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BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 45
INSIDE INFORMATION EDITORIAL OFFICE
REPRODUCTION
Editor: Dr Nicola Bradbear Co-ordinator: Ms Helen Jackson
ge
PUBLISHERS
TRANSLATION
Bees for Development,
Apiculture & Développement (the French edition of B&D) is translated by
Troy, Monmouth, NP5 4AB, United Kingdom
All
uncredited photographs
Information in B&D is intended to help beekeepers everywhere. If you wish to reproduce or translate any item, please acknowledge B&D and the author of the item you are using. Send us a copy of your item.
Ms Valérie Petey.
Nicola Bradbear
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SPONSORS Bees for Development acknowledges CTA (the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation), The Netherlands for providing sponsorship. Production and distribution of Apiculture & Développement is supported by API-Promo-GTZ, Germany. We are grateful to all the beekeeping groups and individuals who assist us.
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IN THIS Inside Information
2
Apimondia 1997
2
Honeyhunters of the Nilgiris
4
News Around the World
6
Top Tips for Trainers
8
Trees Bees Use
10
Look & Learn Ahead
11
Notice Board
1]
Bookshelf
12
Ttdex 1997
14
NP5 4AB, United Kingdom
By fax +44 (0)16007 16167 By phone +44 (0)16007 13648 By e-mail busy@planbee org.uk World Wide Web http//www.planbee.org.uk
APIMONDIA
ISSUE
Standing Commission for Beekeeping for Rural
ADOLPHE LIBONG
Honeybee foraging on Aster alpinus. One of nine striking colour prints produced by Plattner Bienenhof Apicoltura . See
page 9 for more information. TWO
1997
THE CONGRESS The Apimondia Congress is the largest international gathering of people working with bees. It takes place every two years. In September Apimondia took place in Belgium: a very special event and significant location, because Belgium was the host country for the first Congress, one hundred years ago in 1897. The Apimondia Congress caters for all aspects of interest in bees and beekeeping: scientists; commercial beekeepers; small-scale beekeepers; dealers in all bee products; and equipment makers. At the trade exhibits of Apimondia, “ApiExpo” it is pssible to by every item of beekeeping equipment, and to meet with buyers and sellers from many countries. This is where serious bee-business takes place.
Of special interest to B&D readers is the Apimondia
COVER PICTURE
eres
«Prine
Development, the part of Apimondia concerned with efforts to Adolphe Libong displays the Bronze Medal he won for his entry in the “Other collections on the subject of beekeeping” contest at Apimondia 1997.
encourage income-
generation from bees, in parts of
78 ‘tant
ve A quiet spell on the Alternative Bee Space!
the world where people face problems in finding sufficient food or income.
Bees for Development joined forces with NECTAR (The Netherlands as well as the }
Danish Beekeeper's Fund and Apiculture sans Frontieres (Belgium), to make a special area “ within the Congress, named The Alternative Bee Space”. The Alternative Bee Space provided a meeting place for everyone involved with apiculture and rural development.
People brought examples of the hives they use and the products their bees make. During the week there were impromptu talks (and even songs), people showed their slides and videos, and arranged displays about their projects. An important part of the Apimondia Congress are the formal sessions where people present their recent work and research. The large and
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING Margaret Ogaba, President of the Kitgum Women’s
Beekeepers with the exhibits she brought to the Congress
interested audience at the
Beekeeping for Rural
Development Session heard from 22 development projects underway worldwide. There were also special workshop sessions: one of these focused on The organisation of producer groups - groups
working co-operatively to market honey and beeswax. The first speaker was Miguel Angel Munguia of Mexico who represented his group, PAUAL and its experience of exporting according to fair trade.
Another workshop discussed Harvesting from bees in tropical forests. This was introduced by Jenne de Beer, who emphasised the importance of honey and beeswax being included during inventories of non-wood forest products.
Africa, Asia, Central and South America were strongly represented at these meetings, that took place in rapidly changing mixtures of English, French and Spanish. For over 100 years bee scientists and beekeepers have been meeting to exchange news. It is excellent to note here that this Congress recorded the highest ever number of participants from (so-called) “developing countries”.
RESOLUTIONS Concerning the next Congress, to be held in Canada The theme of this Standing Commission at the next Congress will be beekeeping extension. We hope to encourage the participation of specialists in participatory methods of extension, to present case studies of past and current beekeeping projects. We urge the Local Organising Committee to co-operate with NGOs active in beekeeping development. Concerning participants at the next Congress Considering the great opportunity that Apimondia represents for beekeepers to meet and exchange ideas and information, the Local Organising Committee is urged to approach funding agencies, to support requests for funding from delegates from developing countries to participate in the Congress.
WHO RUNS APIMONDIA
CONGRESSES? Each International Congress is run by a Local Organising Committee. So the next Congress in Canada will be locally organised and managed by a Canadian-Selected Committee of apiculturalists; scientists and beekeepers. This means that every Congress has its own distinctive national flavour and emphasis.
A Bees for Development publication
Claire Waring
1997 VHS Running time 30 minutes. Available
epal
from Bees for
Development 18.00
price
Its
including airmail postage and packing. The
bees an
beekeepers
professional camera work and carefully worded commentary make this visit to Nepal entertaining and informative. Traditional beekeeping in Nepal with Apis cerana is described,
Concerning beekeeping practices That Apimondia should appreciate and acknowledge indigenous knowledge of beekeeping, including acceptance of honey hunters and their systems of collection. That Apimondia should encourage emphasis on research to make the harvesting from indigenous bee species commercially viable in poor, rural, tropical areas.
including harvesting honey from a hive built in the wall of a
beekeeper’s house. The ‘pros and cons’ of introduced Apis mellifera are discussed and there are visits to Nepal’s beekeeping institutions. Useful information on the bee flora of Nepal and the history of bee diseases in the country add to the comprehensive nature of the film.
SO YOU WANT TO ATTEND THE NEXT If you have useful, new information to share then write a paper, or prepare a poster for presentation at the Congress. The 35th Congress will be held in Vancouver, Canada in 1999. For further information write to the address shown on Notice Board, page 11.
Decisions about future activities of Apimondia are taken by an International Executive Council: President of the Council is Professor Raymond Borneck. Members of the Executive Council are scientists and apiculturalists from many countries. All of these people are elected during the Apimondia General Assembly, held during each Congress.
written and produced by
Concerning the importation of honeybees That honeybees must not be moved from one area to another without serious consideration of the ecological consequences, and that Apimondia takes steps towards the documentation of such events.
CONGRESS?
Apimondia also has a publishing house in Bucharest, Romania, Director of this Centre is Mr Cristian Constantinescu.
Nepal: its bees and beekeepers
Concerning the marketing of honey That Apimondia places emphasis on interventions towards the fair trading of honey and wax from developing countries, and takes steps to include the representation of organisations such as TransFair Canada and the Fair Labelling Organisation (FLO) in the next Congress.
Apimondia is the World Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations. Apimondia has offices in Rome, Italy, from where the organisation is administered by the Secretary General, Mr Riccardo Jannoni Sebastianini.
DEVELOPMENT 45
APIMONDIA GOLD MEDAL WINNER 1997
STANDING COMMISSION FOR BEEKEEPING FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
WHAT IS APIMONDIA ?
&
to offer financial support - you must find your own funding to participate in the
Apimondia is not able Congresses.
APPRECIATION Thanks to Apimondia Secretary General Riccardo Jannoni Sebastianini
ee
Apimondia Local Organizing Committee: Prof Dr Octaaf Van Laere, Mr Karel Gladines, and all their helpers.
D
+
-
Many organisations supported the attendance of delegates at the Congress who participated in the Alternative Bee Space Experience: including
Api-Promo GTZ, Germany Danmarks Biavlerforening, Denmark Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands
B&D Correspondents Meet. From the left Gladstone Solomon (Tobago), Jorge Murillo-Yepes (Grenada) and Kwame Aidoo (Ghana)
NECTAR, Netherlands Plunkett Foundation, United Kingdom Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation, Netherlands
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Keystone is an NGO working with tribal communities in the
Nilgiris Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. Keystone works with the honey hunters who live in the lower elevations of tropical dry deciduous forests of the Western Ghats. There are a number of communities who depend on honey for their livelihood. Over the past two and a half years, Keystone has initiated a constant interaction and effort in the villages to address the issues facing the honey hunters.
HONEY HUNTERS OF THE NILGIRIS: THE ROAD TO SUSTAINABILITY by Pratim Roy,
Mathew John and Snehlata Nath, Keystone, India
Honey hunters’ region The southern State of Tamil Nadu has hill tracts in the north and along its western boundary forming part of the Western Ghats. Nilgiris District lies in the north-western part of the
State and is home to
a diverse range of flora of semi-tropical and dry deciduous type, and a rich diversity of fauna. These hill tracts are also home to several tribal groups whose lives are intricately linked to the forests.
Apis dorsata, the largest of the honeybees, also know as the Giant Rock Bee, gets its name from
its habit of nesting beneath overhanging rocks. It is a tropical species found throughout southeast Asia and the Indian sub-continent. The
considerable honey stores in its single comb nest, built in the open, are harvested by honey hunters. Apis dorsata is economically important as it is a producer of honey and beeswax in substantial
quantities. Approximately four tonnes of honey is collected from these colonies in two or three valleys.
Making the ascent to the rockface
The honey flow season is dependent on the rainfall, flora and topography of the region. The season can be broadly divided into two periods: April-June and September-November.
The story of traditional honey hunting Kurumbas hunt for honey from mid April to mid July, when the family (both husband and wife) go to look for colonies. Once located, they put a mark - an indication to other honey hunters that the colony is reserved. Nobody takes honey from marked colonies, which are identified through ‘mantras’ or chants.
