Belfry Bulletin Number 302

141

142

Vol XXVI No.12

B 72 B

CONTENTS

December 1972

No. 302

BRISTOL EXPLORATION CLUB

List of Club Officers

Page 142

Editorial

Page 143

CLUB HEADQUARTERS ‘The Belfry’, Wells Rd., Priddy, Wells, Somerset.

Tele: WELLS 72126

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE B.B.L.H. & S.R.G. CLUB COMMITTEE Page 143 Chairman: S.J. Collins Minutes Sec: R. Bennett Grampian Dinner Page 147 Members: R. Bagshaw; D.J. Irwin; M.J. Palmer N. Jago; T.E. Large; A.R. Thomas; EQUIPMENT FOR CAVE PHOTOGRAPHY R. Orr. (PART TWO Page 148 OFFICERS OF THE CLUB Hon. Secretary: A.R. THOMAS, Allen’s House, Nine Barrows Lane, Priddy, Wells, Letter to the Editor Page 153 Somerset. Tel: PRIDDY 269.

Hon. Treasurer: R.J. BAGSHAW, 699 Wells Road, In Committee Page 155 Knowle, Bristol 4.

Tel: WHITCHURCH. 5626.

Caves of Malta Page 156 Caving Sec: T.E. LARGE, 39 Seymour Ave, Bishopston, Bristol.

A Decade Ago Page 157 Assit. Cav. Sec. R. BENNETT, 8 Radnor Road, Westbury-on-Trim, Bristol, At the Belfry Page 158 BRISTOL 627813 Climbing Sec: N. Jago, 27 Quantock Rd, Windmill Monthly Crossword No.29 Page 159 Hill, Bedminster, Bristol 3.

Hut Warden: R. ORR. ‘The Belfry’, as above.

Any views expressed by any contributor to the Hut Engineer: R. HOBBS, Rose Cottage, West Belfry Bulletin, including those of officers of the End, Nailsea, Bristol. club, do not necessarily coincide with those of the Tacklemaster: M.J. PALMER. 27 Roman Way, editor or the committee of the Bristol Exploration Paulton, BS18 5XB Club, unless stated as being the view of the B.B. Editor: S.J. COLLINS, Lavender Cottage, committee or editor.

Bishop Sutton, Nr. Bristol.

Librarian: D.J. IRWIN, Townsend Cottage, MENDIP RESCUE ORGANISATION Priddy, Wells, Somerset.

Pbs. (Sales) C, Howell, 131 Sandon Rd., In case of emergency telephone WELLS 73481.

Edgbaston, Birminham.

Publications: D.J. IRWIN. Address as above B.B. Post: Mrs. K. Mansfield, Tiny Kott, Little London, Oakhill, Bath, Somerset. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Paul Esser memorial Lecture

Page 153

THE BELFRY NEEDS Although we have been installed in the new Belfry for about two years now, it is still not fully equipped.

There are also a number of items which wear out and need constant replacement.

In particular, the following would be gratefully received:SAUCEPANS

KNIVES

SINGLE

MATTRESSES

MUGS

Get in touch with the Hut Warden if you have any other objects which you think the Belfry might need.

143

Editorial FESTIVE SEASON As in past Christmas numbers of the B.B., some concession to the season in the shape of allegedly humorous material has been included. We trust that those serious minded members of the club will forgive this lapse.

GOING UP! As a result of various tasks laid on them by the recent A.G.M., the committee have had their financial look at the state of affairs. It was, I think, obvious to most if not all present that the sub would have to go up.

Whether or not the committee have taken the right decision in the amount by which they have done this remains to be seen. A more complete account of the proceedings will be found in this B.B. Even so members can take some comfort in the fact that, over many years, the sub has been on the right side of the inflationary spiral; and if it is now slightly on the wrong side, it is fairly likely that future trends of further inflation will put members back on the credit side before very long.

IMAGES OF OUR CLUB It seems possible, judging by some of the material which has been received lately, either praising or blaming the club that if you asked our two hundred members what each one thought of the club, you would get two hundred different answers. Last month, for example, Tim hinted at a certain amount of apathy on organised trips. This month, Bob Cross puts in a plea for more. This month again, Jock paints a bright picture of life at the Belfry, and, no doubt, next month, somebody will come forward with a different one.

This is not a bad thing, as the B.B. is the club is magazine and the proper place for views to get round to a large number of members. Perhaps we might even get to the state of all agreeing about these things! _______________________________________________________________________________________

Annual Report of the B.B.L.H. & S.R.G.

Once a year, the annual report of a completely fictitious body creeps into the pages of the B.B. The editor apologises for allowing his other self to disgrace the B.B. once again:!

Once more it is time for the doddering members of the Belfry Bulletin Literary, Historical & Scientific Research Group to emerge from their cobwebby seclusion and report on another year’s work.

