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Bees/o; Development Journal 85
INSIDE INFORMATION
Apimondia Congress Melbourne
IN
THIS ISSUE... SWWOHIL |
In September 2007 beekeepers from around the world travelled to Melbourne, Australia to attend the 40th Apimondia International Apicultural Congress. Apimondia organises its work and events according to seven Standing Commissions: Apitherapy, Bee biology, Bee health, Beekeeping economy, Beekeeping for rural development, Beekeeping technology and equipment, and Pollination and bee flora. Within the Standing
Commission for Beekeeping for Rural Development, the plenary session included papers from around the globe, providing perspective of beekeeping development underway worldwide. ve
The second session focussed on bees and beekeeping in Asia. A presentation by Mr Fujio Hisashi of Japan discussed his endeavours to re-introduce Apis cerana to some Japanese
islands where this indigenous bee species had become extinct (see pages 6&7). His paper contrasted with that which followed, where Father David Galvin from Solomon Islands described the problem being faced by beekeepers, where recently arrived Apis cerana is
out-competing the Apis mellifera that had been introduced previously, and used by beekeepers with great success until this recent and unexpected arrival of Apis cerana. The newly arrived Apis cerana is of a race that is not easily manageable, but the beekeepers may yet have to learn to live with them. The third session was organised by Ms Harriet Eeles, Chair of the Working Group concerning co-operation and association between beekeepers, and heard about groupings in South
America, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Harriet was kept busy, not just Chairing the session, but also serving as Spanish interpreter. The fourth session was titled: The Darwin Initiative Workshop on Bees and Biodiversity. Central to this session were papers presented by members of the team from the Keystone Foundation in south India — see the central pages of this edition for more information about their work. Other papers discussed research in Brazil, Colombia, USA, Venezuela and Zambia. It was interesting for this Commission to have a paper —
Dr Tammy Horn presented her findings concerning an area of Kentucky where coal mining has resulted in the removal of habitat, yet where beekeeping can be a significant source of livelihood for local people with few employment opportunities. You will see the full
from the US
Cover: Camels carry honey for the Cabesi Project, Pokot District, Kenya. Read more on page 4.
CONTENTS
page
inside information
Apimondia
in
Melbourne
2 2
Practical beekeeping
3
texts of some papers in Apiacta, now published on-line at
Vita Europe Research Award
3
www.beekeeping.com/apimondia/apiacta.
Cabesi Project
4
Apimondia Congresses provide a great way to meet other people working in this field of beekeeping development: the next will take place in Montpellier France in September 2009.
Great Bee Ladies
5
Nicola Bradbear President, Apimondia Standing Commission for Beekeeping for Rural Development
Bees for Development Journal Published quarteriy by Bees for Development and distributed to readers in more than 130 countries.
Editor Nicola Bradbear PhD
Co-ordinator Helen Jackson BSc
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Subscribe through our secure order and payment system at www.beesfordevelopment.org or see alternative ways to pay on page 19.
Restoration of Apis cerana japonica....6
Apilrade Africa
8
Caribbean Congress in Guyana
8
Bees, biodiversity and forest
livelihoods Trees Bees Use
13
BID posters in Mandarin
13
News Around the World
14
Look & Learn Ahead
17
Notice Board
1/7
Bookshelf
18
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you are unable to pay to receive BfDJ, contact us to request a sponsored subscription.
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Bees for Development Trust is a UK Registered Charity (number 1078803) We are grateful to all the individuals, beekeeping associations, groups and companies who support our work. Please encourage your friends and colleagues to help.
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PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING
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tod
PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING
BODY CREAM USING BEESWAX Finighang Aaron Ndichia, ANCO, Bamenda, Cameroon Cameroon, many beekeepers and honey hunters did not know the value of honey comb. Many would burn the combs to drive away evil spirits (as the belief goes) or discard them as waste. Since introduced them to In
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harvesting the beeswax from the combs, beekeepers and non-beekeepers have developed much interest in honey and other bee products. One example is my recipe for body cream. This wonderful lotion has not only increased the demand for beeswax, but solved a major problem among babies, especially within the Kom tribe of North West Province, where new born babies were taken to special traditional healers to be
protected or treated against skin diseases. Adults and babies who use this lotion do not suffer from scabies, tinia, dandruff, chapped lips, sunburned skin, hard skin on their hands, or any of the common skin diseases.
Three honest, traditional doctors have confirmed the positive effect of this lotion for skin problems.
BODY CREAM USING
BEESWAX REQUIREMENTS Empty, clean tomato can
(70g size)
- Two clean pots - A wooden pestle - Clean beeswax
Soft oil, for example peanut, soya or castor oil
Cypress and/or Eucalyptus leaves Clean containers Clean cotton string Pure petroleum jelly
Firewood
Matches
ash as you blow the fire. Observe until the contents turn into a uniform mixture. Further watch to make sure that there are no waves in the
small bundle of the leaves with the long cotton string. Suspend the feaves into the mixture making sure not to burn your fingers. Using the string take out the leaves when they have turned yellow-brown. mixture. Tie
a
Shake the leaves to remove drops of oil back into the pot. Remove the pot in a water bath,
Melt the beeswax gently in one of the clean pots placed over a fire or stove. Measure one tomato can of melted beeswax into another clean pot. Add the equivalent amount of soft oil to the beeswax.
Gently and carefully warm the mixture making sure you do not add dust or
BEE VIRUS
INVESTIGATOR WINS VITA RESEARCH AWARD
from the heat and add the petroleum jelly using the pestle. Allow io cool a little, but fill the containers whilst the mixture is still warm to ensure a
smooth surface on the surface of the lotion. Allow to set and then put on the lids. Label attractively for sale.
