ISSUE NO 84, SEPTEMBER 2007
INSIDE INFORMATION
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BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT
IN
2005, our planet shuddered as huge forces that had been building up deep in the Earth for hundreds of years were released suddenly, shaking the ground violently. The epicentre of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake was under the Indian Ocean near the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The violent movement of the Earth's tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction, with a series of killer waves speeding across the Indian Ocean. When the Tsunami hit the shore of Banda Aceh, it had devastating effect killing more than 150,000 people, destroying buildings and leaving thousands homeless. On 26 December
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Maes
COVER
ILL
TRATION
dean fries
One of the reasons why the Tsunami had such devastating effect is because in recent years shoreline natural barriers such as mangrove and sand dunes have been removed, while coral reefs
ME
have been destroyed to make way for shipping. For example it is thought that one reason why the islands of the Maldives suffered relatively less damage from the Tsunami is because they were protected from the full force by outlying corai reefs.
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Modern communication methods meant that people worldwide could follow the Tsunami disaster story as it was revealed. The magnitude of the disaster and the scale of the suffering prompted a new wave of sympathy and support for the people recovering from the effect of the Tsunami. Like
many charities, Bees for Development Trust received donations from our supporters, and this — money has now been put to good use replanting mangrove along the Banda Aceh shoreline. Qur cover picture shows some of these mangrove plants — now two years old and on their way to
es Mee
eb
do ee
a
ed
— — providing useful vegetation and in the fullness of time a good source of forage for bees too. All species of mangrove (Avicennia) produce abundant nectar that provides a light coloured and delicious honey. We hope that some future Banda Aceh beekeepers will benefit from these multi-purpose mangrove plantations. This work in Banda Aceh is being undertaken in cooperation
A coastal scene in Banda Acen, Indonesia. In the foreground are young mangrove trees, planted with funding from Bees for Development Trust. In time, the thousands of mangrove trees
with Dr Rosmaidar Djafruddin and Azhar Gani of Yayasan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Alamdan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Sustainable Development for Natural Resources and Community
that have now been planted will provide coastal protection, and every flowering
Empowerment Foundation).
season will provide abundant nectar for bees.
Nitla Bradheav
CONTENTS Inside information
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Bees/ov Development Journal 84
BEE DEATH IN THE USA:
is the honey bee in danger?
Wolfgang Ritter, President of the Apimondia Standing Commission for Bee Health International (OIE) and German National Reference Laboratory for Bee Diseases, CVUA, Germany Many people are concerned about the future of the honey bee because of
ls the problem new?
the great number of bee colony losses, particularly in the USA, as recently highlighted throughout the media. !t is of such importance that
Similar symptoms with colony losses have already occurred in the USA: in Alabama and Minnesota in 2002 and 2004, as well as in California in
the US House of Representatives held a special hearing to deal with the matter, and even the New York Times and the Journal Science published
major features. As often happens, this creates media exaggeration ranging from ‘Bee AIDS’ to the extinction of mankind as a consequence
2005. But losses were also recorded outside the USA: for example in Australia and Mexico in 1975 and in those cases, this phenomenon was called ‘disappearing syndrome’, Europe, too, there have always been losses of bee colonies from time
of the loss of honey bees. To address the problem correctly, all the facts
In
are needed.
to time, showing the same symptoms. Extremely high losses were
How did it start?
recorded during the winter of 2002-2003, estimated at 20% in France and up to 38% in Sweden. In Germany, an average of 32% of the one million bee colonies died and many beekeepers lost everything. The
During October-December 2006 beekeepers throughout the USA announced a dramatic spate of sudden bee colony losses. Many beekeepers observed for the first time that no dead bees remained either in front of, or inside the hives. They found empty hives and combs with brood of all ages and plenty of food and in certain cases, the queen
along with some young bees, was still strolling over the combs. The Ministry of Agriculture immediately established a working group within the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to examine initial test results
symptoms were more or less identical with those recently observed in In Germany this phenomenon is called Kah/fliegen. It first
the USA.
occurred in France about 15 years ago and can still be observed today: most of the colonies collapsing in harvest. Across the rest of Europe symptoms were numerous and varied, and ranged from brood of all
stages left in the hive, few bees left in the hive until food stocks ran out, or cleared by robbing bees from stronger colonies.
and defined their observations as ‘Colony Collapse Disorder’ (CCD). Initial surveys indicated losses in some apiaries of 30-90% but, as with all cases of this kind, it was difficult at first to get reliable data on the
At first glance it seems strange that bees depart from their colony, leaving brood and food behind. To understand this you have to study the bee colony's procedures for averting diseases. All actions of the single NATHAN RICE
total losses. However, the extent of the problem became clearly visible when facts revealed that up to 700,000 colonies had died.
How do bees avert diseases?
ne
Only 14 days ago, strong bee colonies were crowded on these brood combs at an apiary in the USA afflicted by CCD. Now mainly young bees are left.
BEE DEATH IN THE USA
bee concentrate on one single aim: to guarantee survival and multiplication of the colony. The loss of one single bee does not matter.
The colony's health is above its own, even if this means the single bee’s death. The colony’s defence strategy against diseases therefore gives more priority to social behaviour than to the single bee’s own immune
system. Recognising and removing ill brood is part of the defence mechanism of a honey bee’s make-up, and the removal of ill or infested bees is also important. This is achieved by preventing ill or otherwise ‘strange’ bees from entering the hive, or they do not return from foraging. Foraging and not returning to the colony, especially of ald bees, is therefore part of the natural hygienic behaviour of the bees. It happens a hundred or a thousand times each day. A dramatic situation occurs only if the colony is not able to regenerate sufficiently, or if all of the bees depart within a few days. If a colony of African bees is severely infested by the
Small hive beetle Aefhina tumida, the process of departure happens ina co-ordinated way with all the bees leaving as if ina swarm. However, a colony of European Apis mellifera bees, for example with a serious Varroa destructor infestation, may react in a more disorganised way. In a Varroa-intested colony, infested bees leave the hive and invade other
colonies
in the nearby environment. This leads ta an explosively increasing number of mites, and rapid colony destruction: this is immediately observed by a vigilant beekeeper. Collapsing colonies
distribute thousands of mites to neighbouring colonies. You sometimes find within one week over 2,000 new mites in already treated colonies. They must have arrived via robbing bees or not returning bees.
