Fall/Winter 2016-17 Newsletter

Fall/Winter 2016–2017

www.belfercenter.org

Impact in Action: Alumni in Government With upcoming changes in Washington, the Center salutes the members of our community who are serving the U.S. government in leadership roles. Our deep appreciation to all of them for their efforts to make a more secure, sustainable, and peaceful world.

Ashton B. Carter

John P. Holdren

Secretary of Defense

At the Belfer Center 1988–’93; ’98–2009 Center Associate Director, then Director; Co-Director, Preventive Defense Project

Eric Rosenbach

Chief of Staff to the Secretary of Defense At the Belfer Center 2007–2010 Executive Director for Research

Assistant to the President for Science and Technology At the Belfer Center 1996–2009 Director, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program

Samantha Power

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations At the Belfer Center 1998–1999 Founding Director, Human Rights Initiative (then, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy)

Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall

Laura Holgate

At the Belfer Center 1989–’93; ’97–2008 Associate Director, Strengthening Democratic Institutions; Senior Advisor to Preventive Defense Project

At the Belfer Center 1990–1992 Coordinator, Projects on Cooperative Security and Post-Cold War Reconstruction

Deputy Secretary of Energy

Ambassador and U.S. Representative to UN-Vienna and the IAEA

See more on page 3

“Over the years, the Belfer Center has offered a vibrant intellectual home…where people who want to tackle the world’s toughest problems find kindred spirits [and] unprecedented things can get done!”

—Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall

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From the Director M

any people know Ehud Barak as Israel’s former prime minister, a committed peace-builder, and the most decorated military officer in Israeli history. Fewer know that he is also a serious student of economics, philosophy, and politics. On campus this fall as our Lamont Lecturer, Barak (see Q&A, page 6) has delighted students and faculty with his wisdom, energetic engagement, and candor. During a recent briefing, he pointed out a central dilemma of modern policymaking. Academics and experts, he said, are trained to consider a problem’s every facet. Politicians, on the other hand, seek binary choices and simple solutions. No wonder the two often talk past each other.

That is one of the reasons the Belfer Center is special. Building bridges between the worlds of scholarship and government comes naturally to our community of faculty and fellows because they have served at the highest levels in both. They understand that impactful scholarship rests on policy relevance and personal relationships.

From humble beginnings in the 1970s, the Center now counts 112 fellows and visiting scholars.

This commitment to actionable insight gives us a competitive advantage in the marketplace of ideas. It is why the Center is ranked the world’s No. 1 university think tank. It is why the journal we publish–International Security–is second to none in “impact factor,” a measure of academic influence. And it is why we are able to attract such a diverse and talented array of new scholars each fall. From humble beginnings in the 1970s, the Center now counts 112 fellows and visiting scholars. Far from working in silos, they form vital links with colleagues across disciplines, from cyber and nuclear security and human rights to geoeconomics and climate change. *** “Writing a book is an adventure,” said Winston Churchill. “To begin with, it is a toy and an amusement. Then it becomes a mistress, then it becomes a master, then it becomes a tyrant. The last phase is that just as you are about to be reconciled to your servitude, you kill the monster and fling him to the public.” Amid servitude to my own manuscript, Destined for War: The U.S., China, and Thucydides’s Trap, I want to salute the members of our community who have successfully flung their important books to the public in recent months:

Future Alliances: NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg (front, right), talks with Future of Diplomacy Project director Nicholas Burns, as they walk across the Kennedy School campus for Stoltenberg’s presentation on the evolution of NATO and its response to 21st century challenges.

• Venkatesh (Venky) Narayanamurti: Cycles of Innovation and Discovery: Rethinking the Endless Frontier • Dara Kay Cohen: Rape During Civil War • Calestous Juma: Innovation and Its Enemies: Why People Resist New Technologies • Kurt M. Campbell: The Pivot: The Future of American Statecraft in Asia • Ben Heineman: The Inside Counsel Revolution: Resolving the Partner-Guardian Tension • Robert D. Blackwill: War by Other Means: Geoeconomics and Statecraft • Juliette Kayyem: Security Mom: An Unclassified Guide to Protecting Our Homeland and Your Home • William C. Clark: Practicing Sustainability: A Guide to the Science and Practice • Zachary D. Kaufman: United States Law and Policy on Transnational Justice: Principles, Politics, and Pragmatics

Building bridges between the worlds of scholarship and government comes naturally to our community of faculty and fellows because they have served at the highest levels in both.

Exchanging Expertise: Anna Goldstein, research fellow in the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, speaks at the Belfer Center’s annual orientation in September. More than 100 fellows and faculty were welcomed this year, representing expertise in all areas of science and international affairs.

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At Work for the Nation and the World Ashton B. Carter, John P. Holdren, Laura Holgate, Samantha Power, Eric Rosenbach, and Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall are just a few of the public servants around the world whose careers have included time at the Belfer Center. Here are some of their many accomplishments in government.

U.S. Secretary of Defense:

Science Advisor to President Obama:

Ashton B. Carter

John P. Holdren

• Established Force of the Future Initiative to recruit talented individuals “to maintain superiority through the 21st century.”

• Revitalized the role of science and technology in education, government, and other aspects of society; oversaw a historic increase in R&D.

• Opened all military combat jobs to women.

• Highlighted climate change dangers and worked successfully to implement actions to reduce climate threats around the world.

• Launched “innovation units” to develop technologies to better protect Americans and troops on and off the battlefield.

“[He] is an innovator who helped create the program that has dismantled weapons of mass destruction around the world and reduced the threat of nuclear terrorism. He’s a reformer who’s never been afraid to cancel old or inefficient weapons programs.”

• Created incentives and awards for innovation to improve security and well-being.

“A physicist renowned for his work on climate and energy, [John Holdren] has been one of the most passionate and persistent voices of our time about the growing threat of climate change.”

—President Barack Obama

—President Barack Obama

Ambassador & U.S. Rep. to UN-Vienna and IAEA:

U.S. Ambassador to the UN:

Laura Holgate

Samantha Power

• Led efforts before IAEA to prevent proliferation of WMDs in the Middle East.

• Served as Nuclear Security Summit Sherpa/ Sous-Sherpa for all nuclear security summits.

• Directed the historic global effort to destroy Syria’s chemical weapons stockpile.

“Laura’s wisdom, talent, and exceptional leadership make her uniquely qualified to serve in this role. Laura has served in senior positions across the U.S. Government for 14 years, and has advised the President for over six years.”

• Helped organize September’s Leaders Summit on Refugees; leading UN efforts to support refugees.