Wy
The 2007 Vita Research Award has been won by ~ Nizar Haddad, of Jordan's National Centre for ayricultural Research and Extension for his study of honey bee viruses.
alll
tip
BD
Dr Haddad was presented with the award at the Trust Reception in Melbourne. Dr the Haddad Apimondia Congress investigates during the pathogens that affect honey bees, working to enable the
technological transfer of results to beekeepers
in his own country and
beyond. Dr Max Watkins, Technical Director of Vita, said: “The more we study the causes of honey bee disease, the more important the role of viruses appears to be. Dr Haddad'’s research is particularly timely because of the — named current suspicions that Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)
Israel - may be an underlying factor in
because it was first identified in CCD in America and may eventually be found to be associated with other sudden bee losses around the world. Researchers are by no means certain that this is the main cause, but Dr Haddad’s work may help cast some light on the issue”. Dr Haddad said: “Viruses are a prime source of confusion and error in diagnosing and managing honey bee diseases, because there is a poor understanding of the dynamics underlying viral disease outbreaks. So far, at least 18 honey bee viruses have been identified across the globe and many of these can be present in a colony at any one time. It is therefore
Dr Max Watkins presents Dr Nizar Haddad (left) with the 2007 Vita Research Award
very difficult to identify bee virus infections and almost impossible to differentiate mixed virus infections in the field. We have established a specialised laboratory to study viruses and other diseases using
molecular techniques and want to co-operate not only with the Arab world, but with scientists and specialists across the globe”. A comprehensive virus survey using DNA-sequencing technologies, says Dr Haddad, may yield new strains of known viruses and possibly new virus species, as well as providing an indication of the distribution of viruses and strains known throughout the world.
Welcoming the research, Jeremy Owen, Sales Director of Vita, said: “We have been particularly pleased with the quality of the research resulting from Vita’s first two awards which were announced at Apimondia 2005 and 2007. Projects can focus on any aspect of honey bee health and we welcome applications from individuals and organisations”. Applications for Vita’s next award may now be submitted. Closing date 31 May 2008. See www.vita-europe.com
PHOTO <i VITA (EUROPE) LID!
wwthod
Bees/o; Development Journal 85
- a
CABESI
CABESI PROJECT
multi-faceted, self-help project
Rolf Gloor, Kapenguria, Kenya and Hans-Ulrich Thomas, Zurich, Switzerland
Cabesi stands for Camels, Bees & Silk. These seemingly unrelated items play a central role in
development project funded by BioVision Foundation. a
The West Pokot District is
a
marginalised area in north-west Kenya,
bordering Uganda with a population of approximately 310,000. Only 4% 10,000 km2 of land can be cultivated: the rest is semi desert.
of the
Land degradation is severe, due to use of the land for livestock grazing and tree felling for firewood. Water is scarce and together with disputes
over grazing rights, often leads to feuds and frequent food shortages.
The Cabesi Project trains self-help groups and individuals in different skills. Emphasis is put on the economic empowerment of women, who are often overlooked when it comes to development activities and
decision making. The skills taught are beekeeping, malaria prevention, silk production, camel husbandry, and mango processing. ‘Cabesi Clubs’ have been
established in four local schools. They meet on a weekly basis and learn more about beekeeping, environment and human health issues.
Camels Camels are perfect animals for transportation: their hooves are less damaging to the ground than the hooves of cows or donkeys. The initial idea of Cabesi was to introduce the camels as transport animals (which had never been cone in the region), to enable beekeepers from remote places to sell their honey in the centres. The bigger project developed out of this idea.
Protect
ae Cabe gj
Bees The last three years have been used to build up the necessary infrastructure for the beekeeping part of the Project. Three honey
collection centres have been built and 350 frame hives distributed to
ony
2
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Pe Pot 4S oe ”
beekeepers and schools. After many trials, a local carpenter is now able to produce hives at a favourable price.
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A continuous job is training of local groups in sustainable beekeeping methods. In Pokot, bees are kept in log hives - hollowed out tree trunks suspended in trees. Owing to the high defensiveness of the local bees, harvesting honey had meant the destruction of the nest or probable loss of the colony through absconding. Keeping honey bees in frame or topbar hives makes the job of honey harvesting easier, and also makes ii more possible for women. The locally managed collection centres are buying honey from farmers for a price above the normal market price. After extraction the honey is transported to Kapenguria, the main city in Pokot. In the newly
constructed market place, the honey is processed, bottled, labelled and packed well for the bumpy truck ride to Nairobi. Selling it there for a good price is no problem. A first trial with 1,200 jars for export to the UK has just been concluded. Most of the staff in the market place are women in need of income for themselves and survival of their families.
Stingless bees tropical areas stingless bees and honey bees are both important for pollination. Stingless bee nests are usually small and well hidden. The honey from stingless bees is highly esteemed by local people, is used In
in
medicines and commands a very high price. Whoever finds a nest is
Thirty young camels were bought in Wajir, about 550 km away, and after several weeks long walk, arrived at West Pokot. Some local people were sent for training as camel drivers. They are now applying their Skills in training the animals for their duties.
the ‘owner’ of that colony and decides when time has come to harvest. Unfortunately nests are usually destroyed in that process. In a future
The Project provides training and prioritises the economic empowerment of women
Beautifully made and packaged candles several thousand have been sold
project more sustainable forms of management have to be introduced, drawing on experiences with other species around the wortd.
Bees/or Development Journal 85
CABESI PROJECT
Beeswax and propolis Until Cabesi started in 2004, beeswax was not used by Pokot people and was discarded. This has now changed with the project yielding enough wax for the production of foundation for the frame hives and
candles of different shapes and sizes. This is another product which is highly requested and gives women urgently needed income. Propolis cream, which helps in many skin irritations, is produced on a in the local communities.
small-scale and enjoys a high demand
Outlook To date the Cabesi programme has been a success. 400 beekeepers have benefited from training and good honey prices, 150 group
members have benefited through education and work in the centres, about 40 came! owners have benefited through training, and many more through improved camel health. In addition 10 malaria scouts and 10 staff in the market place benefited through salaries, as well as four schools from extra curricula activities. The numbers are equally impressive: 10 tonnes of honey, 50 kg of sun dried mango, 200 kg of
propolis and several thousand candles have been sold. Value addition is the idea, in which Cabesi wants to set an example. Every single step up to the final product is carried out within the district. This is the first ycessing and production plant in the whole district, bringing jobs and
income to the area.
While quite a few things have been achieved, much is left to be done. Besides the practical work, other abilities and skills are needed. Business-orientated thinking and management of money, book-keeping and recording are not easy tasks in the community, where 7 out of 10 people are illiterate. Beekeeping itself has to improve in order to produce more quality honey. All this is done towards the two major goals: improvement of the life situation of the neglected Pokot
Community through a sustainable use of the natural resources, and the conservation of the delicate environment.
