlybeseenandnotheard. As a result of this cultural belief, children's desires, feelings, needs and opinions are hardly considered.

Another method of preparing children with low self-esteem is by comparing them amongsiblingsoramongpeers. Focussingonachild'stalentandcomparingthechildwithhis or her peers and siblings, more or less, leads to the children being considered 'less than'; to developlowself-esteem.Siblingrivalryisoftenbadlymanagedbyparents,astheyoftenallow theirfavouritechildtogetawaywithcommentsorattitudes,whichraiselowself-esteeminthe otherchild,ortheotherchildren. Parentsandauthorityguresarerequestedtoencourageall theirchildren,andchildrenundertheircaretofeelacceptedanddevelopandndoutabouttheir different talents. The idea of concentrating on a successful child's talent and ridiculing other childrenandsiblings,whoarenotsotalentedonlyraisesthecondemnedchildorchildren'slow self-esteem.

When children are being raised without the encouragement to think for themselves, theygrowuprelyingonparentsandauthoritygurestodoallthethinkingforthem. Thisinturn leads the children to develop low self – esteem. Children should be allowed to grow with feelingsofindependence,tobeabletodowhattheycanbythemselves. Itisafaultyfeelingfor parentstobelievetheyareprotectingtheirchildrenbythinkingforandcontrollingthem.When parentsareabsentchildreneasilybecomeconfusedandunabletotakecorrectdecisions. This couldhavebeenavoidedifparentsallowchildrentogrowandlearnhowtothinkbythemselves, takedecisions,rightorwrong,andpossessabilitytolearnfromtheirmistakes.

The reactions of some parents often cause children's feelings of low self-esteem. Temperamental parents or authority gures often-scare children and this brings about their feelingsoflowselfesteem. Parentswithlowself-esteemareknowntocontinuallyndfaultsin theirchildren. Manychildrenforfearofbeingfoundguiltybytheirparentsorauthoritygures keep their feelings and emotions to themselves. It is therefore not surprising to observe that some children are always avoiding contacts with such condemning parents and authority gures.Insomecases,mothersalwaysarescaringtheirchildrenwithwordslike“I'llreportto yourfatherwhowilldenitelykillyouforwhatyouhavedone.Thesescarytacticsoftenproject fathersasmeandisciplinarians. Insomefamilies,childrenhideawayassoonastheirfathers arrive.

Parents'reactionstochildren'sbehaviourareoftenmisleading.Thisissobecausemany parentsoftenover-reacttotheirchildren'sbehaviours. Whenthishappens,childrenoftenget confused and eventually develop low self-esteem as they feel very worthless and unable to satisfy their parents, and are plagued with guilty feelings, shame, self-condemnation and remorse.

Parentsandauthoritygures often set unreasonable standards, whicharenotpossibleforthe children to attain due to maturity problems of children. Parents and authority gures should payparticularattentiontotheageandmaturityoftheirchildren.

Parents and authority gures should also be steadfast. When rules are made, they should be properly communicated and properly enforced. Some parents and authority gure often confuse children with inconsistencies in enforcing rules to children. This confusion often resultsfromparentsandauthoritygureswithmoodchanges.

Oftenmanyparentsandauthoritygureswithlowself-esteemattempttocoveruptheir low self-esteem by pushing their children, and children under their care beyond what the children are capable of doing. Thisisoftendonewithwrongassumptionsthat:itisonlyby pushingsuchchildrenthattheywillnothavelowself-esteem.Insomeinstances,parentsand authorityguresoftenpushtheirchildrenandchildrenundertheircareinordertosatisfytheir own ego problems, through their ability to bring about exceptional performances of these children.

Parentsandauthorityguresalso need to assist children on how they dress, what they eatandabouttheirbehaviours. Awrongdressingbyanychildmayleadtohisorherfeelingof inferioritytohisorherpeers. Achild'sphysicalappearancemayleadtohisorherfeelingof inadequacy So,inthechild'sbehaviour,amisbehavedchildmaybecastigatedbypeers,and leadtothechild'sfeelingofworthlessness.

Parents and authority gures are also requested to desist from raising children with rewards,whentheydorightthingsandpunishingthemwhentheydowrongthings. Ithasbeen realisedthatthisapproachoftenleadschildrentodeveloplowself–esteem,asmanyofthem growupwithfeelingsofinadequacyandlackofself–worth. Alternatechildren'supbringingis throughmotivationandunderstandingandallowingthemtothinkforthemselvesanddothings,

eitherrightlyorwrongly;betaughttoberesponsiblefortheiractionsandbeallowedtolearn fromtheirmistakes.

Parentsandauthorityguresarealsorequestedto desist from over-possessiveness of their children. With over-possessiveness children are not allowed any freedom to grow and think. Children should be regarded as God-given kept only in their parent's custody They should desist from over-possessiveness. When children are raised with no set of rules, they easilygetconfusedwithfeelingsofinadequacies.Childrenneedruleswithwhichtheycanfeel theiradequaciesandstrongfeelingsofself-worth.

Parentsandauthorityguresarealsourgedtoloveandcarefortheirchildren. Loving, tendercarefromparentsoftenprovideschildrenwithfeelingsofself-worth. Withoutloveand carechildrenfeelunimportantandneglected.Thisdisturbstheirinnateworthandfeelingsof adequacies.

Parentsandauthorityguresarealsorequestedtoraisechildrenwithsenseoffairness. This fairness is easily demonstrated in ways and manners parents and authority gures treat their children and those under their care with fairness. Children are always very sensitive to whatparentsandauthorityguresdo,morethanwhattheysay. Thewayandmannerparents dealwiththeirchildren,withtheirfriendsandcolleagues,withtheirmaterialpossessionsand wealtharealldeterminingfactorstowhichthechildrenareverysensitive.

Parentalinterestonachievement,moneyandmaterialpossessionsratherthanoninnate worthofthepeople,theparentsaredealingwith,oftenleadtheirchildrentodeveloplowselfesteem. Parents and authority gures are also urged not to raise children with too much pressureondoingtherightthingorperformingwellacademicallyatalltimes. Somechildren areslowerthanothers,andifpushedbeyondtheircapabilities,theymayendupasfailuresand drop out from school. Parents and authority gures, such as teachers, should discourage repeated defeats among their children and students. Alearning environment that will allow slow children to go at their own pace should also be encouraged to assist the slow learners amongourchildren.

Parents, especially mothers, should desist from condemning and putting down their children. Thisputdown,byparents,mostespeciallybymothers,oftenhasastronginuenceon children's development of self-esteem. Researches have shown that children take mother's rejectionmoreseriouslythanfather'srejection.Theaboveresearchndings,initsconclusion, recommended the need to provide basic education for the girl child, in order, to encourage soundself-esteemamongchildren.

SECTION5

RESEARCHONPARENTING

Every culture is credited with the traditional or common ways of child rearing practices. Initiallyinmanycultureseveryadultwithinthesocietyhelpstoraisechildrentogether Inthe Africansociety,thereisacommonsayingthatittakesawholevillagetoraiseanAfricanchild. Thisisnolongerthecase.Thetrust,whichusedtobringneighbourstogetherinthepastseemto havebeenreplacedwithdistrustand'everybodytohimselforherself'attitudes.Globalisation hasalsoredenedandinuencedthepreviouslyacceptedparentalcontrolovertheirchildrenin almost all member countries of the world. Peer group and technological advancement in communication has widened the horizon of every child or adolescent, irrespective of their differentlocations.Theradio,television,telephone,computer,'ipod'fordownloadingmusicor video recordings and last but not the least, the social media. All the listed inventions have createdunprecedentedexposureforchildrenandadolescents,allovertheworld.Itistherefore animpossibletasktorestrictwhatinformationisreadilymadeavailabletoagrowingchild.The childrenhavebeenoverexposedtowhatadultsusetokeepassecret,asaresult,therehasbeen an enormous problem of raising children in various cultures of the world. The highlighted problems, which have been observed in almost all cultures, which prompted this research to focusonthefollowingobservations:lackofproperparenting;children'slackofrespectfortheir parents; negative effects of peer group pressure on child and adolescent growth; children becomingparentsbeforereachingmaturityage,resultingfromsexualpromiscuityproblems; youthviolence,andrisingcriminalactivities;youthmembershipingangsandnocturnalgroups anddisregardforlawandorder;youthlackofvocationalskillsandlossofhopeintheirfuture; lack of youthful activities which promote character building; parents, parent substitutes and mentorsfailuretopresentthemselvesasrolemodelsfortheyouthstoemulate;breakdownof traditionalfamilyvalues,almostinallcultures;parentallackofawarenessandunderstanding oftheirchildren'sphysical,social,emotionalandspiritualdevelopment. This research titled Parenting: A Cross Cultural Psychological Perspective has been publishedto470-pagebookwithtenChapterswhichcoversusefulinformationforparenting across most cultures in the world. However, this lecture will focus on African Concept of Family&ParentingandCross-CulturalPerspective.