What is the reason? Empty hives, without reason, can complicate the issue as to why the bees left. Only if some bees or brood remain can one try to discover why. In
spring, if you have heavy colony losses, in most cases Nosema spores can be found. For several years our examinations have shown that
Nosema ceranae, which might have migrated from Asia, has been found. However, it also appears in surviving colonies, and very frequently, remaining bees are infected by the viruses transmitted by Varroa mites. The brood can also show additional infections with fungi and bacteria. tt is still to be answered if the diseases diagnosed are the result of the reduced bee population and increasing stress in the remaining colony, or if they are actually responsible for the colony loss. Even if Varroa mites
cannot be found in all brood cells, it has been assumed in Europe that this parasite is the cause. It weakens colonies to the extent that they become increasingly susceptible to other diseases and unfavourable
living conditions. The latter is difficult to investigate and to quantify. This leaves room for all kinds of speculation, ranging from the utilisation of specific pesticides, to genetically modified plants (GMOs), to radiation from mobile telephone masts. This list may be extended as long as you like.
Similar discussions are now underway in the USA. American colleagues point out that the symptoms appear in regions without any access to mobile telephone networks, and where no GMO crops have been cultivated. In the USA, until now, Deformed Wing Virus could nearly always be found in the remaining bees examined. This corresponds to our examinations in more than 300 apiaries in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, after winter losses in 2002-2003, when we nearly always
The difference between beekeeping in the USA and Europe the USA (and contrary to Europe), nearly all kinds of pathogenic agents play a role in bee health and can be found in many colonies. The managed application of medicines enables beekeepers to obtain good In
honey harvests. However, even the slightest interference overturns this system. This became obvious when, in the 1980s, the tracheal mite Acarapis wood? and later the Varroa mite Varroa destructor, and in this century the Small hive beetle Aefhina tumida, were introduced.
As a tule, beekeeping in the USA is focussed on maximum honey yield or pollination capacity. This means that in extreme cases, according to the principle of ‘hire and fire’, bees are kept only for a short time under maximum exploitation, to be disposed of afterwards for financial reasons. Bee colonies that are kept throughout the year are also exposed to enormous stress because of extremely long migrations, artificial provision with cheap food, and colony management following strict time frames. Moreover, the bees are living in agricultural monocultures that greatly reduce the natural diversity of the bees’ diet. We know that pollen
provides honey bee colonies with natural antagonists of bacteria, fungi or with antibiotic substances. But not every kind of pollen is equally suitable. If there is a lack of diversity, defence facilities decrease and the
colonies become more susceptible to diseases. In
industrial agriculture we use industrial beekeeping. Pollination is an
especially clear example. The agricultural monacultures require intense application of pesticides. As a consequence the pieces of cropped land reaching to the horizon are often deprived of natural pollinators such as flies and beetles. And this in a continent not formerly populated by pollinating honey bees: it was the settlers from Europe who introduced Apis mellifera honey bee to the USA.
the
This requires the pollination capacities of bee colonies to be directed by humans according to strict time frames. The beekeeper profits from the financial value of this service: typically US$125 (€90) and more are paid per colony. So a beekeeper who is being paid for pollination services, can afford the disadvantage that the honey gathered, often polluted by pesticides, cannot be used as a food item. If the unique pollinator is
lacking, then agricultural output will suffer, and the total damage may be huge. In the USA, the losses due to the reduced harvest of almonds and fruits are estimated at several millions of US dollars. That is why the outcry about losses comes not only from beekeepers, but even more from fruit-growing farmers.
What is being done? The search for answers to this problem started years ago but up to now no satisfactory results have been achieved. It is of major importance that
colony examinations are made before CCD sets in. Only when it is known how the development, the progress of diseases, and the environment of a collapsing bee colony differ from a healthy one, is there is a chance to understand the reasons.
Three years ago in Germany, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Consumer Protection initiated a monitoring project throughout the year in
which bee institutes screened a total of 7,000 colonies belonging to 123 beekeepers from all over the country, by taking samples and carrying out
found this virus. Recent examinations in co-operation with other European colleagues show that this virus, contrary to other bee viruses, only rarely
regular examinations. Similar actions are planned in other European countries. To co-ordinate the approach and to exchange the results as rapidly as possible a European working group was formed. This network is now enlarged to other countries including the USA. By means of this
shows genetic variations all over the world, and is therefore closely connected with the spread of the Varroa mite. For this reason it can be
for honey bees and beekeepers.
assumed that the Varroa mite represents one of the main reasons for the bee losses, and this includes the USA. Certainly, the reasons are multi-factorial and regionally different. Of course, the human factor should not be neglected, influencing bee
colonies not only by the way of colony management and disease control, but also by environmental conditions.
co-operative effort
it
should be possible to solve this worldwide problem
FURTHER INFORMATION BfD Website Information Centre: Bees and the Environment at www.beesfordevelopment.org/info/info/index.shtml Silent spring in northern Europe. Bees for Development Journal 71 More silent spring (Letters). Bees for Development Journal 72 Dr Ritter's website (in German) www.beepathology.com
Bees/or Development Journal 84
AFRICAN HONEY TRADE
BELLS FOR DEVELOPMENT
UGANDA HONEY TRADE PROJECT A new Project in Uganda aims to increase trade in honey, bringing more income to poor, rural beekeepers. The Project is being funded by the UK-based Charity, Comic Relief, and implemented by The Uganda
PHOTOS
+
Export Promotion Board (UEPB), The Uganda National Apiculture Development Organisation (TUNADO) and Bees for Development. Together we have embarked on an 18-month Pilot Project with the
ALU
ultimate goal of building sustainable livelihoods based on beekeeping by increasing incomes to poor households through increased honey trade.
Beekeeping is practised widely in Uganda. The local market for table honey is significant, and demand in urban areas outstrips supply. Trade opportunities for other bee products are also growing. However, inefficiencies in the supply chain and the low capacity of producers to understand and negotiate markets, means that this activity is not
achieving its full potential
in
bringing income benefits to the poor.