BioVision is an independent, non-profit Swiss foundation which is politically and denominationally neutral. BioVision is active in the dissemination and implementation of scientific methods for sustainable improvement of living conditions in Africa. BioVision was founded in 1998 by Hans Rudolf Herren, with the aim to sustainably improve the living conditions of people in Africa and conserving nature as the basis of all life.
For further information see
www.biovision.ch/E
@SREAT BEE LADIES Claire Chavasse The Irish beekeeping community lost one of their leading beekeepers with the death of Claire Chavasse in August 2007. Many of those who participated in the Apimondia Congress in Dublin in 2005 will remember Claire, who ensured that the Workshops on Beekeeping for Rural Development were so smoothly run, enabling experts to give perfect demonstrations of candle making, carpentry and many other practical aspects of beekeeping. Claire Chavasse was both expert practitioner and expert lecturer in beekeeping, always providing meticulously prepared, scientifically correct information, yet delivered in a style that encouraged learning. Claire would always question rather than take statements and traditional teachings as absolute, and had no
time for poor standards.
Claire was laid to rest in the graveyard where the tree had grown that provided the timber for the top-bar hives made at the Workshops mentioned above. Claire was a marvellous lady: a kind and generous friend and mentor to many people.
Eva Crane Eva Crane died in early September 2007: the following week, at the opening ceremony of the Apimondia Congress in Melbourne, participants observed a minute in silent remembrance of this lady. Amongst the audience of apicultural scientists and beekeepers there would have been few who had not at some stage consulted ner work, now published in many languages. Eva Crane was an erudite lady who made the field of documentation of apicultural science her own. Well into her eighties, Eva Crane continued to work, writing major texts such as The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting, and gaining
respect beyond the ‘bee world’ as her studies took her into the fields of anthropology and archaeology.The great feature of Eva Crane's work is that every statement, every reference, can be relied upon to be
scientifically correct. Her aim was to procure information about bees, to present it in a rigorously scientific way, and so that people could subsequently gain access. Organising information took the form of creating a library, databases, identifying and cataloguing museum items, and any other route necessary for collating information such that it
became accessible. |
feel fortunate to have known Eva Crane
—
without her and the existence
Association (IBRA), our own organisation, Bees for Development, would not exist today. of the International Bee Research
Nicola Bradbear
GOTO ISLANDS
ALL PHOTOS
-
FUJIO HISHAHI
RESTORATION OF APIS CERANA JAPONICA ON THE GOTO ISLANDS Fujio Hishahi, Nagasaki, Japan The Goto Islands are Japanese islands in the East China Sea. When visited Fukue Island, one of the Goto Islands, during the oilseed rape blooming season four years ago, looked for Apis cerana japonica on visited the other Goto Islands several the flowers, but found none. |
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Fukue tsland where Apis cerana japonica became extinct 60 years ago
times, in golden rod blooming seasons between 2004 and 2007, and discovered that three of the other islands also had no found no bees. Apis cerana japonica, and only Tsushima and Hirado had bees. wanted to know whether the bees had never inhabited the islands or if they had become extinct. If they were extinct, wanted to know the |
|
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cause and how plants could bear fruit without these major pollinators. interviewed elderly people met for information about the bees. looked for beekeepers and evidence of the bees’ previous presence, and became certain that Apis cerana japonica had been indigenous. The bees disappeared from three of the islands 60 years ago and from the fourth island about 15 years ago. concluded that there was common |
|
|
|
a
cause for the disappearance of these bees - deforestation of the indigenous trees on the islands.
Cause and effect
mountainous islands. A few trees were left uncut on cliffs along the seacoasts because the woods there were believed to attract fish. However over time the remaining trees were also cut down for fuel for cooking, making charcoal and drying tobacco leaves. Young trees grew from the stumps but it took the trees about ten years to begin bloomir again. So there must have been a period when there were no flowers. Thus, people deprived the bees of their food and the bees starved to death and became extinct about 60 years ago.
Poor harvest Farmers say that they do not grow many kinds of crops on the islands, such as pumpkins, cucumbers, melons and watermelons, because they cannot expect a good harvest. Instead root crops, mainly sweet potatoes, are grown. Very few of the islanders noticed the absence of the pollinator, Apis cerana japonica. Bumble bees, butterflies, beetles and birds sparsely pollinate the islands.
During and after the Second World War (1939-1945), many people were evacuated from air raided cities to the islands, and the islands
opened the land to farming to provide much needed food.
But now the indigenous trees, evergreen, shiny leafed trees have grown again in the islands: people made windbreaks for their crops by raising the trees, and once more they could provide forage for bees.
Some islands are flat while others are mountainous. On the flat islands, almost all the trees were cut down, while some were left on the
Indigenous nectar sources in southern Japan
quickly became over-crowded. The new inhabitants cut down trees and
Fufio Hisashi is a retired teacher who has been keeping Apis cerana japonica in Nagasaki Prefecture. Japan for 20 years. He has 100 colonies at 30 aprary sites.
a
~~
PTS
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Plant
Japanese name
Camellia sasanqua
Sazanka
Castanea crenata
Japanese chestnut
Castanopsis sieboldii
suda jit
llex integra
mochi noki
Ligustrum japonicum
nezumimochi
Pasania edulis
mateba shit
Phus javanica
Nurude
Prunus jamasakura
Japanese wild cherry
Viburnum awabuki
Sangoju
Oilseed rape, an abundant nectar source
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Bees/or Development Journal 85
GOTO ISLANDS
Project begins was determined to restore Apis cerana japonica to Goto Islands. Most
|
of the islands are becoming depopulated year after year, and the neglected fields are spreading. thought the presence of bees might |
help the land produce more crops and help people to make their living. |
chose Uku Island to start. This island is nearest to my home and has couple who love Apis cerana
no economic forests. Fortunately,
bees.
|
a
asked them to co-operate with me to restore the sent four of my colonies to them in February 2007.
japonica live there.
|
A local newspaper reported my activity, and some people of the Goto Islands asked me how to get the cclonies. They wanted to keep bees on their islands. We began the Project for restoration of Apis cerana on Goto Islands. Many people have joined us. Some began making trap hives to set at their friends’ homes on the mainland.
Impossible restoration The bees died out from Nakadori Island only 15 years ago, after 45 years of survival through the post-war confusion. met a carpenter, Mr Uno, who had kept Apis cerana japonica in his back yard. He is the |
last Apis cerana japonica beekeeper on the Goto Islands. The trees re not all cut down after the war because the land was too
,,,Juntainous for farming. So the bees survived. Later however, came the time of rapid economic growth and the government mounted a campaign to plant cash trees, such as cedar and cypress, for housing construction. The indigenous trees were cut down and subsidised cedar saplings were planted. Now most of the island is covered with the cedar forests and bees cannot be found anywhere. It seems impossible to restore bees to Nakadori.
Pumpkins are expected to produce belter crops with Apis cerana japonica pollinators
Trap hives One of the project members, Dr Miyazaki, decided to take care of the restoration on Fukue Island. He and set the traps around Mount Mayu estimated the area to be suitable for 1,000 in Shimabara City. |
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colonies. But to our disappointment, no bees appeared around the traps. We learned that pesticide had been sprayed from helicopters and exterminated the bees in that area. The local government did it to get rid of pine tree pests.
The government staff found our traps and demanded we remove them. Their excuse was that the bees might sting the tourists. We also found out that they had been spraying the pesticide on Uku Island and the other islands for the past 30 years. They have been devastating the islands killing many kinds of insects, crustacea and seaweed. We
protested at the city hall and started a movement to siop it. They insisted they should preserve the beautiful sights and block the wind with the pine trees. We are now in dispute.
Some people who grow strawberries and blueberries on Uku Island became members of the project to use Apis cerana japonica instead of Apis mellifera which they had leased from the mainland beekeepers. Apis cerana japonica are easy to keep and can protect themselves from hornet attacks.
Hives use two kinds of hives for keeping and transferring the bees to the islands: local log hives that we call ‘turnover’ hives and box hives. There are also various other kinds of traditional hives in Japan. The |
use have advantages in colony management, and harvesting is easy. Turnover hives used to be woven with bamboo and honey coated inside with clay. But now there are no bamboo craftsmen left alive, So some are made from logs. made mine with wooden planks.
hives
|
|
You turn the hive upside down after harvesting from the top of the hive. This means the brood cells that occupied the bottom of the combs
become the top. The bees take care of the larvae with no problem. The principle of this hive is not widely known even in Japan. was informed that the colonies sent to Uku Island have developed into 19 colonies during this breeding season. After the breeding season visited Uku |
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Island to see how the colonies were doing, and found them all large and active. They have on average multiplied five fold, and are surely going to reproduce themselves into more than 1,000 colonies in a few |
The turnover’ hive olfers advantages in colony management and honey harvesting
years. Then fruits and vegetables can be grown on a large-scale.
CONGRESSES
APITRADE AFRICA AT The new network for trade of African honey, Apilrade Africa, was presented for the first time at the APIMONDIA Congress in Melbourne.
APIMONDIA
The Chairman of the Task Force, Mr Harun Baiya, and the Secretary, Mr Bosco Okello were present, and ApiTrade Africa had an attractive
display stand within ApiExpo. Bosco Okello delivered a presentation about the new network. These activities created much interest with African participants keen to join. On the final day of the Congress, Vita (Europe) Ltd sponsored a reception for 150 delegates on behalf of both
Bees for Development Trust and ApiTrade Africa.
What did we learn? Apilrade Africa needs a Secretariat. +
Contact Api Trade Africa at the following (temporary) e-mail address:
There is plenty of interest from new participants to attend ApiTrade Africa's next meeting, planned for February 2008 in Nairobi.
apitradeafrica@ beesfordevelopment.org
Background: Prior to the Apimondia Congress in Dublin 2005, Bees for Development organised a Workshop to consider issues surrounding trade in African honey. An outcome from that Workshop was a resolution to create new network to enable linkages to be made between producer groups and honey traders, both inside Africa and beyond. Two subsequent meetings of the groups have been held, and an interim task force has been established. The network has chosen the title ApiTrade Africa. Proceedings from BfD Honey Trade Workshops are available on the BfD website and for purchase on CD. a
The dense forest and mature trees of the rain forest provide magnificent potential for
Venezuela to the west, Brazil to the south and Suriname to the east. The country
are
boasts more that 300 km of Atlantic coast,
transport is also Sometimes necessary, but
with 90% of the country covered in lush, green, tropical forest.
iS very
The population of Guyana is 750,000 people, of six races and as many religions and languages. The principal language is
English. Guyana’s 17,000 hectares of pristine tropical rain forest are in the highland region with rapids, rivers, mountains and waterfalls,
nectar Sources.
In many cases the forests accessible only by trail and boat. Air
expensive,
Akayos in the Upper Mazaruni of Guyana in the villages of Kamarang, Waramadong, Kako and Jawalla rear Africanised bees. The forage is abundant in the surrounding forests that are in the foot hills of Mount Roraima.
The villages are 1,000 m above sea level. The honey from this region has a very special flavour. Several beekeepers have
bees in the secondary forest, which is
including the majestic Kaiteur Falls.
accessible by road.
Apiculture
Guyana has a wide variety of timber. Local beekeepers have found Silverbali wood to
Given Guyana’s proximity to Brazil, we were among the first to experience the arrival of
Africanised honey bees in the late 1970s. The bees soon became the dominant
species
in the country.
Africanised bees
spread to the coastal region and cohabited
this region with people and animals. There have been many instances of human
disturbance of the bees. Guyana has approximately 200 beekeepers scattered throughout the country with 1,500
SUPPLIES.
GUYANA
Guyanafs situated on the South American Coast betweenthe Atlantic in the north,
Psa
CARIBBEAN CONGRESS IN
be the most appropriate wood for manufacturing hive bodies and frames. This
wood is light, and resistant to termites and the weather. Beekeepers obtain wooden
The Fifth Caribbean Beekeeping Congress will be held in Guyana in November 2008. It will enable beekeepers to
witness how Africanised honey bees are both productive and useful to many people.
Alricanised bee handler removing a colony from the eaves of a house
equipment from Kingdom Apiary Products & Supplies, while protective clothing and honey harvesting equipment are also available in Guyana. FURTHER READING Guyana: an overview of beekeeping Bees for Development Journal 82
Stingless bees Journal 8?
in Guyana
Bees for Development
Zoom in on Guyana Bees for Development
hives. There are thousands of wild honey bee colonies. There are six Africanised bee
Further information watch the BFD website www.beesfordevelopment.org/
Journal 24
handlers operating on the coast.
info/news
the information.
Thanks to Aubrey Roberts and Linden Stewart for
SBIODIVERSITY
*
-
ig
iN
Os
unique
SCFOREST livelihoods
in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
oo
seat
elem ciilaretese
interdependency of bees, biodiversity and tar Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats of South India. Omit
lam
local livelihoods - harvesting honey from wild nesting The indigenous bees of the mountainous Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve play an important role in However: bees is of the culture. part Apis dorsata * The population size and distribution of these Apis dorsata bees is unknown
Miocene
Mupeelarienrurepulaur
eemecoiaeiee Moris ger
Feta Sree
cae genteel
le
eee
LE rok Ue Re This Project endeavours to combine scientific data mine ss Cel is being implemented by an Indian organisation, Keystone Foundation, working in partnership with local indigenous communities and Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu Forest Departments, together with three UK-based organisations: The School of Development Studies, of University of East Anglia; Bees for Development; and The Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, University Reading.
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fe Ned
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wwerw.keystane-foundation.org
: .
wew.beesfordevelopment.org
Panjari/Badava Yeravas, Tani Yeravas, Karimpalans, Pathiyans, Malapulayans, Mala Kudiyas, Mudugas, Todas, Kotas, lrulas/Kasabas, Mala Malasar, Malapanikkars, Malamuthans, Thaccanaadans, Badagas, Wynaadan Chettis and Manthadan Chettis.
Kurumbas,
Urali Kurumbas, Kaadu Kurumbas, Kadars, Cholanaickens, Pathinaickens, Mudugas, Adiyans, Arnadans, Paniyans, Kurichiyans, Mullu Kurumbas, Malaivedans,
The indigenous communities in the NBR include the Aalu Kurumbas, Paalu Kurumbas, Jenu Kurumbas, Kattunaickens, Sholegas, Betta
PROJECT FACTS ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE FIRST YEAR
Atthe outset it was necessary for Keystone to build its to the research. This involved the recruitment of additional staff, bringing skills in implement capacity and social and with science, entomology, ecology many new field researchers and assistants. Five field centres have been upgraded, and are now provided with physical resources to enable the fieldwork. Keystone staff received further training on biodiversity, with a particular focus on entomology, from Simon Potts and Stuart Roberts (University of Reading) and Nicola Bradbear (Bees for Development), while Janet Seeley and Adam *-Pain (University of East Anglia) trained the team in approaches to social research. ~~
Choice of case study sites was an important early task, and was undertaken by a site selection team, consisting of a pollination botanist, an ecologist, a livelihood researcher, an entomologist and a forest management specialist. They were assisted in the field by — g three guides a forest department officer, a field worker from Keystone and a member of the local indigenous community from each area. After numerous field visits, 5 research locations and 16 plots, each of 1 hectare, were selected. These have been selected to capture contrasts of biogeography, the distribution and honey collecting practices of the major tribal communities, as “> well as practical and strategic considerations of coverage across the three Indian states (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala) that are contained within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Training manuals on survey analysis and methods (both for biodiversity and for social research) have been prepared and Re
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With all these preparations completed, fieldwork could begin, undertaking survey of the insects and the vegetation in each 1 hectare plot, completing additional studies of bee colony densities in the vicinity of the research plots, UNdertaking livelihood studies in the nearby area, assessing honey collection practices, and carefully recording and compiling all of this data.
ys
Pratim Roy and Janet Seeley visited senior officials in forestry departments in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala to ensure that they are fully appraised of the Project, and in May 2007, some of these personnel travelled to UK to visit and share discussions with a variety of community forestry projects.
addition to all of this research and learning, a new ‘indigenous bee resource centre’ has been built in the main town in the Nilgiris, Ootacamund or ‘Ooty’. This centre, now named Shola Ridge, was opened with the beneficial arrival of an Apis dorsata colony to nest on the veranda, in October 2006. This centre is for outreach, to inform people about the value of bees and biodiversity, and has proved highly popular with local schools. In
in September 2007, four Keystone staff and Bees for Development presented the project to the apicultural community at the Apimondia International Apicultural Congress in Melbourne, Australia.
OUTPUTS Increased scientific and livelihood knowledge through research; strengthened capacities of key institutions; enhanced technical and professional skills through training; and increased awareness and policy engagement in India and UK through dissemination and advocacy. DATES
This is a three-year Project running from June 2006 - May 2009.
BUDGET
Total award from the Darwin Initiative is UK 275,308.
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Keystone Foundation, Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
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Bees/or Development Journal 85
TREES BEES USE
FUCHSIA A BEE FORAGE PLANT —
Michael Duggan, Ireland Apicultural value
of bumblebees.
It
ALL PHOTOS
««
Fuchsia magellanica and its relative Fuchsia excorticala are important sources of nectar for Apis mellifera. They are highly rated and their pollen is very distinctive. Fuchsia are also popular with some species is recommended for planting for bees.
Botanical names Fuchsia magellanica
Fuchsia excorticata
Family Onagraceae
Names English Spanish
Fuschia sp are important nectar sources — —
Fuchsia
Irish
Fiuise
New Zealand
Fucsia
Fuchsia magellanica is
—
a native of South
Leaves —
Konini Kotukutuku
Opposite or in threes
America and Fuchsia
excorticata is native in New Zealand. They grow prolifically in temperate and oceanic climates. In the west of Ireland and south-west
Flowers
England it withstands high winds but not frosts. They grow 3-15 metres high and Fuchsia magellanica is often planted as a hedge on either side of a lane as the bushy growth is impenetrable. It does not appear to grow 400 m above sea level in this climate. Fuchsia excorticata
the rain, and long slender stalks. Corrola with four red petals paired with leaf axils.
grows profusely on the fringes of the bush on the north and south islands of New Zealand.
An oblong berry, black and very juicy when ripe.
Purple with red sepals, pendant which protects the nectar and bees from
Fruit
Honey
Pollen grains Dark blue and sticky, and the viscous threads joining them are very distinctive. They are triangular in the polar view and with three lobes or conical projections. Large as a family, and Fuchsia grains are 75 um
(See photograph right).
Pale yellow with a delicate flavour and low viscosity. In spite of a wet climate it often has a moisture
content of 16-17% and in the west of Ireland does not crystallise.
anical description ruchsia magellanica has thin stems, generally arching with a pale bark which peals in long strips.
What plants do your bees use send details to Bees for
—
Development, address on page 2.
NEW POSTERS The latest Mandarin editions of Bees for Development's /nformation Posters interested participants at a recent meeting aimed to arouse
awareness of honey bees for harmony and to boost bee products. The meeting with 200 participants took place in October, in Cixi City, Zhejiang Province in China.
Thanks to Jin Tangdong for translating the posters into Mandarin, and for this information. Posters are being distributed within China by Cixi Beekeepers’ Association.
Bees for Development Information Posters No
1
Beekeeping sustains livelihoods
—
ten good reasons
No 2 Pollination Now available in English, Mandarin, Portuguese and Spanish. Free of charge to beekeepers in developing countries or you can buy through our web store at www.beesfordevelopment.org/catalog
MICHAEL DUGGAN
TREES BEES USE
Poster production kindly sponsored by Anglo American pic
AMERICAN
Bees/o; Development Journal 85
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD KENYA
SWAZILAND
Honey production decline
Guaranteed market for beekeepers
Rift Valley Province beekeeping officer, John Mwangi, said 2,010,000 litres of honey was
The international quality processing factory known as Eswatini Swazi Kitchen Honey
produced in 2006 compared to 2,023,481 harvested in 2005. He said that production
The company has injected E1.6 million (€167,000; US$225,000) into the business, a grant from the African Development Foundation (ADF), which covers costs for transport, machinery for the factory, training for farmers as well as running and
(ESKH) is situated in Manzini. Project Manager John Burnett says they are working
peaked in 2003 at 2,250,000 litres of honey, but since then it has been on the decline:
hard to develop the beekeeping industry in Swaziland, with the aim of bringing income to
“The downward trend is set to continue because bees are lacking sources of nectar. Though demand for local honey had gone up, production was low, which has also pushed
rural communities living in poverty. “We have made a commitment to beekeepers in
prices up”. Mwangi said environmental destruction especially of forests was the major cause of the shortage of forage for bees. Land demarcation due to increasing population was
also affecting beekeeping because people fear bee stings and are reluctant to accommodate hives near densely populated areas.
“The leading honey producing areas are the arid and semi-arid regions because they are sparsely populated and with less human effect on the environment”, he said. The areas include Baringo, Laikipia, West Pokot, Samburu, Transzoia and Narok. The cost of materials for the construction of hives also
discouraged the farmers.
Source: Beatrice Obwocha, East African Standard, Nairobi
NEPAL Nepal's Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC) is to launch a programme to monitor pesticide residues in food items. According to The Himalayan
Times the programme includes the development of techniques to monitor the use of pesticides while producing food items for export, and monitoring production
mechanisms. “The EU rejected exported Nepali tea and honey recently, stating that they contained high pesticide residues”, said Nava Raj Dahal, a food researcher at the DFTQC. “Asa member of the World Trade Organization, we have obligations to fulfil to compete in the international market. The monitoring
programme will help harmonise our products with the international standard and lower the risk of rejection”. This year DFTQC aims to make farmers aware of the issue of pesticide
residues, said Dahal: “Previously, we had focused on making consumers aware of pesticide residue, but the root issue was not addressed”.
Source: Xinhua, July 2007
Swaziland to provide an assured market for all the honey their bees produce, if it meets our quality standards. Our business must be sustainable in order for us to continue to meet this commitment. To break even in the first year, we are looking to buy 14 tonnes of honeycomb from local farmers. So far we have received only two tonnes, however, we are looking at expanding production in the near future, depending on the supply from
administrative costs. The company also received E500,000 (€52,000; US$70,000) from the Irish Missionary Development Fund, which was used to erect the factory structure
and for staff training.
ESKH has 10 staff members, including Elizabeth Henwood, who is the factory manager. “As production grows, we plan to take on more women and our focus is on
those who are from poor and disadvantaged backgrounds”, said Burnett. The factory has been fully operational since June 2007.
ESKH is looking at supplying both local an. export markets. “The market for honey in Swaziland is relatively small and unless we
farmers”, he said.
“The price for honey delivered to the factory gate is 15.5 (€1.6; US$2.2) per kg. The farm gate price for honey collected from rural communities is E14 (€1.5: US$2) per kg. The price difference reflects transport costs involved in collecting the honey. To put these figures in context, a farmer who has 30 hives can expect to receive E6,000 (€625; US$840) per harvest. With an average of three harvests per year, a beekeeper would make about
can export the honey overseas, we will be limited in the amount of income we can bring to rural communities. To export honey, we have to meet rigorous quality and hygiene
requirements,” said Burnett.
All honey ESKH buys must meet these quality standards: +
Must be ripe
«
Must be in the comb Must be harvested into sealed ESKH 20
E18,000 (€1,900; US$2,500)”, explained
litre buckets
Burnett. “We are aware that beekeepers can sell 500 g jars of honey for E20
+
(€2.1: US$2.9), potentially making E40 (€4.2; US$5.8) from one kilogram over double what we are offering. However, when they add up all the costs associated with this
«
higher selling price, we are convinced that they can make more profit from selling their
“We need to ensure our business is as efficient and easily accessible as possible. We are setting up bulking centres in the rural
per kg”.
He explained that if a farmer pays E3 for a jar and E1.50 on a label and transport costs of E2 per jar, then they are paying 6.50
(€0.7; US$0.9) in overheads per jar, making it both difficult to make a profit or offer value to customers. “These expenses have not been factored in, in addition to the expenses of buckets, processing equipment as well as
communities, which are supplying ESKH. These centres are managed and controlled by representatives in the communities who report to ESKH when there is enough honey to justify
collection”, Burnett explained. The representatives weigh the honey so that when ESKH comes to collect, they can bring
a
cheques made out to the beekeepers for the right amount. Payment will only be made it
comes in small amounts over a long time. By selling to ESKH, beekeepers get an assured market, a fair price for their honey, and payment shortly after they have harvested. We hope that beekeepers will be able to exploit these advantages to invest in their businesses and support their families”, Burnett said.
14
creosote coating Must come from beekeepers who are registered as ESKH providers.
Centres in rural areas
honey at a bulk price of E14 (€1.5; US$2)
time and energy. Many farmers have told us that once they have processed their honey, they are not even able to sell it or if they do,
Must be clean, without bees, grass or dirt Must come from hives that do not have
after extension officers have done quality and weight checks. The centres are also used to store empty 20 litre buckets so that registered ESKH suppliers can collect buckets when they are ready to harvest.
Free training
John Burnett said
a comprehensive feasibility study had shown that Swaziland imparts a
é
Bees/or Development Journal 85
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
large share of its honey and that the beekeeping industry is underdeveloped.
“ESKH has committed
(€31,200; US$42,000)
OMG BEEKEE PING fiuTsuNGRRAB WAN
to spend 300,000
on training over the
next two years to help beekeepers improve their skills and increase their yields and
vB
CLUB
profits”, he said.
Source. articles by Nomile Hlatshwayo at WWW. LIMES. CO.SZ
ZIMBABWE MICHALHIS
Kutsungirira is the Shona word for ‘perseverance in difficult times’. Kutsungirira
ELLEN
Beekeeping Club (KBC) is in Mwenezi District
PHOTO
and was founded in 1997 by Michael Hlungwani and Miriro Muhera, together with
eight neighbours from Shazhaume village. The aim of KBC is to train rural farmers as beekeepers, to create optimal conditions for
Kutsungirita Honey Shop easily visible on the main road between Harare and South Africa
Shop
beekeeping, and to generate income from the o's of honey and bee products, all on an
In 2004, KBC members built their own shop, where they sell their bee products and beekeeping equipment. The shop, situated
ironmentally-friendly basis. Mwenezi District is hot and dry, causing most agricultural harvests to fail. Fortunately, there are many indigenous trees and shrubs that
40 km from Shazhaume, is easily visible and accessible along the road between South
flower even with little rain and are therefore
Africa and the towns of Masvingo and Harare. Visiting tourists and long-distance travellers
attractive to bees.
are interested in the origin of the products.
KBC therefore hopes to add an information centre to the site. The classroom block and kitchen are already built. A hostel for 20 participants and a beekeeping museum will be next, with a tree nursery and orchard planned.
Ellen Michaelis and Michael Hlungwani
THAILAND AAA Workshop The workshop was held 28-30 June 2007 at Mahasarakham University with the theme Honey bee biology: bee breeding, queen rearing and instrumental insemination. It aimed to propagate the merits of beekeeping for rural development and sufficiency economy in Thailand. Prof Dr Siriwat
Wongsiri, President of AAA, was the meeting organiser and opened the workshop. 28 avnerts from Australia, China, France, India, udi Arabia and Thailand made presentations. Over 60 people attended the workshop and enjoyed the excursion on the final day.
Chen Lihong See page 20 for details of the forthcoming AAA Conference
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Bees/o; Development Journal 85
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Bees/or Development Journal 85
LOOK AHEAD / LEARN AHEAD / NOTICEBOARD
LOOK AHEAD ARGENTINA APIMONDIA 42nd Intemational Apicuitural
Congress Takes place in 2011, Buenos Aires Dates and details will appear here
BHUTAN 2nd International Beekeeping Congress 19-21 August 2008, Thimpu
Further details kp_pradhan@yahoo.co.uk
BRAZIL XVII Congresso Brasileiro de Apicultura Ill Congresso Brasileiro de Meliponicultura 4-9 June 2008, Belo Horizonte
Further details
www.apacame.org.br/eventos.htm
CHILE Congreso Iberolatinoamericano de Apicultura
9-13 July 2008, Concepcion
FRANCE
SOUTH AFRICA
APIMONDIA 41st International Apicultural Congress 17-20 September 2009, Montpellier Further details www.apimondia2009.com
XXXII International Congress of Entomology 6-12 July 2008, Durban
UK
GUYANA 5th Caribbean Beekeeping Congress 10-16 November 2008 Further details page 8
British Beekeepers’ Association Annual
Convention 19 April 2008, near Warwick Further details www.bbka.org.uk
ITALY Apimedica & Apiquality International Forum 9-12 June 2008, Rome Further details www.apimedica.org
15-17 February 2008, Oracle, Arizona
February 2008, Nairobi Further details
apitradeafrica@beesfordevelopment.org
LEARN AHEAD
MEXICO APIMONDIA: 2nd World Symposium of queen bee breeders 15-19 October 2008, Nuevo Vallata
UK
Further details www.apimondia.org
Monmouth
BfD Training Days
1-4 November 2008, Hangzhou, Zhe jiang Further details page 20
Further details www.sicamm.org
If
Organic Beekeeping Meeting
Organicbeekeepers
ApiTrade Africa
RUSSIA APIMONDIA/SICAMM: Apiculture in the 27st — Century Dark Bee in Russia 19-22 May 2008, Moscow
9th AAA Conference
USA
www. pels.groups.yahoo.com/group/
KENYA
Further details www.apicongresso.com
CHINA
Further details www.ice2008.org.za
Further details www.beesfordevelopment.org
Bees for Development can arrange beekeeping study tours and visits. Tailormade to suit requirements. Contact us for
details.
you want notice of your conference, workshop or meeting to be included here and on our website send details to Bees for Development, Troy, Monmouth NP25 4AB, UK. E-mail info@beesfordevelopment.org
MEMORABLE MOMENTS
NOTICE BOARD
Bees for Development
PROJECT FUNDING
BEEKEEPERS’ SAFARIS
FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, supports beekeeping projects in developing countries. Beekeepers’ groups d associations may apply for small project funding of up to
BEEKEEPING HOLIDAYS, TRAVEL
US$10,000 from the TeleFood Special Fund. Applications for projects with budgets over US$10,000 must be submitted through a Government Ministry. See www.fao.org and Remember to tell BD
AND LEARNING Trinidad & Tobago: 21-31 January 2008 NEW- Norway: May/June 2008 NEW- Turkey: 2-12 August 2008
the outcome of your application.
IFS ASSISTANCE International Foundation for Science calls for applications for research grants from young scientists in developing countries.
Contact us for details
Details at www.ifs.se
BEE CRAFT A full colour monthly magazine for beginners and experts alike covering all aspects of beekeeping in the UK and Ireland. 22 for 12 issues (one year). Credit cards accepted. For free sample copy and overseas rates contact secretary@bee-craft.com ULUDAG BEE JOURNAL
whi
- a link between News, practical information and research articles Published world. Turkish beekeeping and the quarterly in Turkish with English summaries. Contact www.uludagaricilik.org PAYS TO ADVERTISE BfD Journal offers a great opportunity to contact thousands of readers. Various sizes available, prices starting from 35 (€53, US$70). Contact us for delails. IT
17
Bees/or Development Journal 85
AVAILABLE FROM B/D NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG
BOOK SHELF NO
FEAR OF BEES/KEINE ANGST VOR BIENEN
Heinrich Gritsch 2007 180 pages Hardback
30
(€45) Code G300
This is a beautiful book which the author describes as being for “people who love honey and nature, for pupils, teachers and beekeepers”, Over 400 fantastic colour photographs provided by 40 photographers accompany the succinct English and German text depicting all aspects of apiculture, and associated human culture. Beekeeper or not, nobody
ot
: No fear of bees
can resist turning the pages of this book!
BEES AS POLLINATORS IN BRAZIL — ASSESSING THE STATUS AND SUGGESTING BEST PRACTICES Edited by Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonsceca, Antonio Mauro Saraiva and David De Jong 2006 96 pages plus 14 pages of colour images and illustrations soft cover 29.30 (€44) Code 1400 This book is the outcome of the Workshop Sao Paulo Declaration on Pollinators plus Five held at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil in October 2003, focussing on ways to maximise the usefulness of indigenous pollinators and improved management of Africanised honey bees. Chapters cover: Surveying and monitoring of pollinators in natural landscapes and in cultivated fields; Assessment of pollinator-mediated gene flow; and Bee management for pollination purposes, including bumblebees, solitary bees, honey bees and stingless bees.
The book includes tables of cultivated plants that probably benefit from pollination by solitary bees, recommendations for individual crops, and stingless bees used as crop pollinators, also the outcome from a workshop on /nformation Technology for Pollinator Initiatives. These workshops were co-ordinated by the International Pollinators Initiative and included participation by leaders of the African, Brazilian, European, and North American Pollinators Initiatives. This book serves as a guideline for initiatives in Brazil and neighbouring countries, and as a model for other pollinator initiatives. Brazil has successfully demonstrated viable pollination techniques using several species of social stingless bees and with other groups of indigenous social and solitary bees, and probably has the largest number of university-
employed bee researchers in the world.
B
\ a
Y
’ 5
Befriending
Y y 1 ae
4
A
y
4 5
y y
y a Sy
’ y in
BEFRIENDING BUMBLE BEES Elaine Evans, lan Burns and Marla Spivak 2007 65 pages spiral bound soft cover 15.50 (€23.20) Code E400 A wonderful guide for anyone who likes bumblebees, wants to know more, and to rear colonies. This new text has been prepared by the University of Minnesota Extension Department, so it refers to North American species of bumblebees and habitat. However, the clear guidance provided, combined with the useful pictures and diagrams will be valuable for bumbiebee enthusiasts in other parts of the world. Part one is about bumblebees, the benefits they bring and how they live. Part two consists of six chapters detailing how to raise them, while Part three provides additional information. Very well written text accompanied by excellent colour pictures.
BEEKEEPING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ICIMOD 2007 35 pages soft cover Free fo download at www.icimod.org A new booklet published by ICIMOD, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, based in Kathmandu, Nepal, it nicely sets out the argument for beekeeping’s role in rural development. Well illustrated and with clear diagrams, it will give the reader a rapid appreciation of the benefits of beekeeping for rural livelihoods, and understanding of appropriate entry points for intervention.
THE BACKYARD BEEKEEPER Kim Flottum 2005 167 pages soft cover 19.80
(€29.70) Code F555
This entertaining and interesting book benefits from Kim Flottum’s extensive knowledge of beekeeping in North America and carries the subtitle An absolute beginner's guide to Keeping bees in your yard and garden. The aim of the book is to widen the appeal of beekeeping as an enjoyable and accessible pastime. The first three chapters cover an introduction to bees and beekeeping plus what to expect during your first year. Chapter 4 explains what you can make and do with beeswax — clearly explained recipes for making candles, soap and cosmetics, and Chapter 5 considers honey — delicious recipes for drinks, salads and desserts. This book would certainly encourage the beginner to get started.
18
Ahi
AVAILABLE FROM B/D NOW AT WWW.BEESFORDEVELOPMENT.ORG
A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO BEEKEEPING
IN
Bees/orDevelopment Journal 85
KENYA
mm
(€27) Code C060
Tom Carroll 2006 88 pages soft cover 18
ai
A good description of beekeeping as it practised today in Kenya. Clear, practical information begins with an introduction to beekeeping, the different types of hives and how to get started. An explanation of the beekeeping year is followed by the harvesting and marketing of bee products, and then the costs and profits of starting a beekeeping enterprise. Colour photographs accompany the text and useful annexes offer recipes for value-added products and sources of further information. This is a realistic and practical text for beginner beekeepers in Kenya and other parts of Africa.
REPRINTED RESOURCES
PLANTS VISITED BY BEES AND OTHER USEFUL PLANTS OF UMALILA, SOUTHERN TANZANIA Paul Latham 2007 216 pages A4 soft cover 17
(€25.50) Code L500
The first chapter describes beekeeping in Umalila and emphasises its importance. The following section on plants has been steadily increased by Paul Latham’s six visits to Umalila during the last ten years, allowing this third edition to provide details of over 150 plants, many with multiple uses in addition to their nectar and/or pollen reserves.
™s
J Se
4
ee
aes
s
Plants Visitas othe:
“+
Bees and
= sts of
Umaliie, =...
Fanzania
Arrays of excellent colour photographs accompany every entry. The aim of the book is to help farmers and development workers to identify plant species and to encourage planting and conservation.
BOOKS BY BROTHER ADAM
Ses
BREEDING THE HONEYBEE First published in 1987 118 pages soft cover
11
(€16.5) Code A210
SEARCH OF THE BEST STRAINS OF BEES
IN
First published in 1983 206 pages soft cover
11
(€16.5) Code A220
‘Back by popular demand’ Northern Bee Books have reprinted two books by one of the legends of world beekeeping
- Brother Adam, who devoted his
life to the honey bee.
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OF THE BEST STRAINS OF BEES
ae
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Specialist for beekeeping, honeyhouse and honey processing — worldwide.
1-4 NOVEMBER 2008 Hangzhou, Zhe jiang, CHINA Call for papers *
APICULTURE EXTENSION BEE BIOLOGY BEE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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BEES AND THE ENVIRONMENT MELLIFEROUS FLORA AND POLLINATION Deadline for abstracts - 30 June 2008
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