AfricanConceptofFamily&Parenting:Africansocietieshavetraditionalwayswithwhich they raise their children. However, because of enculturation, many of such traditional ways have been swallowed by other strong cultures, which has inuenced the societal norms and traditional values. TheAfrican culture was once known for the idea of, “The whole village beingresponsiblefortheraisingofthechild.”Forthosewhomightbewonderingwhatthisis allabout,Iwouldliketoexplaintheconcept.Thisconceptcomeswiththeideathatalladults withinvicinityareallinterestedandexpectedtoplayactiveroleintheraisingofthechild.A situation,inwhichthewholevillageraisesthechild,providesnohidingplaceforthechildasall adults within the environment are making sure that the child's behaviour is acceptable at all times.Another common notable child rearing practice among many cultures inAfrica is the ideathat, “All children and youths are compulsorily expected to show respect for all adults within their environment”. Parentsnormallyinsistthattheirchildrenshouldnotputthemto

shame.Withthisdemandforrespect,siblingshadnoproblemsastowhotorespectwithinthe family.Parentshadnoproblemsparentingtheirchildreninanenvironmentwherethechildren respectedthemselvesandrespectedtheirparents.Itisthelackofrespectforparents,whichhas madeparentingadifculttaskformanyparents.Anaspectofchildrearingpracticewhichis highlyrespectedbymanyculturesbutwhichisbeingcurrentlyneglectedasaresultofthelack ofpropertraditionalparentingprinciplesisthe restrictions on sexual laxity. Children,mostly girls, were previously raised with strong parenting principles, which forbade sexual promiscuity Itwasatabooforgirlstobeintimatewithanyman.Theparentingprincipledoes notencourageorallowanybodybuttheirhusbands,ontheirweddingday,tobetherstperson toknowthemintimately Withinmanycultures,withthisparentingpractice,theweddingnight wasalwaysfullofpageantry,andcelebrations,mostespeciallywhenitwasannouncedthatthe wifewasveryinnocentonherweddingday Theideaofthenewtrendonzippingoffwhichis being recently propagated as a slogan to assist youths from the AIDS pandemic problems should revisit the old traditional children's upbringing which restricts children from sexual promiscuity. Another important traditional child rearing practice, which should be encouraged,becauseofitspositiveimpactonchildandyouthdevelopmentistheupbringing, which emphasizes the need to protect one's family name. Everygrowingchildinthefamily protectsthefamilynameaccordingtothisupbringing.Asaresult,nochildwantstodisgraceor ridiculethefamilyname.Growingupwithdignityandstrongpositivevaluesthusbecomethe motivationalfactorforchildrenandyouths.Also,in the traditionalAfrican child rearing set up, many African children were reared with folk laws. Folk laws were stories passed on to children.Thesestorieswerefullofmoralteachingsofwisdomandmorallessons.

Marriage as an institutionis respected by many societies inAfrica.When a man or a womanreachesthematureage,heorsheisexpectedtomarry. Iftheindividual,foranyreason refusestomarryatthisexpectedperiodheorsheisnotrespectedinmanysocietiesinAfrica. This is so because of the emphasis Africans place on procreation. Most Africans view procreation as a way to keep to God's request that we should multiply Without a child, individuals are not given proper recognition they are not respectable within the society An educatedAfricantoldhisfatherinlawthathewasonlyinterestedinhavingonlyonechild.The father in law told him that his idea was like that of a foreigner and the sooner the son in law startstothinklikeanAfricanthebetterforhim.Itwasthereforenotsurprisingtorealizethat poorfamiliesinmanyculturesfocussomuchonprocreation,evenwhentheycannotaffordto feedandclothethem.Thisobservationshowsthatinmanysocieties,theideaofbirthcontrol wasconsideredataboo.Somuchemphasisisplacedonhavingmanychildren.Inthepast,the idea of having many children was very popular in those days when large families used their largepopulationtoadvantagetocultivatelargefamilyfarmlands.Theadventofeducationand mechanised farming coupled with the neglect for farming in many developing nations have broughtabouttheneedforparentstogetinvolvedinfamilyplanningprojectswhichlimitsthe familysizetothenumberofchildrentheparentscanaffordtoraise.Thankstotheeffortsof donor organisations in developing countries who have been involved on family Planning Educationasameansoferadicatingpoverty. Thisnewrealityshouldbesupportedbymany developingnationswherepercapitalincomeofcitizensareverylow Thecorrelationbetween povertyandpopulationisveryrealandeveryparentshouldtakecautiontolimittheirchildren tosizestheycanafford.

Letusimaginesomeoftheproblems,whichmanyparentsindevelopingcountriesare facing. Inmanysocieties,manyparentscannotseethecorrelationbetweentheirpovertylevel andthesizeoftheirfamilies.Manyparentsinmanydevelopingnationstosupporttheirinterest inlargefamilieshavepropagatedthefollowingreasons: Children are considered God-given and one should not reject God's gifts: Whiletheabovemaybedifculttofault,itistruethat many religions promote discipline and moderation. Many family relations are requested to train some of the children of the members of the nuclear or extended family who are poor: This practice seems to be born out of selshness, that some members of the family are nanciallybetterdoesnotnecessarilyputtheburdenofeducatingthechildrenofothermembers of the family on those who are nancially buoyant. Some parents in certain societies in developingnationsconsidertheycouldmakemoneywhilegivingouttheirfemalechildrenin marriage: the assumption to make money from female children is currently rejected. Many peoplewithinsuchsocietiesconsiderthepaymentofsomuchmoneyonanychildformarriage as mere extortion. Many husbands often become abusive and maltreat their wives since they believe they had the right, having paid so much dowry on their wives. Some husbands physically abuse their wives and consider them as property In some cultures, the birth of a female child is not as respected as the birth of a male child since such cultures are gender prejudiced.Insuchsocieties,onlythemalechildcaninheritthefather Thisgenderprejudice does not augur well with proper parenting. The gender assumption cannot be veried or defendedsincemanyfamilieshavebeenabletoeducatetheirdaughterswhohavemademany parents proud because of their ability to do better than their male counterparts in many instances. Manyparents,becauseofthesegenderinsensitivitiescontinuetolookforchildren until they are satised with the number of their male children. As a result of their lack of knowledgeaboutwhoareresponsibletoproducemaleorfemalechildren,someparentshave beenknowntoseparatefromordivorcetheirwiveswhoareblamedforgivingbirthtofemale children.Thebirthofamaleorfemalechildistheresponsibilityoftheman,andnotthewoman. Parentsshouldeducateandtakecareoftheirchildreniftheyaretobenetfromsuchchildrenin thefuture.

Theneedforapeacefulfamilyenvironmentisanecessityforproperparenting. Parents shouldplayactiverolesinestablishingpeacefulhomeenvironmentwhichencouragesloving and caring parenting to promotes children's and youth proper growth and development. The successorfailureofanymarriagealwayshasseriouseffectsonchildren. Forapeacefulfamily environment, the following guidelines are hereby recommended: Parents should view their marriage vows with strong beliefs and responsibilities; Individualsshould demonstrate some kindofmaturityandbeabletoacceptresponsibilityfortheiractions,beforetheyventureinto marriage. There are always certain assumptions by young lovers that marriage would solve mostoftheirproblems,theyneedtobeawarethatiftheteenagersarealreadyhavingproblems intheirrelationshiptheycanimaginetheproblemscouldmultiplyiftheyshouldgetmarried. Afteraverylongperiodofsexualpromiscuityamongteenagersitisgratifyingtoobservethat the new crusade against the menace of H.I.V Aids pandemic is 'zip up'. The likelihood of childrenhavingbabiescanbeeradicatedwiththisnewmoralitytrainingof'zipup'.Irrespective ofthewayandmanneramarriageiscontracted,allmarriagesarealwayscontractedwithstrong

warning and precautions. Marriages contracted with native law and custom in traditional societies is generally contracted with rules and regulations of what is expected from the husbandandwhatisexpectedofthewife.Thetraditionalgatheringofthefamiliesofthebride and bridegroom are always conducted with strong counselling sessions for the married couples. Withtheadventofreligioninmanysocieties,thecounsellingsessionsarestillpartof the marriage preparations observed along the Christian and Muslim marriages. It should be recalled also that modern marriages in advanced countries are always conducted with some kindofcounsellingwiththereligiousethicsofthemarriedcouples.Thefamiliesofbothbride andgroomareurgedtoplayactiveroleinassistingstabilityinthehomeofthenewlywedded couples,wherechildrencanbeproperlyraisedandcaredfor Whilesomeofthepointshighlightedherehavebeentreatedearlier,asummaryisconsidered necessary,now,toreinforcetheprecautionsofwhatmakessuccessfulmarriages:

Participantsinasuccessfulmarriagerelationshipalwayshavemutualrespectforeach other; treattheir marriagewith seriousness, maturingin it daily;always care for each other's feelings;thewifeisurgedtorespectthehusband'segofeelings,whilethehusbandisurgedto respectthewife'segofeelings;thesocietyorculturalnormsshouldberespected;alwayslove unconditionally; mature husbands are urged to control their temper while loving wives are urgedtocontroltheirmouthanddesistfromnagging;themanshouldtakeuphisresponsibility astheheadofthefamilyanddemonstratestrongleadershipqualities;thereisneedforpartners tosupportandcomplementoneanotherashomebuilders;bothpartnersshouldknowthatlove doesnothate,envyorjealous,manymarriageshavebeenundulyterminatedasaresultofthese vices; Parents should remember that as they treat themselves with love and respect, their childrenaremorelikelytofollowtheirparent'sfootstepwithawillingnesstotreattheirown partnerswiththesameloveandrespect. However,ifontheotherhandthechildrenobserve parentsbeatingthemselvesandshoutingateachother,thechildrenaremorelikelytoemulate these parental nasty attitudes; religion has also been known to play active role in peaceful, lovingfamilyrelationships,parentsarethereforeurgedtopracticetheirreligioncorrectlywith continuous prayers for their successful marriage; they should encourage one another in building self-condence. Communication is an essential ingredient to a successful marital relationship,theideaofbraggingbyapartnerthatheorshecankeeptohimselforherselffor dayswithoutcommunicatingwiththepartnershouldberegardedassicknessorwickedness, whichisnotworthbraggingaboutbutrather,theyareurgedtocontinuouslydogooddeedsto theirpartners. Bydoinggooddeedstotheirpartnerstheywillsoonrealisethatthebenetis theirs,whateverapartnersows,soshallheorshereap.

Spousal Interaction supports the success of marriage, There is need for constant interaction between partners.Avoidance of interaction or inappropriate interaction does not provide marital bless, instead, it widens the gap between partners and destroys marriage harmony.Themorehusbandandwifeshouldbeinvolvedincommunityactivitiessuchaswith signicantpersons,groupsandorganisationsoutsidethenuclearfamily,themoretheycanboth behappytogetherashusbandandwife;Humilityandrespectforoneanothertokeepahappy marriage.Manymarriageshavebrokenbecauseofdisregardforeachother,manypartnersare knowntohavetakentheirpartnersforgranted. Parentsareurgedtohavethenumberchildren they can afford to train. Employment is also an indicator of occupational success. Partners should therefore endeavour to support each other to secure good jobs rather than competing witheachother.Manymarriageshavebeenbrokenasaresultofhusband'sunemploymentand his inability to play his role as a responsible husband. Marital cohesion which is the state of

sticking together is positively associated with regard for each other marital self-esteem and affection.Sexualgraticationisaverystrongvitalsourceofmaritalattraction,foraslongas couplesenjoytheirlovemakingtooneanother,theblessingsofmaritalenjoymentencourage their marital relationships. However, when marital couples are unable to achieve this, satisfactory marital relationship becomes impossible. When both husband and wife demonstrategenuinelovetotheirchildren,thechildren,inturn,actasabondwithwhichboth husbandandwifecansharetheirjoyandhappiness.

ACross-CulturalParentingPerspective

Parenting in any society is always controlled or inuenced by the society's culture, because, childrearing practices differ from society to society, depending on the society's tradition and norms. Other factors which play predominant role in children's upbringing include; Parental childhood up-bringing, a parent who was raised with strong religious values,willalwaysattempttoraisehisorherchildrenwithstrongreligiousmoralvalues. This maynotbetrueofaparentwhowasnotbroughtupwithanymoralorreligiousvalues.Parenting inanysocietyisinuencedbyanyorcombinationsofthefollowingfactors:society'sculture; traditional child rearing practices; societal norms and values; societal traditional beliefs; societal economic growth; societal political freedom. The culture of any society determines what the society accepts or rejects as a child rearing practice. It is amazing to observe that differentsocietieshavedifferentideasaboutchildren'supbringing. Inmanyculturesthereare laid down principles about how to raise children in such cultures, there were political or government controls on how the child should be reared. The era of the cold war witnessed government control on how to raise children with government propaganda.The child rearing practicesoftheAfricanchildisverydifferentfromthechildrearingpracticesofthechildrenin the United States of America or Canada. The child rearing practices of the British child is differentfromthechildrearingpracticesoftheAmericanchildortheAsianchild. Even,within the same country, child-rearing practices differ between ethnic cultures, religious groups, including differences in family backgrounds. It should also be remembered that in many countries the children were considered to belong to government and their upbringing often reectsgovernmentconcernandcontrolovertheirchildrearingpractices.

While societies have been able to protect their children with law and order, other societies are struggling to protect their children from child abuse and enslavement. Some societiesindevelopingnationshavewitnessedtheabuseofchildrenfrompoorfamiliesusedas househelpandhawkers,orpettytradersonthestreets,whentheircounterpartsareinschool. TheUnitedNationshasbeenplayingpredominantrolesinthechildrearingpracticesofchildren all over the world. Through the contributions of UNICEF, children's prenatal and natal cares haveimprovedinmostsocietiesandcultures.However,forthisassistanceitcouldhavebeen difcultformanycountriesandsocietiestocaterfortheprenatalandnatalcareofpregnantand nursing mothers. It is unfortunate that a greater percentage of the world's children are not enjoying the current privileges, which their contemporaries elsewhere are enjoying. The disadvantages are due to lack of understanding on the part of some parents, families, groups, cultures, and governments, irrespective of status, religion or economic background. Specic causesinclude:'Absenceofreligiousorculturalethics';'Absenceofserious-mindedparents or parent substitutes'; 'Absence of laws to protect children's rights'; 'Absence of laws to protectmother'srights';'Absenceofproperparentingguidesonhowtoraisetheirchildren'; 'Absence of peace in the home'; 'Absence of love within the nuclear and extended family'; 'Absence of love among children'; 'Absence of educational opportunities'; 'Absence of proper parental care'; 'Absence of properly established cultural pattern on child rearing'; 'Absenceofpeacewithintheregionwherethechildisbeingraised';'Absenceofprovisionof

goodhealthforthechildren';'Absenceofpropernutritionforthechildren';'Absenceofplay facilitiesforthechildren';'Absenceofchallengesforthechildren';'Absenceofproperrules and regulations for the children to follow'; 'Absence of counselling facilities for the parents andtheirchildrenand'Absenceofadequatesecurityfortheparentsandtheirchildren'.

CausesofCross-CulturalDisparitiesinChildrenUp-bringinginclude:

Lack of Understanding of Parenting Principles: The lack of understanding of parentingprinciplesisnotlimitedtoanyparticulargrouporculture.Thelackofunderstandingis not restricted to any particular group of parents; it exists among rich parents, poor parents, parents in advance countries, parents in developing economy, among educated and noneducated parents. The lack of understanding is caused by many parents' refusal to learn from their own parents or from their own culture. Many parents have been exposed to cultures differentfromtheonestheywereraisedandtheycompletelylostfocusoftheculturalparenting styles with which they were raised. Many parents on the other hand, remembering how they sufferedinthehandsoftheirownparentshavedecidednottoraisetheirchildrenwiththesame kindofrestrictionsandsuffering.

AbsenceofReligiousorCulturalEthics:Inthepast,manychildrenwereraisedwithin many cultures with the religious ethics of the parents. But as many countries develop there seems to be an observation of antagonisms to the previous ways children were raised. This particular problem seems to be obvious in countries that are made up of many ethnic groups. Different groups came together with their different cultures to form countries. For such countries to survive as a nation, the different groups had to accommodate one another, most especially their cultural differences.As it is today, no country in the world can boast of being uninuencedbyothercultures.Whilesomereligionorcultureareverystrongandpopularwith her ethical standards and discipline some are either considered too strict or not strict enough, whilesomeareconsideredtoopermissive?Butasaresultoftheabsenceofpreviousreligiousor culturalethicalstandards,parentingchildrenwithstrongethicshavesufferedinmanysocieties andcountries.Thisabsentethicalstandardiscurrentlyaffectingproperparentingandchildren's upbringing.

AbsenceofSerious-mindedparentsandparentsubstitutes:Therearesomeparents whosebehaviourswiththeirchildrencannotinanymannerbeconsideredserious.Ithasbeen observed in many cultures and countries government or it's agencies such as Child Welfare Departments and the Justice Departments have to intervene with parents who abuse children. Therehasbeenseriesofreportedcasesofparentneglectleadingtodeathorneardeathoftheir children.Theworstscenariosarereportedcasesofchildabuseresultingfromparent'sabuseof drugsandalcohol.Thesufferingofmanychildrenindysfunctionalfamiliesmakesaridiculeof parenting.Thissituationisworseincertaincountriesandcultureswhereparentshideunderthe culturalpermissiveness,whichallowsparentstoabusethechildrenwithoutanyonetodefend thechildren.