The aim of this Project is to increase the volume of honey flowing from poor beekeeping communities to markets, and increase the flow of money in the opposite direction. TUNADO will take the lead to achieve
this by building the capacity of producer groups and encouraging the development of mutually beneficial trading relationships between producers and buyers. TUNADO will also collate and disseminate appropriate information and deliver guidance to the sector. We recognise that honey traders, processors and packers need services and information, particularly to begin to engage with markets outside
Uganda. UEPB will lead work including Ugandan representation at the international Apicultural Congress, Apimondia, taking place in Australia in September 2007 (see Look Ahead, page 13), and equipping honey
businesses with the necessary know-how to export.
Robert Ndyabarema and Philip Muwanika. of TUNADO, are shown the honey purchases record book by Daudi Mugisa and Joseph Azora at the Bulindi Honey Packing Centre in Hoima District
Bees for Development is responsible for overall project management and guidance.
This Pilot Project involves building of relationships, gaining crucial insights into business development approaches that can be scaled up to achieve growth, and understanding the complexities of the trade-enabling environment.
Globally the market for speciality honey is good, and we are sure that with the right assistance, Ugandan beekeepers could be delivering delicious and different, tropical African honeys to the world market.
EU HONEY
LEGISLATION UPDATE The latest list of so-called ‘third’ countries
—
those authorised for
—
was issued on 30 May their honey to be imported into the EU 2007. Some countries previously included on the list have been withdrawn - Bulgaria, Norway, Paraguay, Romania and Vietnam. Moldova has been added. The updated list is:
Argentina, Australia, Belize, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, E| Salvador, Guatemala, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Pitcairn,
Russia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Switzerland, Tanzania, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA and Zambia.
Caer oh He Cudidd Expon Promotion Bosco Oactiv aay, PYG Board weighs up some hugh quality beeswax at the Kazo Apiculture Development Centre in Kiruhura District
See BFD Website Information Centre: Legislation at www.beesfordevelopment.org/info/info/index.shtml
Bees/ov Development Journal 84
Beekeeping, poverty alleviation and forest conservation in Imadiala, Madagascar a
RAOELINARIVO YVAN RUSSE!
Raoelinarivo Yvan Russell, FFV, Antananarivo, Madagascar Beekeeping is an important source of livelihood in Imadiala, an eastern sub district of Ambositra in Madagascar. However, in spite of the efforts made by beekeepers and by numerous organisations to improve
ALL PHOTOS
‘.
beekeeping in the region, the negative effect of deforestation on beekeepers’ activities is increasing.
Approximately 90% of Madagascar’s flora and fauna is endemic. Eleven million hectares (20% of Madagascar’s surface area) are forest and 350,000 hectares are Fucalyptus species and pine plantations. However, loss of species, including the decrease of honey bee populations on the Island, is closely related to the loss of forests.
September 2003, President Marc Ravalomanana committed to increasing protected areas in Madagascar from 1.7 million to 6 million hectares by 2008. Now Madagascar is attempting to reduce poverty and increase areas under conservation. Beekeeping has potential to play an In
important role in these processes, both for poverty alleviation and conservation of natural environments.
Madagascar’s honey bee Endemic to the Island, Madagascar’s honey bee Apis mellifera unicolor is black, small and docile, and can be kept close to home. The Island’s geographical isolation has spared it from many bee diseases and parasites. Ants and termites are not great problems for beekeepers in Madagascar, and Varroa mite and American foulbrood are not present.
a
-
/
The sub district belongs to two ethnic groups: Zafimaniry, a sub group of Tanala ‘people of the forest’ who live in the natural forests in the
East, traditionally considered to be favy (slash and burn agriculture) farmers, and Betsileo of Imady, the zone surrounded by Eucalyptus forests in the West. who farm irrigated rice. In the Zafimaniry zone, the
most important honey flow season is between October and January. The zone in Imady has lost most of its forests which have been replaced by Eucalyptus and pine trees. The honey flow from Fuca/yptus trees is during June to August. the Zafimaniry zone, beekeeping is practised in log hives called fohoka ot tohotra in Malagasy, where honey and bees are collected from natural sites. Beekeepers in {mady use top-bar hives and obtain colonies by catching swarms or buying bees from the forests in the In
East. This shows the complementary nature of both zones for beekeeping that may be enhanced if care is given to the region’s natural reSOUrces. The remaining natural resources and the willingness of beekeepers to improve their activities make beekeeping possible on a large-scale in Ambositra. However Imadiala, which is the most advantaged beekeeping area in the whole region, has suffered serious deforestation by cutting of trees to make planks, charcoal, sculptures or to make space for
cultivation
—
all have severe negative effects for beekeeping. This
process is ongoing and forest degradation remains one of the major problems for beekeeping, honey hunting and swarm catching in Imadiala. “In September it is common to see bee swarms passing over my village when they go to the forests, and to see them coming back while we are harvesting rice in April. In the past it was possible to see tens of swarms every day during the migration period of about
one month. Today such swarms have become very rare.” Trap hive: 4 Nive placed
1 a iree
io collect a honey bee colony
Dandria, FFV beekeeper in Vohimasina
Bees/or Development Journal 84
MADAGASCAR
Bee stocks have declined and the few that are available have become very expensive for local beekeepers. Two years ago one colony of bees cost Ar4,000 (€2; US$3). In 2007 the price has reached Ar16,000
(€8: US$11). Ten years ago beekeepers from Imady travelled 5-7 km to reach convenient forest plots to site their hives. Today they must travel
places in the forests. Carrying the hives is one of the most laborious tasks. Men carry hives on their heads, as the use of vehicles is impossible.
15-25 km
to get to better
long period in the savann a, and to prevent the uncontrolled movement of the bees which is a ca Ise of beekeeper discouragement.