Some time ago, as both readers who follow this ghastly series will remember vividly; they had a measure of success in predicting the future by means of a spereolite - or crystal ball. This would have continued had not one member, more senile than the rest, spilt best part of . pint of rough cider all over its surface in a paroxysm of excitement and chronic alcoholism.

Undeterred by this disaster, the B.B.L.H. & S.R.G. have spent 1972 in growing complex crystalline devices in a little known cave, by adding minute amounts of carefully controlled impurities to stal. The exact nature of this process is a closely guarded secret, but is thought to include specks of cigarette ash, Cheddar cheese and pickled eggs. The resulting all-solid-state electronic device has been called 'Predictor Of Trends Having Ominous Lasting Effects Speleologically' or, as they fondly refer to their brainchild POTHOLES. Looking around for a suitably Ominous Trend, they fed into POTHOLES all the data they could find on the subject of courses for caving instructors. To give POTHOLES the necessary background against which to assess the effects that a more rigid approach to this object might have, they also fed into POTHOLES two dozen assorted B.B’s; a pair of wet suit trousers belonging to Tim Large and two pints of Worthington 'E'.

Giving the device a few months to digest all this - for limestone crystals are notoriously slow - they eventualy had the dubious pleasure of seeing (by fluorescent effects) and hearing (by piezoelectric effects) POTHOLES version of what might well ensue in this direction. This incredible information they laboriously copied out onto a series of old goat skins using quill pens, which they now offer to you for your Christmas credulity.

144 On, now, with this nauseous narrative.

“The Class of ‘93” Squatting, like some collection of industrial waste and what remains of the Mendip countryside, sprawls the University of Charterhouse. Around its hastily poured concrete and flimsy glass partitions, the cold wind howls and the rain drives remorselessly - for it is summertime.

Inside what one might loosely call its walls, lies the main examination hall, within which the class of 1993 sits grappling with its finals and hoping to obtain the coveted Bachelor of Caving Instruction degree which will enable it to indulge in lives of idleness and luxury as professional leaders or chartered instructors.

In fact, the class of '93 is somewhat smaller than that for the year before which in turn, was smaller than its predecessor. A statistician would have concluded that some factor was at work which was steadily decreasing the popularity of this course - so vital to the public interest. Fortunately, it has so far escaped the notice of those running the university, who’s Department of Statistics have been far too busy collating useless facts to have had my time to investigate the matter.

The class of '93, like all such classes, is somewhat of a mixed bag. However, although its numbers may be small, we can take comfort in the fact that they include one Noel Nowitt - the hope of his professors and envy of his fellow students. There he sits, with his massive domed forehead – stuffed tight with unnecessary facts - bent forward, while his pen drives steadily across the paper. It has been confidently predicted that he will prove knowledgeable enough to lead as many as six novices at once down a cave entirely single handed.

At the moment, he is deep in calculations, answering the question 'Describe in detail the measurements you would take and the calculations you would employ to determine the most likely position for extension of a known cave system.'

--------------------Meanwhile, a few miles away, huddled round a stove which is successfully repelling the biting cold of the summer, sit the active cavers of the B.E.C. Their foreheads are not noticeably domed and in their hands they grasp great tankards of foaming ale. A large, muscular lad is talking. It is Pete Pushem. He is describing the chances of extending a passage in Cuthbert’s. His arguments involve no calculations at all.

--------------------Back at the University of Charterhouse, Noel Nowitt pauses. Even he is not too sure of the answer to this question, so high is the standard demanded of the candidates. He reads the entire question again. 'Describe in detail how you would conduct a survey to C. H. G. Grade V. (B) 4. (g) and indicate how this differs from a Grade V.(B) 4. (f).'

He wracks his brain. It is something to do with the compass. He forces his memory into action. His face clears as he writes 99 in a Grade V. (B) 4. (g) survey, a calibration certificate for the compass as supplied by the manufacturer must be quoted. In the case of a grade V.(B) 4. (f) survey, however….'

--------------------But let us leave this rubbish and eavesdrop once more on the B.E.C. A small, lithe looking man, one Fred Ferrett, has taken over the conversation. He is discussing running a meadiumish sort of survey line to the spot where the new dig is to start. Pushem takes a great draught of beer and belches loudly.

With a little sigh, Noel Nowitt writes the last word on his final sheet of paper and pushes it into the slot from whence it will go at once to the central computer. He gets up, noting that all the others are still hard at it, and walks quietly out of the examination hall. Once outside, there is time for a quick cup of coffee in the refectory. As he drinks it, he glances up at the closed circuit television screen. The computer seems to be taking its time. The screen lights up. He has a First Class Honours degree in Caving Instruction. He finishes his coffee and goes to collect his certificate and the gear which he will now be allowed to use. He thinks that perhaps he might go down Cuthbert’s tomorrow.