AbsenceofLawstoprotectchildren'srights:Whilechildreninsomeoftheworld's community are well protected by laws, which protect children's rights, many children are unprotected from abuse by many unbalanced adults. It is unfortunate that many adults who should be good examples for the children to emulate are being caught abusing the children. Manyofthecourtdecisionsonchildabusersandmurderersareappallingtosaytheleast.Parents in many societies where there are no laws to protect children's rights may need to do more to protecttheirchildren.AsituationinLiberiawherechildrenweredraftedtobecomekid-soldiers wasaninfringementontheirrightaschildren.Manychildrenbyvirtueoftheirparticipationin adultactivitieswereoftendebarredfromtheirrightstogrowupproperlyaschildren.Children trafckingarealsoahumanrightsabuseonchildren.

Absence of Laws to protect mother's rights to raise their children: In many societies,therearenolawstoprotectmotherstoraisetheirchildrentothebestoftheirabilities. Insuchsocieties,mothersdonothaveanysayintheday-to-dayraisingoftheirchildren.These maledominatedsocietiesmakeamockeryofproperparentingandanychild'spropergrowth. Fromanearlierresearchnding,(Odebunmi2004)itwasreportedthatchildrenofmothersin male dominated societies who are not allowed to raise their children have been observed to develop low self-esteem and confused personality Women in such societies were sometimes threatenediftheyshouldreportanyatrocitycommittedagainstthemsuchasphysicalabuseor even rape. In such environments children's upbringing and proper parenting cannot be guaranteed, since the mothers are not given the complete freedom with which to raise their children.Theworsttreatmentregularlymetedtothewomeninmaledominatedsocietiesisthe regularphysicalbeatingtheysufferfromtheirhusbandsandhusband'sfamilymembers.

Absence of Proper Parenting Guides on How to Raise their Children: It is unfortunatethatcountriesandsocietieswhohaveprotectedanddefendedchildren'srightshave failedtoprovidealternativestrategiestoparentsonhowthechildrencanberaised.Thislackof proper parenting guides has produced a vacuum and confusion to many parents as to the alternatives to capital punishment which is the only familiar punishment known to these parents.Whilemanychildrenhavebeenprotectedfromunnecessarybrutalcapitalpunishment, thereisneedtomakeparentsawareofalternativepunishingstrategieswhichdiffersfromthe brutalcapitalpunishment.Withoutparentingguides,positivechildren'supbringingandproper parentingcannotbeaccomplished.

Absence of Peace in the home: In many homes, peace is not a household word. A chaotic home environment neither encourages positive children's upbringing, nor proper parenting.Ithasbeenobservedthatraisingchildreninnon-peacefulhomesisanimpossibletask forparentsorparentsubstitutes.Thesituationinmanyhomesismoreorlessabattleeld;awar between the parents and the children, a war between husband and wife or a war between the children.Parents,irrespectiveoftheirenvironmentshouldknowthatapeacefulenvironmentis asurerenvironmenttoraisechildrenthanachaoticenvironment.

AbsenceofLovewithinthenuclearandextendedfamily:Itisconsiderednecessary to explain the difference between nuclear and extended family systems. The nuclear or mononuclearasisoftenreferredtoisabasicsocialunit,whichconsistofahusband,awifeas parentsandtheirchildren.Inpolygamouscultures,thenuclearfamilyconsistsofhusbandwives andallthechildrenofthewives.Theextendedfamily,ontheotherhand,consistsoftheentire familyofthehusbandandtheentirefamilyofthewife.Membersoftheextendedfamilyinclude allthecousins'nephews'brothers,sistersandpossiblyallknownrelatives.Whileparentinghas been considered manageable within the nuclear family, it has been disastrously too big to manage within the extended family system. It is also interesting to observe that the idea of extendedfamilysystemseemstobedecreasinginpopularityamongnewgenerationofchildren andyouths,whilethenuclearfamilysystemisgainingmorepopularityamongvariouspersons in all cultures. The reason for the popularity of the nuclear family is not unconnected to economic consideration and the family manageability Some extended family members often claim to have more right over the man or woman's nances than the children of the nuclear family. There have been reported cases of sufferings meted to children by extended family membersiftheparentsshoulddie.Parentsarethereforeurgedtobuyinsurancefortheirchildren incaseofanyaccidentaldeath.Theabsenceoflovewithinboththenuclearandextendedfamily smellsadoomforproperchildrenupbringingandproperparenting.

Absence of love among children: Parenting often becomes impossible when the childrenarenotfriendlywitheachother.Sometimessiblingrivalrycouldbeverydestructive. Unfortunately,manyfamiliesarefacedwiththisparticularproblem.Thisisverydisheartening formanyparentsastheyobservethelackoflove,whichexistbetweentheirchildren.Thislack ofloveoftenleadstodistrustamongthefamily.Theunhealthyrelationshipbetweenchildrenis universal. But it is more pronounced among grown up children. Parents should therefore be consciousofhowtheyareoftenresponsibleforthedisharmony

AbsenceofEducationalOpportunities:ACross-culturalperspectiveonchildrearing practiceshaveshownthatlackofeducationalopportunitieshasbeenconsideredoneofthemost causalfactorsofnegativeupbringingamongthechildrenoftheworld.Manyconcernedworld leadersfromdonorcountrieshaveincreasedtheireducationalaidstomanydevelopingnations. Theseleadersshouldbepraisedforthishindsight.Consideringtheinuenceoftechnological advancement and its effect on narrowing the distance and gaps between families, groups, cultures and countries, the willingness of promoting children's education worldwide is very welcomed.

Absence of ProperParental Care and Safety: Theabsencesof proper parentalcare and safety have been observed to be responsible for the negative children's upbringing and properparenting.Sincechildrenareatthemercyoftheirmothersfromthetimetheywereinthe wombtillthetimetheycanbeontheirown,itisimperativeforparentstoprovidecareandsafety for their babies. The parental care is always needed at every point of the child's growing up. Parents should be ready to play their different expected roles in parenting their children from pregnancyperiodtoadulthoodperiod.

Absence of Provision of Good Health for the children: The need for provision of goodhealthforchildrenisofutmostsignicance,especiallyasmanyofthechildren'sdiseases canbeeliminatedifadequatehealthisprovidedforthechildren.Sincethetwentyrstcentury haswitnessedtheloweringpercentageofchildren'smortalityrates.Manychildren'sdiseasesin thepast,whichcausedalotofhavocforchildrensuchaspolio,andotherchildren'sdiseasesare nowguidedagainstwithdiscoveryofvaccineandotherpreventivemedications.Whilemany childrenhavebenetedfromthisnewdevelopmentofpreventivemedicine,manychildrenare yet to enjoy the advantages of the health facilities. It is absurd that many countries are still playingpoliticswiththeirchildren'shealth.Parentsinallculturesneedtobeeducatedastothe importanceofprenatalandpostnatalcareoftheirbabies.

Absenceofadequatesecurityforthechildrenandtheirparents:Childreninmany countries are unable to receive proper upbringing and proper parenting because the environment where they are raising their children is not safe. Parents cannot concentrate on proper parenting when their environment is unsafe. For proper parenting to occur, various governmentsshouldensurethatsafetyofthelivesandpropertyofhercitizensareguaranteed. Without safety many children and their parents are constantly traumatized. Apart from the safetyoftheenvironmentthereisalsotheneedtoprovidepropersafetyforthechildrenifthey aretogrowupproperlywithadequateparentingprinciples.

Absenceofadequateshelterforthechildren:Anothermajorcauseofpoorparenting is the absence of adequate shelter for the children. Children need to be comfortable to enjoy properparenting.Butratherunfortunately,manyoftheenvironmentswherechildrenareraised cannot be considered adequate shelter. In certain economically disadvantaged countries children have been observed to live with their parents in small rented accommodations.This problemoftenbecomespronouncedamongparentswithlargefamilies.Variousgovernmentsin allculturesshouldendeavourtoassisthercitizensonproblemsofshelter.