Possibilities for apic iItural development Men and women of Imadi ala show interest in beekeeping and are becoming organised into associations, with small beekeeping groups all
over the sub district. The majority of these are a result of support that was given (or promised) ay donors to these communities to engage in beekeeping. At their curr int stage, beekeepers of Imadiala have begun to increase their influenc on decisions affecting beekeeping, advancing >
Appropriate action The Association FFY, in partnership with three beekeeping groups and in collaboration with FAO and USAID, is leading two projects in Imadiala
Ambositra that provide beekeeping materials to the members. Since 2005, 340 units of frame hives, stainless steel extractors, five plastic extractors, joinery tools and some bee colonies have been distributed. Half of the costs of the materials received by the beekeepers are to be paid back to the partner groups.
20,000 Eucalyptus citriodora and camaldulensis trees, 17,000 orange trees and 17,000 ‘Ravintsara’ Cinammomum camphorae have been planted on the beekeepers’ and primary school lands in both zones. These plants are not only needed for their quality, as sources of nectar and reforestation agents, but also for their role as sources of income, as some of them will generate fruits and essential oils. The new varieties of Fucalyptus are fast growing and will add to the dominant one,
Eucalyptus robusta, and by 2012, are expected to expand the main flowering season by up to five months. Their flowers will help to increase the bee population in the area, to retain the bees for a relatively
Fitarikandron’ny Fampandrosoana Vohimasina FFV is an NGO established
in
2002, based at Ambositra
in
the region of Amoron’Imania. FFV objectives are to promote
ecotourism improved beekeeping, environment conservation, and ecological farming and to support rural communities in
other development projects.
FFV planned
a beekeeping project to support members by
sent a proposal to providing hives and other equipment. We the but in 2002 the US Embassy application was were members FFV encouraged to explore unsuccessful. their own resources to do something. They became members of FIFATAM to receive training at reduced cost. It was not
good to get funding for a project if the recipients were not Our next proposal was fully prepared and well organised. the US Embassy in 2005. A second project which funded by
includes three other beekeeping groups has been funded by the FAO TeleFood Special Fund [see Notice Board page 13]. We thank BAD for sending copies of Bees for Development means of a sponsored subscription. We learnt Journal
by for example, without many useful things through the Journal, small-scale fund FAO it we may not have known that
development projects. When we think of the environmental aspects of beekeeping we think that promoting beekeeping activity in any place of the We globe should be the concern of all citizens of the planet. believe in this: “if the bee disappears from the surface of the
- no bee, globe, human beings will have only four years to live No pollination. no grass, no animal, no human” (attributed to Albert Einstein).
Further reading: Zoom in on Madagascar Bees for Development Journal 64
knowledge by sharing inf armation, purchasing equipment in bulk, selling hive products and applying for funding from national and international organisation S.
FFV members realise tha providing beekeepers with equipment and appropriate techniques w ill not automatically make beekeeping miet successful and move pe inta anit af navarty Mthar
ha
taken to alleviate it and mitigate the impact of people’s poverty on the natural environment. Beekeeping activities should be promoted in line with market promotion of bee products and the improvement of other
livelihood sources. In the 1930s Madagascar’s annual honey exports were 30,000-50,000 tonnes. Since the 1950s honey export almost stopped, as a result of tighter quality controls by European countries. However the efforts that
are being engaged in the region of Amoron’imania and the capital demonstrate that Malagasy beekeeping has the potential to become
more prosperous and draw a large number of people out of poverty while fostering environmental conservation.
(below) Apis mellifera unicolor foraging on Eucalyptus
Bees/o; Development Journal 84
THE HONEY INDUSTRY IN MALAWI Unfortunately BAM collapsed just a year after its inception - due to mismanagement, and this had a severe negative impact on beekeepers’
Development of
a
commercial honey sector in Malawi was started in the
late 1980s by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation,
(GTZ)-
sponsored Malawi German Beekeeping Development Project (MGBDP). Before that, honey was sourced from wild colonies and from local style hives such as log hives, bark hives and clay pots. Honey was used at home, bartered with other items, or sold by the spoonful to neighbours or passers-by. The MGBDP project concentrated activities in the northern region of Malawi and over ten years, promoted the adoption of top-bar hives, facilitated the organisation of clubs, gave training in production and processing, and helped establish revolving funds for
equipment purchase. The Beekeepers’ Association of Malawi (BAM) was Set up to facilitate marketing and to enable beekeepers to negotiate better prices for their honey.
access to markets.
In recent years a number of traders and consolidators have stepped into the vacuum created by the collapse of BAM, but other challenges remain.
It is estimated that the honey industry in Malawi comprises 5,000 small-scale producers owning 10,000 hives (75% of which are of local style). The volume of honey which is formally traded (and can therefore be measured) is 75-80 tonnes. It is estimated that the northern region produces around 60% of honey produced in the country, and this is attributed to the efforts of the MGBDP The national demand for honey estimated at 200 tonnes per year - is not met.
CRIME mien
Shelix C Munthali, COMPASS, Mzuzu, Malawi
The current average farm gate price for honey is €0.9: US$1.2/kg. The most common marketing system is for processors and consolidators to collect honey from designated collection points, established by clubs and associations. Processors incur high costs associated with transporting raw honey and packaging materials, as well as the finished
product, which means the retail price is beyond the reach of an average Malawian. Besides transportation costs, it is generally felt that farm gate prices in Malawi are higher than the market can sustain. Furthermore, while the bulk of the honey is produced in the northern region, the biggest market is in the central and southern regions.
A number of initiatives are being undertaken by government, NGOs and the private sector, intended to increase the supply of honey to the market. One such initiative is the Community Partnerships for
Sustainable Resource Management (COMPASS), a USAID-supported project whose purpose is to enhance household revenue through community-based natural resource management initiatives that generate income as well as providing incentives for sustainable resource use. One challenge COMPASS is addressing is the need for good beekeeping extension work. It was realised that although the MGBDP had laid a foundation for beekeeping development, there was no committed extension service delivery system. In most project sites, competent extension workers, mainly from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife, are available, but are unable to perform their duties due to resource constraints such as no transport. Instead of simply providing resources to these officers, COMPASS introduced what is
NAIA
NAN
ee Pro ces uwi
HO
SHE BO
with beekeepers on a fee-for-service basis. Having been used to donations and handouts, communities do offer some resistance to this
fay your
system, but slowly the rationale is being appreciated. This is a sure way of reducing donor dependency and making communities self sufficient. To date 150 beekeeping technical service providers have been trained country-wide. Some of the private extensionists have already started training beekeepers at a fee, and so far encouraging results have been achieved.
oad r
ict
Other COMPASS interventions include linking the beekeepers to sources of finance (banks and microfinance institutions) to help them
Cell: 08 1331 759 rantovane 317°
PHOTOS
considered a more sustainable way of delivering extension services to beekeepers. The approach involves private service providers working
075
access funds for the procurement of equipment. To improve product quality, COMPASS has also been working with the Malawi Bureau of
..