A date
is set for harvesting the honey. Twelve days before, the honey hunter begins a routine of fasting, and praying and bathing regularly. He contacts his brother-in-law and another trusted person and prepares to hunt the comb. His wife or any other woman should not be seen before he goes honey hunting. On the day of harvesting the hunter does not eat anything. He does not talk, but will chant mantras and invoke God to keep him safe. While he climbs the ladder he sings ‘bee songs’ in praise of the bees.
The brother-in-law holds the rope for the ladder at the top of the cliff. The rope ladder is made during the day from vine creepers, and the honey is harvested in the evening. The equipment used is the rope ladder, a knife, leaves for smoking the bees, and bamboo baskets and sticks to collect the comb. The brood section is cut first. The honey is squeezed from the comb by hand and is sometimes filtered through cloth. The honey collected first is tasted by the priest of the village. The rest is shared between all the villagers and some will be sold. Keep holding that rope! The brother-in-law has a vital role to play in guarding the honey hunter's ladder. The hunter's trust is based on the knowledge that if any harm befalls the hunter, his sister will become a widow and the rope-holder will be responsible for her. This factor is very common and important in many tribal practices.
FOUR
Honey hunters in Tamil Nadu
A Bees for Development publication
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cultivation, and grew chillies, millet and pumpkins. Their settlements are still deep inside forested areas, though now increasingly accessible. These tribes still depend on minor forest products (honey and wax collection being a significant component), as well as waged labour for their livelihoods. Information gathered during the Honey Hunters and Beekeepers Survey
Smoking the colony
Honey hunting practices Honey hunting is practised by the Kathnaickens (also called Jenu), Kurumbas and Irulas tribes. In the past these communities collected bark, gallnuts and myrobalams, as well as honey and wax from the forest and bartered it for grain. They also practised “slash and burn”
(Keystone, 1994) revealed that there are a few groups still practising honey hunting in the Nilgiris. Keystone felt the need for documentation, action and support of these traditional activities and lifestyle. This article is taken from a paper presented by the authors at the Apimondia Congress in Antwerp, September 1997 ‘
Making the descent - Brother in law! Hold that rope!
PHOTOGRAPHS KEYSTONE
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Tribe Description Kurumbas
Rope ladders are made from the fibre of the bark of Karasamaram (Hardwickta binata or ‘manali kodi’). Bamboo sticks may be used as steps for the ladder. Other tools are coir rope, aruval (a curved knife), tins, bamboo baskets and split bamboo sticks with a sharpened end. A smoker is the major piece of protective equipment used. Some honey hunters apply honey or plant extract (‘suti kodi’) to treat for stings from Apis dorsata.
Irulas
The rope ladders are made out of the fibres of Panamaram (Oroxylum indicum) and Karasamaram. The rest of the tools are the same as for Kurumbas. A smoker is used to encourage the bees to leave the comb.
Kathnaickens
Make a platform or attach a bamboo basket at the end of the rope from which they hang. The basket is also made of forest vines and is large enough to accommodate the honey hunter with his tools. Karasamaram is the most common fibre used to make ropes and baskets.
BELIEFS, SUPERSTITIONS AND TRADITIONS Tribe Description Kurumbas
A simple pooja (prayer) is made before the honey hunting season. The “brotherin-law factor” is recognised. “Marking” of colonies with tobacco prevents other hunters from harvesting. These people believe that some cliffs are ‘God's cliffs’ from where no honey is harvested. Kurumbas pray at the graves of their ancestors prior to hunting.
Irulas
Colonies are “marked” with tobacco to prevent other hunters harvesting the combs. Irulas believe that spirits exist on some rocks from which no honey can be taken. A simple prayer is made at the honey rock before the harvesting season.
Kathnaickens
Kathnaickens have a honey hunting prayer involving special items like coconut and incense. Combs are never cut with an iron knife, otherwise, Kathnaickens believe, the bees will not make their combs in that place again. In some cases the village priest decides who will go hunting, when and where.
Source
:
Keystone Honey Hunters & Beekeepers Survey, Tamil Nadu, 1994
A Bees for Development publication
Honey hunters and beekeepers of Tamil Nadu Keystone, Tamil Nadu, India (1994)
85 pages. Softback. Available from
Bees for Development price 20.00
Honey hunting has been a traditional part of life for the people living in the hills of Tamil Nadu in southern India. Keystone undertook to discover the various honey hunting groups and to document what is done with the harvested honey and beeswax. As Keystone describe in this book, the survey opened a range of development issues related to changes in traditions, in the economy, and in the accessibility of the hill areas. Honey hunting and beekeeping in Tamil Nadu have been drastically affected by ecological changes, and changes in the market for bee products. The survey discusses appropriate ways to help. This survey cannot
be too
highly
commended for the unique
information it has documented and its excellent presentation.
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NEWS A
CAMEROON Schools
in the Buea area of South-West Province are gaining interest in beekeeping as sustainable activity.
a
Bishop Rogan College has an apiary with 20 top-bar hives and acquired a further five from the South-West Bee Farmers’ Association (SWEBA). The College’s annual honey harvest is a worthwhile 500 ke.
ARGENTINA Students attending the latest CEDIA, Centro de Investigaciones Apicolas, course held in August. The participants learnt about “Quality control of honey, wax and propolis”. The photograph was sent to B&D by Dr E M Bianchi, Director of CEDIA.
PHILIPPINES Management of Apis cerana in Guinobatan, Albay, Philippines The Bicol Region, situated in the south-east of Luzon Island has abundant vegetation that can support honeybee populations. Among the bee plants are coconut (Cocos nucifera), coffee, (Coffea sp), kalamansi (Citrus reticulata), macahiya (Mimosa sp), papaya (Carica papaya) and rambutan (Nephelium lapaceum). There are many other wild plants growing underneath the coconut palms. The only threat to beekeeping in the region is the possibility of typhoons. Beekeeping here usually involves the whole family. There are about 260 colonies of Apis cerana in hives. Stocks are obtained from swarms. Transferring feral colonies into hives is seldom practised. Simple and innovative beekeeping technologies are used. Hives are constructed from used plywood and lumber with dimensions of 33 x 23 x 23 cm, The sides are either removable or hinged at the bottom. No frames are used. Instead the bees are allowed to build combs in the inner A log hive made from the hollow stem of Arenga part of the top saccharifera cover. When &
|
The Government High School has four active top-bar hives and obtained a loan from SWEBA for a further 10 hives, two smokers and a bee suit. SWEBA organised a workshop for students and teachers from the school on bee farming. Participants benefited from past editions of B&D and information charts. Afendia Fobeila Julius, President of SWEBA
inspecting the colonies, only the two side panels are moved, to observe the outermost combs. No further inspection of the brood combs is carried out.
Another type of hive is made from cut hollow stems of anahaw
§
(Livistonia rotundifolia) and kaong or iroc (Arenga saccharifera) with a length of 33 cm. As in the box type hive, the front and the rear
end are covered with removable wood. When the colonies are defensive they are smoked with dried coconut husk.
Harvesting is done by cutting the combs and selling them directly to buyers as cut-comb honey. Some buyers prefer honeycomb with pollen and brood. The average harvest is 1.5 kg per colony. Wax moth (Galleria sp) is controlled by sweeping the bottom board one to two times a week. Minor pests are wasps (Vespa sp), and moths (Acherontia sp). Apparently these Apis cerana colonies have no problems with disease.
To maintain
a cooler environment for the bees, beekeepers place the hives in shaded places. They also cover the hives with anahaw leaves to further reduce the temperature.
Merly Forbes, Alejandro Fajardo Jr, Cleo Cervancia and Dulce Mostoles PHOTOGRAPHS
CLEO CERVANCIA
A Bees for Development publication
’ “op
Jt THE WORLD DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Sweet Success
JAMES HAWKINS/OXFAM
bs
BEEKEEPING
Elise carries out a honey progress inspection
Elise Figuereo lives in the arid south-west region of the Dominican Republic. Producing honey is a new venture for him. With his neighbours he set up a small honey production business when he found that farming alone did not make enough money to feed his family. Oxfam provided hives and protective clothing, and now Eliseo and his partners are producing good quality honey that everyone says is delicious. Source: Oxfam Report Summer 1997
TANZANIA Bumper honey harvest As a result of our bumper harvest beekeepers have had to wait for payment for their honey. In December 1996 we fulfilled an order for six containers to be shipped to the United Kingdom. We had large quantities of honey left in the stores. In March this was being sold to the same buyers as industrial honey.
Locally, the market is not very big and many buyers are no longer buying honey to sell within Tanzania. Therefore we are forced to export nearly all our honey. Our honey has to be stored for a long time which can mean the HMF value rises due to the high temperatures. This lowers the quality of the honey and forces us to sell it as industrial honey at a lower price.
We would welcome orders from firms interested in good, organic honey. Ideally we would like orders by May each year: this would give us time to purchase packaging material to pack and ship the honey immediately it arrives at our
A Bees for Development publication
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factory. It is in our interest to see that the honey is not spoilt, and also that the producers get a good price. We always ensure that the highest quality Tabora Natural Organic Honey is sold to our customers!
The cave paintings at La Cueva de la Arafia, including
Our buyers have insisted that we gather honey without using smoke. We are keen to see that the use of smoke is discouraged so that we capture as many buyers as possible. We want to attract people to eat our honey and appreciate its superb, delicious taste.
honey hunting scenes, are under threat and will be lost for ever unless immediate restorative work is undertaken. The
Justin Madaha, Manager, Tabora Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society Ltd, and B&D's Correspondent
Beekeepers’ Association of
in Tanzania
Burgos is collecting signatures from beekeepers around the world to encourage the preservation of these unique
DANGEROUS FORAGE “Reports presented at a meeting of scientists from around the world attending the Third Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group on Biosafety of the UN-Convention on Biological Diversity in Canada include the latest evidence of the detrimental environmental and agricultural impact of Novartis (formerly Ciba) insect resistant maize prematurely approved by the European Commission for marketing and cultivation (23 January 1997). The report calls for an urgent “moratorium for transgenic insect resistant plants” and details the evidence supporting legal action by over 30 scientific, environmental and agricultural groups. The Meeting coincided with the Global Days of Action Against Genetic Engineering. This should alert beekeepers
SPAIN
paintings. Please ask your friends and colleagues to sign a piece of paper headed “Please preserve the paintings at La Cueva de la Arana”
and send the paper as soon as possible to: Asociacién de Apicultores Burgaleses, Calera no 35-3° Izqda, 09002 Burgos, Spain
to the increase in such
insect resistant plants being introduced with the obvious detrimental effects these will have on bees.