SECTION6

DRUGABUSEAWARENESS&MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES

My research into drug abuse and management was borne out of my many years' experience as a Teacher, teaching Language Arts, Reading, Psychology and Counselling EmotionallyDisturbedStudentswhowerehavingcopingproblemsattheregularhighschool at Placentia Unied School District - El Camino Real High School in Orange County California in 1971-1975; as postdoctoral Intern & Consultant Family Therapist, Managing EmotionallyDisturbedandSubstanceAbusePatientsinaFamilytherapysettingin1982-1983 (Sabbatical Year) at Delaware Valley Mental Health Foundation, Doylestown Pennsylvania; as United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) Substance Abuse Resource Consultant,African Regional OfceAbidjan, Cote 'D' Ivory (Ivory Coast), Drug DemandReductiontotheWestAfricanSubRegionDrugCounsellorsfromsixteendifferent countries in theWestAfrican sub-region of Economic Community ofWestAfrica in (19971999);asateacheratUniversityofBeninTeachingHospital;DepartmentofMentalHealth, taught Psychology and Psychotherapy courses. I also participated in University of Benin TrainingProgramforSubstanceAbusePractitionersinNigeria,whichisjointlysponsoredby UniversityofBenin&ICAASwitzerland.(1984-1995);ConsultantTherapist(1989-1990) at Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City Nigeria, managing Emotionally Disturbed and SubstanceAbusePatientsinahospitalenvironmentatNeuropsychiatricHospitalUselu,Benin City, Nigeria (Sabbatical 1989-1990); National Consultant to National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Nigeria on a Drug Abuse Prevention Workshop titled “ImplementationofDrugAbuseAwarenessProgramme”in2008. Globally,drugabuseisamajorpublichealthproblem,theuseandabuseofdrugsby youngpeoplehasbecomeoneofthemostdisturbinghealthrelatedphenomena.Thedisturbing and dangerous trend in drug abuse all over the world now is the unconventional dangerous drugsthatarecurrentlybeingabusedbydrugaddicts.Thefactnowisthatthesedrugsarecheap and readily available. In addition, various household and other common products could be abused as inhalants these days. More worrisome is the prevalence of abuse of these unconventionaldrugsbyadolescentandyouths.Surprisinglynotonlythatthispracticeisnot onlycommonamongmaleandfemalebutevenhousewivesinpoorandhigh-densityareaare nowinvolved. Raisingawarenessandunderstandingofthemajordruggroupsandtheireffects isthefocusinthisresearch.Drugarecurrentlyidentiedunderthefollowingclassications: Gateway Drugs: Gateway is a generic name for these drugs because of their roles in leading to harder drugs and they are easily available. Classied Gateway drugs include: Nicotine (Tobacco or Cigarettes generally), Marijuana (Pot, grass, ganja, igbo), Hashish, Hashish oil,Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) andAlcohol., General Effects of Gateway Drugs are; Euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite and disoriented behaviour Overdose useofgatewaydrugs;canresultinFatigue,ParanoiaandPossiblePsychoses.

Depressants Drugs; are drugs used medically as sedatives and sleeping pills. Depressants often slow down a person's central nervous system (CNS). They are often

----- Classification of Drugs

prescribed to help people with anger problem, calm people who are stressed and tensed or to relaxmusclesandnerves.However,itisunfortunatethatthesedrugsarenowcommonlyabused. Depressants commonly abuse include the following: Barbiturates-Amytal, Phenobarbital (Blues,downers), Chloral Hydrate, Methaqualone, Minor Tranquillizers

Benzodiazepines–Valium(Downs)AlcoholandotherDepressants. Eﬀects of depressants are: Slurredspeech,disorientation,drunkenbehaviourwithoutodoursofalcohol.Overdoseeﬀectof depressantsresultsin:Shallowrespiration,coldandclammyskin,dilatedpupils,weakandrapid pulse,comma,andpossibledeath.

HallucinogensDrugs:arepsychoactivedrugsthatalterperception,thoughtsandmood. Thesedrugsarebasicallyamedicaldrugbutconsideredtobeoneofthemostdangerousofall drugs.Anexampleisphencyclidineorphenylcyclohexylpiperidine(PCP)(angeldust).Theuse of PCPas an afrmed anaesthetic in human was discontinued in 1965 because patients often became agitated, delusional and irrational while recovering from anaesthetic effects. HallucinogenicdrugsarealsocalledPsychedelicsdrugs.Itisasyntheticorpsychoactivedrug that produce marked distortion of the senses and changes in perception. Street names of Hallucinogensinclude“ScheduleOneDrug”becauseoftheirhighabusepotential.Othernames include'Acid','Boomer','Hippie'and'SupaMan'.Hallucinogenicdrugsinclude:Amphetamine (MDA, STP, ecstasy) variants, Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD), Mescaline, peyote (Mesc, Cactus), Psilocybin-Psilocyn, (Mushroom), Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) Eﬀects of Hallucinogen drugs on users include: Illusions and hallucinations (with exception of MDA), poorperceptionoftimeanddistance.

Narcotics (opiates): Narcotics is an extremely addictive drug which comes from the poppyplantopiatesorcouldbesynthetic.Narcoticsarealsocalledopioidpainrelievers.When used carefully and under a health care provider's direct care, these drugs can be effective at

reducingpainthatissevere.Narcoticsworkbybindingtoreceptorsinthebrain,whichblocks the feeling of pain. If abused, it ravages the addicts body and becomes the primary focus of addict'slife. Abreakofonlyonedaycanbringtheaddictseverewithdrawalsymptoms. Drugs classifiedasNarcoticsinclude:Opium(Bluevelvet),Morphine(MissEmma,Morph),Codeine (Schoolboy), Heroin (Smack, Junk), Demerol and Methadone Effects Narcotics: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nausea. Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, comma and possible death. Long Term Effect of Use: Physical addiction, lethargy, weight loss, inhibition of ejaculation and erection, loss of sexual interest.

Stimulants (Synthetic Drugs): These are drugs that speed up activities in the body or betterdescribedasasubstancethatraiseslevelsofphysiologicalornervousactivityinthebody. Stimulantswererstusedtotreatasthmaandobesity;however,thesedrugsareabuseddueto their performance enhancing and euphoric effects. Stimulants are usually called “uppers,” because they excite the body functions which stimulates the brain and central nervous system (CNS). Drugs classiﬁed as Stimulants include: Amphetamines, Cocaine, Phenmetrazine, Methylphenidate and others. Eﬀects: Increased alertness, excitation, euphoria, dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, increased blood pressure, insomnia and loss of appetite. Overdose: Agitation,increaseinbodytemperature,hallucination,convulsions,andpossibledeath.

Unconventional Dangerous Drugs: Steroids & Inhalants: The disturbing and dangeroustrendindrugabuseallovertheworldnowistheunconventionaldangerousdrugsthat arecurrentlybeingabusedbydrugaddicts.Thefactnowisthatthesedrugsarecheapandreadily available. In addition, various household and other common products could be abused as inhalantsthesedays.Moreworrisomeistheprevalenceofabuseoftheseunconventionaldrugs by adolescent and youths. Surprisingly not only that this practice is not only common among male and female but even house wives in poor and high-density area are now involved. Householdproductsandothercommonproductsusedasdangerousdrugsinclude:Pawpawleaf, Paint and Paint thinner, Glue, Petrol/ Gasoline, correcting uid, Rubber solutions, Nail polish/Nail remover, Kerosene, soakaway pit toilet fumes, Plantain bark, old newspapers, FurniturePolish,Benylin+Codeine,Cementsnifng,lickingofbackoftoadandothers.

Street names for inhalants include:airblast,bold,hippiecrack,moongas,poorman's pot,rush,snappers,andwhiteout.Effect:Snifnghighlyconcentratedamountsofthechemicals cancauseheartattacksandevendeathwithinminutes;knownas"SuddenSnifngDeath,”this canhappenthersttimeyouuseinhalantsoranytimeafter.Inhalantusecancausedamagetothe heart,kidneys,brain,liver,bonemarrowandotherorgans.Inhalantsusuallyreduceoxygenin thebodyandcausethehearttobeatirregularly.Overdosesymptoms;includenausea,vomiting, hypotension,hypoventilation,shortnessofbreath,nosebleeds,lossofhearingorsenseofsmell andfainting. SincethemanagementofAlcoholandDrugabuseisnotaneasytask,Idecidedto

PreventiveandManagementStrategiesforAlcoholandDrugAbuse

Signs&SymptomsofAlcohol&DrugAddiction:

It is absolutely necessary that the signs and symptoms of alcohol and drug addiction shouldbemadeavailabletoeveryonewhoisinterestedinassistingalcoholanddrugaddicted personstoovercometheaddiction.Itisaveryseriousembarrassmenttosuspectanyoneasan alcoholicordrugaddictwhenthepersonmaybehavingsomeothermedicalproblems.There arecommonphysicalsignssuchas'lethargy','bloodshoteyes','runnynose','irregularsleep'and 'weight changes'. The individual's lack of maintaining a well-groomed life style may also be countedasaphysicalsignofalcoholanddrugabuse.Therearealsocommonbehaviouralsigns suchasshiftsinsocialcircles,poorworkhabits,poorschoolperformance,secretivebehaviour andrefusaltoperformresponsibly.However,itisconsideredverycrucialforparents,teachers, schoolcounsellors,psychologistsandallelders,religiousleadersandsecurityoperativeswho wish to assist drug and alcoholic abusers to recover, to note the following particular aspects detailingthesignsandsymptomsthatshouldbeemphasized:

PhysicalsignsofDrugandAlcoholAddictionare,Bloodshotwateryeyes;Changesin appearance; Changes in eating habits; Changes in weight; Chemical odour on breath and clothes;Clenchingofthejaw;Extremelethargy;Frequentrunnynosewhichisverycommon with Cocaine addiction; Irregular sleep pattern, or difculty sleeping; Loss of physical coordination;Needlemarksonskin;Poorpersonalhygiene

Behavioural signs of Drug andAlcoholAddiction are: Individual'slackofinterestin activitiesorhobbiesheorsheusedtoenjoy;lackofinterestordecreasedparticipationinfamily activities; Neglecting Responsibilities, as many addicts may disregard their responsibilities because they may have difculty remembering details of important appointments or assignments; Secretivebehaviour;Social,emotionalandmentalSelf-isolation; Shiftsinsocial circles; Suspicious way nancial issues are being handled. Since drug addiction can be extremely costly, an addict may repeatedly steal or borrow money from family members and friendsorsellhouseitemstomaintaintheirdrugoralcoholaddiction.