Standards to develop national honey standards for the country. COMPASS is working with private-sector service providers to address the problem of limited business management skills. Some local honey
processors are also providing embedded services to beekeepers, such as the supply of hives, bee suits and other equipment on loan. The honey processors are in the process of forming a body that will oversee the operations of the sector. (left) Tapika honey
l J
Bees/or Development Journal 84
MALAWI
The initiatives mentioned above are likely to culminate in the supply side of the equation being increased, and it is anticipated that farm gate prices will, as a result of this, stabilise at somewhere below €0.7; US$1 for some reason that does not happen, Malawi may experience an influx of honey, in bulk or retail packs, from other
per kg.
If,
countries, which would spell doom for local producers. recent times there have been efforts to sensitise and convince beekeepers to adopt top-bar hives. These hives are made from local
BEEKEEPING IN MZUZU Catherine Chunga, Department of National Parks & Wildlife, Mzuzu The Malawi-Germany Beekeeping Development Project was mainly carried out here in the northern region of Malawi. Only a few people were trained by the project and many of these staff members have now retired or died. The few that are acting as trainers are those that have
interest to assist beekeepers. For instance, where beekeeping started, around Nyika National Park and Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, there are more than 100 beekeeping clubs, but since 2005, when one of the
afford to buy top-bar hives. 75% of hives currently in use are local style. The cost of each top-bar hive varies from €11-18; US$15-25 per hive. These hives are 4-5 times more expensive than the local style hives, but
fail to give 4-5 times more honey. This factor alone points to the need for hive designs that are low-cost but at the same time are more
productive than the local hives.
provision of demonstrations at an apiary site, where we have kept ten Malawi standard hives since 2002. The Sanctuary continues to receive requests weekly for technical assistance from aspiring beekeepers on how they can start or improve their practices. worked as an Extension Officer in Nyika National Park with the Deekeeping clubs and had on-the-job training from the beekeeping officers. Since then, have developed an interest in beekeeping, although still feel inadequate in some areas of the trade. |
|
BfD Journal 82 arrived in March 2007 when was just back from our monthly apiary inspection. What saw that day inside one of the hives was a shock: lots of small and large beetles on the combs together with bees. We removed the beetles, but some remained in the hive due |
|
to the poor equipment we used. The colony was not as strong as compared with when we were harvesting in December 2006.
trained and experienced officers died, production has dropped.
Thank you for B/D Journal. These assist me personally and the other officers, as well as the 30 beekeeping clubs. The students from wildlife
At the Mzuzu Nature Sanctuary our role is public awareness of wildlife conservation and environmental management. Our activities include
clubs who visit us for environmental education programmes are also assisted with information on bees.
ase
4
—
Ciccle
In
plantation timber planks and need waterproof roofing felt that has to be imported. Due to this cost element, few beekeepers in the country can
Beekeepers are Starling fo use ‘op-bar hives made from local plantation limber planks
Bees/or Development Journal 84
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD CAMEROON Apicuiture in Mount Cameroon Region Bonakanda-Bova Beefarmers’ Group {BOBEEFAG) is Common Initiative Group located in the Mount Cameroon Region a
(MCR), an ecotourism area rich
in biodiversity, South West Province. The Region hosts 77 villages and covers 3,200 km2, stretching from in
the Atlantic Ocean to Mount Cameroon, at 4,095 m the highest peak in West and Central
Africa with an active volcano. The rich volcanic soil is very good for agricultural activities and supports wide biodiversity. The Mount Cameroon Project and German Agency for Technical Cooperation MCP/GTZ identified BOBEEFAG as a resource group that could provide services to other groups and individual honey hunters around Mount
Cameroon. After MCP closed their doors some years ago, GTZ took over sponsorship of BOBEEFAG during national and international events. Participation in these events helps us interact with business partners, create
acquaintances, and increase awareness of the
importance of bees and beekeeping. At the Limbé Atlantic Trade Fair in 2006, BOBEEFAG
to construct one. It is not a hive that produces
had a stall exhibiting honey, other bee products, local style and frame hives, tools
the honey but the bees found inside it. Swarming periods and the bee population vary according to climatic conditions. Studies have
used in beekeeping and bee friendly plants. Posters provided by Bees for Development
proved that in MCR, a top-bar hive measuring 80 x 45cm, with an active colony produces
were used in our display.
10-12 litres of honey per crop season. By
During the Fair, the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), PECTEN, Bees Abroad and
comparison in North West Province 18-20 litres of honey may be harvested from the same size top-bar hive.
Tropical Forest Products organised a Honey Marketing Forum. The 3-day Forum was for all
stakeholders in the honey chain to exchange ideas. The national honey market is perceived as vague and disorganised: the various actors in the chain are not known to each other and
All our attempts to acquire beekeeping equipment from national and international organisations have failed. However the potential for honey production and success in
information is not flowing efficiently between them. For example while producers in the
beekeeping development projects are high. BOBEEFAG is calling on interested organisations to support us.
North West struggle to sell enough honey, retailers and wholesalers in the South West are
Lyonga Mbake Samuel, BOBEEFAG, Bota-Limbé
struggling to meet loca! demand. The regional export market remains largely unexploited, mainly because the requirements of quantity
HAITI
and quality are not met. It
is easier and cheaper to colonise a hive than
World Challenge Finalists The Paradis des Indiens Project has been chosen as one of the 12 finalists in the World
Challenge 2007. The Project was begun in a one roam school in the small village of Les Abricots by Canadian Michaelle de Verteuil. She set up the school especially for children
INDIA
whose families could not afford uniforms and —
shoes without which they were unable to attend Haiti's ordinary schools. Thirty years later, Paradis de Indiens has expanded into a multi-faceted development programme. Poverty reduction activities include beekeeping, embroidery, woodworking and fruit drying. Environmental efforts are focussed on reforestation
—
a key priority for tree-stripped
Haiti.