Already
we have reports of colonies of bees damaged
by forage on oil seed rape with insecticide genes.
Scientists from the Scottish Crop Research Institute have shown that much more pollen escapes from large fields of genetically engineered oilseed rape than predicted from earlier experiments on smaller plots. They found that escaping pollen fertilised plants up to 2.5 km away (Timmons 1994). Joergensen and Anderson (1994) showed how easily oilseed rape crossbred with wild relatives and therefore how easily transfer of the herbicide resistant gene could occur. Within the first season a substantial part of wild weed population could acquire the gene for herbicide tolerance (Joergensen & Andersen 1994, Mikkelsen et al 1996). Source: Albert Knight, BIBBA Newsletter
GHANA African Peace Network (APNET Ltd) is an NGO in Ghana concerned with peace and development. APNET has a number of sustainable beekeeping farms in villages throughout the 110 districts. The picture shows the Executive Director, Mr Alex Adu Appiah (right) shaking hands with an APNET Liaison Officer during an inspection tour of a farm in the Brong Ahato Region. Looking on are other branch members.
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STARTING POINTS Who asked for the training?
PHOTOGRAPH
BERNHARD CLAUSS
First Priority - besinners (leaders of self-heln
Trainers must be confident enough to work using only locally-made equipment
groups, students, teachers, youth club members) and beekeepers (among them respected leaders, representatives of beekeeping groups). Second Priority - Beekeeping trainers and
extension staff who have identified the need for more demonstrations, practice and experiments.
How qualified is the trainer?
care?
The requirement of participants influences the planning procedure. Participants should be grouped. Ideally they should have the same level of education, experience, motivation, and
beekeeping experience.
COURSE OBJECTIVES @
The development of interest in bees through participation and communication throughout the course.
@
The development of knowledge through understanding.
@
Information relevant to the actual needs of the target group and to beekeeping practice
Trainers must:
and protective clothing
@
@
Bernhard has trained beekeepers in several countries including Botswana, Germany and Zambia. Here are his top tips for making sure that beekeeping
training is excellent. His beekeeping training books are
amongst the best available.
Will the participants be selected with
The
be used to, and confident enough, to work and assist with using only locally-made equipment and protective clothing.
@
respect local customs and languages.
@
be flexible but reliable: advisors who can listen create confidence.
in general.
TRAINING METHODS Teaching behaviour of trainers should include:
Are there proper training facilities?
®
a
There must be:
®
the ability to speak spontaneously.
@
encouragement of participation.
@
persuasive power by setting examples.
®
Zambian Beekeeping Handbook is available from Bees for Development for 16.
be “fearless” beekeepers who handle bees gently and in a respectful way.
®
@
enough occupied hives available for demonstrations and practicals (a minimum of six hives).
sufficient and appropriate beekeeping equipment, teaching aids, and rooms or shelter for lectures.
adequate accommodation and catering facilities.
°
alternation of theoretical and practical lessons: whatever participants achieve in practice needs to be confirmed in theory.
@
practical involvement of participants with special abilities: trainers should utilise “experts” within a group to work to help others who are less advanced - this will contribute towards development of self-confidence.
@
various methods for recapitulation: revising by answering questions set by the trainer is dull!
®
connecting theory with practice as much as possible is the best way of strengthening knowledge.
Is the trainer aware of the need for
careful planning? Targets: the needs of participants and the use Season: the best time for basic courses is the beginning of the cropping season.
Period of training: the trainer should decide
PHOTOGRAPH « BERNHARD CLAUSS.
on the form the training will take. The length of the course and whether to include extension visits will depend on the needs identified.
Course participants should learn enough eventually to teach and help others in the field
EIGHT
BENEFIT FROM B&D
frequent changes of methods and teaching aids to maintain interest.
@
No more than eight participants per trainer ensures intensive participation in practical bee handling.
of local resources must be considered.
positive social attitude.
The method by which the trainer teaches will influence the extent of participation and success of the training.
EVALUATION
Organisers of beekeeping workshops and courses
@
Evaluation must determine whether the objectives are achieved.
Bees for Development will support your
@
The trainer should make notes and consider whether there was a good learning atmosphere - “how did things go?”
Send full details of the likely number of participants and the meeting at least three months ahead of the date.
@
The knowledge acquired by participants can be checked by participation: presentation, demonstration, silent reading and questions should be followed by discussion.
event with past editions of B&D and other information materials.
A Bees for Development publication
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BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 45
@
Simple, evaluation questionnaires can be distributed and analysed.
NEW TRAINING INFORMATION MATERIAL AVAILABLE BY MAIL ORDER FROM Bees for Development Scientific
Formal tests may not be suitable to promote a lively
Scientific writing for agricultural research scientists
learning atmosphere.
by Paul
Stapleton, Anthony Youdeowei, Joy Mukanyange and Helen van Houten
FOLLOW-UP @
@
Follow-ups are based on evaluations, including analysis of failures or shortcomings.
West African Rice Development Association (WARDA), Bouaké, Céte d'Ivoire in collaboration with CTA, Netherlands (1995)
Results of follow-ups should influence and improve future courses.
This is a training manual providing information on the best techniques to use in writing and publishing research results.
EXTENSION Continuation of training on the beekeeper’s homeground: @
Extension activities are based on
@
Whatever has been started by the participant at home should be continuously monitored by extension personnel.
follow-ups.
@
Extension workers must never hesitate to assist and demonstrate whenever needed.
@
Extension visits can be aimed at individuals or organised for group meetings.
@
®
Extension personnel must keep records on each individual or group. Extension visits can result in refresher or advanced courses.
BEEKEEPING IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT COURSE When 16
August September
~%
COLOUR POSTER Stages of development of the worker bee Text and photographs by Luca Mazzacchi
Plattner Bienenhof Apicoltura, Renon, Italy (1995) A2 size laminated (68 cm x 46 cm). Text in English or French.
Price 7.00 This attractive colour chart clearly depicts the 21 days of development of the worker honeybee (Apis mellifera). A brief text accompanies every picture.
Promote beekeeping in rural development Bees for Development, Monmouth, United Kingdom
A2 size (68
cm x
(1997)
46 cm). Price 5.00
Nine colour prints of honeybees
University, United Kingdom
Plattner Bienenhof Apicoltura, Renon, ltaly. Each photograph is 30 cm x 21 cm. Price 16.00
and
Nine beautiful colour photographs depicting the activities of honeybees. Write gre. sali your own text to accompany jg each picture, or use the pictures on their own, to make a wonderful display for Bi. use at shows, exhibitions, courses and workshops. ma
HUDSONGD@ cardiff ac.uk
or from
Bees for Development
A Bees for Development publication
&
COLOUR POSTER
Cardiff
Ms Glynis Hudson, Professional Development Centre, 51 Park Place, Cardiff University of Wales, Cardiff, CF] 3AT, United Kingdom Fax +44 (0)1222 874560
add
research writing.
PRINTS
Further details
WoRKER
The guide will help anyone needing help with correct scientific and
Where
Centre, Tanzania
STAGES OF pg: VELOPME; OF THE
All aspects of preparing papers are covered including the use of tables to present results, how to write references, and the correct use of numbers, abbreviations, nomenclature and scientific names. There is also a chapter giving advice on making oral presentations.
1998
Njiro Wildlife Research
Wael
scientists
128 pages. Paperback. Price 14.00
Ten excellent reasons for promoting beekeeping. Full colour illustrations emphasise each point.
15
aC
ape ru
/
WE ALSO SUPPLY VIDEOS:
i [ix
see Video Shelf on Books to Buy How to order? - page 13
NINE
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DEVELOPMENT 45
Rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis by P
Padmanabhan, India
Family Euphorbiaceae
Description A large tree, attaining
a height
of 60-100 feet
with a girth of 8-12 feet.
trunk. No other single species of plant has influenced life systems around the globe as much as has the rubber tree. In India, the prosperity of many small villages in Kerala can be largely attributed to rubber plantations producing latex and supporting the apiculture
Stem: smooth and straight; generally
industry.
unbranched up to a considerable height, with a multi-branched canopy.
Rubber wood that has been treated for protection from attack from fungi and insects can be used for construction of bee hives, as shown in experiments carried out at Kerala Forest Research Institute.
Bark: greyish. Leaves: trifoliate with petiole, leaflets glabrous.
Flowers: monoecious, smail, creamy yellow or green, sweet-scent in large pubescent panicles.
Fruits: ellipoidal, capsular, tricarpettary. Each capsule contains one seed.
Distribution to Brazil. It was introduced to south-east Asia in 1876 and is widespread throughout China, Indonesia, Java, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Sumatra. It is also grown in Africa. In India, Kerala is the most important rubber-producing state, with plantations varying in area from less than one acre to over three hectares. Hevea brasiliensis is native
Hevea brasiliensis P Padmanabhan
Apicultural value of the most important nectar sources in the tropics. The young light green leaves secrete nectar from three extra floral nectaries situated at the joint of the petioles. This is collected in abundance by honeybees. Hevea brasiliensis is one
Uses Hevea brasiliensis is valued for the latex (rubber) obtained by “tapping” the latex vessels situated in the bark with a sharp incision on the main
Rubber tapping
Do your bees have favourite trees? You are welcome to send in your contribution for this feature TREES BEES USE
Request fora borehole
for support
equipment. We want to boost our production to raise more bees, crops and flowers.