Psychological Signs may manifest in the addicted person's acting in uncharacteristic ways. They may think and feel differently than they would normally Psychological signs of drug abuse can include changes in a person's thought patterns, attitudes, beliefs and priorities. Psychologicalsignsofdrugandalcoholaddictioninclude:Changesinpersonalitytraitsofthe addicted person; Depression or anxiety; Dismal outlook on life; Feelings of apathy or disinterest; Lack of motivation; Mood swings/Irritability (When the person is high, he or she may be hyperactive, affectionate or excitable but as soon as the high wears off, the addicted person may become angry, irritable or even abusive or aggressive; Negative self-image; Paranoid, fearful or obsessive thoughts; and Withdrawing emotionally from loved ones. (Paranoidthoughtsmakethemsuspiciousoffamilyandfriends).The common psychological signs include: 'Paranoid thoughts'; 'Negative self- image'; 'Feelings of apathy'; and 'Lack of motivation'.Drugaddictionoralcoholusedisorderisverydifculttoidentifyifonedoesnot understand the signs of addiction. Addiction changes people's physical, behavioural and psychologicalperspectives.Theabovelistedsignsandsymptomsofaddictionshowthatmany signsofaddictionsharethesamesimilarsignsandsymptoms.

SpecicSignsofDrugAbusebyCategorisations:

Signs of Depressants (Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines, Valium) abuse include: Clumsiness/Staggering; Impaired judgement; Slow reaction times; Uncontrolled Sleepiness; Slurred speech. Signs & Symptoms of Marijuana include: Dry mouth; Eating excessively or at unusual times, particularly sweet or salty food; Inappropriate or excessive laughter;Lossofmotivation;Red,bloodshoteyes;Sleepiness;Talkingtooloudly;TheScent ofcigarettes,clovesorincenseinclothing(usedtomaskthemarijuanasmell);scentofsweet smokeinclothing;Unexplainedcough;Weightgain.

Signs and Symptoms of Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP, Mushrooms) abuse may include: Bizarre behaviour; including inappropriate affection, aggression or paranoia; Difculty interacting with others; Dilated or irregular pupils; Excessive self-absorption or focus on objects; Mood swings or confusion. Dry mouth; Eating excessively or at unusual times, particularly sweet or salty food; Inappropriate or excessive laughter; Loss of motivation; Red, bloodshot eyes; Sleepiness; Talking too loudly; The Scent of cigarettes, clovesorincenseinclothing(usedtomaskthemarijuanasmell);Thescentofsweetsmokein clothing;Unexplainedcough;Weightgain.

Signs and Symptoms of Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy,) abuse may include:Anxiety or irritability; Dilated pupils; Dry mouth; Flushed skin; Giddiness or euphoria; Grinding teeth; Hyperactivity or excessive talking; Skipping meals or sleep; Sore jaw;Suddenepisodesofdepressionorparanoia;Weightloss.

SignsandSymptomsofNarcotics(Heroin,Opioid,Codeine,Morphine,Demerol, Methadone)abusemayinclude:Constrictedpupilsthatdoesnotrespondtodirectlight;Loss ofappetite;Lossofbowelmovementregularity;Missingprescriptionpainkillerpills;Needle marksinarms,legsorfeet;Sleepingduringtheday;Snifngorcoughing;Sweatingorclammy skin;Vomiting;Wearinglongsleevesorpantstocoverneedlemarks.

SignsandSymptomsofInhalants(Glue,Aerosols)abusemayinclude:Anxietyor Irritability; Clumsiness; Difculty seeing; Drowsiness; Headaches; Impaired memory; Nausea;Rashesaroundthemouthornose;RunnynoseandWateryeyes.

SubstanceAbuse:RecommendationsforTeachersandParents:

Consideringthecurrentawarenessofthenegativeconsequencesofalcoholanddrug abuse,itispertinentatthisjuncturetoeducateparentsandteachersandallconcernedadults aboutthephysical,behavioural,andpsychologicalsignsofsubstanceabusetolookoutforin theirwardsorchildren.Alsoincludedarepossiblemanagementstrategieswithwhichtheycan assisttheirwardsandchildrenwhoarehavingsubstanceabuseproblems.

Recognizethephysicalsignsofsubstanceabuse:Changesineatinghabits(increase orlossofappetite);Problemswithexcessivetiredness;Achangeinthesizeofpupils(largeror smaller),redorwateryeyes,blankstare;Sweaty,clammy,orcoldpalms;Tremorsinthehands, feet, or head; Hyperactivity or excessive chattiness; Runny/red nose or a hacking cough; Unexplainedneedlemarksonthebody(typicallythelowerarm,leg,orbottomoffeet);Smell ofsubstanceonbreath,clothes,orbody

Recognize the behavioural signs of substance abuse: Unexplainable change in attitude or personality; Changes in friends; does not discuss new friends or are known drug

users; Change or termination of activities or hobbies; Decline in grades at school; skips or is tardyforclass;Forgetfulorhasahardtimeconcentrating;Adeclineinmotivationorenergy; Temper tantrums or resentful behaviour;Aloss of interest in the family or family activities; Moodiness, irritability, or nervousness; Inappropriate laughter or giddiness; Paranoid, an extreme need for privacy, hard to nd, secretive, or dishonest; Inexplicable need for money; stealingmoneyoritems;Changeinpersonalhygiene;Possessionofparaphernalia; Recognize the psychological signs of substance abuse: Unexplained guilt; Depression;Declineofself-esteem;Self-hatred,whichmayleadtoself-mutilation;Recognize whatdrugslooklike,howtheyareconsumed,andhowtheyarestore:forexample,marijuanais generallysmokedbyrollingmarijuanaitpaper.Itcanalsobecookedinfoods;Crackcocaineis smoked in glass pipes or snorted, typically using a straw, rolled dollar bill, or a small spoon; Heroinisinjectedtypicallyintothearmsorlegs.Drugssuchasmarijuanaarestoredinsmall plasticbags,foilpackets,orlmcanisters.Befamiliarwiththetypicalhidingplacesfordrugs (especiallyathome). Theseincludebutarenotlimitedto:stuffedanimals,stereospeakers,the baseoflamps, books/magazines, CD's,vents,closets,pillows,parents'room,cartrunks,bushes,sodacans,andChopsticktubes.

Be aware of non-verbal communication: Teachers and parents should look for nonverbalcuessuchas:avoidingeyecontact,whichmayindicateguilt,orsquirming/dgeting, whichmayindicatefear.Teachersandparentsshouldalsobecognizantoftheirownnon-verbal cuessuchasfrowningtoindicatedisappointmentordisapproval.

Listen: Actively listen to the words being spoken without interrupting and without giving advice. Make it apparent to the child that their feelings on this topic are important and future conversationsarewelcomed.

Donotusescaretactics:Teachersandparentsshouldprovidetheirstudents/children withclearandaccurateinformationinordertoenablethemtomakeappropriateandresponsible decisions.A"scared straight" approach has not been shown to be effective.Amore effective approachfocusesonfactualinformationandresistingpeerpressure.

Integratedrugeducationintothecurriculum:Acurriculumdesigncanincorporate preventionbyincludingthemesonsubstanceabuse.Forinstance,amathteachercouldusereal statistics,percentages,orprobabilitiesondrug/alcoholrelatedissuesinexampleproblems.An English teacher could assign a novel that deals with substance abuse and create assignments wherestudentshavetopayattentiontotherolethatsubstanceabuseplays.

Knowwheretogethelp: Ifachildissuspectedofabusingdrugsoralcohol,Teachers should know and follow the rules and regulations of their school. Parents should talk to their childinacalmbutdirectway.Makesuretoavoidaccusationsandbeforetalkingtothem,learn about groups and organizations that provide services and support for substance abuse related issues.

Teachers & parents should communicate with each other: It is important to keep eachotheruptodateaboutthechildsothatanoverallandfullpictureisdeveloped.Thiscould includephonecalls,emails,orconferences.