World Challenge 2007 seeks out projects and businesses that not only make a profit, but also put something back into the community. From 6 October to 16 November 2007 all finalists will be on their website for you to vote.
See
www.theworldchallenge.co.uk/
NEPAL Another type of beekeepin These bees are very small
Gandaki Bee Concern
in size and rarely sting. The bees sit in the branches of small trees. We can cut the branch and hang it near our house using strong thread. We harvest honey twice a year. The bees store the honey only on the top portion of the comb. One colony of bees will
The idea of starting a beekeeping business came to Dev Bahadur Gurung, Executive Director of Gandaki Bee Concern when he was in the Indian army and deployed in Punjab in
1977. “Frame hive technology had just been introduced and was fascinated by the way it |
PHOTOS
produce 1-1.5 kg of honey.
Ravi Shankar, Karnataka, India
The ‘little honey bee’ Apis florea can be found from Oman, spreading south-east through Asia as far as some of the islands of Indonesia. Apis florea has been introduced by humans to Iraq and Sudan. A colony comprises about 20,000 bees that build a small, single comb nest, usually
10-25 cm wide.
generated self-employment opportunities. Immediately after retired and returned to Nepal |
1991, jumped into the business. At that time only four firms were in existence and the conceot of frame hive beekeeping was still new. in
|
Despite my intentions to start with 150 hives, could manage only 17 hives in the beginning”. |
10
Bees/or Development Journal 84
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
We harvest 250 tonnes of honey every year from 18,000 colonies of Apis mellifera, which
KENYA
in different parts of the
are kept by beekeepers country, mainly Dang and Bardiya. This provides employment for 900 people. A farmer
harvests an average of 60 kg of honey from a hive and receives Rs110 (€1.3; US$1.7) per kg. We provide free training to people interested
beekeeping. Since our programme started 1997 we have trained 2,500 people, 63% of in
in
whom are currently beekeeping. To promote the business and to assure the beekeepers of a
Kenya Enterprise Microfund Organization (IMEKO) with the support of Transformation Business Network and St Columbas Episcopal Church has begun to establish tree and plant nurseries. The nurseries will act as distribution points from where beekeepers in nearby areas can obtain seedlings to plant around their apiary sites. This will improve the vegetative cover of the areas around apiaries and provide flowers for bee forage, as well as fruits and timber for use by the beekeepers. To date about 5,000 seedlings have been planted. The species we are concentrating on include Calliandra sp, and Callistemon rigidus (red bottiebrush), among others. Mango and avocado trees are grafted to hasten maturity. Tobias Otieno. MEKO Chairman. MEKO News. May 2007
market, we sign agreements with them guaranteeing to buy back the honey they harvest. We also provide updates about new technologies and teach how to maintain quality in order to reap maximum benefits. It is estimated that 23,000 farmers are beekeeping producing 1,000 tonnes of honey every year. Our export to Europe reached 150
tonnes before we had to stop when the EU introduced new standards in 2002. If the Nepali government could provide technical assistance to the private sector on monitoring pesticides, Nepali honey could find its way to the European
markets again. Resumption of exports could raise employment opportunities by 30% and increase farmers' income four fold Information provided by Deepak K Rijal. The Kathmandu Post, see www.ekantipur.com
[Ed: The latest on honey legislation and countries whose honey is authorised for import into the EU are at the BFD website Information Centre: www.beesfordevelopment.org/info]
Training with ICIMOD A 3-day course on bee-based business entrepreneurship was organised jointly by ICIMOD and GTZ in May 2007. 22 bee entrepreneurs representing 18 partner organisations took part. The course covered a market range of issues on markets and opportunities. Some sessions were devoted to exchanging experiences of producing value added products from beeswax such as candles and skin care creams. The participants were also made aware of the importance of honey
f jp.
bees in conserving biodiversity and increasing crop production through pollination.
i
ia]
“SS
a o e
Min Gurung, www.icimod.org/enews
Ss ca
=
SIERRA LEONE In 2006 a colleague and undertook three weeks of radio talk shows on beekeeping and conservation of biodiversity. The talks were live |
on United Nations Radio in Freetown. While
the talks were on air, the lines were jammed with people wanting to ask questions about bees and beekeeping. have since increased |
my interest in beekeeping and have become involved with a greater community mobilisation and education for bees, the environment and people. Torjia Sahr Karimu, Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, Freetown
= tay La
VARROA FOUND
IN
HAWAII
early April 2007, a Manoa beekeeper reported what he suspected was a Varroa mite infestation. Hawaii Department of Agriculture subsequently confirmed it and surveys detected the mite around Oahu in managed and feral hives. To date, surveys have been conducted on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The mite has not been found on islands other than Oahu. In
The Plant Pest Control Branch, Plant Quarantine Branch and the Pesticides Branch have been working with the local bee industry to develop a strategic plan for the containment control and management of the Varroa mite situation in Hawaii. The goal of the plan is to contro! the mite population to very low levels on Oahu and to prevent the mite from moving to uninfested islands. www. hawaii. gov
11
?
TREES BEES USE
TREES BEES USE
-
Cay/usea abyssinica (Resedaceae)
Paul Latham, UK Synonym: Reseda abyssinica Common name: Ukwipa Apicultural value: In Ethiopia bees are able to collect pollen and nectar from flowers of this plant over an eight month period.
Description: An erect herb, occasionally bushy, an annual plant or short-lived perennial. Leaves are long, 2-8 cm and thin. Flowers are small, white and in flowering heads up to 40 cm long. Anthers are pink or orange, turning yellow when mature.
Ecology: Grows as
a weed in disturbed land
and on riversides between altitudes of 1,200-
3,000 m.
In Africa, Caylusea abyssinica |s present fram Sudan and Ethiopia south to Burundi, Malawi and Rwanda. Some people
leave wild plants growing in their gardens or may even plant the seed.