The two major drawbacks we face are shortage of water and money to buy new equipment. To drill and activate a 60 m borehole we need 9800. If we manage to raise the money to provide the borehole it will allow us to greatly expand our
I write to formally request all readers and well-wishers for financial and material assistance to sink a deep
borehole at our high school. We are ar school with a staff of seven and 100-150 pupils. The curriculum covers eight subjects to ‘O’ level standard. Our practical agricultural work has led to the development of many farming issues. We
have eight hectares of land set aside for building and farming. Over half of this area is unused due to shortages of cash and
agricultural programme.
Thank you for your assistance. H H Mandizvidza, Head of Department, Nyadzonya Secondary School, Zimbabwe c/o
Bees for Development. A Bees for Development publication
ww
BEEKEEPING
BEEKEEPING
DEVELOPMENT 45
meee
&
LOOK AHEAD »
CANADA
APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 13-21 September 1999, Vancouver Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101,
1-00186 Rome, Italy Fax: (+39) 6685 2286
ISRAEL XIV International Plant Protection Congress 26-30 July 1999, Jerusalem Further details from: Congress Secretariat, XIV
International Plant Protection Congress, PO Box 50006, Tel Aviv 61500, Israel Fax: (+972) 514 0077
JORDAN
UNITED KINGDOM British Beekeepers’ Spring Convention 25 April 1998, National
.
Agricultural Showground
Visit the...
Bees for ., Development:
Further details from: British
stand here Beekeepers’ Association, National Agricultural Showground, Stoneleigh, Kenilworth, CV8 2LZ, United Kingdom Fax: (+44) 1203 690682
LEARN AHEAD INDONESIA Making Forest Policy Work 16-27 February 1998, Bogor Further details from: Ms Ketty Kustiyawati, CIFOR,
PO Box 6596, JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia
NETHERLANDS
Second Conference of Arab Beekeepers’ Union 3-6 August 1998, Amman Further details from: Conference Organizing Committee, PO Box 172, Irbid, Jordan
Fax: (+962) 273 724
NEPAL Fourth Asian Apicultural Association Conference 22-27 March 1998, Kathmandu Further details from: Mr K K Shrestha, Conference
Secretary, AAA Conference, ICIMOD, PO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Fax: (+977) 524 509 1
Bee pathology and Thai sacbrood virus 22-24 March 1998, Kathmandu This meeting will take place during the AAA meeting listed above Further details from: Dr
Honeybee Husbandry, Honey Analysis and Bee Product Manufacturing for Developing Countries May 1998, North East Netherlands Further details from: Marieke Mutsaers, Trichilia ABC, Noordermeerweg 65cd 8313 PX, Netherlands Fax: (+31) 527 262 598
UNITED KINGDOM/TANZANIA Beekeeping in Rural Development 16 August - 15 September 1998, Cardiff
University and Nijiro Wildlife Research Centre, Tanzania Further details from: Ms Glynis Hudson,
Professional Development Centre, 51 Park Place, Cardiff University of Wales, Cardiff, CFl 3AT, United Kingdom Fax: (+44) 1222 874560
UNITED KINGDOM
Ritter, Tierhygieisches Institut Freiburg, Abteilung Bienenkunde, Am Moosweiher 27800, Freiburg, Germany
Honeybee Pathology
SOUTH AFRICA
Address on page
W
APIMONDIA International Apicultural Congress 13-18 September 2001, Sun City Further details from: APIMONDIA, General Secretariat, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 101, 1-00186 Rome, Italy Fax: (+39) 6685 2286
roe INDIA 25 - 28 May 1998 Workshop on Sustainable Beekeeping Development, Dharwad, Karnataka State Details from: Department of Industries and
Commerce, 14/3A, Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore, 560 001, India Fax: +91 80 221 1018 E-mail: jdaep@industry.kar.nic.in
A Bees for Development publication
NOTICE BOARD SEEDS WANTED I
read with interest in
B&D44
how seeds from Lupinus mutabilis can be used in the battle against
termite ants.
|
would like to try and
develop the method here in Ghana.
Please contact me: Jonathan
Teye Kwesi, PO Box 147, Somanga, Ghana
SEEDS OFFERED The New Forests Project provides tree seeds, information, and training materials free of charge to groups world-wide who are interested in starting reforestation projects with fastgrowing, nitrogen-fixing trees. Provide an environmental description of your area: elevation, rainfall, seasons, temperatures, soil characteristics, and trees use (fuelwood, lumber, forage, soil conservation, soil enhancement, etc). More information or a reforestation packet available from:
Felicia Ruiz, Co-ordinator, World Seed Program, The New Forests Project, 731 Eighth Street, SE, Washington DC 20003, USA Fax: (+1) 202 546 4784 EO
wv
we
& w
NIGERIA CALLING
10-14 August 1998, Cardiff University Further details from Bees for Development 2
FORTHCOMING EVENTS If you want your event mentioned in Look Ahead or Learn Ahead send details well in advance.
Address on page 2
ASIAN APICULTURAL ASSOCIATION APICg, <a FOURTH z~ 2 G CONFERENCE
ITAMA ~
22-27 March 1998 4% Kathmandu, Nepal % 0 Saciat For further information contact Mr K K Shrestha, Conference Secretary, address shown above
Comfort Dada would like to make contact with professional and amateur beekeepers in Nigeria, especially women's associations. Comfort is willing to travel and visit bee farms in the country. Contact:
No 1, Old Bukuru Road, PO Box 8452, Anglo-Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
CALLING ALL CORRESPONDENTS Richard Ennin would like to correspond with other beekeepers to share ideas on keeping bees. Write
to
Richard at:
Living Word A/G Church, PO Box 385, Obusasi, Ghana
ELEVEN
BEEKEEPING
&
DEVELOPMENT 45
LAST CHANCE Bees & beekeeping: science, practice and world resources by Dr
Eva Crane is now out of print.
Howey
Perspectives for
ee nt ee
De
TISRETIT
PUBLICATION AWARD
the tropics
Published in 1990 this book is the most comprehensive single volume source of information on the scientific principles of
Marinus ] Sommeijer, Joop Beetsma, Willem-Jan Boot, Evert-Jan Robberts and Remy de Vries NECTAR, Utrecht, Netherlands (1997) 214 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for
Development price 15.00
Bees for Development has
A very valuable
for how long?
You might be lucky and win a copy (see our competition on the back page}. Alternatively, why not order your copy today?
Price 55.00
perspectives for honey production,
es,
in the rropics
new source of information about tropical honey, how it is harvested, and
Stephen L Buchmann and Gary Paul Nabhan by
~-
TWO NEW BOOKS
We have a joke in the UK that in life you often have to wait a long time for a bus, and then two buses come along. It is obviously the same with books on mead! There has not been a new book on mead for a long time, and now two have come along together.
Mead: making, exhibiting and judging by Harry
fm 1
Riches
Bee Books New and Old, Charlestown, United Kingdom
Paperback. Available from
(1997) 80 pages.
Bees for Development price 11.00
Harry Riches is a British expert in mead. For years he won medals for his fine mead and wines. Now he is a judge of mead, he can pass on the ideas and methods that brought him success.
A
delicious recipes and good advice.
by
Eddy N Lear
Island Press, Washington DC, USA (1996) 292 pages. Hardback. Available from
Bees for Development price 24.00 The relationships between plants and the animals that they de pend upon to achieve reproduction (bees, birds, butterflies, and countless others), is fascinating. But when
habitats are threatened, these connections are threatened too. The authors explain how
a
4?)
| o Ay, BG
OD
change in population of one animal needed for ah NON pollination can have a ripple effect, leading to a “cascade of linked extinctions”. expan
Stephen Buchmann and Gary Nabhan are scientists who have been fortunate to travel the globe in pursuit of their research. They use their observations and learning to provide a marvellous account of ecological and cultural consequences of plant-pollinator interaction. This new book is at the centre of a campaign in the USA to raise awareness about pollinators and plants and their interdependence.
very readable and practical book, full of
South African mead notes
The book is the outcome of a meeting organised by NECTAR in 1994. Efforts were made to bring experienced people from Africa, Asia and Central America to the meeting, and their valuable knowledge is usefully made available to us all in this excellent publication.
The forgotten pollinators
how it is marketed, _— locally and i internationally. The requirements of honey harvested for local sale are different from honey for export, and local prices are often well above the world price. High water content can be a problem for tropical honeys if the honey is to be exported. These and other factors are well explored.
MAKE SOME MEAD FOR THE MILLENNIUM
a
BOOK
edited by
beekeeping, techniques in use, and the resources available for beekeeping around the world.
copies... but
nap
See
gute
ATRICAN
MEAD NOTES
Apimondia Publishing House, Bucharest, Romania (1997) 187 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development
°
“
The economic value of non-timber forest products in Southeast Asia Jenne H de Beer and Melaine McDermott by
price 8.00
Eddy Lear is South African expert in mead. Like Harry Riches, Eddy has also been making and exhibiting mead for many years, and finally has published this book sharing all his secrets.
J]
a
This
too is a readable and practical book
containing plenty of recipes and tips for success.
EXPLANATION PLEASE! Mead is an alcoholic drink produced by the fermentation of honey and water by yeast.
Netherlands Committee for UCN, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1996 2nd edition) 200 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development
price 20.00
Non-timber forest products are all the biological material, other than timber, that can |
|
TWELVE
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 45
Beginner’s guide to by
SHELF
Search Press, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom
(1997) 48 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees for Development price 7.00
be extracted from forests for use by humans. Honey and beeswax are of course non-timber
forest products, along with foods, fuelwood, gums, medicines, rattan, resins, spices, and many other useful materials.
The book focuses on how all these
products figure significantly in the lives of the 30 million forest-
.
ae
4
a!
n
troubleshooting section: what
"
problems might occur, and how to rectify them.