• Heading UN efforts to get the international community on board in the fight against ISIS. • Named by Forbes as one of the “World’s 100 Most Powerful Women” in 2016.

“There are few Americans, if any, who have spent as much time contemplating the necessity of the United Nations but also its failures.”

—Deputy National Security Advisor Benjamin J. Rhodes

—National Security Advisor Susan Rice

Chief of Staff to Secretary of Defense:

Deputy Secretary of Energy:

Eric Rosenbach

Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall

• Was principal architect of U.S. cybersecurity policy.

• Worked with industry executives to attract cybersecurity talent into the military.

• As Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Global Security, focused on countering weapons of mass destruction, cyber operations, defense support to civil authorities, and space-related issues.

“As the principal architect of DoD’s cyber policy, [Eric] has already left a lasting imprint on our military…[He] brings the right blend of strategic acumen, technological expertise, and managerial skill to help me lead the department during an important time in its history.”

—Secretary of Defense Ashton B. Carter

• Gave the keynote speech at the 21st Century Energy Transition Symposium in September on U.S. energy commitments for the future.

• Advancing Paris climate agreement by encouraging international compliance.

• Managing the U.S. nuclear enterprise to ensure safety and security, deliver effective deterrence, and counter proliferation and nuclear terrorism.

• Led U.S. planning for 2014 Nuclear Security Summit as coordinator for defense policy, countering WMD, and arms control.

“You’ve already made the country better and you’ve improved the circumstances of the world.”

—Vice President Joseph (Joe) Biden

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Cybersecurity Challenges: Strategy

Hacking. elections_

by Zachary Keck

>>If it’s a computer, it can be hacked. _Richard Clarke But Moscow could go a step further and try to directly alter the election results by hacking voting machines. One quarter of registered voters in the United States use electronic voting machines with no paper backup, and security experts warn these systems can be hacked. Bruce Schneier, a research fellow in the Belfer Center’s Cyber Security Project, recently wrote: “Over the years, more and more states have moved to electronic voting machines and have flirted with Internet voting. These systems are insecure and vulnerable to attack.”

Security experts have little faith in our ability to make our electronic voting booths secure.

Richard Clarke, a Center affiliate and former senior White House official, recently stated bluntly: “If it’s a computer, it can be hacked.”

Schneier agreed, writing that the only way to ensure votes are secure from manipulation is by returning to “voting machines with voter-verified

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paper audit trails, and no Internet voting. I know it’s slower and less convenient to stick to the old-fashioned way, but the security risks are simply too great.”

Michael Sulmeyer, director of the Belfer Center’s Cyber Security Project, also believes these voting booths can’t be made “perfectly secure,” but contends that this is just a small part of the larger problem. He points out that even if the electronic voting booths aren’t penetrated, “there is a whole infrastructure behind them that can be compromised.” One example is a determined foe altering the vote count by hacking into the computer networks that transmit the results from the precincts.

Sulmeyer also worries about the vulnerability of the country’s major media outlets, which serve as the primary conduit to the American people. “I don’t see much conversation about how they are preparing themselves to ensure that they don’t get hacked or that they aren’t the unwitting victims of bad information,” he said during a recent interview.

Ultimately, the vulnerabilities of the U.S. electoral process will not be solved before the current election, and cyberattacks are likely to become a permanent fixture of the democratic process in the future. One obstacle to making the election

infrastructure more secure is the fact that state and local governments are largely in control of it. Although this decentralization complicates the hackers’ jobs—since they can’t hack into one centralized system—it also limits the federal government’s ability to force states to adopt best practices. And this doesn’t even take into account the myriad other organizations, such as the independent media and political parties, that also play a large role in America’s democracy.

>>I know it’s slower and less convenient to stick to the oldfashioned way, but the security risks are simply too great. _Bruce Schneier WATCH: An October JFK Jr. Forum, “Can the Election be Hacked?” with Dmitri Alperovitch from CrowdStrike, can be viewed online at: belfercenter.org/ElectionHackForum AP

>>Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton are not the only ones attempting to sway voters ahead of November, as emerging evidence suggests Russia has been using cyberattacks to attempt to influence this year’s election. “Based on briefings we have received,” Senator Dianne Feinstein and Rep. Adam Schiff, the ranking members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, said in a joint statement in September, “we have concluded that the Russian intelligence agencies are making a serious and concerted effort to influence the U.S. election.”

Already, Russian hackers have been accused of leaking damaging internal documents from the Democratic National Committee, probing voter databases in a number of states, and a host of other cyber-related incidents. “At the least, this effort is intended to sow doubt about the security of our election,” Feinstein and Schiff said.

Digital Concerns: A technician works to prepare voting machines to be used in the upcoming presidential election, in Philadelphia, October 14, 2016.

for an Unfamiliar Battlefield Shaping U.S. Cyber Strategy

Carter, Miller, Rosenbach, and Sulmeyer Set Policy >>During the Obama administration, Belfer Center alumni had a unique role crafting cyber policy at the Department of Defense (DoD).

While they all had different roles within DoD in the years that bridged the two Obama terms, current Secretary of Defense Ashton B. Carter, Center Senior Fellow James Miller, and Carter’s Chief of Staff Eric Rosenbach set the stage during that time for the creation of a full-scale cybersecurity strategy to defend the nation and its military operations.

>>Cyber operations had been viewed as part of the “dark arts”—conducted in the shadows.

Before this, cyber operations had been viewed as part of the “dark arts”—conducted in the shadows by special forces and other specialized units, usually with the intelligence community in the driver’s seat. Together, Carter, Miller, and Rosenbach crafted many of the initial policies for how the military would defend itself in cyberspace, how it would integrate offensive cyber operations into broader campaigns, and how it would defend the nation from a large-scale attack. >>Conceptualizing a Cyber Strategy Knowing that people would be the most important component of a smart approach to cybersecurity, they crafted a roadmap for the military’s first cyber force. Through perseverance and nimble bureaucratic maneuvering, they generated a consensus around a Cyber Mission Force of 133 teams, made up of service members from the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force.

Aware that cyber threats to the United States were growing, and that maintaining America’s leadership as a top-tier cyber power required a clear-minded strategy, Carter and Miller entrusted the Department’s new cyber strategy to Rosenbach, who completed the groundwork in 2013. A key component of this new strategy was to provide guidance for civilian oversight of cyberspace operations and planning for different military scenarios.

Rosenbach hired Michael Sulmeyer from Miller’s front office as a senior advisor to help him oversee the military’s plan and operations in this new domain. This was the first unclassified strategy for the department to focus directly on offensive activities.