Propagation: The plant is grown easily from seed.
Uses:
In Umalila in Tanzania, the young leaves and stems are eaten, chopped up and cooked with other vegetables. The plant is
also used to feed rabbits and goats. The boiled leaves are used medicinally to treat stomach pains and for intestinal worms.
Caylusea abyssinica
in
flawer near llembo,
PHOIOS
PAUL LATRAM
Tanzania
What plants do your bees use? Send details to
Bees for Development address on page 2
—
LOOK AHEAD / LEARN AHEAD / NOTICEBOARD
LOOK AHEAD
TANZANIA
GUYANA
AUSTRALIA
5th Caribbean Beekeeping Congress 10-16 November 2008
APIMONDIA 40th International
Further details will appear here
Apicultural Congress
9-14 September 2007, Melbourne Apimondia Standing Commission Beekeeping for Rural Development. Plenary Session; Asian bees and beekeeping; Darwin Initiative: bees and biodiversity in
developing countries; Co-operation amongst beekeepers’ associations
Abeilles, agriculture et biodiversité 16-17 November 2007, Mamer Further details www.apis.|u MEXICO APIMONDIA Symposium: Selection, queen breeding & instrumental insemination
17-20 October 2008, Puerto Vallata Further details apicolaelite@hotmail.com
BRAZIL
NORWAY 5th Trondheim Conference on Biodiversity 29 October - 2 November 2007, Trondheim
Further delails www.dirnat.no
PUERTO RICO
CHILE IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Apicultura
1-3 September 2008 Further details will appear here CHINA Promoting the Development of NTFPs 19-21 September 2007, Beijing Further details www.itto.or.jp
AAA Conference 2-5 November 2008, Hang Zhou, Zhe Jiang
National Honey Show 18-20 October 2007, RAF Hendon, London Further details www.honeyshow.co.uk
USA Organic Beekeeping Meeting 15-17 February 2008, Oracle, Arizona Further deiails www.pets.groups.yahoo.com /group/Organicbeekeepers
LEARN AHEAD BFD BEEKEEPERS’ SAFARIS Further details from www.beesfordevelopment.org
KENYA
ter Congreso Antillano de Apicultura 1-4 November 2007, Guayanilla Further details www.mielesdepuertorico.com
RUSSIA
Processing of bee products 14-20 October 2007, Molo Further details
www.sustainableag.org
UK
APIMONDIA/SICAMM meeting: the Black Bee in Russia April 2008, Moscow Further details www.sicamm.org
Oth
SOUTH AFRICA
Further details www.aaa2008china.com
XXXII International Congress of Entomology 6-11 July 2008, Durban
FRANCE
Further details www.ice2008.org.za
APIMONDIA 41st International
SPAIN
Apicultural Congress 21-24 September 2009, Montpellier Further details www.apimondia2009.com
Feria de la Miel
12-14 October 2007, Andaiuza Further delails apinevada@tetra.es
NOTICE BOARD
BFD Training Day 9 November 2007, Monmouth
Further details www.beestordevelopment.org Bees for Development can arrange beekeeping study tours and visits. Tailor-made to suit requirements Contact us for details. If you want notice of your conference, workshop of meeting to be included here and on our website send details to Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK.
E-mail info@beesfordevelopment.org
BEE CRAFT A full colour monthly magazine for beginners and experts alike covering all aspects of beekeeping in the UK and Ireland. 22 for 12 issues (one year). Credit cards accepted. For free sample copy and
PROJECT PROVISION FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, supports beekeeping projects in developing countries. Beekeepers’ groups and associations may apply for small project funding of up to US$10,000 from the TeleFood Special Fund. Request documents should include
overseas rates contact secretary@bee-craft.com
PLANET EARTH’S YEAR 2008 has been designated UN International Year of Planet Earth. Activities will span the years 2007-2009 See www.yearofplanetearth.org/index.htm
a brief description of the project's objectives, the proposed food production or income-generating activities, the work plan, the number
of participants, a detailed list of inputs with cost estimates and the reporting arrangements. Submit your request to the office of FAO or
ULUDAG BEE JOURNAL
News, practical information and research articles a link between Turkish beekeeping and the world. Published quarterly in Turkish
UNDP in your country. Applications for projects with budgets over US$10,000 must be submitted through a Government Ministry.
with English summaries. Contact www.uludagaricilik.org
See www.fao.org Remember to tell BID the outcome of your application
APIACTA For the beekeeper and bee scientist - the Apimondia Journal. Editions available to download from www.apimondia.org
IFS ASSISTANCE International Foundation for Science calls for applications for research grants from young scientists in developing countries.
Details at
2nd National Honey Show
27-29 September 2007, Dodoma Further details epictanzania@gmail.com UK
LUXEMBOURG
Further details www.apimondia2007.com
XVil Congresso Brasileiro de Apicultura May 2008, Belo Horizonte Further details will appear here
Les
TCS
PROJECT PLANNERS
ifS.se
MILLENNIUM GOALS
Remember to include an allowance for publications and BfDJ subscriptions in your proposal budget. We can help with expert
Online Atlas enables visitors to appreciate the global advances made towards achieving the Goals.
advice and supply you with an appropriate beekeeping library. Do not forget to include in your proposal, participation costs for you to attend
Visit www.devdata.worldbank.org/atlas-mdg/
beekeeping meetings.
www.