-
Bee flora of the Hindu Kush Himalayas: inventory and management by Uma Partap ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal (1997) 297 pages. Paperback. Available from Bees fer Development price 18.00
A very useful new text. The author has surveyed the bee flora of the Hindu Kush Himalayas and here are her findings: 366 bee plants have been described, of which 237 have been identified as being of especial value to bees. Descriptions are given
¥. Pi
accompanied by excellent colour pictures of many
62
nH
wee ome
se
beekeeping in the region, melissopalynology and the possible management of bee forage.
A welcome
There is an order form printed in our book list, Books to Buy.
Prices include Postage Orders are sent by surface mail. If your order is very urgent then add 25% to the total order value and we will send it to you by air mail.
All videos are always sent air mail at no extra cost. For large orders we will provide a invoice for payment in sterling or USS. We can help you select books to provide a useful
pro forma
beekeeping library. We will deal with your order as soon as we receive It.
Alternatively you can order through our Web-site on the internet. Our current titles in Books te Buy are also published on
http:/Avww.guildford.ac.uk/beehive
This text provides a serious examination of the sustainable use of forests, and should be required reading for all involved in debate on forest conservation.
species, together with photographs of the pollen grains. There is also useful background information about
Everything you want to know about simple candlemaking. Pages of colour photographs complement easy to follow instructions for making beautiful candles. Coloured candles, perfumed candles, floating candles, spiral candles and candles + in containers are included. There is also a
J
dependent people in Southeast Asia. Bee products are not forgotten.
David Constable
How to Order
. ete gh
for.
wm
addition to the books available about plants
visited by bees,
A Bees for Development publication
Ways to Pay Credit cards Access, JCB, Mastercard or Visa accepted. We need to know your card number, card expiry date, name on card
CONGRESS CORNER First International Conference on Conserving the European Dark Bee, Apis mellifera mellifera This recently produced 68 page booklet comprises the contributions, draft and programme for this Conference held in Norway in 1995. Sixty contributors provided information on the situation of the dark bee in many European countries, morphometric studies and breeding programmes. For further information contact: Nils Drivdal, Kvelland, N-4400 Flekkefiord, Norway
First International Arab Apicultural Congress Programme and Reports prepared by
Rashid Yazbek
The 1997 Proceedings of this important meeting held in Lebanon in August 1996. The scientific programme included apiculture in Arab countries, bee pathology, bee biology, apitherapy, and pollination economy. 190 pages. Papers in Arabic and English. For details of the next Arab Apicultural Congress see Look Ahead, page 11.
Cheque, Eurocheque or Bank draft in UK
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THIRTEEN
BEEKEEPING
&
DEVELOPMENT 44
INDEX FOR BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 42-45 Figures in BOLD denote issue number followed by relevant page number(s) for that issue.
B
B&D goes bilingual, 43,10 B&D Useful Publication Award,
AAA, 42,12; 43,5;11 44,7,10; 45,11 Fourth Conference, 42,12; 43,5;11 44,7.10; 45.11 Abidjan, 42.10.11 absconding, see management Abdullah,M M; 42,5 Accra, 42.8 Acherontia sp, 45,6 Adam. Br, 44,4 Addi,A, 43.10; 44.5 ADEID, 44,4 Advantages of bee houses, 42,7 advisory service, 42,12 Africa, 42.8,10,15; 43,10; 45,3, 10,12 central, 42,14; 44.4 east, 43.7.3; 44.15 southern, 43,13 sustainable beekeeping for, 43.5: 44,6
bark, 45,3.6 barter structure, see marketing Basmat.M, 42,10,11 batik, 43.12
44,2
africanized honeybees, see bee African Peace Network, 43,11; 45,7 agroforestry newsletter, 43,11 Abn.W-S, 44.7
Aidoo,K S, 42,6,8; 45,3 air freshener, 42,3 Albania, 43,2.14,15 Beekeepers’ Association. 43.15 almond, 42.5 Almost out of bees in Africa, 42,1011 Al-Mughrabi], 44,7 Alur,.R |S, 42.6 America, 42,15; 44.3 central, 42,4; 43.4; 45.312 south, 43,4; 45,3 American Bee Journal,
43,6
Andes, 44,4
A
nomad amongst the bees,
42,15
Anosh,M, 42,10,1] Antennae up, 43,15 ant, 42.11 army, 43,4
control, 43.3.4; 44.4 -proof stand, 42,14 red, see army ant soldier, see army ant termite, see termite anti-bee tree, 43,6 Antwerp, 45,2.16 aphid, 43.13 apiagroforestry, 44,6 apiary. 43.6
43,10 apiculture, see beekeeping Apiculture in Tropical Climates, Fifth International Conference on, 44.11 Apiculture sans Frontieres, 42,6; 45,3 Apiculture sans Frontieres, 42,6; apidology. 42,12 ApiExpo, 45,3 Apimondia, 42,11,12.16; 43,2.11; 44,10; 45,2,3,11
Apiculture&
Développement,
clothing, 43,12 wall hanging, 43,12 Battershill.N, 42.14 beans, 42.8; 44,11 bee, 42.13; 44,6; 45,10,12 african, 42,5,7.10,15; 43,5.8; 44,6,11,15 africanized, 42,2.4,5 agitated, 42.7.10 asian, 42,3;6; 43,5; 44,15, 45.4.5 beard, 42,11 biology, 43.5; 45.13 black, 45,13 botany, 44.13; 45,13 breeding, 44,14; 45,13 defensive, 42,5.10; 43.8 disease, 42.4; 43,14; 44,14 control of, 42,4 european, 43,] 2:13; 44.14; 45,13 black. 43,12; 45,13 flora, 42,10; 43,10; 44,5,9,15; 45,3,13 fodder, see forage forage, 42,7; 43,14; 45,13 foreign, 42.11 genetics, 44.14 himalayan, 45.13 house, 42,7 advantages, 42,7 cost, 42.7 types. 42.7 hunters, see honey hunters cave paintings, 45,7 importation, 42,4.5:10,11 introduced to new areas, 42,10 killer, 42,15 larva, 42.3; 45.4 legislation, 42,11 native, 42,10 morphometry, 44,14,15 packages, see management parasite, 42.4 pathology, 45,11,13 pest, 42,10; 43,14; 44,14 plants, see bee flora predators, 42,7,10,11; 44.4 products, 42.12; 43.5: 44.6,10,14 chemical composition, 44,14 imported, 44,6 price, 44,6 quality, 44.6
Congress, see International Beekeeping Congress Bronze Medal, 45,3 General Secretariat, 45.3 Gold Medal, 45,3 Publishing House, 45,3 Standing Commission for Beekeeping for Rural Development, 45,3 Api-Promo GTZ, 43.7,10; 43,2; 44.2, 11;
45,23
protected, 44,9 tock. see Apis dorsata species, see Apis strong, 42,11 three-dimensional, 43,12 tropical, 42,4 venom. 44,14 viscous, 43,5 wild, 42,11 Bee Books New and Old. 44.7 Bee flora of the Hindu Kush Himalayas: inventory
and management,
45,13
endemic, 42,1 Apis cerana, 42.3; 44.15; 45.3,6.10
Beehive Films: Getting started,
|
Apis cerana indica, 44,15 Apis dorsata, 42,6; 43,2.7; 45.4.5 Apis florea, 42,3 Apis mellifera, 42,3,10,11; 435,14; 45,3,15
introduction of. 42,10; 45.3 Apis mellifera adansonii, 44,11 Apis mellifera mellifera, 45,13
Apis Family Unit, 43.7 Apiservices, 44,13 Apistan, 42,15; 43.16 apitherapy, 44,10.14; 45,13: appeal, 42.8: 44.2 Appiah.A A, 45,7 apple, 42,5 Arab Beekeepers’ Union, 45.11,13 First International Congress, 45,13 Second Intemational Congress, 45,1] Arabian coffee, see Coffea arabica arabic, 45,13 A read about, fold-out and pop-up bee, 43,12 Arenga sacchanfera, 45.6 Argentina, 45.6 Asociacén de Apicultores Burgaleses, 45,7 Ascosphaera apis. 43,14 Asia, 42,6;15; 43,5; 44,3; 45,3.4,5,10,12,13 south east, 45.13 Asian Apicultural Association, see AAA Atek Development Association, 42,8 Atlas of Earthcare: a major new illustrated guide looking after our planet.
Australia, 42.10; 44,4,7 Austria, 42,12: 43.11 autobeeographies, 42.15 avocado, 44,11 Ayele,T, 43,11
43.16
to
USA, 42,4 volunteer, 43,1] workshop, 44.6 Zambian, 43.11 BEENET Asia, 42,15 Bee products: properties, applications and
apitherapy,
44,10,14
beer, see honey beer Beer de,| H, 45.3,13 Bees Boys 0, 42,6 Bees for Development, 42.2; 43,5,16; 44,2,6,9,16; 45,2 |...
