delivery platforms to share data with restaurants78. Additionally we also examined Article 31 of the European Union’s Digital Services Act, a supra-national level policy that would require significant reforms to platform data governance within the EU, including vastly expanded local government access to certain urban platform data79. Finally, case studies covering Barcelona’s Smart City Vision Plan and accompanying policies were also examined, as Barcelona and its “City Data Commons” initiative was often cited in the literature as a leading model for public agency access to private sector data. While these policies informed our thinking, many differed in important ways from the body of policies this research is primarily focused on or were otherwise not easily available in English. Ultimately all but LADOT’s personal delivery permit—which is closely related to its micromobility permit—were left out of the core research database and quantitative analysis.
Policy Clean Up, Structuring, and Organizing to Create a Research Database For each policy gathered, we downloaded the policy as provided on the official government hosted website and also utilized optical character recognition (OCR) tools to create a “text searchable” version where needed.
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78
“The New York City Council - File #: Int 2311-2021,” accessed April 27, 2022, https://legistar. council.nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=4951001&GUID=4CB11989-5925-418B-9627B2AED230D67F&Options=&Search=.
79
“Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Amending Directive 2000/31/EC” (2020), https:// eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?qid=1608117147218&uri=COM%3A2020%3A825%3AFIN.
Towards Urban Data Commons? On the Origins and Significance of Platform Data Sharing Mandates