13
Bees/oy Development Journal 84
éRe
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High StandardProducts & Sinee 1973:
Tedinologias
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Pechives Connlo coundlatton &
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Bees/or Development Journal 84
BOOK SHELF BEEKEEPING WITH APIS CERANA INDICA Mogens Jensen English edition 2007 84 pages A4 soft cover 15 (€22.50) Code J200 Tamil edition 2007 135 pages A5 soft cover 15 (€22.50) Code J200T
Apis cerana is also known as the Asian hive bee, one of the Asian honey bee species that nests with multiple combs, and inside a cavity, and therefore can be kept inside a hive. During the past 30 years, many beekeeping enterprises in Asia have imported European races of Apis mellifera, with all its associated technology and management methods (see for example, Nepal, pages 10 and 11). Meanwhile there has been relatively little effort to develop Asian beekeeping based on indigenous bees such as Apis cerana. Consequently there are few published texts that explain how to manage Apis cerana, and this is welcome new book. a
Mogens Jensen is a Danish beekeeping expert who has worked with DANIDA-funded beekeeping projects in Asia. He has drawn on these experiences to create this book that very clearly describes how to address the common
ae A
problems that beekeepers face. Chapters discuss hives: how to design and make them, where to place them, how to obtain and inspect colonies; and how to extract honey, feed bees and do queen rearing. The focus is on smallscale Apis cerana beekeeping using equipment that is available to rural people with few financial resources. This
syee
Gata tae ane
Mogens Jensent
So
Seng
rae
large format book is illustrated with an abundance of colour pictures, combined with clear and simple text.
STARTING A COOPERATIVE Reitse Koopmans 2006 86 pages A5 soft cover 11.70
(€16.80) Code K600
A co-operative is a farmer-controlled economic initiative: by joining forces and initiating co-operation, farmers strengthen their position in the market. The first part of this book explains more about co-operatives and why
RURAL RADIO RESOURCE PACK — BEEKEEPING CTA 2007 CD and 39 page booklet.
/n
English or French
CTA has been producing Rural Radio Packs since 1991 because radio remains one of the most important communication tools in rural communities. This new pack produced with input from Bees for Development introduces important topics including management and harvesting techniques, constructing top-bar hives, bee products, and pollination.
The publication is free of charge through the CTA Publications Distribution Service (PDS). For details on becoming a PDS subscriber - or on obtaining publications if you are not eligible to be a subscriber see www. cta.int/ipsd/index.htm
BUYING FROM BfD Order through the Secure Payment System at our website Store at www.beesfordevelopment.org Or you can send an e-mail, fax, or post us a note of what you want Or we will, on request, send an order form or pro forma invoice (we require payment before we dispatch orders)
DELIVERY UK addresses:
FREE delivery on orders up to
Outside the UK:
All orders are dispatched by airmail
Please add:
10% for delivery to Europe; 25% for delivery outside Europe
For orders over 500
1
kg in weight
request our quote for delivery costs
We are not responsible for loss or damage in transit unless insurance is paid with the order: Optional insurance cover: up to 100 add 10; up to 500 add 15, to total order cost.
WAYS TO PAY FOR ORDERS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS Pay Pal to store@beesfordevelopment.org Credit card Electron/Maestro/Mastercard/JCB/Solo/Visa. We need card number, name on card, valid from and expiry dates, card issue number (if given) +
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sterling or Euros payable to Bees for Development
Web www.beesfordevelopment.org E-mail store@beestordevelopment.org Phone +44 (0)16007 13648 Fax +44 (0)16007 16167 Post Troy, Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK
15
ener ar
This is another title (number 38) from the ‘Agrodok series’ now available from our store. See also Beekeeping in the tropics (L155) and Bee products (M705).
saris
buses
farmers are interested to create them. Also what is needed to form a co-operative - management, statutes, byelaws and finance and the pitfalls to avoid. The second part breaks down the process of establishing a co-operative into steps starting from developing ihe initiative, through committees and feasibility studies, to member commitment and involving stakeholders and starting the enterprise.
AGC
Starting a cooperative Farnes-controled econome miubves
NEW ZEALAND
EXPERIENCED BEEKEEPER WANTED
Swienty
Blaycliff Apiaries Ltd is a progressive and innovative beekeeping company in the Marlborough Region of Upper South Island, New Zealand, owning and managing over 2,000 colonies producing manuka and clover honey.
Specialist for beekeeping, honeyhouse and honey processing — worldwide.
This job is an excellent opportunity: offering excellent rewards and a fantastic lifestyle opportunity, with the Marlborough sounds for recreation on your doorstep.
Blaycliff Apiaries Ltd is a focus-driven company using leading edge technology to further develop its operations and continually improve its product. Blaycliff Apiaries Ltd focuses on innovation that is driven by its hands on management team. Blaycliff Apiaries values committed individuals who are enthusiastic about the challenges this role may present. The remuneration package will be based on experience and opportunities to progress. Possible assistance
with relocation and accommodation is offered.
The successful applicant will require: *
Experience and enthusiasm in all aspects of beekeeping
Ability to communicate well, manage staff and report to the manager *
A driver/heavy traffic licence
*
asic computer knowledge
*
Physical fitness
;
Please send your CV or address any enquiries to Darren Clifford E
Blaycliff Apiaries Ltd, PO Box 853, Blenheim, New Zealand Telephone 0064 3577 6955 Mobile 0064 2724 97771 E-mail darrenclifford@xtra.co.nz
ty Do your bees
|
4 make propolis? www. beevitalpropolis.com
We would like to test it and possibly buy it from you James Fearnley of BeeVital is 4-Frame Extractor
Honey- & Fruit Presses With
a honey press you will be able to offer a differentiated product. Art. Nr.: 108750/60
Available
Our 4-frame tangential economy extractor is perfect for more advanced hobbyists with up to 15 colonies. Art. Nr: 108279
Foundation Rollers Aset of rollers consists of two machines: A pre-roller and an
embossing roller. Art. Nr.: 104510/20
at
com
worsswienty
a leading world
authority on the nature of propolis & its medicinal properties, he is author of Bee Propolis-Natural
Healing from the Hive retailing at 9.99 plus p&p. A major research project has been started by BeeVital and we would like your help. you are interested in finding out whether your propolis is suitable for medicinal use and learning about sustainable ways of harvesting & using propolis please send a sample (50g) to: If
BeeVital, Brereton Lodge, Goathland, Whitby, North Yorkshire YO22 5JR, UK Tel:
+44 (0) 1947 896037 + +44 (0) 1947 896482 +
Fax: Email: info@beevitalpropolis.com
+44 (0) 16007 13648
ISSN 1477-6588
Telephone
Printed on environmentally friendly paper
E-mail info@beesfordevelopment.org
Troy, Monmouth
Web www.beesfordevelopment.org
NP25 4AB, UK
Bees for Development 2007
Bees/o1Development