Bees and beekeeping: science, practice and world resources, 45,12.16
beeswax, 42,2,9,13; 43,6,8,9,12; 44.8.14;
45,2,3,4,6,13,16 cosmetics, 42,14; 43,6 crayons, 42.14 embossed, 42.14 model, 42,14 polish, 42,14 soap, 42,14 Beeswax Barter, 442,13; Beeswax crafts, 42.14 Beetsma,), 45.12 Belgium, 42,6,32,16; 43.2.11; 45,3 Benin, 42,8; 44,11 National Beekeepers’ Association, 44,11 BESO, 44,4 Bianchi,E M, 45.6 BIBBA, 44,14; 45,7 birds, 45,12 Bleta & Shendeti, 43,15 blooming mass, 42.6 Bolivia, 44,4 Bookshelf, 42,14; 43,12: 44,14; 45.12 Books to Buy, 42,15; 43.13: 44,15; 45,13 Boongird,S, 44,7 Boot,W,], 45.12 boots, see clothing Borneck.R, 43.7; 45.3 Boswellia sacra, 42,3 Botswana, 45,8 Boyo Division, Cameroon, 43,6 Brachystegia spp,
Bradbear,N, 42,2; 43,2.15; 44,2; 45,2 Brazil, 42.5; 45,10 Breeding queens,
44,15
Briggs,L, 44,7 British, Beekeepers’ Spring Convention, 45.11 Executive Service Overseas, see BESO Isles Bee Breeders’ Association, see BIBBA
Bryne-Daniel,}, 44,2 brood, chitled, 44,14 Brown,R, 42,14 Brunei, 44,7 Buchmann,S, 45,12 building materials, 42,3 bum tree, 43.6 Burkino Faso, 42.8; 44,11 Burundi, 44,5 bushland, 44,5 butterflies, 45,12 buying, see marketing
California, 42.4 Cameroon, 43.6; 44,4,5; 45.6 Canada, 42,12; 43, 11; 44, 10; 45,3,7,11 Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturalists, 44,14
Candle Currency, 44,2.13
Bee Health Ltd, 44.3 bee hive, see hive
Apis, 42,11
FOURTEEN
42,14;
43,12; 44,12; 45.12 bacchacs, see ants Balogh.S, 42,4 Bangladesh, 42,15; 44,7 Institute of Apiculture, 44,7 Banjul Bee Declaration 1991, 42,11
west, 42.2,11; 44.4,15 african honeybees. see bee African honeybees - how to handle them in top-bar hives,
training, see training understanding, 44,9
43,13
beekeepers, African, 42.8,9; 43,5,8.9; 44.4.6; 45,10 beginner, 43,5,13; 44,14; 45,8,9 experienced, 44,14; 45,8,9 methodical, 43,12 migratory, 42.4.8 small-scale producers, 44,3 US, 42.2.4 Zambian, 43,8 beekeeping, 43,8; 44.8,9 advisors, 43,7; 45,8,9 African, 42,13,15; 43.5.8; 44.611 Arab countries in, 45,13 Asian, 43,5 association, 43,8 commercial, 43,9 development, 42.11: 44,6; 45,11 development projects, 43.5 economics, 42.4,5 effective. 44.8; 45,9 environmentally-friendly,44,6 equipment, 43,9,13.14; 44.6.8.11 extension, 45,9 fixed-comb. 42.13 frame hive, 43,12;13,14 income from, 44,9 low-cost, 42,13 Management, see management migratory, 42.5 modem, 43,9 mushroom farming and, 42,8 productivity, 43.5 project, 42,12; 43.5; 44.6 season, 43,13 smail-scale, 43,12 theft, 43,8; 44.11 top-bar hive, 43,8 traditional, 43,8,14; 45,3 trainers, 43.7; 45.8
candle making, 42.14; 45,13 dyes, 45,13 candles, 42,9, 43.9; 44,8; 45,13 Capener,F, 42.9; 43,16; 44,10 Cardiff University, 42,12 43,1}; 44,10, Carica papaya, 44,11;
45,6
cassava, 42,8; 44,10 Central Bee Research Institute, India, 44,7 Centre for international Development, 42,31 Centre Integré d’Apiculture Tropical, 44,1! Cervancia.C R, 44,7; 45,6 chalk brood, see Ascophaera apis chemical defence, 42,3 chico morada, 44,2 Chilliane.M, 43.7 chillies, 45.4 China, 42,8; 44,7; 45,10 Chinyanja, 43.13 Chung,H-W, 44,7 Citrus sp, 42,4; 45.6 Clauss,B, 44.2; 45.8 climate, 42,10,11 clothing, 44,6,11 gloves, 43.5 protective. 43.8.10; 44,11 veils, 44.11 coconut, see Coces nucifera Cocos nucifera, 44,11; 45.6 Coffea arabica, 44,11; 45.6 coffee, see Coffea arabica, colony hybrid, 44,5 management, see management renting, 42,5 Colombia, 44.4 Comoro Islands, 44,5 competition, 45,16 Congo, 42,11,13
Conference Corner, 45,13 Copperbelt Province, 43,8
com, violet, 44,2 Correa! E, 44,4 Céte d'ivoire, 42,8,10,11; 44,4 cotton, 42.4; 44.11 courses, 42.6,12 African, 42.12 beekeeping in rural development, 42,12; 43,11; 44,10, 45,9.11 tropical, 42,12; 43.11; 44,10, 45.9.11 bee diseases diagnosis. 42.12 bee pathology, 45,11 bee products, 44,11; 45,61] development studies, 42.12 in French, 42.6 Tanzania, 42,12 43,11; 44,10, 45.9.1] training, 42.12; 44,3; 45,8 UK, 42,12 43,11; 44,10. 45,9,11 cranberry, 42.5 Crane.E, 43,15; 44.14: 45.12,16 cricket, 42,1] crop, 42,5; 43,12, 14; 44,8 protection, 43,12 Crouch,L R, 42,2,14 CTA, 42,2; 43.15; 44.2; 45.2,3 curry tree, see Hypericum revolutum
DANIDA, 42,2; 43,15 Danmarks Biavlerforening, 45,3 Dedej,S, 43,15 deforestation, 42,11 Department for international Development. see DFID development, 44,14 issues, 44,14 studies, 42,12 DFID, 43,5; 44,6 Dominican Republic, 45,7 Drivdal,N J, 45,13 Duffin,L. 42,14
Eaton, C van, 44,7 ecological reproduction, 42,6 economic environment, 43,8 Economic implications of Africanized bees,
42.4
Ecuador, 44,4 E H Thome (Beehives) Ltd. 43.13 Elwell,H, 43,12 embalming, 42,3 encaustic art, 42,2,14 environment, 42,15 friendly, 43,4 Epyetu,| M, 42,9
equipment, 43,12 imported, 43.14 Enica arborea, 44.5 Eritrea, 44,5 Especies vegetales promtsorias de los Paises det Convenion Andrés Bello, 44,4
Ethiopia, 43, 10,16; 44,5 Europe. 43.10,12,14; 44,3,4 Black Bee Symposium, 42,12; 43,11; 45.15 Explanation Please!, 42,14; 44,15; 45,12 export. 42.5 extension, 44,6 Ex Africa, 42,14 extractor, see honey
4
fair trade, 42,15; 45,3
Fajardo |r,A, 45,6
FAO, 42,8,13: 43,14; 45,3
Regional Office for Africa, 42.8 farming, 44,11 feeding, see management, ,
44,7
Fert.G. 44,15
FichtR, 43,10; 44,5 Figuereo.E, 45,7 First East African workshop on beekeeping development,
44,6
First International Conference an Conserving the European Dark Bee, Apis mellifera mellijera,
45,13 Fisher,M, 42,9 flavanoids, 42.3 Fletcher.}. 44,3 flora, see bee flora floral studies, 43,13 flowering, mass, 42,6 pattern, 42,6 fluvalinate, 43.14 Fly by nights, 42,6 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, see FAO forage, 45,13 behaviour, 42.6 Forbes.M, 45,6 forest, see also woodland, 43,11 Afromontane, 44,5 conservation, 44,6; 45,13 Hagenia-Schefflera,44,5
land, 42,9 management, 44,6 non-wood products, see NWFP products, 43,11 rain, 42,15; 44,5 sustainable, 43,11 tropical.42,15 Forum Syd, 44.6 foulbrood, American, 43,14; 44,4 European, 44,4
frame, 44,4 frankincense, see Boswellia sacra french, 42,2;13; 43,10: 45,3 Friends of Bee Enterprise. 44,7 fruits, 42.5; 43,14 fund raising, 42.14
G
Gaia, 43,16 Galleria sp, 45,6 Ghandi.M, 44.6
GATT.42,{5 Germany, 42,12; 43,7,10; 44,5; 45,8 Ghana, 42,6.8; 43.11.16; 45,7 giant bee, see Apis dorsata Gibson.N. 42.15; 43.15; 44,13 Gladines,K, 45,3 GNP, 42,4 Grenada, 43.6,7: 44,3; 45,3 Ministry of Agriculture, 43,6 Griffin.H, 43,12 Gross National Product, see GNP,
GTZ, 43,7,10; 43,2; 44,2,11, 45,23 guava, 44,1] Guide to
bees and honey,
43.12
gums, 42,3: 45.13
H
.D
Ferguson. K
foundation, 43,14
Haiti, 43.6 Hajidaud.K, 44,7
Hawcock.D.43,12 Hawkins,}, 45,7 Heifer Project. 44.6 Helianthus annuus, 43.14 herbicide-resistant gene, 45,7 Hevea brasiliensis, 45,10 heron, white, 42,11 Himalayas, Hindu Kush, 45,13 Hinchley,.A, 45,7 hive, 42,7; 44,69 bamboo, 43.4 bark. 43,8,9 basket, 43,14 box, 44,4 calabash, 44,11 cement, 44,11 clay, 44,11 clay pot. 44,11 cylindrical, 44,11 Dadant, 44.1]
damage to. 44,4 destruction, 44,4 evacuated, 42.10 frame, 43,9,12,13: 44,11 France-Congo, 44.1] gourd, 44,11 hanging, 43.4 iron sheet, 44,1] horizontal-type. 43,4 Langstroth, 43.7,14; 44,11 log, 44,11 mud, 43,4 palm leaf, 43.4 palm trunk, 44,11 products, 42,13 protected, 42,7 rubberwood, 45,10 support, 43,3,4 tools, 42,3; 44,11 top-bar, 42,13; 43,7,8.9: 44,11 traditional, 43.14 ventilation, 43,14 wooden, 43,14; 44,11 wooden box, 43.14 Hone.M, 43,12 honey, 42.7,12.13: 43,7,8,9; 44.4.8, 14;
45,2.3,4.6,7,12,13,16 African, 43,10 analysis, 44.10 badgers. 42,7 beer, 43,9 Bulgarian, 43,14 buyer, 42,9; 43,10 centrifuge, 44,1! class, 42.9 combs, 43.10.14 container, 43,8; 44,11] crop, 42,12 export, 42,9.12; 43,10; 45,12 extractor, 43,13; 44,3 electrical, 43.13 four-frame, 44,3 home-made, 44,3 imported, 44,3 farm, 42,9 flavour, 43,10 forest, 45,13 gathering, see hunting,
harvesting, 43,10,13,14; 44,11; 45,4,12 hunting, 42.13.15: 43,8; 44,11; 45.4.5 industrial, 45,7 importation, 43,9 market, 43,8; 45,12 marketing, see marketing organic, 43.9 packaging, 43.14 price, 43.8 processing, 42,16; 43,8 production, 42,4; 43,14; 44,4.5,11 products 43,7,8 properties, 43.10 show. 42,9 smoked, 43,10 table, 43,9 tropical, 45,12,13 yield, 43,9
A Bees for Development publication
BEEKEEPING & DEVELOPMENT 45 cage. 42,10; 44,15 excluder, 42.3 introduction, 44,14 mating, 44,15 marking, 43,13; 44,15 rearing, 44,14,15
Honeybee diseases and pests, 44.14 Honeybee flora of Ethiopia, 43,10; 44,5
Honeybee Science Research Centre, 44,7 Honey hunters and beekeepers of Tamil Nadu.