AdditionalRecommendationsforGoodParents:

Parentsshouldmakeitcleartotheirchildthattheylovehim/herandareconcernedforhis/her safety, health and emotional well-being. Unconditional love can be combined with nonacceptance of use of illegal substances. Initiate conversations about drugs and alcohol. It is

important that your child understands the family rules concerning drugs and alcohol. Make surethatthisisaconversationandnotalecture.Theseconversationsshouldnotbeaone-time event.Beactivelyinvolvedandinformedinyourchild'slife.Parentsshouldgettoknowtheir child'sfriends,knowwheretheyareandwhotheyarewith,beconsistentandrmonenforcing rulesandpunishments,andbeinvolvedintheireducation.

ManagementStrategies

While treating alcohol and drug abuse has proven difcult, it has been realized that the provision of symptoms and causes of alcohol and drug addiction is a sure way to its management.Forthispurpose,thesymptoms,andcausesofsomeofthecommondrugsand alcoholhasbeenfullyestablishedforparents,teachers,healthfacilitatorsandcounsellorswho areinterestedinassistingtheirchildren,wards,relationsandneighbourhoodyouthswhohave fallen victims of addiction. Once the signs and symptoms are noticed, assistance should be soughtfromknowledgeablepersonswithintheareatoseekprofessionalhelp.TheCounsellor mightbeabletoreferthecasetoaclinicalpsychologist,psychotherapistorpsychiatrist.Some medicationshavebeeneffectiveandsuccessfullyusedinthepasttotreatsomeaddictions.Asa result of my interactions and experience with addicted persons the recommendations listed belowhaveprovenuseful:

Any good Rehabilitation Centre should provide for therapy session for individuals and group including physical tness and diet. Along with the above general methods, the followingspecicsshouldbeadheredtofortheaddicttobeabletomovetowardsrecoveryor possesstheabilitytoquitdrugaddiction:Recoveringaddictsshouldbeinvolvedinprograms whichcultivatesnewideaofliving,includingabandoningoldplaymateswhopromotedearlier addictions;The recovering addict should be able to challenge some of his or her destructive thinking and behaviour patterns; The recovering addict should be ready and willing to promote positive changes in himself/herself and his attitudes to life;Therecoveringalcohol anddrugaddictshouldbewillingto surrender himself or herself to a spiritual growth which recognizes the power of God in his or her life; The Health Care providers are also urged to providerecoveryprogramswhichshouldfocusontherebuildingthelivesoftheaddictattheir differentcomfortablelevelsofcopinganddevelopment;Addictsneedhelpandsupportfrom othersasmuchastheyneedhelpandsupportforthemselves.Treatmentandlackofproperselfdiscipline(Self-Care)duetounderlyingpsychological,emotionaldisturbancesortrauma,is just one causal factor for addiction and alcoholism, therapy can therefore focus on instilling properdisciplinewithoutintimidationorphysicalabuse;

Family counselling should also be encouraged. The needed family support, and an environment of warmth and loving tender care could do the alcohol or drug abuser a lot of good.Strongfamilysupporthasbeenrecognizedtohavepositiveeffectonmanyalcoholicsor drugaddictswhohavebeenobservedtopossesslowself-esteem.

Theneedforlong-termprofessionalcareforsevereemotionaldisturbancesamong individualsmayalsoassistinthepossiblelifelongremissionofdrugaddictionandalcoholism; The individual addict or alcoholic in recovery will learn to enjoy success and achievements ratherthanwallowinself-pityandrejectionofself;Thereisalsotheneedtotraintheaddicton how to make better use of long-term goals ratherthanthefrustratingshort-termgoalswhich oftenleadtofrustrationandprojectabandonment.

TherapeuticManagementStrategiesforAlcoholandDrugAbuse

Within my years of teaching, research and counselling practice, I have been able to applymanyofthetherapeutictechniques.Someofthesetechniqueshavebeenadaptedtosuit my counselling style. I have also found Group Dynamics very useful in my therapeutic practice. I am not emphasizing or making any attempt to make any claim that one model is more important than any other model, instead I will like to emphasise that the use of all the therapeutic models with their advantages and limitations. Practitioners should consider the possibilityofmakinguseofcompatiblemodelsincaringfortheindividualswithbehavioural problem, alcoholism and drug use problem. I am providing therapeutic knowledge to Counsellingandnon-counsellingpractitionerswhowishtostudythetherapeutictechniquesin counselling.Thesecounsellingtechniqueshasnotbeenrestrictedtothejuveniledelinquents, drug addicts, alcoholics and the emotionally disturbed, it has also included attempts at preventionratherthancurativeormanagementstrategies. Effortshasbeenconcentratedon workingwithclientswhoarenotsickbutwishtolivemoresuccessfullyandndrealmeaning totheirlives,throughtraininginHealthyLivingLifestyles.Ioftenemphasizedtomystudents the Adlerian philosophy which emphasizes encouragementrather than a therapy that would curetheirsickness. ItisthiscontentionthatmakestheAdleriantherapeuticmodelapositive growth-orientedmodelwhichseekstondmeaningandgoaltogivelifedirection. Itisthereforemypositionthatthislectureshouldnotbeseentobeusedonlytotreatand managebehaviourproblems,drugusersandalcoholics,insteaditshouldbeusefultopeople who wish to apply it for preventive purposes. Such persons can use this lecture (and Drug AbuseAwareness&ManagementStrategiesbook)topreventpeoplefromgettingpolluted with problem behaviour, drug problem and alcoholism. Counselling should therefore not be consideredonlyasacurativetherapy Itis,inessence,apreventiveandguidingtherapywhich aims at helping people to proper adjustments and taking proper decisions in their lives.The process of counselling is a dialogue in individual on group counselling. For effective counsellingtotakeplacetherefore,itisessentialthatthetherapistremainsopenhisorherown personal and professional growth, particularly when working with individuals exhibiting problematic behaviors, drug users, and alcoholics. This is the only way the therapist or the concernedhelpingadulttoassistanybodywithbehaviourproblem,problemofdrugabuse,and problemofalcoholabuseeffectively.Manyexpertshaveusedtheword`TherapeuticPotency' asawayinwhichthetherapistisabletocontinuetogrowwhileworkingwiththeaddict.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Madam Vice Chancellor, Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, kindly permit me to concludethisinaugurallecturewiththefollowingrecommendations:

Research On Parenting and Child Development: Attachment Theory Parents and parent substitutes need to get close to the children with warmth and love in order to be able to allow bonding with the children. Parents, with the support of Teachers, Family, and the entire communitywithintheAfricanculture,areexpectedtoraisethechildren.Thereisneedforlaws tosanctionparentswhoabandontheirchildren.ParentingStyles:Thereisneedforawareness oftheeffectofparentingstylessuchasauthoritarian,authoritative,permissive,andneglectful on children's development and what they turn out to become as adults. Child Development: Children's cognitive, social, and emotional development and mental health such as self –esteem,anxiety,anddepressionareresultsofmilestonesofchildhoodexperiencesandparental upbringing.EffectiveParentingStrategies:Thereisneedforparent'sawarenessonevidencebased techniques for promoting positive behaviour, discipline, and proper communication which are highlighted in this lecture. Challenges and Support: Parents who are having challenges with their children should support, such as therapy from clinical psychologists. Positive Parenting: Emphasize the benets of positive reinforcement, empathy, and unconditionalloveinfosteringhealthyrelationships.TechnologyandParenting:Explorethe impactoftechnologyonparenting,includingscreentime,monitoring,andonlinesafety.There is also the need to educate fathers on their responsibility in co-parenting, and parenting in diversefamilystructures.

Research summary to solve Tertiary Institution's Education and Psychology Problems. Academic Support Services: Provide resources like tutoring, mentoring, and academic advising to help students succeed. Psychological Counselling Services: Aqualied clinical psychologist should offer psychological and counselling mental health counselling, on psychological stress management, and coping skills to address emotional challenges. Career GuidanceCounselling:AcertiedGuidanceCounsellortoprovideeducationalandvocational careercounselling,andinternshipopportunities,andjobplacementsupporttopreparestudents for their future. Peer Support Programs: Encourage peer-to-peer support through study groups,peermentoring,andsocialactivities.FlexibleLearningOptions:Thereisneedtooffer exible learning arrangements, such as online or part-time studies, to accommodate diverse needs.FinancialSupport:Thereisneedtoofferscholarships,orassiststudentstogetgrants, andnancialaidtohelpthemmanagenancialstress.SuchfundscanassiststudentsandBaze University to minimize time wasted during registration. Student Engagement Activities: Organize extracurricular activities, clubs, and events to foster social connections and campus involvement.FacultySupport:Encouragefacultytoprovideadditionalsupport,suchasofce hours,tohelpstudentssucceed.Thisshouldbedoneassoonasstaffshaveofces.Technology Support: Ensure access to reliable technology, digital resources, and technical support to facilitatelearning.