During 2013–14, Rosenbach and his team wrote the strategy and built momentum around it throughout the military and the rest of the national security establishment. >>Implementing the Cyber Strategy Carter’s appointment as secretary of defense in 2015 created a perfect window for the new strategy to get a top-level hearing. One of his first priorities was to announce the new strategy, making cyber a front-burner issue for the first 100 days of his tenure.

Carter and Rosenbach determined that an important aspect of the new strategy would be to publicly call out perpetrators who had been “caught” hacking into government systems.

For this part of the plan, Rosenbach turned to Sulmeyer, who by then was running Rosenbach’s plans and operations team. Sulmeyer had been tracking a sensitive hacking issue, and with Rosenbach’s support, he slowly won over enough colleagues throughout the Pentagon to support exposing the hackers.

Secretary Carter unveiled the new strategy at Stanford University in April 2015 and, for the first time, exposed hackers that penetrated DoD. “Earlier this year,” Carter said, “the sensors that guard DoD’s unclassified networks detected Russian hackers accessing one of our networks.

They’d discovered an old vulnerability in one of our legacy networks that hadn’t been patched....

After learning valuable information about their tactics, we analyzed their network activity, associated it with Russia, and then quickly kicked them off the network, in a way that minimized their chances of returning.”

The Center hired Sulmeyer to head its expanding cybersecurity efforts. His mission was to recruit and lead a group of scholars to develop a “conceptual arsenal” for cyber conflict.

The creation of the Cyber Security Project would, in a sense, be a return to the Center’s roots, where scholars in the 1970s developed the conceptual arsenal for how policymakers should think about nuclear policy during the Cold War. A generous gift from the Belfer family and operating support from the Hewlett Foundation late in 2015 provided essential funding to launch the Center’s cyber initiative.

Secretary Ashton B. Carter and Chief of Staff Eric Rosenbach at the opening of the Defense Department’s Defense Innovation Unit Experiment office in Boston.

Center Senior Fellow James Miller, speaking at a Belfer Center seminar on national security and the unique challenges of cyber attacks.

>>Reconnecting with the Belfer Center Rosenbach, who by then had been promoted to assistant secretary of defense, learned that the Belfer Center planned to make a new investment in cyber security research. He introduced Center Executive Director for Research Gary Samore to Sulmeyer, while simultaneously Miller recommended him to Director Graham Allison.

The Belfer Center’s Cyber Security Project Director Michael Sulmeyer makes a point at a cybersecurity seminar in late spring.

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Q&A:

Ehud Barak

A Warrior for Peace E

ach semester, the Belfer Center proudly hosts warriors and peacemakers, politicians and polymaths, investors and musicians. Rarely do we welcome all these roles in just one person.

But Lamont Lecturer Ehud Barak is nothing if not a singular figure. Israel’s former prime minister has enlivened the Center this fall with a JFK Jr. Forum, classroom teaching, and many briefings with faculty, fellows, and students.

Describing his time in class as “fascinating” and the students as “extremely intelligent,” Barak said his time here has been an “extraordinary experience.” For the first time in my life, he said, “I’m looking on the world from within the Ivory Tower looking out.”

Though he’s now active as an investor and consultant, and busy writing his autobiography, Barak’s primary focus remains Israel and the security of the Middle East. At a JFK Jr. Forum in September, he made the counterintuitive point that instability in several neighboring countries has actually improved Israel’s position. “In terms of military threats, no one can really threaten us,” he allowed.

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What lessons in peace-building would you like to share with Harvard Kennedy School students?

There is a profound difference between making peace and making war. Making war needs only one party. Making peace is a tango: it takes two.

My efforts to make peace did not take off. The only place where I fully succeeded was in Lebanon, and it succeeded because it was unilateral. There are no short cuts to building peace.

Q

AP

Belfer Center Lamont Lecturer Ehud Barak was Israel’s 10th prime minister, serving from 1999 to 2001. Barak began his public service after a 36-year career in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), leading dozens of secret operations and legendary commando raids. As Chief of the General Staff of the IDF, he helped negotiate and implement the 1994 peace treaty with Jordan. He also served as Minister of the Interior, Minster of Foreign Affairs, and Defense Minister until 2013.

What can the United States learn from Israel about facing terrorist threats?

In order to defeat terrorism, you have to be ready to fight it. You must recognize its existence and the nature of the threat. You must be ready to deploy resources, intelligence, operational teams, diplomacy, and the political will to back the other layers of efforts. Terrorism is a wide-ranging, multi-layered struggle. It takes international cooperation.

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In his recent speech to the UN, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Palestinian youth are being brainwashed into hating Jews. Do you see ways we can turn youth across the Middle East to points of common ground instead of sectarian, hateful identity?

I fully agree that Palestinians are victims of self-produced waves of incitement. We must demand that it be corrected. But it can’t be a precondition for peace-building actions. We have an interest to change reality even before these attitudes among Palestinians are changed. We did the same with Egyptians and Anwar Sadat. Same with Jordan. We did not wait until people liked us first. There is a great opportunity right now, but both sides have to take steps to materialize it. We have to make unilateral arrangements with the Palestinians as part of a wider agreement with the moderate part of the Arab world in hopes that these kinds of contracts will shape education and attitudes in positive ways.

July 2000: Then President Bill Clinton with Prime Minister Ehud Barak (left) and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, at Camp David.

August 2007: Then Defense Minister Ehud Barak greets Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in Tel Aviv, Israel.

MARTHA STEWART

“There is a profound difference between making peace and making war.

Making war needs only one party.

Making peace is a tango: it takes two....there are no shortcuts to building peace.”

—Ehud Barak Finding Common Ground: Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak answers a student’s question at a JFK Jr. Forum in September following his 2016 Lamont Lecture on Middle East challenges.

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Spotlight:

John P. Holdren

Restoring Science to its Rightful Place

by Josh Burek

hen he became president, Barack Obama promised to “restore science to its rightful place.” The man he chose to lead that effort was John P. Holdren. Eight years, later, Dr. Holdren is still by the president’s side—the longest-serving White House science advisor since World War II. As assistant to the president for science and technology, director of the White House Office for Science and Technology Policy, and co-chair of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), Holdren has worked closely with Obama to reinvigorate America’s scientific capabilities on a range of policy fronts, from climate change and renewable energy to health care and nanotechnology.

Holdren, whom President Obama called “one of the most passionate and persistent voices of our time about the growing threat of climate change,” worked closely with John Podesta and former Energy Technology Innovation Policy Project Director Kelly Sims Gallagher to forge a historic agreement with China to limit carbon emissions, which paved the way for the global climate agreement in Paris a year later.

Earlier this summer, Holdren’s office released a list of 100 accomplishments, including: • Increased science, technology, and innovation talent in the administration, including three new high-level positions: U.S. Chief Technology Officer; Chief Information Officer; and Chief Data Scientist.

• Restored scientific integrity, opened up data, and enhanced collaboration with citizens. More than 180,000 federal datasets and collections have been made available to the public on Data.gov.

Holdren is quick to give credit to his boss.

“The secret sauce is having a President of the United States, Barack Obama, who is the most science-savvy president we’ve had since Thomas Jefferson,” he said. “That really set the stage and provided oomph for everything we’ve done.”

With over 20 books, 350 publications, and numerous awards (including the MacArthur “genius grant”) in his C.V., Holdren brought to his White House work a deep background in scientific discovery and policy formation, along with a lifelong commitment to environmental stewardship. Before being nominated

by Obama in 2009, Holdren directed the Belfer Center’s Science, Technology, and Public Policy program and the Woods Hole Research Center.

He also served as a science advisor to President Bill Clinton, and worked at the University of California, Berkeley, the California Institute of Technology, and at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

As the administration’s chief authority on climate change, Holdren has been a lightning rod for Republican critics. In one memorable segment that’s been viewed nearly four million times, former “The Daily Show” host Jon Stewart delighted in replaying Holdren’s matter-of-fact rebuttals to far-fetched congressional queries.

His office’s PCAST reports have made crucial contributions to our understanding of topics as varied as antibiotic resistance, manufacturing, hearing technologies, and the future of cities.

A major PCAST report on forensic science this fall has raised troubling questions about the

legitimacy of several high-profile techniques often used in court to secure convictions.

“None of the great interlinked challenges of our time—the economy, energy, environment, health, security, and the particular vulnerabilities of the poor to shortfalls in all of these—can be solved without insights and advances from the physical sciences, the life sciences, and engineering,” Holdren said at the time of his nomination.

“He knows better than anyone that science and technology are critical drivers both of the 21st century’s most important policy challenges—and of possible solutions.”

—Graham Allison “It is difficult to overstate the impact of John’s work in academia and government,” said Belfer Center Director Graham Allison. “He knows better than anyone that science and technology are critical drivers both of the 21st century’s most important policy challenges—and of possible solutions. His tireless efforts to renew American leadership in science and technology are rooted in a deep commitment to build a more secure, prosperous, and healthier planet. We salute John’s exemplary service in government and look forward to the unfolding of his next great chapter.”

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• Enacted a historic increase in R&D. • Prioritized STEM education, including more than $1 billion in private investment to improve K–12 STEM education.

• Launched a national network for manufacturing innovation.

• Expanded entrepreneurship.

• Drove innovation in health care.

• Contributed to rapidly declining cost of renewable-energy technologies, and issued new greenhouse gas and fueleconomy standards.

• Expanded broadband access.

• Increased capabilities for our journey to Mars.

Pointing the Way: President Barack Obama gets direction from his science advisor John P. Holdren during an event to look at the stars with local middle school students on the South Lawn of the White House.

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Center’s Energy Work Wields Impact ENERGY INNOVATION AT THE CENTER: The Belfer Center began researching energy technology issues in the late 1990s and launched a project called Energy Research and Development for a Greenhouse Gas Constrained World. In 1999, with an expanded mission and staff, that project was renamed the Energy Technology Innovation Policy (ETIP) research group—part of the Center’s Science, Technology, and Public Policy (STPP) program and Environment and Natural Resources Program (ENRP).

Its mission: “to determine and promote the adoption of effective strategies for developing and deploying cleaner and more efficient energy technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and stress on water resources, and improve economic development.” The Center’s main energy focus over the years has been on energy-related issues in the U.S., China, and India, plus parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

Today, with direction from STPP Director Daniel Schrag and ENRP Director Henry Lee, the Center’s energy efforts are continuing to evolve and expand to focus not just on energy innovation but also on broader aspects of energy transformation.

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peaking from the Rose Garden in October, President Barack Obama announced that enough nations had acted to bring the Paris climate agreement into force—marking, he said, “a turning point for our planet.”

Describing how the Paris agreement came about, Obama said, “We continued to lead by example, with our historic joint announcement with China two years ago, where we put forward even more ambitious climate targets. And that achievement encouraged dozens of other countries to set more ambitious climate targets of their own. And that, in turn, paved the way for our success in Paris.”

The Center’s energy-related work in China began when it forged a partnership in 2001 with China’s Ministry of Science and Technology.

The 2014 climate agreement with China was itself the result of years of research collaboration and relationship-building, with the Belfer Center and its energy and climate experts playing a significant role.

Key Belfer Center players in the U.S.-China accord were John P. Holdren, Obama’s chief science advisor, and Kelly Sims Gallagher, who assisted with the U.S.-China agreement as senior policy advisor to Holdren’s Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and special envoy for climate change with the U.S. State Department. Holdren and Gallagher had been working for years on U.S.-China energy issues and relationships, beginning at the Belfer Center where Holdren directed the Center’s science and technology program and Gallagher was ETIP director.

One of the Belfer Center-related stepping stones toward the 2014 agreement took place in 2011 when Holdren and his counterpart in China, Minister of Science and Technology Wan Gang, signed a bilateral accord to extend cooperative efforts on clean energy and other science-technology research.

The two had worked together for years from their respective universities, Harvard (Belfer Center) and Tongji University.

The Center’s energy-related work in China began when it forged a partnership in 2001 with China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to study energy-technology strategies in the Chinese context. Through this partnership and others, such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University, ETIP has conducted in-depth research on Chinese energy and environmental policy for many years. Directed first by Vicki Norberg-Bohm, then Gallagher, followed by Laura Diaz Anadon, ETIP also promoted cooperation between China and the United States, facilitating the first joint agreement to target mobile sources of air pollution between the environmental protection agencies of both countries. The Center’s research and collaboration with China over the years has helped shape energy innovation policy in China, and has improved understanding about fuel quality standards and international technology transfer.

In recent years, Anadon, along with Henry Lee, director of ENRP, and Venkatesh (Venky) Narayanamurti) who succeeded Holdren as STPP director), and the current STPP director Daniel Schrag, have organized energy-climate workshops in both countries, and influenced China’s policies in various areas of renewable energy and R&D institution design.

Through the China Environmental Sustainability Fellows Program, ENRP has recently hosted several key Chinese officials who work on climate and low-carbon development.

TSINGHUA UNIVERSIT Y

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In this issue, we look at the history and influence of the Center’s energy innovation efforts in the past two decades by focusing primarily on ETIP’s work in China and the U.S.

Partnering with China

In Partnership: In 2011, science advisors to the presidents of China and the U.S., Wan Gang and John P. Holdren, hold a photo of the historic 1979 U.S.-China agreement on science and technology.

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Toward the Future: A number of the Belfer Center’s leading energy and climate scholars joined their counterparts from Tsinghua University in a group photo following the third Harvard-Tsinghua Workshop on Low Carbon Development and Public Policy in Beijing, June 2016. Among Center participants were (from left) Robert Stavins, Henry Lee, Venky Narayanamurti, Amanda Sardonis, and Daniel Schrag.

and Influence Around the World

by Sharon Wilke

Shaping National Policies I

n the U.S., Belfer Center energy and environment programs are leaders in studying and shaping energy and climate change policies. Through the Department of Energy, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science & Technology (PCAST), OSTP, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, and other public and private entities, they play a central role in assessing U.S. energy policy and recommending specific policy actions. The Center’s energy researchers, for example, produce a unique, annually updated time-series database on U.S. government spending on energy-technology research, development, and demonstration, an important tool for policymakers.

The numerous studies conducted by the ETIP team since its inception, and the resulting papers and reports, are highly respected by energy officials and experts in the U.S. and other nations. Policymakers utilize much of ETIP’s work, and have implemented a number of its recommendations.

Two Center publications exemplify recent impact on energy policy in the United States and abroad: Acting in Time on Energy, published in 2009, and Transforming U.S. Energy Innovation, a 2011 report that was significantly expanded and later published in 2014 by Cambridge University Press. Acting in Time, edited by Gallagher, then director of ETIP, included sections on issues ranging from carbon capture and sequestration and electricity markets to energy technology innovation. It got the attention of government officials and policymakers, and was praised by many, including current Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz.

“Acting in Time on Energy Policy,” Moniz said when the book was published, “makes the case

Acting in Time: At a Brookings event in 2009 to discuss findings from ETIP’s Acting in Time on Energy study, Kelly Sims Gallagher (right), then director of ETIP, discusses critical energy needs. The panel included (left to right), Harvard’s Laura Diaz Anadon, William Hogan, Henry Lee, and Gallagher.

for urgency in fostering energy technology innovation, policy innovation, and business model innovation so as to enable a public-private commitment to climate change risk mitigation. It also puts forward a suite of policy and political recommendations that deserve the attention of President Obama and his formidable energy/ environment team.”

Holdren, named President Obama’s science advisor in 2009, helped implement many of the report’s recommendations.

Transforming U.S. Energy Innovation expanded significantly on earlier efforts. This groundbreaking book was an expansion of a three-year research project called the ERD3 project (Energy Research Development, Demonstration & Deployment) conducted by the ETIP team.

The aim of ERD3, led by then director Anadon, along with Narayanamurti and Matthew Bunn, was to develop a methodology for assessing opportunities in energy research and development and a comprehensive set of recommendations for U.S. investments.

The book included facts, analysis, and specific recommendations in the following areas: • Strengthening federal energy research, development, and demonstration with new analysis and DoE budget recommendations; • Encouraging innovation in the private sector through policy and partnerships; • Utilizing international cooperation in energy innovation; • Increasing the effectiveness of public U.S. energy innovation institutions and facilitating technology demonstration.

Carbon Future? STPP Director Daniel Schrag discusses “Where Are We Heading? Pondering the Likelihood of Alternative Carbon Emissions Pathways,” at a Center seminar in November 2015.

ETIP reports and work related to the ERD3 project continue to attract interest from around the globe, with requests from policymakers in

the U.S. for briefings at the highest levels (e.g., Department of Energy, Office of Management and Budget, OSTP, PCAST, Congressional members and staff), and from science and technology government officials and departments in other nations—Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and the United Kingdom—and from Chinese policymakers and government advisors with organizations such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Belfer Center energy and environment programs are leaders in studying and shaping policies.

Another impact of Center energy work over the years is the influence that comes directly from the team members who serve in high-level government, academic, private and non-profit positions, including Holdren, Gallagher, Schrag—a current member of PCAST—and other Center scholars who continue to advance research in energy technology innovation.

Former fellows are now among the leading energy and innovation experts teaching and conducting research at major universities throughout the U.S. and around the world, from Harvard, Tufts, UC Berkeley, Carnegie Mellon, Johns Hopkins and many more in the U.S., to the University of Cambridge in the UK and Tonji University, Central Finance University, and Tsinghua University in China. Former fellows are also serving in the European Commission, as minister of science and technology in Portugal, and by consulting and working with organizations and companies like McKinsey, the World Bank, and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

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DON POLLARD / CFR

Belfer Cent

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Scientist Statesman: Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz (right), selected by the Council on Foreign Relations to give the 2016 Paul C. Warnke Lecture on International Security, shakes hands with Belfer Center Director Graham Allison, who joined him in September to discuss the Iran nuclear deal.

Lessons for Future Leaders: General (ret.) David Petraeus meets in October with Harvard Kennedy School students in “Central Challenges of American Natural Security, Strategy, and the Press,” a class taught by Center Director Graham Allison and journalist and Senior Fellow David Sanger.

Cyber Awareness: Admiral Michael Rogers, commander of the U.S. Cyber Command, is greeted by Harvard Law School Professor Jack Goldsmith at a reception following Rogers’ discussion of cybersecurity issues at a JFK Jr. Forum event in October moderated by Center Director Graham Allison.

At the Tactical Edge: Army Captain and former National Mission Force Team Leader Sally White talks with Kennedy School students, faculty, and fellows about “cyber operations at the tactical edge” during a Cyber Security Project seminar in September.

Future Peacemakers: Winners of a UN essay contest on preventing nuclear proliferation display their awards during a ceremony in September hosted by the Managing the Atom Project, Stimson Center, and the UN. Spanish Ambassador to the UN Roman Oyarzun Marchesi (2nd from left), congratulated the winners.

Safe at Home: The Honorable John P. Carlin, until recently the assistant attorney general for the Justice Department and the department’s top national security attorney, speaks in October to Juliette Kayyem’s Harvard Kennedy School class “Protecting the Homeland(s): The Challenges of Domestic Security.”

MARTHA STEWART

er in Action

Russia Redux? The Belfer Center’s Cathryn Clüver (left) welcomes participants for a JFK Jr. Forum discussion on “Challenges for the Next President: The Crisis with Russia”: former CNN Moscow Bureau Chief Jill Doherty, Visiting Lecturer Maxim Boycko, and former American ambassador to Russia John Beyrle (right).

Arctic Future: Iceland’s new President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson (center front) joins in a “selfie” with Harvard Kennedy School students, fellows, and staff during the 2016 Arctic Circle Assembly in Reykjavík in October. The Center’s Environment and Natural Resources Program coordinated the School’s participation.

A New Africa: His Excellency Dr. Hage Geingob, president of the Republic of Namibia, talks with Center Professor Calestous Juma about Juma’s book Innovation and its Enemies prior to a JFK Jr. Forum in September on the current political and economic state of Namibia.

Middle East Turmoil: Yousef Al Otaiba, ambassador of the United Arab Emirates to the U.S., responds to a question during a Middle East Initiative discussion in October hosted by the Belfer Center’s Nicholas Burns (not pictured), and the Center on Public Leadership’s co-director David Gergen (left).

Global Concerns: Belfer Center International and Global Affairs (BIGA) student fellow Elizabeth Donger is presented the Robert Belfer Annual Award for Best Policy Analysis Exercise by IGA Coordinator Gretchen Bartlett at an event in late May. Donger’s PAE was on “The Sale of Children for Labor Exploitation.”

MARTHA STEWART

Challenges Ahead: Ambassador Wendy R. Sherman, a senior fellow with the Belfer Center, makes a point to former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak during a September director’s seminar at the Belfer Center in which she led a discussion on the issues that would face the U.S. and world in the months ahead.

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Featured Fellows

Science, Technology, and Public Policy

Nick Obradovich:

Amanda Rothschild:

Monitoring Human Adaptation to Climate Change

Investigating U.S. Debate and Response to Mass Killings

by Jessica Colarossi

by Casey Campbell

“T

A

weaking the dial a little bit on temperature can have incredibly diverse impacts,” says postdoctoral fellow Nick Obradovich.

His research on the societal impacts of climate change focuses on understanding how human beings might alter and adapt their behaviors to changes in climate. The research is especially challenging, Obradovich says, “because we are adapting over timeframes that cannot be easily measured.”

Obradovich received his Ph.D. in political science from UC San “We are adapting Diego and his B.S. in Economics and over time frames Environmental Studies from Santa that cannot be Clara University. He spent a portion easily measured.” of his graduate studies researching climate-related behaviors in subSaharan Africa, where he traveled to Uganda, Ghana, Malawi, and South Africa studying political behaviors related to climate shocks, temperature stress, and climate change adaptation policy. In August, Obradovich published a paper in the journal Environmental Science and Policy that focuses on Sub-Saharan African election results when long-term climate policies are included in politicians’ platforms.

Now, using data predominantly from the U.S., he’s working on questions like: What happens to your mood when you’re exposed to really hot or really cold temperatures? Is climate change likely to alter your sleep patterns, and how might warming alter exercise patterns?

Obradovich’s research attempts to forecast “complex dynamics of social systems that we’re never going to know with certainty until they actually happen.”

“It’s a tough science, because people and systems adapt, but there are a lot of questions about how quickly political systems are going to be able to dynamically adapt to rapid environmental changes,” says Obradovich. “We don’t know the answers, but we are trying to estimate them based on the data we have.”

In addition to his research fellowship at the Belfer Center, Obradovich is a human-environmental systems fellow at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego. He is also a research scientist at the MIT Media Lab, working with computer scientists on big data questions that relate to the social sciences and human cooperation.

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International Security

s a student-athlete at Boston College, Amanda Rothschild was twice named to the Division I Hockey East Academic All-Star Team. Although a back injury halted her goaltending career junior year, Rothschild says that the sport significantly influenced her academic career.

“A lot of people ask me why I wanted to be in such a pressurized and thankless position as goaltending.” Her answer: “You have a higher responsibility. You have the ability to make a difference.”

Rothschild hopes her academic work can serve the same purpose.

She’s now a research fellow with the Center’s International Security Program and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at MIT. As the granddaughter of refugees who fled the Holocaust, Rothschild brings a personal connection to her current research.

She is completing her doctoral dissertation, “‘Courage First: Dissent, Debate, and the Origins of U.S. Responsiveness to Mass Killing,” which outlines why United States leaders frequently debate the country’s appropriate response to genocide. For instance, in June 2016, 51 State Department diplomats objected to U.S. foreign policy in Syria, criticizing the administration’s lack of military strikes against “Belfer provides a Bashar al-Assad’s Syrian governplace where you can ment. She found similar examples do rigorous work of dissent among U.S. officials— many little known—in her research and still have a foot of cases like the Holocaust and the in the policy world, Bosnian genocide. while working with Commenting on her fellowship other great fellows.” at the Belfer Center, Rothschild says she’s happy to have found such a unique research community. “Belfer provides a place where you can do rigorous work,” she says, “and still have a foot in the policy world, while working with other great fellows.”

Rothschild is scheduled to defend her dissertation this year and is still determining her next step.

“I’m not sure where I’ll be, but the next year will be pretty decisive.

I have interests in academia and policy, but wherever I am I hope to research important subjects in U.S. foreign policy and still have a voice in current debates.”

Applying Lessons of History to Today’s Choices and Challenges AP

Making History: U.S. President John F. Kennedy, right, confers with his brother Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy at the White House in Washington, D.C., on October 1, 1962, during the buildup of military tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that became the Cuban missile crisis later that month.

“History teaches all things, including the future.”

—Alphonse de Lamartine History of the French Revolution of 1848 (1849)

by Arjun Kapur

I

t is sometimes said that some Americans live in “the United States of Amnesia.” Less widely recognized is how many American policymakers live there, too. To address this deficit, the Belfer Center has launched an Applied History Project designed to revitalize applied history both in universities and in policymaking. Center Director Graham Allison and board member Niall Ferguson serve as co-directors, and have written an Applied History Manifesto calling for the creation of a White House Council of Historical Advisers. A short version of the manifesto appears in the September print issue of The Atlantic magazine, and a long version is on the Belfer Center’s Applied History Matters website: belfercenter.org/AppliedHistory.

Applied history is the explicit attempt to illuminate current challenges and choices by analyzing historical precedents and analogues.

Applied history is the explicit attempt to illuminate current challenges and choices by analyzing historical precedents and analogues.

The Center’s Applied History Project seeks to institutionalize historical analysis in the tradition of two great Harvard Kennedy School professors, the late Ernest May and Richard Neustadt—to create in universities beginning with Harvard a new and rigorous sub-discipline of Applied History.

Applied historians take current predicaments and identify precedents and analogues that offer

clues about what is likely to happen, suggest possible policy interventions, and assess probable consequences. The Applied History Manifesto provides a number of examples in which history has proven useful in solving policy predicaments.

The Project also includes the Ernest May Fellowship at the Belfer Center (which supports students who employ history in the study of strategy and major issues in international affairs), support for professors at the Harvard Kennedy School who teach policymaking in historical context (such as Fredrik Logevall and Arne Westad), and a Faculty Working Group made up of professors from Harvard University and the surrounding area which meets regularly to discuss topics in applied historical analysis. The Project website Applied History Matters features a curated selection of exemplary instances of applied history, a possible list of “assignments” the president could give a future White House Council of Historical Advisers, a basic bibliography, and a catalog of quotations and insights on the topic by scholars and statesmen.

Professors, students, policy practitioners, and the general public are invited to visit the Applied History Matters website and critique or suggest additions to the list of potential “assignments” the president could assign his potential Council of Historical Advisers.

MORE TO CONSIDER: In the Applied History Manifesto, Graham Allison and Niall Ferguson urge the candidates running for president to announce now that, if elected, they will establish a White House Council of Historical Advisers, analogous to the Council of Economic Advisers.

They argue that the charter of the future Council of Historical Advisers should begin with Thucydides’s observation that “events of future history will be of the same nature—or nearly so—as the history of the past, so long as men are men.” Applied history does not offer a crystal ball— but which discipline does? The Project subscribes to Winston Churchill’s dictum, “The longer you can look back, the farther you can look forward.”

Imagine that President Obama had a Council of Historical Advisers today.

What assignments could he give it? How might the Council respond? He could, for example, ask about ISIS: Have we ever seen anything like this before? If so, what did who do, and how did that work out? For this question and a number of others, see the Project’s website.

Learn more at: belfercenter.org/AppliedHistory

“There can be no question that generalizations about the past, defective as they may be, are possible—and that they can strengthen the capacity of statesmen to deal with the future.”

—Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. War and the American Presidency (2004)

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Hot off the Presses

Cycles of Invention and Discovery: Rethinking the Endless Frontier

By Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Benjamin Peirce Research Professor of Technology and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School; Toluwalogo Odumosu, Associate, Science, Technology, & Public Policy Program

Harvard University Press (October 2016)

Cycles of Invention and Discovery offers an in-depth look at the real-world practice of science and engineering. It shows how the standard categories of “basic” and “applied” have become a hindrance to the organization of the U.S. science and technology enterprise.

Tracing the history of these problematic categories, the authors document how historical views of policymakers and scientists have led to the construction of science as a pure ideal on the one hand and of engineering as a practical activity on the other.

“The authors make a substantial contribution to both research policy as practiced by our federal government and the operations of research laboratories in many institutions in our country. This book should be required reading for government officials who fund research and to all who lead large research efforts.”

—Thomas E. Everhart California Institute of Technology

Ruling Minds: Psychology in the British Empire

By Erik Linstrum, Former Ernest May Fellow in History and Policy, International Security Program

Harvard University Press (January 2016)

At its zenith in the early twentieth century, the British Empire ruled nearly one-quarter of the world’s inhabitants. As they worked to exercise power in diverse and distant cultures, British authorities relied to a surprising degree on the science of mind. Ruling Minds explores how psychology opened up new possibilities for governing the empire. From the mental testing of workers and soldiers to the use of psychoanalysis in development plans and counterinsurgency strategy, psychology provided tools for measuring and managing the minds of imperial subjects. This book shows that psychology did more to expose the limits of imperial authority than to strengthen it.

“This reviewer has difficulty imagining a future history of modernist psychology that will be the equal of Linstrum’s impressive foundational study.

An indispensable read for anyone interested in history, psychology, and political science.”

—M. Uebel Choice

Rape During Civil War

By Dara Kay Cohen, Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School

Cornell University Press (August 2016)

Rape is common during wartime, but even within the context of the same war, some armed groups perpetrate rape on a massive scale while others never do.

In Rape During Civil War, Dara Kay Cohen examines variation in the severity and perpetrators of rape using an original dataset of reported rape during all major civil wars from 1980–2012. Cohen also conducted extensive fieldwork, including interviews with perpetrators of wartime rape, in three postconflict countries.

“Rape is one of the most devastating forms of violence associated with war, and preventing it requires a deeper understanding of its causes.

Rape During Civil War represents the most significant scholarly effort to understand this phenomenon.

The breadth and quality of the research is remarkable. Dara Kay Cohen combines cross-national statistical work with in-depth case studies, including extensive original research and interviews with both victims and perpetrators….”

THE PIVOT: The Future of American Statecraft in Asia

By Kurt Campbell, Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

Hatchette Book Group (June 2016)

The United States is in the midst of a substantial and long-term national project, which is proceeding in fits and starts, to reorient its foreign policy to the East. The central tenet of this policy shift, aka the Pivot, is that the United States will need to do more with and in the Asia-Pacific hemisphere to help revitalize its own economy, to realize the full potential of the region’s dramatic innovation, and to keep the peace in the world’s most dynamic region where the lion’s share of the history of the twentyfirst century will be written.

THE PIVOT explores how the United States should construct a strategy that will position it to maneuver across the East.

“This is a must-read for anyone who wants to understand the emerging ‘Pacific Century’ and America’s indispensable role in it.”

—John McCain U.S. Senator

—Benjamin Valentino author of Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century Compiled by Susan Lynch, ISP/STPP

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Newsmakers Nicholas Burns, director of the Center’s Future of Diplomacy Project, has been named “New Englander of the Year” by the New England Council, the nation’s oldest regional business organization. Burns is being honored for his commitment and contributions to the nation as well as his leadership and impact on New England.

Zhu Liu, an associate with the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group, has been selected by Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research as a winner of the Green Talents Competition 2016. He is one of 25 outstanding scientists selected to take part in the Green Talents International Forum in Sustainable Development.

Paul de Sa, former research fellow at the Belfer Center, was recently appointed chief of the Office of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis of the Federal Communications Commission. He is returning to the FCC office, which he ran from 2009–2012, after having worked for several years at Wall Street’s Bernstein Research.

Distinguished Service Professor Joseph S. Nye’s book Is the American Century Over? was selected “Best Book on Global Policy” in 2015 by the Loyola Marymount University’s World Policy Institute. Nye, they said, “provides a serious, research-based prescription to guide policymakers as they search for answers...”

Former U.S. Senator and Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel has been named a joint visiting fellow with the Belfer Center and Harvard’s Institute of Politics for the fall 2016 semester. Hagel, a Vietnam veteran, will take part in security-related seminars at the Center and will meet with students, fellows, and faculty.

Barry Posen, the Ford International Professor of Political Science at MIT and former fellow and editorial board member at the Belfer Center, has received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Studies Association. He is recognized as a distinguished scholar in international Security Studies for his many contributions.

Calestous Juma, director of the Science, Technology, and Globalization project, has been awarded the 2017 Breakthrough Paradigm Award. The annual prize honors those who help build a future where everyone can enjoy quality of life on an “ecologically vibrant planet.” Juma was chosen for his scholarship and leadership.

Robert Springborg has been named a Kuwait Foundation Visiting Scholar with the Middle East Initiative. Recently a professor of international security studies at the Naval Postgraduate School, Springborg is leading a study group at Harvard Kennedy School this fall on “Globalization in the Middle East.”

Juliette Kayyem, the Belfer Lecturer in International Security at Harvard Kennedy School, is the recipient of the United States Coast Guard Academy’s Elenchus fellowship. As part of her fellowship, she delivered the annual address to the Academy, focusing on leadership in times of homeland crisis.

Robert Stavins, director of the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, is the 2016 recipient of the Edmund G. Pat Brown Award. This premier California award for environmental policy was presented to Stavins for his work to show those in California and elsewhere “a path” to global and local climate solutions.

Vol. 41 No. 1 Summer 2016

International Security is America’s leading journal of security affairs.

The journal is edited at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center and published quarterly by the MIT Press. Questions may be directed to IS@harvard.edu IS has once again ranked first for citations and impact among international relations journals published in 2015.

Follow us on Twitter @journal_is Compiled by International Security staff

Future Warfare in the Western Pacific: Chinese Antiaccess/Area Denial, U.S. AirSea Battle, and Command of the Commons in East Asia Stephen Biddle and Ivan Oelrich

Many policy analysts have suggested that China is developing antiaccess and area denial capabilities that could force the U.S. military out of the Western Pacific. The threat is limited, however. China may eventually challenge the U.S. military’s dominance in the East and South China Seas, but the United States will retain the ability to protect most of its allies in the region.

Should the United States Reject MAD? Damage Limitation and U.S. Nuclear Strategy toward China Charles L. Glaser and Steve Fetter

China’s growing nuclear arsenal threatens to erode the United States’ damage-limitation capability—its ability to destroy Chinese forces and thereby significantly reduce the damage of an all-out Chinese nuclear attack. Nevertheless, the United States should not attempt to preserve this capability. Doing so is technologically infeasible and would not bolster U.S. security.

Influencing Clients in Counterinsurgency: U.S. Involvement in El Salvador’s Civil War, 1979–92

The Origins of Transnational Alliances: Rulers, Rebels, and Political Survival in the Congo Wars

Walter C. Ladwig III

Henning Tamm

In foreign counterinsurgency campaigns, the United States has often found that client governments resist reforms crucial to counterinsurgency success because such reforms would undermine their power. As the U.S. involvement in El Salvador’s civil war shows, placing strict conditions on military and economic aid is crucial to gaining client governments’ compliance.

Alliances between local combatants and neighboring rulers played a crucial yet understudied role in the Congo Wars.

Case studies reveal that rulers of neighboring states intervened in Congo to secure their own political survival. They forged alliances to thwart domestic rebels or to gain access to resources that could ensure the loyalty of domestic elites.

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The Robert and Renée Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Graham Allison, Director 79 John F. Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Tel: 617-495-1400 www.belfercenter.org

Belfer Center Newsletter, Fall/Winter 2016–17 Editor: Sharon Wilke, Assoc. Director, Communications sharon_wilke@hks.harvard.edu Designer: Andrew Facini, Publications & Design Coordinator andrew_facini@hks.harvard.edu Josh Burek, Director, Global Communications and Strategy josh_burek@hks.harvard.edu Arielle Dworkin, Digital Communications Manager arielle_dworkin@hks.harvard.edu Benn Craig, Photographer/Multimedia Producer bennett_craig@hks.harvard.edu The Communications Office was assisted with this newsletter by Monica Achen, Casey Campbell, Joshua Coe, Jessica Colarossi, Laura Diaz Anadon, Arjun Kapur, Zachary Keck, Susan Lynch, and Michael Sulmeyer.

All photos by Belfer Center unless otherwise noted.

The Belfer Center has a dual mission: (1) to provide leadership in advancing policy-relevant knowledge about the most important challenges of international security and other critical issues where science, technology, environmental policy, and international affairs intersect, and (2) to prepare future generations of leaders for these arenas.

Subscribe to Belfer Center publications at www.belfercenter.org/subscribe Follow us on our various social media channels:

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Christopher Anzalone, research fellow with the Center’s International Security Program, spoke about the East African group Al-Shabab at the AlWaleed bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University. He focused on the various aspects of its narratives and its competition with Islamic State for domestic and regional support.

Belfer Center Financial Associate Lovita Strain and her husband Marcel, a retired state trooper, are honored at a Mass Badge Organization gala event in September for their “commitment, dedication, selfless acts, and countless efforts” during the past 18 years. Mass Badge organizes events for police officers, troopers, and their families and donates proceeds to groups such as the Autism Language Program at Children’s Hospital and the Make a Wish Foundation.

ASAN

GEORGE TOWN UNIVERSIT Y

Belfer in Brief Gary Samore, the Center’s executive director for research, participated in late spring at the ASAN Plenum in Seoul, South Korea, on “The New Normal” of crises around the world, from the conflict over the South China Sea to the Ukraine-Russia conflict and the North Korean nuclear situation.

Samore spoke about issues related to North Korea’s threats and actions.

Katherine (Katie) Gordon, project coordinator for the Center’s Agricultural Innovation in Africa project, celebrates the end of her three-week, 280-mile Long Trail trek this summer. The oldest long-distance hiking trail in the U.S. and the inspiration for the Appalachian Trail, the Long Trail runs along the main ride of the Green Mountains from the Massachusetts-Vermont state line to the Canadian border, crossing 63 of Vermont’s highest peaks.

Cover Page Photo Credits Front Row: Rosenbach - Carolyn Kaster/AP; Sherwood-Randall - Brigitte N. Brantley/DoD; Carter - Tim D. Godbee/DoD; Holdren - Bill Ingalls/NASA; Holgate - Ben Solomon/Dept. of State; Power - The Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations Middle Row: White House - AgnosticPreachersKid/Wikipedia; Carter/Rosenbach - Adrian Cadiz/DoD; U.S. Capitol - Diliff/Wikipedia; Lincoln Memorial - Noclip/Wikipedia; Holgate/Kerry - State Department Photo Back Row: Carter/Belfer - Adrian Cadiz/DoD; Power/Netenyahu - Kobi Gideon/GPO; Sherwood-Randall - Dennis Schroeder/NREL; Holdren/Obama Jim Young/Reuters; Washington Monument - Diliff/Wikipedia. Cover collage by Benn Craig.

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