455
Honey hunters of the Nilgiris: the road to sustainability, 45,4 Honey News, 43.6
Hooper.T, 43,12 Houten van.H, 45,9 Hypericum revolutum,
44,5
ICIMOD, 44,15, 45,13 ICRAF, 43,11 Important resolutions concurring importation of
42,11 India, 42,6,8,12,16; 43.11,16; 44,7, 10; 45,4.10,11 Indonesia, 42,12: 44,7; 45,10,11 information wheelcharts, 43.13 Informations de derntére heure, 42,2 insect. 44,4 intruding, 44.4 repellent, 44,4 resistant plants, 45,7 insecticide genes, 45,7 Inside Information, 42,2; 43,15; 44,2, 45.2 Institute de la Rechereche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 42,12 instrumental insemination, 44,15 International Beekeeping Congress, XXXIV, 42,12,16: 43,2,11: 44.4; 45,23 XXXV, 42,12; 43,11; 44.10; 45.11 XXXVI, 42.12: 43,11; 44,10; 45,11 International Centre for integrated Mountain Development. see [CIMOD International Federation of Beekeepers’ Association, see Apimondia internet, 44,16 Trulas, 45.4 Israel, 42.10; 45,11 Ministry of Agriculture, 42,1] Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 42.11 honeybees,
Italy, 43.23.14 IUCN, 45,13 Ivory Coast, see Céte d'Ivoire
J
Jackson.H, 42,2; 43,15; 44,2; 45,2 lannoni Sebastianini.R, 45,3 lapan, 44,7 Java, 45,10 Jenu, 45.4 liaming.Gan, 42.8 Johannesburg, 42,11 john.M, 45.4 lones.W W, 43,16 lordan, 45,11 Journal of Bee, 42.8
Namibia's honey harvest, 42,13
National Conference of Tropical Bees and the Environment, 42,8 National Honey Show, UK, 42,9; 43,11,16;
44,10 Nath,S, 45.4
45,3
:
Kwarteng,, 42,14
L
Afrique Equatoriale: le miel, richesse
42,13
L'apiculture en
Afrique Equatonale: parlons d'abeilies, de fleurs et d'apiculture, 42,13
Latham,P, 43,6 Latin, 43,13 Lear.E N, 43.7; 45,12
Learn Ahead, 42,12; 43,11; 44,10; 45,1! Lebanon, 45,13 Lensky,Y, 44.14 Le Quesnge,C, 42.15 Letters to B&D, 43.10; 44,4; 45,10 Libong.A. 45,3,16 Likcani,A, 43,15 Lin,C-Y, 44.7 Livistonia rotundifolia,
45,6
local knowledge, 42,11 traders, 44,9 LohrW, 44,11
Look Ahead, 42,12:
43.11:
ndebele, 43,13 Neale-Edwards.R, 44,13 Nebbi District, Uganda, 43,7
NECTAR, 45,2,14 nectar, 42,4,13; 43,6; 44,4 flow, 43,14 sucking, 43.6 Nepal, 42,12; 43,5.7,11; 44,7,10,15; 45,3,11,13 Nepal: its bees and beekeepers, 45,3 Nephelium lapaceum,
44,10;
45,11
Loor,B, 44,4 lost-wax casting, 44,8 lupin, see Lupinus mutablilis Lupinus mutablilis, 44,4 Lusaka, 42,14
MacRobert.G F, 42.7 Madagascar, 44,5 Madaha.|, 43,10; 45,7 maize, 43.14; 44,11; 45.7 Makumbi,O, 44,3 Malawi. 43.4; 44,5 Malaysia, 44,7; 45,10 Manabi Province, Ecuador, 44,4 Managed crop pollination: the missing dimension of mountain agricultural productivity, 44,15
management, 43,5; 44,6,14 absconding, 44,6 colony performance, 44,14 feeding, 43,13 migration, 44,6 overwinter, 42,4
packages, 42.10,11; 44,15 queen,
45,6
News Around The World, 42.8; 43.6, 44,2; 45,6 News from Nijiro, 43,5; 44,6 New Zealand, 44,7 NGO. 42,14: 44,4: 45.4.7 Niger, 44,11 Nigeria, 42,8; 44,11; 45,11 Nilgiris District, 45,4 Njiro Wildlife Research Centre, 42,12;
43,5.10,11; 44,6,10; 45,911 Non-governmental organisation. see NGO non-profit making, 42,6 non-timber forest products, see NTFP North West Beefarmers Association, see NOWEBA North West Province, see NWP Norton.M, 42,14 Noray, 45,13 Notice Board, 42,12; 43,11; 44.10; 45,11 Novartis. 43.15; 45,7 NOWEBA.43,6 Nso People, 43.6 NTFP 45.13 nucleus, 43,13 nutmeg, 43.6 NWP, 43.8
ODA, see DFID Ogaba.M,R, 45.3 Ohe von der.W, 43,10 oil, seed, 42,5 volatile, 42,3 ointment, 42,3 Olmontonyi Forestry Institute, 44.6 Oman, 44,7 One hundred years of Apimondia, 43,2
Onore,G, 44,4 OPIDA, 44,15 orange, see Citrus spp Organisation of American States, 43,7 Development Administration, see 1D Overseas
overwinter, see management Oxfam, 42,15: 45,6
A Bees for Development publication
Perspectives for honey production in the tropics,
pesticides, 42,5; 43,3,10,14 industry, 42.5 legislation, 42,5 poisoning, 43,6; 44,14 use, 42,5 pests, control of, 43,12 Pétey,V, 44,2; 45,2 Philippines, 44.7; 45,6 pigeon pea, 42,8 Pinder,P, 42.14 pineapple, 44,12 Pirie.C, 44,13 Planbee online,
44,16
plant, 42,3 chemicals, 42,3 Plant Protection Improvement Programme,
43,13 Plattner Bienenhof Apicoltura, 45,2,9 Plunkett Foundation, 43,14.15: 45,3 poison, see venom, pollen, 42,3,4,6,13; 43,10; 44,9; 45,13 analysis, 43,10 atlast, 43,10 grain, 43,10; 45,3 photographs of, 43,13 microscopic analysis, 43.10 pollination, 42,4,5,10; 44,8,15; 45,13 agent, 45,13 agricultural, 42,5 economy, 45,13 pollinators, 42,5,6; 45,13 searcity of, 42.5 native, 42,5 -plant interaction, 45.13 pollution, 43,10 portuguese, 43,8 potato, sweet, 42,8 Poth Hille Ltd, 45.16 poverty 43,9
Practical Beekeeping, 42,7; 43,3,5; 44,4 predators, see bee primary products, 42,15 project, see also beekeeping project writing, 42.14 plants,
43,10
Promote beekeeping in rural development,
44,8:
45.9 propolis, 42,3,13: 44,3,14; 45,6 composition, 42,3 harvesting, 42,3 in medicine, 42,3 price, 42,3 uses, 42,3 Propolis,
42,3
Protecting hives against termites,
43,3
protectives, see clothing Plerocarpus santalinus,
42,6
pulses, 43,14 Punchihewa,R W K, 44,7 pumpkin, 42,5; 45,4 Purohit Compressor Engineering Co, 42,16 pygmy people 42,13 queen, 42,10,1] cage, see management excluder, see management reating, see management, Queen rearing,
44,14
Rafad Foundation, 43,11 rainforest. see forest rambutan, see Nephelium lapaceum Rand Show, 43,7
Rao,S P, 42.6 rat, 42,7 rattan, 45,13 Ravindran,P N, 43,16 Reddy.C C, 44,7 Red Saunders, 42,6 reforestation, 43,11 Reforming world trade: the social and environmental priorities, 42,15
repellent, 42,3 Request for a borehole,
45,10
U
Solomon.G, 44,3; 45,3 Sommeijer,M |, 45,12 sorghum, 42,8: 44,11 Soroti District. Uganda, 42,9 South Africa, 42,10; 43,7,9; 44,5,10; 45,11,12 South Western Bee Farmers’ Association, see SWEBA soya, bean, 42,8 cultivation, 42,9 Spain, 45,7 spanish, 45,3 spices, 45.13 squash, 42,5 Sri Lanka, 44,7; 45,10 Sri Lankamalai Reserve Forest, 42,6 Stages of development of the worker bee,
45,9
Stapleton,P, 45,8 Steele & Brodie, 44,12 stamps, 45,3 sting repellent, 42,3 Stop press, 45,11 SUAS, 43,13 Subha-ReddiC, 42.6 Sudan, 44,5 sugar feeding, see management Sumatra, 45,10
Tropical bees and the environment, 42,15;
43,13
Tropical Bees and the Environment Conference, 42,6 Tropical Biology Association, 44.7 Tropical Forest Products Ltd, 45,16 Tunisia, 42,12 Turkey, 42,12; 44,7
U