Inclusive Learning Environment: Foster a welcoming and inclusive environment that supports diversity, equity, and inclusion. Some current changes are being noticed. Early Intervention: Identify and address academic and personal struggles early on to prevent escalation. Parental Engagement: Encourage parental involvement through orientation programs,updates,andsupportservices.

Promoting Self-Esteem among Tertiary Institution Students: Promoting self-esteem amongtertiaryinstitutionstudentsiscrucialfortheiracademicsuccess,mentalwell-being,and overall happiness. Here are some strategies to foster self-esteem: Positive Reinforcement: Encourage students to focus on their strengths and accomplishments. Self-Reection: The currentacademicleveladvisersatBazeUniversityshouldhelpstudentsidentifytheirvalues, goals,andpassions. Mindfulness:Teachmindfulnesstechniquestomanagestressandbuild condence. Support Networks: Encourage students to build relationships with peers, mentors, and counsellors. Personal Growth: Provide opportunities for students to develop new skills and interests. Inclusive Environment: Foster a welcoming and inclusive campus culture. Self-Care: Promote healthy habits, exercise, and self-care activities. Realistic Expectations: Help students set achievable goals and celebrate their progress. Resilience Building: Teach students to embrace failures and learn from mistakes. Empowerment: Encourage students to take ownership of their decisions and actions. Role Models: Provide exposuretopositiverolemodelsandmentors.WorkshopsandResources:Offerworkshops, counsellingservices,andonlineresourcestosupportself-esteemdevelopment.

Assisting Tertiary Institutions Students in their Behaviour Problems: Assisting tertiary institution students with behaviour problems requires a supportive and non-judgmental approach. Here are some strategies to help: Identify triggers: Help students recognize the underlying causes of their behaviour issues. These is why Baze University should its Department of Psychology and Baze University Student Affairs to properly for student's support services, as it was originally set up to cater for solving psychological emotional and specic counselling problems which would cater for the following: Therapeutic services: Provideaccesstoprofessionaltherapeuticservicestoaddressunderlyingissues;Behavioural therapy:Offerevidence-basedtherapieslikeCBT,DBT,ormindfulness-basedinterventions; Support groups: Facilitate peer support groups to share experiences and strategies; Skillbuilding workshops: Offer workshops on stress management, emotional regulation, and coping skills; Mentorship programs: Pair students with positive role models and mentors. Successfulvolunteerscanbeinvitedtogivemotivationlectures.Referralservices:Connect studentswithexternalresources,suchasmentalhealthservicesorsupporthotlines;Campus resources:Informstudentsaboutcampusresources,likeacademicsupportservicesorstudent organizations;Follow-upsupport:Regularlycheck-inwithstudentstomonitorprogressand offeron-goingsupportbyLevelsupportassignedstaff;Encourageselfcare:Promotehealthy habits,exercise,andself-careactivities;CollaboratewithFaculty:WorkwithFacultyDeans andHOD'stodevelopstrategiesforsupportingstudentsintheclassroom.

Assisting Tertiary Institutions students with Emotional problems: Assisting tertiary institution students with emotional problems requires a sensitive and supportive approach. Here are some strategies to help: Listen actively: Provide a non-judgmental and empathetic listeningspaceforstudentstosharetheirconcerns.Therapeuticservices:Offerprofessional counsellingservices,individualorgrouptherapy,toaddressemotionalstruggles.Emotional regulationtechniques:Teachstudentsmindfulness,deepbreathing,andrelaxationmethods tomanageemotions.Supportgroups:Facilitatepeersupportgroupstoconnectstudentswith others who share similar experiences. Mental health resources: Provide access to mental health resources, such as crisis hotlines, online resources, and mobile apps. Academic accommodations:Offerexiblelearningarrangements,extensions,orbreakstohelpstudents manage academic responsibilities Self-care encouragement: Promote healthy habits, exercise, and self-care activities to enhance emotional well-being. Faculty support: Collaborate with faculty to develop strategies for supporting students in the classroom. Workshops and seminars: Organize workshops on emotional intelligence, stress management, and coping skills. Follow-up support: Regularly check-in with students to monitor progress and offer on-going support. Referral services: Connect students with

externalresources,suchasmentalhealthprofessionalsorsupportgroups.Campusresources: Inform students about campus resources, like student organizations or support services. By providing a supportive and comprehensive approach, tertiary institutions can help students manageemotionalproblems,developresilience,andachieveacademicsuccess.

Assisting Tertiary Institutions students with Addiction problems Assisting tertiary institution students with addiction problems requires a compassionate and supportive approach. Here are some strategies to help: Condential counselling: Offer condential counselling services to address addiction concerns. Assessment and referral: Provide assessmentandreferralservicestoconnectstudentswithexternaltreatmentcentreorsupport groups. Support groups: Facilitate peer support groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous, on campus Educational programs: Organize educational workshopsandseminarsonaddictionawareness,prevention,andrecovery.Psychological& Counselling services: Provide individual and group counselling sessions to address underlying issues and develop coping strategies. Recovery support: Offer recovery support services, such as sober housing, mentorship, and academic support. Collaboration with healthcare:Collaboratewithhealthcareproviderstoensurestudentsreceivecomprehensive care.Peersupportnetworks:Encouragestudentstoconnectwithpeerswhoareinrecovery

AssistingTertiaryInstitutionsstudentswithAngerproblems:Itrequiresanempatheticand structuredapproach:Angermanagementworkshops:Organizeworkshopstoteachhealthy anger expression and management techniques. Therapeutic services: Offer individual and group counselling sessions to address underlying issues and develop coping strategies. Emotional regulation techniques: Teach students techniques like mindfulness, deep breathing,andrelaxationtomanageemotions.Conictresolutiontraining:Providetraining on effective communication and conict resolution skills. Stress management resources: Offer resources and support to manage stress and anxiety. Self-awareness exercises: Encourage students to identify triggers and patterns of anger. Physical activity programs: Encourage physical activity to reduce stress and anxiety. Follow-up support: Regularly check-in with students to monitor progress and offer on-going support. Campus resources: Informstudentsaboutcampusresources,likestudentorganizationsorsupportservices.

Assisting Tertiary Institutions Staffs with Coping Problems: requires a supportive and comprehensiveapproach.Herearesomestrategiestohelp:EmployeeAssistancePrograms (EAPs): Offer condential psychological therapeutic services to address personal and professionalchallenges.Mentalhealthresources:Provideaccesstomentalhealthresources, such as stress management workshops and mental health days. Support groups: Facilitate peer support groups for staff to share experiences and strategies. Wellness initiatives: Implement wellness initiatives, such as mindfulness programs, yoga classes, and tness challenges. Professional development opportunities: Offer training and development opportunities to enhance coping skills and resilience. Open communication channels: Encourage open communication and feedback to address staff concerns and suggestions. Recognition and rewards: Recognize and reward staff achievements and contributions to boostmoraleandmotivation.Work-lifebalancesupport:Offerexibleworkarrangements andresourcestosupportwork-lifebalance.Conictresolutionsupport:Providesupportand resources to manage conicts and difcult situations. Employee recognition programs: Celebratestaffmilestones,yearsofservice,andachievements.Staffengagementactivities: Organize social events, team-building activities, and celebrations to foster a sense of community Leadershipsupport:Encourageleaderstomodelhealthycopingbehavioursand providesupporttotheirteammembers.

REFERENCES

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4TH BAZE UNIVERSITY PROFESSORIAL INAGURAL LECTURE (30TH JULY, 2024)

LIFE STYLE

ANINAUGURAL LECTURE

PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF-AWARENESS AND EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL LIVING AND HEALTHY LIFE STYLE

ANINAUGURAL LECTURE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TableofContents

INTRODUCTION

SECTIONONE

RESEARCHONPSYCHOLOGICALDIAGNOSTICTESTS

PSYCHOLOGICALTEST FOR COUNSELLING, AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT (PTCHM)

I. General Trait Scale

II. Intellectual Traits

III. EmotionalAdjustment Inventory

TEST-RETESTRELIABILITYOFPTCHM:

RELIABILITY

SUGGESTED USE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS/COUNSELLINGANDHEALTHMANAGEMENT

SECTION2

RESEARCHFINDINGSONSTRESS

OtherStressManagementStrategies

SECTION3

RESEARCHFINDINGSONUNDERSTANDINGBEHAVIOURALPROBLEMS

CHARACTERBUILDINGANDPERSONALITYDEVELOPMENT

BASICRIGHTS

PROBLEMSOLVING

SECTION4

RESEARCHONSELF-ESTEEM

SECTION5

RESEARCHONPARENTING

ACross-CulturalParentingPerspective

SECTION6

DRUGABUSEAWARENESS&MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES

----- Classification of Drugs

PreventiveandManagementStrategiesforAlcoholandDrugAbuse

AdditionalRecommendationsforGoodParents:

ManagementStrategies

TherapeuticManagementStrategiesforAlcoholandDrugAbuse

RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES