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BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT
Bees/v; Development Journal 88
ISSUE NO 88, SEPTEMBER 2008
EDITORIAL
COVER PHOTO
«:
Bees/ur Developmen
The Ninth Latin-American and Iberian Apicultural Congress The Chilean beekeeping community together organised this very large Congress in early July. This Series of Congresses has become the main event in the apicultural calendar for the Spanish and Portuguese-
Speaking apicultural community.
/%
4
Cover: Bosco Okello of the Uganda Export Promotion Board. shows honey to visitors at the trade show during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kampala, 2007. Read more about BfD’s Comic Relief funded Project Strengthening trade in honey in Uganda on pages 8 and 9. IN
THIS ISSUE
page
Practical Beekeeping Beekeeping for income generation in
3
Tanzania
4
Germany suspends pesticide approvals ....6
Recent Research
7
Strengthening trade in honey in Uganda....8 News around the World 10 12
Bookshelf Inside information
12
Look & Learn Ahead
14
Notice Board
15
Online information
16
The Congress took place in Concepcién, Chile’s second city, and represented a great step forward for beekeeping in Chile. For it was only comparatively recently, during the 1990s, that a national beekeeping association was formed in the country. With a united voice, beekeepers have achieved much with good official recognition and support for the sector. For example, Chile's Minister of Agriculture took time out to open the Congress, as pictured below.
Chile’s 4,000 beekeepers, looking after 400,000 colonies of honey bee_ derived from European races of Apis mellifera, harvest an annual 9,000 tonnes of honey. Approximately 80% of this is exported, the majority to Germany. There is much scope for Chilean beekeepers to increase their income from their bees. Those barrels of honey for export contain a mixture of marvellous honeys, that could achieve a better price if marketed as mono-floral and speciality honey.
The next in this series of Congresses will take place in Brazil in 2010.
Nicola Bradbear
Bees for Development Joumal Published quarterly by Bees for Development. Distributed to readers in more than 130 countries Editor Nicola Bradbear PhD Co-ordinator Helen Jackson BSc Copyright: As part of our information Service you are welcome to translate and/or reproduce items appearing in BfDJ. Permission is given on the understanding that: BfDJ/ and author(s) are acknowledged, our contact details are provided in full, and you send us a copy of the item or the website address where it is used.
BfD Journal subscription (€30, US$40) for one year, four issues — including airmail delivery. How to subscribe see page 12. Readers in developing countries can apply for a sponsored subscription ~ see our website UK20
47
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BeesforDevelopment Post
Phone
PO Box 105, Monmouth NP25 9AA, UK
+44 (0)16007 13648
info@beesfordevelopment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org
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Chile Minister for Agriculture. Ms Marigen Hornkohi. cuts the ribbon to open the Congress. From left. local government Minister Ms Maria Angélica Fuentes, Senator Mr Hossaim Sabag, Beekeeper Mr Julio Beltran, Ms Hornkohi, and a Representative from the Spanish Government, Ms José Sanchez Eco. With thanks to Chile Apicola for enabling Nicola Bradbear’s participation in the Congress.
2
Bees/or Development Journal 88
PRACTICAL BEEKEEPING
HONEY
3. Drop liquid into water and observe. If it sinks without mixing with the water it is honey, otherwise it is adulterated. 4. Dip a matchstick into the liquid and then strike the match. the substance is honey, otherwise it is adulterated or fake.
LOCAL TESTS
AND THERAPIES Emmanuel Olagbaju, Nigeria
If it
ignites
Honey adulteration Sugar Syrups, corn syrups, and syrups of natural origin such as maple, cane sugar, beet sugar and molasses are used to adulterate honey. Informed consumers are able to taste the difference between these and real honeys, Dut laboratory tests are needed to prove the difference. This
is why honey marketing is so dependent upon building consumer trust that the product being bought is real honey. Some people think that
Adulterated honey Awareness of the importance of honey is increasing and nowadays it can be difficult to find sufficient honey to meet the growing demand. However, there is slow advance in the apiculture sector, and even little involvement in it, resulting in low supplies of local honey. Instead of researching ways by which these low supplies can be improved, many honey vendors have developed methods for adulterating honey.
Consumers want authentic honey and users are concerned how to distinguish real from adulterated honey. Interviews revealed the
wing ideas:
haney which has crystals in it may be adulterated with sugar but this is not the case - crystallisation of honey is a normal process.
Testing for adulteration with sugar A laboratory test would have to be performed on the sugars present in the honey and the results compared with the national or internationa!
honey standard. Evidence of a large proportion of glucose compared to fructose would suggest sugar had been added.
Checking for adulteration with water
1. Dip your finger into the liquid. As you lift your finger out, observe whether the substance drops immediately - if it does drop
straigntaway, then
it
is not honey. (Honey is very viscous).
2. Drop some liquid to the ground and observe. Honey does not flatten, but forms small balls: if the liquid does otherwise it is not honey.
Honey with a high water content may be unripe (harvested too soon), or may be a mixture of honey and water. tn either circumstance the honey
quality is poor and fermentation may result. Water content is tested with a refractometer. Unadulterated, ripe honey has a water content of 23% or lower.
In addition to sweetening, honey is used in Nigeria for the treatment and prevention of various ailments. Here we illustrate some of our local applications of honey and its use in herbal treatments and remedies, where we believe that honey plays a vital role. The information was obtained from several honey users - see table below.
Disease/ailment
Recipe
Dosage
Management of asthma
1. Pound equal proportions of bitter kola and garlic together. Add honey
One glass
2. Grind common cress seeds to a powder
2 lablespoons every 4 hours daily
3 times daily
Mix with honey
Trherculosis
Pneumonia
Grind one unit of garlic, one unit of ginger, a few African peppers, a few bitter kola nuts and mix. Add pure honey
2 lablespoons every 4 hours daily
Grind the garlic. Mix with limes and grapes.
2 tablespoons every 3 hours
Add at least
1
glass of pure honey
Unripe palm kernel nut, aloe vera juice and honey
Prevention of fibroid
Mix equal quantities of sorrel (Isapa pupa in Yoruba language
Insomnia
Chew at least 25-30 unripe palm kernel nuts, take one glass of aloe vera and honey 7
glass daily
or Soborodo in Hausa language) and pure honey
Nappy (diaper) rash in babies
|
Red ackarnival (a flower), locally-produced soap (palm oil and | Bathe the baby using the soap. ashes mixed), limes, shea butter and honey Apply the cream after bathing For soap: pound the flower with the soap, add 5 limes.
For cream: mix shea butter and honey
Stomach ulcer
1. Pound guava leaves and add water. Add one bottle of honey
2. Mix % cup of pure honey with fresh, warm cows’ milk. Add a spoonful of dried banana skin powder. Stir all together
Coughs and colds
Grind onion, ginger, garlic, and bitter kola. Mix in palm kernel oil. Add honey
1
glass 3 times daily
1
cup,
7
spoonful 3 times daily
2 times daily, for
2
months
Bees/v Development Journal 88
BEEKEEPING FOR INCOME GENERATION AND COASTAL FOREST CONSERVATION IN TANZANIA MCS Lalika,
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania and
Background Forest loss and fragmentation are widely recognised as the two most important factors responsible for the degradation of the environment in Lindi Region, Tanzania. Available information on the components of forest, especially in the natural-resource-dependent areas, indicates a gloomy trend. The continuing forest loss is a telling measure of the
imbalance between human needs and wants and nature’s capacity. Lindi Region has potential and abundant areas for the development of beekeeping (URT, 2005). Existence of high beekeeping potential is a function of the presence of virgin forests (mainly miombo woodlands), a low human population density that provides an environment conducive for the establishment of beekeeping activities, bee fodder plants (natural and cultivars), and knowledge of beekeeping. The development of
beekeeping activities for income generation and forest management is
J S Machangu, FAO, Makati City, Philippines
hindered by poor transport infrastructure and marketing systems for bee products (Kihwele ef a/, 2001; Ngaga et a/, 2005). Improved marketing of bee products will ensure increased income and food security at household and national levels thereby achieving the
national and UN development millennium goals of poverty reduction and natural resource management (UN, 2005). Furthermore, the importance of beekeeping as an income-generating activity is due to the fact that many people use honey as food, medicine and for sale. Beekeeping offers a great potential for development and is comparatively less demanding in terms of investment, labour and time.
Also, beekeeping is advocated to improve human welfare by alleviating poverty through increased household income: it is a source of food and nutritional security, raw materials for various industries, medicine, increased government revenue through levies and taxes, improved biodiversity conservation and enhancing environmental resilience (Kihwele et a/, 1999: MNRT, 2004).
id
[]
Kitwa districts
gion
Lake
un
Beekeeping gives local people and the Government economic incentive for the retention of natural habitats, and is an ideal activity in any forest conservation programme (Mwakatobe, 2001; Okoso-Amaa ef a/, 2004).
Despite the significance of beekeeping, there is little or no empirical evidence on the potential of beekeeping for income generation and forest management in Lindi Region. Most of the available research material is in the form of scientific documents with little information in the direction of rural development or forest conservation. Therefore there was a need for information for use by beneficiaries and policy makers.
The study area Mangrove forests (along the seashore) and miombo woodlands (upland) are the two categories of coastal forests rich in biodiversity that are dominant in Lindi Region. Miombo woodlands are mainly in forest
reserves. (See also Figure Kilwa Ma
1,
left).
Data collection and analysis 120 households were interviewed, 30 in each village using the sampling techniques of Bailey (1994). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) household questionnaires, a checklist of questions and participant observation were used for data collection. Socio-economic data were analysed by SPSS programme. Data collected through PRA were analysed with the help of the local community.
Income evaluation Table 1. Income of smallholder beekeepers and non-beekeepers Monthly income (TZS) Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Beekeepers
67,405
15,000
427 000
Non-beekeepers
51,259
3,000
300,000
Activity Kinyope
Source: Field data, 2005 1. Kilwa and Lindi Rural Districts in Lindi Region (the brown line denotes District boundaries). Kilwa Masoko and Lindi house the District Headquarters (red dots). The study areas included Mavuji and Mchakama villages in Kilwa District and Kinyope and Milola villages in Lindi Rural District.
Figure
Small double lines denote roads.
€1
=
TZS 1,840; US$1
=
12S 1,170
Smalholder beekeepers have a higher income than non-beekeepers. This implies that beekeeping products (honey and beeswax) raise the income of beekeepers, contrary to non-beekeepers who depend mainly on commercial crops such as cashew nuts and simsim, whose prices have fallen in recent years due to poor marketing systems.
BEEKEEPING FOR INCOME GENERATION
Bees/v; Development Journal 88
Participation in beekeeping activities
Uses of honey
Table 2. Groups of people and their participation
Honey is used as food, medicine and for sale
Group
Figure 2. Honey uses in the study villages, Lindi District
Participation in beekeeping
activities (%) 33
Men with boys
33
Old men
29
Men with women
5
Beekeeping activities involved both genders at different stages of honey and beeswax processing and marketing. For example, 66% of respondents represented men only and men with boys’ involvement in beekeeping activities. On the other hand 29% of respondents mentioned old men participating in beekeeping activities. Traditionally, men are responsible for honey harvesting which is normally carried out at night because they are scared of honey bees during the day. In Milola and Kinyope villages, division of labour was evident. While men specialise in the construction of hives and honey harvesting, women are involved in carrying unprocessed honey home from the forest. The dominance of men in beekeeping activities in the study villages seemed to have inplayed the role and contribution women have made with respect to managing bee reserves and habitats, harvesting of crude honey, and the
45
+
40 35
Percentages
only
Men
30
e@Food
25
@Medicine
20
oSale
15 10
Mavuji
Kinyope
Villages Honey is added to porridge or tea as a substitute for sugar. In Kinyope village, honey is used mainly as the raw material for brewing. As shown in Figure 2, less honey is sold compared with the other two uses of
processing of bee products.
honey. This is probably due to poor market promotion and prices, and poor transport infrastructure. It was found that as medicine, honey is
Indigenous knowledge and equipment
used in Milola and Mchakama villages to cure people suffering from stomach ulcers, burns, wounds from fire and for children suffering blood shortages.
Smallholder beekeepers in Tanzania have rich indigenous knowledge of beekeeping. They also have good knowledge of different types of hives, bee smokers and honey containers. In terms of hive types, it was found that most smallholder beekeepers use local style gourd hives as shown. The reason is that they are cheaper than other types of hive and are locally available. The gourd hive is one of the oldest items of indigenous equipment and has been adopted in areas of Tanzania where alternative materials for hive making are scarce. Split log and bark hives are also used by smallholder beekeepers in the study area: over 95% of hives used by smallholder beekeepers in Tanzania are of this type. In
While respondents were aware that some diseases were treated with honey, some of them did not know how much or how frequently one should use honey.
Table 3. Annual household income generated from honey and beeswax in the study villages Income from honey
Income from wax
(TZS)/year
(TZS)/year
26,380
6,378
Min
1,200
500
Max
142,000
32,000
152,714
11,250
Min
8,000
500
Max
600,000
50,000
Mean
61,000
11,333
Min
18,000
3,000
Max
140,000
27,000
Mean
66,400
2,250
The art of beekeeping
Min
24,000
500
Smallholder beekeepers know how, and where, to establish an apiary in ecological areas for maximum production of bee products. For instance in Milola village, beekeepers established their apiaries by hanging hives
Max
180,000
4,000
the study villages, split log and bark hives are made by tree debarking, thus several trees are destroyed. However, split log and bark hives are locally considered to be the most convenient because of the abundance
Village Mavuji
of miombo woodlands, which provide easily obtainable and suitable gevity, low cost, and the indigenous knowledge of hive making.
species preferred for hive making include Acacia spp, Aizelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernadia globiflora and Pterocarpus angolensis. Durability and ample availability are two major Iree
Mchakama Mean
reasons for these preferences.
This indigenous knowledge enables smalholders to carry out beekeeping activities at minimal cost, as it does not need heavy investment in terms of financial and human capital, for equipment and
Kinyope
extensionists. Nevertheless, in terms of production, indigenous knowledge has an adverse impact on the quantity and quality of bee products.
from trees in areas with sources of water and adequate bee fodder
Mean
Milola
Source: Field data, 2005
€1
=
12S 1,840; US$1
=
TZS 1,170
plants, in miombo woodlands.
Income generation and forest management
the study villages, smallholder beekeepers use a mixture of wax and cassava leaves mtondwa as bait for attracting colonies when stocking
The reason that the highest incomes generated from honey and beeswax occur in Mchakama village may be due to the awareness created by Mchakama Beekeeping Group.
In
hives. Smoke mwenge is used to subdue the bees during harvesting.
BEEKEEPING FOR INCOME GENERATION
According to the study, the income generated from beekeeping is invested in other economic undertakings including petty trading and fishing, and is used for paying for social services - education, health, transport and housing.
This study did not find any evidence of cash income generated from eco-tourism of bee reserves and apiaries. Bee reserves can be used to generate incomes for the local communities as is the case at Onana Bee Research and Extension Centre in Moshi District, and Njiro Beekeeping Research Centre, Arusha, where owners of bee reserves earn good incomes from study tours that are made by people from
include the poor marketing system, and inefficient road and communication infrastructures. Marketing of bee products in the villages is poorly organised, such that honey is used within the villages as food and medicine.
Recommendations *
The Government should improve road and communication infrastructures to facilitate information dissemination and the smooth movement of bee products to potential markets.
*
Development partners should facilitate the involvement of women in beekeeping activities in the study villages. This can be achieved through women’s access to information, extension and training, and
within and outside the country (MNRT, 2001).
Apart from income generation, beekeeping activities produce various tangible benefits and contribute to sustainable management of natural
resources and increased biodiversity. Milola division beekeeping officer Mr Yusufu Juma Mponda said:
“Beekeeping is very useful and important for forest resource management. This is because where beekeepers have put their hives they protect and avoid bush fires, and discourage people from cutting limber, poles and other forest resources. After some time these areas become green because the vegetation is allowed to grow. In such areas you find also fresh air due to forest vegetation cover. Not many people pass near apiaries for fear of being stung by bees, consequently giving more room for grass and other plants. Therefore where there is an apiary, forest resources are conserved.”
Some tree species that are conserved through beekeeping include Brachystegia spiciformis, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dalbergia nitidula, Julbernadia globiflora and Plerocarpus angolensis. addition to their role in forest resource management, bees are important pollinators of wild and agricultural plants. Increased income of smaliholder beekeepers in the study areas has increased awareness of the value of forest resource management and livelihoods. This agrees with Kihwele ef a/ (2001), who contended that individuals, communities In
and organised groups can effectively respond to the shocks and
stresses caused by impoverishing forces, by practising beekeeping activities.
exchange visits to increase their participation in beekeeping activities, and consequently improve household incomes and livelihoods. *
Development partners should fund research to ascertain ways of improving harvesting and marketing of bee products to enhance their quality and quantity and hence improve the livelihoods of people in the study villages.
Acknowledgement The preparation of this work has been possible through financial support from the REPOA, Research on Poverty Alleviation.
EDITOR’S NOTE References cited are with the article
on the
BfD website Information Centre.
GERMANY SUSPENDS PESTICIDE APPROVALS AFTER MASS DEATH OF BEES The German Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) has reportedly suspended the approval of eight pesticides after the mass death of bees in one State. The German Research Centre for Cultivated Plants reported that 29 out of 30 dead bees it examined in Germany's Baden-Wuerttemberg state had been killed by contact with clothianidin, a product found in one of the seed treatment
Conclusions
products.
The majority of respondents (83%) fall within the productive ages 18-60 years. It was realised that women are not fully involved in beekeeping activities. It is vital to make the beekeeping industry more
The suspended products are: Antarc (ingredient: imidactoprid; produced by Bayer), Chinook (imidacloprid; Bayer), Cruiser
vibrant, to contribute to the national goal of reducing poverty, improving community livelincads and maintaining sustainable natural resources.
Beekeeping has a potential contribution to the incomes of smalholders in Kilwa and Lindi Rural Districts. This income is generated through selling honey and beeswax. Consiraints on the efforts of beekeepers
x
a
wai
(thiamethoxam; Syngenta), Elado (clothianidin; Bayer), Faibel (imidacloprid; Bayer), Mesurol (methiocarb; Bayer) and Poncho
(clothianidin; Bayer). Beekeepers and agricultural officials in France, Italy, and the Netherlands all noticed similar phenomena in their fields when planting began a few weeks ago. The use of these pesticides has also affected the population of wild bees and other insects, prompting the ‘Coalition against Bayer-dangers’ to demand that the pesticide maker withdraw all neonicotinoids from the market worldwide. "We have been pointing out the risks of neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and clothianidin for almost 10 years now,”
Philipp Mimkes, spokesman for the ‘Coalition against Bayerdangers’ said in a press release. He added that since Bayer has an annual turn-over of nearly €0.8 billion (US$1.25 billion), it makes
aged
imidacloprid and clothianidin its most important products. "This is the reason why Bayer, despite serious environmental damage, is
fighting against any application prohibitions,” Mimkes added.
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency's fact sheet, clothianidin, which is a non-selective poison, is highly toxic to honey bees. The chemical is often sprayed on corn fields during spring planting to create a protective film.
*
oe
ah
A gourd hive used for beekeeping in Mchakama village,
wa Region
Nidhi Sharma, www.aliheadlinenews.com
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Mets]
RECENT RESEARCH Am monticola, m scutellata and Am Woyi-Gambella (Amssalu et al, 2004;
Apis mellifera Woyi-Gambella (AB) honey bees endemic to
knowledge of them, a more detailed study, geographically broader in scope, and with a finer sampling distance resolution (100 km)
Ethiopia
was conducted. Accordingly, five statistically distinct morpho-clusters occupying different
Amssalu Bezabeh carried out this research for his PhD thesis at Holeta Bee Research Centre. Here we provide a summary of his findings (references cited are with this article on the BfD website Information Centre). A full paper has been submitted to the Journal Apiacta.
agro-ecologies were identified:
other African honey bee groups and is
Apis mellifera bandasii,
endemic to Ethiopia.
Figure
A
m
jemenitica,
A
Amssalu, 2003; Nuru, 2003).
Apis mellifera Woy!-Gambella differs from all
ETHIOPIA
4
RELIEF
Africa is thought to be the origin of Apis mellifera, the honey bee species that occurs in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. A review of Apis mellifera reported the
Over 3001m 2001 - 3000m
Po]
presence of 22 honey bee races and 10 valid geographical races in Africa (Engel, 1999).
[
|
The taxonomy, biology, behaviour and ribution of African races of honey bees 3
i
1001 - 2000m
9-1000m Below sea level
Transitional Zones
been little studied compared with
European races,
Knowledge of the taxonomy of Ethiopian honey bees is minimal. No detailed bandasii
morphometric analyses have been conducted apart from those of Smith (1961), Ruttner te
(1975), Kassaye (1990) and Radloff & Hepburn (1997a). These studies indicate the presence of different African races including Apis mellifera adansonii, m bandasii, A
Am jemenitica, A m litorea, Am monticola, Am scutellata, and A m sudanensis, but the results are not in accord. Besides, none of the results indicated the distribution, behaviour and biology of honey bees within Ethiopia.
Some of the studies did not use adequate sample sizes during the analysis. To resolve
Q
An international research team has shown that
!
Sciences
at The Australian National University (ANU). “The scout bees perform the so-called ‘bee dances’ inside the nest. The
Asian and European honey bees can learn to understand one another's dance languages despite having evolved different forms of
co-ordinates of distant locations are encoded in the waggle phase of this ballet, with the direction and distance to the food source
communication.
indicated by the orientation and duration of the dance. This duration differs across honey
The species of Apis honey bees found worldwide separated about 30-50 million
years ago, and subsequently developed different dance ‘languages’. The content of the messages is similar, but the precise encoding of these languages differs between species.
200
250 300 350 400
— he
Kilometres
the ambiguity of information about Ethiopian ley bee races and to establish greater
Mutual understanding
50 100 150
bee species, even if they fly the same distance in the same environment. It is these differences which we can think of as distinct
languages.”
!
1
information and work together to gather food. Asian honey bees followed the dances of European forager bees, and deciphered the encoded information correctly.
“The dance language of honey bees is among the best studied communication systems in the animal kingdom. Nevertheless, surprises are still possible, as we have shown,”
Dr Zhang said. “This work has potentially major implications for our understanding of
animal communication. Next we plan to study the extent of variation between different bee
dance languages.”
“We know that the members of a honey bee colony routinely exchange information via dance about the location of newly discovered
The research team is the first to successfully Study the behaviour of a colony containing a mixture of two different species of bees. One of the first findings of this novel approach was
locations, like feeding places, water or new nesting sites,” explains Dr Shaowu Zhang
that Asian honey bees Apis cerana and European Apis mellifera, after some time of
understand dance language of European honey bees. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2365.
from the Research School of Biological
adjustment in the mixed colony, could share 7
Simon Couper, ANU Media Office Citation: SU S.; CAI F.; SI A.; ZHANG S.: TAUTZ J. et af (2008) East learns from West: Asiatic honey bees can
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002365 http:/Awww.plosone.org/doi/pone.0002365
Bees/o; Development Journal 88
IN
HONEY
IN
UGANDA
Janet Lowore and Nicola Bradbear Trade enables the benefits of beekeeping to be translated into income for beekeepers: The greater the volume of honey trade, the more income
Honey trade
inte
ALL PHOTOS
realised by beekeepers. This is the premise upon which Bees for Development has been working in Uganda since March 2007. Our Project, Strengthening trade in honey and other bee products in
BEES FOR DEVELOPMENT
STRENGTHENING TRADE
as
Uganda, has taken a market literacy approach. This means working within the existing market system, understanding the parts of the market chain that are not working well — in terms of income for beekeepers — and addressing them. A major principle of this approach is the avoidance of establishing artificial structures or processes reliant on the
Project. Working with our partners, The Uganda National Apiculture Development Organisation (TUNADO) and the Uganda Export Promotion Board (UEPB), the Project quickly needed to gain a good understanding of the existing market system.
Honey is promoted at the agricultural trade show during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kampala, 2007
Existing market system There are thousands of beekeepers in Uganda, harvesting and selling honey. Honey is either used locally or is transported to distant markets
associations, for example Connoisseur, Kabarole and Kamwenge Associations. Larger packers, such as Bee Natural Products, also aim pack honey sourced directly from beekeepers. However, they have fa___ challenges because they operate on a larger scale and achieving largescale supply via the direct to packer route requires a high level of organisation. The packed honey is sold in shops in towns and especially Kampala. There are many reasons why the direct to packer
such as the capital city, Kampala. Local markets can quickly become saturated because they are by definition small. Distant markets offer growth potential, but how do beekeepers in remote areas access markets that are far away? There are two main routes: the trader route or the direct to packer route.
The trader route involves a series of traders buying and selling honey, until the honey arrives at a final market point. Arua Park is a well-known honey trading location in Kampala, where honey from the trader route
route is more likely to lead to real development for the beekeepers, compared to the trader route, but it is more difficult to achieve.
can be found in large quantities. It is often transported in yellow jerry cans, may be semi-processed and of varying quality.
What about price? Which route delivers more income to beekeepers? Intuitively most of us think that a short market chain means producers will be able to negotiate a higher price per kilo, but this is not always the case.
The direct to packer route involves a packer buying direct from the beekeeper. Currently this happens particularly with beekeepers’
The two main routes to market for honey in Uganda
Disadvantages
Advantages Most honey is traded in this way without donor support. This means the trade route works and is sustainable
This route works for almost any quantity and quality of honey which makes it easy to access for any level of beekeeper Beekeepers can sell at ‘farmgate’: an easy way to sell
—
Beekeepers are not motivated to increase production because the trader to whom they sell does not motivate them. Rather traders try to push the price down by telling them the market is flooded Quality control is difficult No traceability
Small amounts of cash are moving through the chain all the time, so there is no need for any player to have much working capita! locked up at any one time.
Traders are opportunistic and do not invest in the industry No premium for high quality honey
A beekeeper who wants to produce a larger volume of honey (eg one tonne), may not find a trader able to buy it all at farmgate.
a
a
Disadvantages
Advantages
The direct to packer route is easier on a Small-scale than on a largescate. On a large-scale this route has the following challenges:
Shorter market chain
Traceability Good communication between packer and beekeeper can be achieved — this motivates beekeepers
Serious packers need a large volume to achieve economy of scale this presents an opportunity for beekeepers to harvest more and
Because the packer needs to focus on honey {to cover the cost of their investment) they need larger volumes to achieve economy of —
earn more
Easier to establish the quality control systems that are necessary tor
access to premium markets Beekeepers have a chance to participate in the market from a more informed position.
scale Cash flow difficulties, either to beekeepers who must bulk honey before sale (and wait for their cash) or to the packer, who is required to buy large volumes all at once in the honey harvest period Requires a collection centre that wil! have overhead costs and demands a level of organisation not needed by the trader route.
*
HONEY TRADE IN UGANDA
A dedicated honey packer must operate at scale and therefore is thinking in tonnes not kilos. They may not offer a higher price per kg than a trader, but they may offer to buy more volume and more consistently. In this way a beekeeping group can be motivated to double production once they are connected directly to a packer, and this means
TCM
Lute
circles ts}
not motivated to increase their current level of production of one tonne gach year. The Project team organised a participatory meeting between the beekeepers and the packer and together they discussed their
expectations.
double the income, even if the price per kg may be marginally lower than traders sometimes pay. Connecting beekeepers direct to packers has been a major part of our Project in Uganda.
The beekeepers started off by listing many needs and expectations. Through discussion it was made clear that some help which the beekeepers needed could not be provided by the buyer. For example the buyer said she could not take on the responsibility of training the
Connecting beekeepers to packers
beekeepers or facilitating their internal organisation, but she could explain clearly her requirements in terms of quality. However she would
For beekeepers to sell their honey direct to a packer, they are advised to sell collectively to achieve economy of scale and to attract a reliable packer. In March 2008, the Project team visited two sub-counties in Nakasongola: Kakooge and Nakitoma. Beekeepers in these sub-counties each produce relatively little honey, and any sold outside the local area
work with the beekeepers to establish a collection centre, would negotiate about the price and pay more for good quality honey, and would communicate with the beekeepers about any problems. She also
is all sold to traders. Beekeeping is not seen as an important source of cash because the traders do not motivate them to increase production, and beekeepers cannot be sure when traders will want to buy. At the
target for the first year would be two tonnes, thereafter increasing to 10 tonnes if the beekeepers could supply it. After the preliminary meeting, it was agreed that a further meeting was needed to plan the
same time, a honey packer in Kampala was looking for reliable new suppliers. The Project team spent a number of days with beekeepers discussing with them the concept of marketing their honey collectively and linking directly with the Kampala buyer. They understood that ‘ling their honey together would be good because as a group they 1:
*
negotiate better terms
*
lobby for support from the Local Government and NGOs put resources together for common cause, open a bank account for
*
a
the association, and access credit *
monitor the quality of honey for their buyer.
said that she wanted to buy honey only in bulk and would prefer to pay by cheque into a bank account of the association. She said that her
logistics and make an agreement for the first sale of honey to take place in September 2008.
Focussing on honey packers The Project recognised that for more honey to be traded directly between beekeepers and packers, the packers also needed help. They need to have good knowledge of honey handling and storing, how to check for quality, and how to obtain good prices when they sell to
shops. If packers can become well established, competent businesses, this is good for the whole industry. A series of packers’ training courses was organised by the UEPB focussing on:
They also recognised that only by offering a higher volume will they attract a good buyer, who in turn will motivate them to increase production. In the end they will earn more. However they also feared that some members may not trust others, and bulking can be a problem if the buyer delays. In the latter case, beekeepers would prefer to sell their honey quickly to anyone else, to earn money to solve their
*
household problems.
*
the need to adhere to national standards that apply to food handling and processing
*
access and management of finance, particularly at honey harvest
After the discussion the beekeepers agreed to form trading groups at Parish level, where they all know each other. They would be helped to form trading groups by the community development officer.
A similar activity was undertaken in Lira where a new entrant to the ney packing business was looking for a consistent and reliable supply honey. Ongica Beekeeping Association had developed a honey enterprise over the past two years but without a reliable buyer, they were
the importance of packers forming consistent relationships with Suppliers, as this will motivate suppliers to increase volume and
quality the need for packers to change from being merely opportunistic to being committed players in the industry, prepared to invest
season. The most recent training was delivered by UK honey expert, Mr John Home. One output of this course was a Quality Control Point Chart for Uganda. This is a simple tool designed to help packers identify the critical points where honey quality may be compromised.
TUNADO One of the objectives of the Project was to help build the capacity of TUNADO, the national industry representative body. TUNADO was established in 2005 with backing from the Ministry of Agriculture, recognising that the apiculture sector needs a voice and capacity to support the industry. The Project has worked with TUNADO to develop its role as information provider to the sector, to form new partnerships, nold an AGM (the first since its inception}, and define its role.
What next?
Members of The Uganda National Apiculture Development Organisation at their
AGM in March 2008
This Pilot Project was funded by Comic Relief (UK). The Project has helped to show that the benefits of beekeeping for the poor depend on the way trade happens, and that the market system deserves focus and investment. As one Ugandan packer, Gates Honey, pointed out, honey packers cannot pay for the work needed to help beekeepers become organised and form direct links with them. There remains a need for external support. As funding allows, Bees for Development remains committed to supporting honey trade in Uganda, and beyond.
Bees/o; Development Journal 88
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD EGYPT Alfalfa pollination in Ismailia Agriculture development in Egypt has been a national goal for several decades, and has involved the expansion of cultivated land and maximization of production. One of the major
yield in Kerala's Wayanad region this year, depriving the hard-pressed indigenous people of their supplementary income. “Torrential rain and strong winds have caused massdropping of flowers in deep forests, forcing the bees to move to greener pastures to nest
problems facing most of the newly reclaimed areas is the relatively low production of crops
and extract nectar. While a total of 15,000 kg of wild honey was collected in summer 2007,
due to the lack of insect pollinators. A similar problem is found also in certain areas of older
the yield was estimated to be 1,500 kg this season,” said P M George, Secretary of
cultivated land due to the wide use of
Sulthan Bathery Scheduled Tribe Co-operative
pesticides. The mechanisation of agriculture affected the wild pollinators as well as the honey bee industry.
Society,
INDONESIA Sweet way to save forests “We aim to promote sustainable honey harvesting, preserve the forest as bees’ habitat, maintaining indigenous cultures and improve the quality of the honey,” said
indonesian Forest Honey Network Executive, Valentinus Heri. He was speaking during the Honey Festival in Bogor Botanical Garden held in April 2008, at a honey product launch in collaboration with the Non-Timber Forest
“Heavy downpours at the wrong time of the year have made the bees fly away and seek
Products (NTFP) Exchange Program and another Bogor-based environmental watchdog, Telapak. The ‘Dorsata brand honey’
Besides using honey bees to pollinate many crops and fruit trees in Egypt, we try to find other species that are efficient in pollination. Ismailia is mainly an arid zone, with agriculture concentrated around the Nile
shelter on tall trees, rock crevices or termite hills,” said the chief of Rampally colony,
is harvested by the indigenous people of the preserved forest Sentarum Lake National Park
Kumaran. “You will not get honey when flowers are not there. Many of us made arduous treks deep into the forests only to
in
River. Much effort has been put into land
return with empty hands as we could not find
reclamation and to convert the desert. We carried out a survey of common bee fauna in
many colonies this year."
that area and found that the major bee species are honey bee Apis mellifera, mason
bee Osmia sp, and leaf cutter bee Megachile sp. The main crop in Ismailia and most newly reclaimed areas of Egypt is alfalfa. Pollination of alfalfa flowers needs to be tripped by bees, and its major pollinators are leaf-cutter and mason bees. We have attempted to establish
artificial nests to replace the natural nests in the walls of the old mud houses in the villages that were destroyed to build new, concrete houses. We aim to establish a leaf-cutter bee management industry and to
guide the farmers to increase the seed yield production of alfalfa and other crops.
Mohamed Shebl Abd Elfatiah, Department of Plant Protection, Suez Canal University
Fil Fiji’s first ever honey export has
left for the
Wild honey is one of the forest products whose collection and extraction is the preserve of indigenous people in the State. The honey collected is procured and marketed by Scheduled Tribe Co-operatives
Surianto, member of Apis dorsata honey farmers group in Sentarum, said they harvested honey in the forest from October a
March, while relying on freshwater fishing to make a living for the rest of the year.
Previously the people had cut trees down to harvest the honey. “Local environmental group Riak Bumi taught us how to take honey without destroying the ecosystem. We rely too much on the forest for our tivelinood, so we
which has a state-level apex body. Wild honey is mostly purchased by Ayurvedic medicine makers, whose demand for natural, unadulterated honey has been on the rise.
are keeping it safe," Surianto said.
In Wayanad, the Kattunaikkar people are the traditional honey collectors, but recently other groups have started honey hunting as it offers
forest is the biggest wetland ecosystem in Kalimantan, and home to the indigenous /ban
a supplementary income in lean months.
Source: www. hindu. com/thehindu/hoinus
Head of National Park Management Mr Suwignyo said that the 132,000 hectare
and Malay people. “We support the
environmentalists in training residents on the best way to harvest honey. They have an
|
MALAWI Collins Kasimba works for the Small Holders Coffee Farmers Trust at Luwinga near Mzuzu. He organises training courses for local beekeepers. He works as a beekeeping extensionist with 436 farmers who keep bees, and together they harvest over 12 tonnes of honey.
USA. John Lewis, Managing Director of Island Apiaries (Fiji) Ltd sold the consignment and said the dea! represents a bright future for
Fiji’s fledgling honey industry. “Honey is a very profitable business that requires strong management practices,” he said. “Our honey meets the bio security requirement for the US market.” Mr Lewis started his business in
1997 and now has a farm in Tavua with 50 hives and harvests 2-3 tonnes of honey per year. The honey sells for about €1 1
(US$15) for
West Kalimantan.
a 750 ml bettie.
Source: Spore 133, February 2008
INDIA Climate change dents honey yield Unseasonal rains, seen as a sign of climate change, have sharply brought down the honey
10
NEWS AROUND THE WORLD
approach of saving the forest through honey production,” Suwignyo said. “Each family usually has 60 fikung and 5 kg of honey can be harvested from each one,” he said.
Riak Bumi and NTFP Exchange Program formed the network, which has currently expanded to work with honey farmers,
co-operatives, local NGOs and the regional administrations in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra islands and Sumbawa in West Nusa Tenggara.
SRI LANKA Annual honey consumption in Sri Lanka is around 100 tonnes, only half of which is produced on the island. The honey is mostly taken as medicine, and local honey is
particularly valued. In Ayurvedic medicine, herb extracts are taken with a honey chaser. The honey helps activate the herbs. A village
Valentinus Heri said that the Apis dorsata honey, which may reach four tonnes at harvest time, has been certified as a national organic product by BioCert. Sole distributor PT Dian Niaga sells a 300 gram bottle of honey for IDR75,000 (€5; US$8). "We focus on selling to the national market, but we have started to
receive orders from Japan and Korea,” said company director Johnny W Utama.
Source: Jakarta Post, 15 April 2008) NWFPDigest-L No 4/08 earth. An acre of Sri Lankan jungle produces 40 tonnes of biomass a year, compared with
15 tonnes from temperate agricultural land, despite all its ‘hi-tech’ inputs. Dr Punchihewa is encouraging farmers to move away from the mono cropping western model for their
rice paddy fields and rubber plantations, in favour of inter cropping and crop rotation.
Ayurvedic herbalist will sell a sachet dose of erbs for LKR10 (€0.06; US$0.09) and a 25 il bottle of local honey for LKR45 (€0.27;
He advocates ‘multi storey gardening’ and demonstrates this on his smailholding, where he farms in three dimensions: left,
US$0.42). Imported Australian honey is not
right and upwards. The trees produce nectar and fruit, such as coconut, jack fruit and
valued medicinally. As a guide to local values, seamstress in a garment factory a
earns LKR800 (€4.80; US$7.43) a day. Sarath has three children and keeps a rubber smallholding in the Ratnapura District. He learned honey gathering from his father. Honey bees return regularly to cavities in the
terracing of his plot on the edge of the tropical forest near Adam’s Peak in the central highlands. These bees are Apis cerana, the Asian hive bee. They are about two thirds the size of European races of the western hive bee Apis mellifera and are
mango, and cash crops like rubber. A single kithul palm, when mature, will produce syrup continuously for two years, and in enough quantity to meet the needs of
several families. The mid storey produces spices including cinnamon and pepper, also cash crops like avocado and tea that need shade. The rapidly growing Gliricidia tree can be coppiced for fuel, and is a good nectar source.
In
the rich leaf litter, beans,
ym
FURTHER READING: — Tingku a traditional management technique for dorsata Apis binghami in Indonesia. BfD Journal 64 (2002)
Marketing honey and beeswax from
Apis dorsata in West Kalimantan BfD Journal 67 (2001) Traditional honey and wax collection from Apis dorsata in West Kalimantan. BfD Journal 59
(2001) These articles are available on the B/D website information centre
cardamom, squashes and yams flourish. Hens thrive in their natural forest environment - but the eggs are difficult to find. The bees come and go as the trees flower sporadically through the year. One acre is enough to feed a family of four and to keep a couple of cows. Dr Punchihewa is working with the government to design a simple organic standard, based on counting the number of bees in the canopy and the number of worms in the leaf litter. If those
two are in sufficient quantity then you may assume the land is being farmed organically.
There have been several attempts to introduce western honey bees Apis mellifera to Sri Lanka by well meaning development agencies over the past 100 years.
Fortunately they have all failed and those
Apis mellifera colonies have died out
Will Clayton, London, UK
:nough local honey to meet demand and if good quality, a 750 ml bottle will sell for
Jf
LKR800 (€4.80; US$7.43). tasted some of Sarath’s honey; it looked like black treacle and was delicious. Sarath says it is getting harder to gather wild honey and he now keeps more bees in hives around his home. |
Dr Wasanatha Punchihewa (pictured right)
has spent his life studying tropical invertebrates in Sri Lanka. He is especially keen on bees, of which only a few species can be harvested for honey. In ancient times
honey was the traditional tribute paid by the forest-living people to the kings in Kandy. Beekeeping is a traditional skill handed down from father to son. This has caused a
shortage of beekeepers and the need to import honey. Sri Lankan nectar is going to waste, unharvested by bees or humans! The Dr Punchihewa explains his pot hive to a smattholding family
11
—
without bringing harm to the indigenous bees.
tropical forest specialists. They can be kept in smail hives and produce honey that is much valued as medicine. There is not
wet tropics, with their abundant sun and water, are the most productive lands on
ae
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they reach what has become the most industrialised aspect of the sector - pollination — a global business worth UK30 bn (€40 bn; US$60 bn). In some countries, bees are subjected by humans to intensive use, shipped in lorries for up to 18,000 km. No wonder they become exhausted, undernourished and, used like honey making machines,
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GUYANA
UGANDA
5th Caribbean Beekeeping Congress 9-14 November 2008, Georgetown
ApiTrade Africa All Africa Apiculture Expo 22-25 October 2008, Kampala Further details www.apitradeafrica.org
Further details page 16
APIMONDIA 42nd Intemational Apicultural
Congress
INDIA
Takes place in 2011, Buenos Aires Dates and details will appear here
BRAZIL
Bees, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Conference 27-29 March 2009, Conoor, The Nilgiris Further details www.beestordevelopment.org
Congresso Brasileiro: XVIII Apicultura & IV Meliponicultura
Terra Madre
EurBee3
23-27 October 2008, Turin
8-11 September 2008, Belfast Further details www.eurbee.org
Further details www.terramadre. info
10th Congreso Iberolatinamericano de
MEXICO
Apicultura 2010, Rio Grande do Norte
APIMONDIA: 2nd World Symposium of queen bee breeders
Details to be announced
XIV Encuentro Colombiano de Apicultores/ Ill Seminario Apicola de los Andes 14-17 November 2008, Pereira - Risaralda Further details apiencuentro2008@gmail.com
CHINA 9th AAA Conference
1
Further details www.apimondia.org
you want notice of your conference, workshop or meeting to be included here and
PAKISTAN
on our website send details to Bees for
2nd International Conference on Medicinal
Development, address on page 16
If
Uses of Honey 10-12 November 2008, Lahore Further details www.honeyconference.com
LEARN AHEAD
ROMANIA
1-4 November 2008, Hangzhou, Zhe jiang Further details page 16
Apimondia Symposium: good management &
BfD ONE DAY TRAINING
good beekeeping practice 11-14 September 2008, Bucharest
CUBA 3° Congreso Cubano de Apicultura 9-13 March 2009, Ciudad de la Habana
Strengthening livelihoods by means of beekeeping An introduction 21 November 2008, Monmouth
Further details www.apimondia.org 10th International Symposium Hazards of pesticides to bees
Further details congreso2009@eeapi.cu
DENMARK Danish Beekeeping Conference: climate change, pollinators, pollination & beekeeping 30 January - 1 February 2009, Copenhagen
BfD BEEKEEPERS’ SAFARIS
8-10 October 2008, Bucharest Further details
H.
Tanzania 13-17 November 2008 Trinidad & Tobago 2-12 February 2009 Further details on our website
Thompson@cs!.gov.uk
RWANDA
Further details www.biavl.dk
2nd ApiTrade Africa AGM
FRANCE
February 2009, Kigali Further details www.apitradeatrica.org
Further details www.apimondia2009.com
National Honey Show 30 October - November 2008, Weybridge Further details www.honeyshow.co.uk
15-18 October 2008, Nuevo Vallarta
COLOMBIA
15-20 September 2009, Montpellier
5-7 September 2008, Abergavenny Further details www.beeconference.org.uk
ITALY
2010, Cuiaba Further details will appear here
APIMONDIA 41st International Apicultural Congress
UK 80th MSWC Convention
KENYA
SAUDI ARABIA 6th International Arab Apiculture Conference 17-19 March 2009, Riyadh
GERMANY
Further details www.Saudibi.com
2nd OIE Symposium Diagnosis and control of bee diseases
TANZANIA
26-28 August 2008, Freiburg
3rd National Honey Show Last week, September 2008, Dodoma
Further details www.beehealth.info
Further details www.tanzaniahoney.org
Making beekeeping equipment 28 September - 4 October 2008, Baraka Further details www.apiconsult.com
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WORLD CHALLENGE Keystone Foundation, BfD’s partners in India, have been selected as one of 12 finalists in a World challenge for small businesses by BBC
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October 2008. See www.theworldchallenge.co.uk/htmi/nome.html
25 YEARS Congratulations to ICIMOD, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal celebrating their 25th Anniversary.
See www.icimod.org
PROJECT FUNDING FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, supports beekeeping projects in developing countries. Beekeepers’ groups and associations may apply for small project funding of up to US$10,000 from the TeleFood Special Fund. Request documents iould include a brief description of the project’s objectives, the proposed food production or income-generating activities, the work
plan, the number of participants, a detailed list of inputs with cost estimates and the reporting arrangements. Submit your request to the office of FAO or UNDP in your country. See www.fao.org and inform BfD of the outcome of your application.
APIACTA For the beekeeper and bee scientist Apiacta the Apimondia Journal. Available online from www.apimondia.org
BEE CRAFT A full colour monthly magazine for beginners and experts alike covering all aspects of beekeeping in the UK and Ireland. 22 for 12 issues (one year). Credit cards accepted. For free sample copy and overseas rates contact secretary@bee-craft.com
ULUDAG BEE JOURNAL News, practical information and research articles - a link between Turkish beekeeping and the world. Published quarterly in Turkish with English summaries. See www.uludagaricilik.org
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