44, Svensson.B, 43,10 swarming, see management Swaziland, 44,5 SWEBA, 45,6 Swedish Unversity of Agricultural Sciences, see SUAS Sweet Maria Apiary. 43.7 sweet potato, 42,8 Switzerland, 43,11 sytup feeding, see management Tabora, Beekeepers’ Co-operative Society, 42,12; 43.10; 44,6; 45,7 Beekeeping Training Institute, 44.6 Taiwan, 44,7 Tam,D Q, 44,7 Tamil Nadu. 44,15; 45,4,5 Tanzania, 42,12; 43.5,10,11; 44,5,6,10; 45,7,11 Environmental Action Association, 44,6 Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism, 44,6 Tree Planting Association, 44.6 Taye.S, 43,16 Taylor,M, 43,2 technology, appropriate, 44.6 Technology Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation, see CTA temperature, see management Ten excellent reasons for beekeeping,
459,11 USA, 42,4,12: 43.11; 45.13 tesearch, 42.4 USDA, 42.5 USAID, 42.11. 44.4 Vancouver, 45,3 Varroa, see Varroa jacobsoni Varroa jacobsoni, 43,12,14; 44,4 control of, 42,13; 43,6,12,14; 44,14 disease, 43,13 devastation, 43,6 Varroasis of the honey bee, 42,13 vegetable, 42.5. 43,14 Velastegui.R. 44,4 Venezuela, 43,11; 44,10 Vespa sp,
45,6
video, 42,13; 43.13; 44,14; 45,3 Videoshelf, 42,13: 43,13; 44.14 Vietnam, 44,7 visual aids, 42,13: 43,13; 44,14; 45,3,8 vilamuns, 42,3 VOCA, 43.14 volcanic activity, 42,8; 44,2 Volta Region, Ghana, 42,8 Vries.R de, 45,12 VSO, 42,13
sunflower, see Helianthus annuus supersedure, 42,5 sustainable development. 42,5 resource management, 43,7 Sustainable beekeeping for Africa, 43.6;
44,8
termite, 43,3,4; 44,4 control, 43,3; 44.4 repellent, 44,4 resistant wood, 43,3; 44,4 Texas, 42,4 Thailand, 44,7 The art of batik: flowers and landscapes, 43,12 The economic value of non-timber forest products in south-east Asia, 45,13 The forgotten pollinators, 45,12 The honeybee's fingerprint: simple methods of
distinguishing honeybee races,
44,5
Tree St John’s Wort, see Hypericum revolutum Trinidad, see Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago, 44,2,3; 44,3
Tan Tuk’el Kab, Ugalla Game Reserve, Tanzania, Uganda, 42.8,]2; 44,3,5 UK, 42,4,9,12; 43,5,11; 44,10; 45,11 UN Convention on Biological Diversity, 45,7 United Kingdom, see UK United Women’s Apiary, 44.3 University of Cardiff, 42,12; 43,11; 44,10;
Sipat.A, 42,15
44,14
The world guide 1997/98 44,14 The world-wide fund raiser's handbook,
42,14
wall charts, 45,8 Wang.W-Y, 44,7 Waring,C, 45,3 wax, see also beeswax 42,3 wax foundation, see foundation wax moth, see Galleria sp wax sheets, see foundation website, 44,16 Wendorf,H, 43,8 West Africa. see Africa West Africa Bee Research Seminar, First,
42,1] West African Rice Development Association.
42,14; 45,9 Why bother beekeeping?
43,8
whitefly, 43.13 Widjaia.M C. 44,7 Williams,C, 42,8; 44,2 Windward Islands, 42,15 wintergreen oil, 43.6 women, and development, 42,12 with respect to beekeeping, 44,3.6; 45,11 Woo,K-S, 44,7 woodland, depletion, 43.8.19 miombo, 43,8,10 workshop, 43.7; 44.5: 45.1 Workshop to revive Apis cerana indica,
44,14
work wanted, 44.7 World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 44,7 Trade Organization, 42,15 Xylocopa latipes,
Y
42,6
yam, 44,11 Yang,G H, 44,7 Yazbek.R, 45.13 Yemen, 44,5 Yesid,H. 44,4 yield, see honey
Youdeowei,A, 42,14; 45,9 Yusoff.K M, 42,15 Zaire, 44,5 Zambia, 42,14; 43.8; 44,5; 45,8 Zambian Beekeeping Handbook,
45.8
Zimbabwe, 42,7,12; 45,10 Zooming in on Albania, 43.14.15 Zooming in on Benin, 44,11
Thomas, 44,12 Thomo,K, 43,15
Riches,H RC, 45,12 Rinderer.T E, 42,15 Robberts,E |, 45,12 robbing, see management
42,15 Tobago. see Trinidad and Tobago Apicultural Society, 44,2 Togo, 42.8; 44,11 top-bar, see hive Three cells of honeycomb,
RometA, 44,4 Roy,P, 45,4 royal jelly, 44,14
Top tips for trainers: principles of beekeeping
rubber, see Hevea spp production, 45,10
tratning,
tapping, 45,10
45,10
Rural Associations Support Programme.
43,15 Rwanda, 44,5 sacbrood, Thai, 44,15; 45,11 Sandoz SPC Ltd, 42,2,16; 43,16 SarikiY. 44,11 Saudi Arabia, 44,7 Scientific writing for agricultural research scientists,
5,9 Scott-Dupree,C, 44,14
simsim, 42,8
The Third World institute, 44,14
research, 42,12 resin, 42,3; 45,13
Rubber tree: Hevia brasiliensis,
Tree St john's Wort,
1
Sixty years with bees, 43,12 slides, 42,13 slug, 43,13 smoker, 43,10,13: 44,7,11 appropriate, 43,10 snail, 43,13 soap, 42,3; 44,8
Peru, 44,2
Project outline: a pollen atlas of East African honey
Natural pests and disease control, 43,12
nest, single-comb, 42,3 Netherlands, Expertise Centre for Tropical Apicultural Resources, see NECTAR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 45.3 New Forests Project, 45,1] New Mexico, 42,4
Laere van,O, 45,3 LAMP, 44,6 Langstroth hive, see hive en
45,12
medicines, 42,3; 45,13 melissopalynology, 45,13 melliferous flora, 45,13 migratory beekeeping, see beekeeping millet, 42.8; 44.11; 45.4 Mimosa sp, 45,6 minerals, 42,3 tmiombo, see woodland mite, 43.12.14; 44.4 Miti ni Maendeleo, 43,11 Mizrahi.A. 44.34 Mngazija,R, 43,5 Montgomery,L, 43,12 mongoose, 42,7 Montserrat, 42,8; 44,2 Beekeepers’ Association, 42,8; 44,2 Morley,A. 44.4 morphometric studies, 44,14; 45,13 Mostoles.D, 45,6 mountain area, 44,15 Mozambique, 44,5 Muid,M Hi, 44,7 Mukanyange,], 45,9 Munguia.M.A, 45,3 Murillo-Yepes,], 43,7; 44.3; 45,3 Muzaffar,N, 44,7
Nabham.G, 45,12 Namibia, 42,13 Namibian Directorate of Forestry, 42,13
Korea. 44,7 Krell.R, 43,3; 44.4 Kuala Lumpur, 42,40 Kurumbas, 45,4
de notre nature,
Mead: making, exhibting and judging,
N
Kaftanoglu,O, 44.7 Kathmandu, 43,5 Kathnaickens, 45,4 Kenya, 43,7,11; 44,5 Kerala, 45,10 Forest Research Institute, 45,10 Keystone, 45.4,5 Kiew,R. 42,15 KIRDEP, 44,6 Kitgum Women’s Beekeepers, Uganda, 42,9;
Lapiculture
robbing, 42,11 swarming. 44,1] temperature, 42,1] Mandizvidza.H, 45,10 Mangifera indica, 44,11 Mardan,M, 42,15 marketing: 43,5,8,9,14; 44,3,6; 45,4 barter structure, 43,8; 45,4 honey, 43.8; 45,12,16 Mati,A, 44,7 Mattu.V K, 44,7 Mazzacchi,L, 45,9 McDermatt,M |, 45,13 mead, 45,12 books, 45,12 judge. 45,12 recipes, 45,12
Pacific, 42,5 Padmanabhan,P, 45,10 Pakistan, 42.12; 44,7 patm oil, 44,11 Palni Hills Conservation Council, 44,15 Papaya, see Carica papaya Partap,T. 44,15 Partap,U, 44,15; 45,13 PAUAL. 45.3 peanut, 44,11 Peh,] Y, 43.16
Scottish Crop Research Institute. 45,,7 Secrets of the beehive, 43,13 Seeds offered, 45,1 Seeds wanted, 43.11: 45.11 Seminar on Bees and Forest in the Tropics, 42,11 setswana, 43,13 Sherratt.D, 42,13 shona, 43,13 Shrestha,K K, 43,5; 44,7,10 Simple gloves, 43,5 Sims, D, 43,12
45,8
toxin, 42,3 trade, banana, 42.15 fair, 42,15
sustainable, 42,15 traditional. 43,8 beekeepers, see beekeepers beekeeping, see beekeeping training, 42,12: 43.11; 44,10, 45,8.9,11 guides, 42,14; 45.8 materials, 42,14; 45,8 tree, see also forest and woodland 44.6 deadly, 43.6 nuts, 42,5
Trees Bees Use, 44,5; 45.10
Index prepared by Nicola Bradbear and Helen Jackson. Bees for Development 1997
FIFTEEN
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Sle Gi
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