By one of those coincidences without which us authors would be hard put to spin any sort of yarn at all, Noel Nowitt arrived at the entrance to Cuthbert’s the next day at exactly the same time as Pete Pushem and his bunch of cavers. Noel, immaculate in his new gear - looked haughtily at the scruffy looking bunch of cavers before him. He had heard about the B.E.C. at the university. They got away with going underground

145 without an accredited leader by having no novices in their club. As long as this continued no member of the B.E.C. could be accused of breaking the law by leading a novice down a cave. The fact that the membership of the B.E.C. grew slowly but steadily without any novice ever joining it was ascribed by the B.E.C. to coincidence and by everybody else as fiendishly clever juggling with the books.

As a fully qualified instructor, Noel could insist on leading this ill-assorted lot, which he proceeded to do.

However, since they were not novices, they were entitled to choose the route, which Pete Pushem did by making offensive gestures at every passage intersection. Eventually, they pushed their way through a small passage having a rather unstable looking roof and emerged into a chamber which Noel failed to recognise.

He was about to ask why this had not been registered when, with a fearful noise, the roof behind them collapsed - cutting off the way back completely.

In a flash, Noel went into action. He extracted his portable spelaeophone and erected the loop aerial. He was just about to press the speech button when Fred Ferrett, who seemed to have panicked, lurched against him and sent the device flying. It landed on the rocky floor just as Pete Pushem turned to look, and crushed it with a large and heavy boot.

There was an awkward silence, broken at last by the icy tones of the official leader, who said in an authoritative voice, "Well, we can't call up the M.R.O. now, so we will have to sit here and wait for them to find us. At least, the central computer knows where we are!"

There was another pause, if possible, even more awkward. Then, at last, one of the caving band spoke apologetically. "I’m afraid it doesn't. You see, when we registered OUR trip with the central computer, it must have been just after you registered YOURS, and the computer reported your trip to us. I know that I should have pressed the ADD button to get it to add our names to yours, but I pressed the CANCEL button by mistake, so I expect it has cancelled the whole trip, and doesn't know we are down here."

Noel turned pale at this news. There was no way back and nobody would come to look for them. Pete Pushem looked at Noel and added further information which he hoped Noel would find useful.

“Even if they did decide to look, they wouldn't look here because we only found this passage the other day and clean forgot to register it.”

Noel received this remark in silence. He was badly shaken but still had faith in his vast store of caving knowledge. To quieten his thumping heart, he thought about soothing things like inventing two more subsections to the C.R.G. grading system - when he suddenly realised that he was now quite alone. In a blind panic, he got to his feet and rushed through the chamber into a passage beyond. Soon, he heard voices and, rounding a corner, caught up with the B.B.C. who were sitting comfortably and passing round a large bottle of beer. The scene aroused Noel's indignation. His recent panic forgotten, he drew himself up proudly to his full height and confronted the scruffy band with a steely eye.

“You!” he said, looking mainly at Pete Pushem, “Have not only been criminally lax in cancelling this trip and failing to report a discovery to the proper authorities; but you have moved off without my permission. I could have you all jailed for this, and if I have any more lack of proper discipline from any of you, I will report it immediately!”

“Go and fetch a. policeman, then!”was Fred Ferrett’s laconic reply.

“Right! I will!” snapped Noel, reaching for his spelaeophone - only to realise that it lay hopelessly smashed further up the cave.

“Have some beer!” uggested Pete Pushem.

“Alcohol,” replied Noel, “is a depressant. I rarely touch it!”

“Seeing that it's a depressant,” drawled Fred, “why is it that you’re looking a damned sight more depressed than we are?”

Noel ignored this remark, not having a suitably crushing reply to hand, and found that the B.E.C. had got to its collective feet and was preparing to move on.

“What do you think you're doing now?” he asked with some asperity.

“Going on!” said Pete. “You will follow Fred here, get caving and shut up. You’re caving under B.E.C. leadership now. Don't worry, lad. We’ll get you out all right!”

146 On they went, through what seemed miles of passages, all completely unknown to Noel. His companions caved without apparent effort, but emotional strain had sapped Noel’s stamina. At last, in a difficult squeeze, he found himself stuck, and paused for a moment.

“Are you stuck?” asked a voice behind him.

Noel replied that he was taking an opportunity to study rock formation in the squeeze.

“You look stuck to me!” came the voice again, with what Noel considered a rather offensive ring in it.

Noel decided to ignore it, and remained in the squeeze. Suddenly, a violent burning sensation affected his rear and he yelped and shot forward out of the squeeze. He turned round, to see a grinning man waving a carbide lamp. Noel had never seen a carbide lamp in action, and he started stupidly at it until it dawned on him what had been done.

“You burned me with that thing!” he finally spluttered. “I trust you are not deeply hurt!” was the only reply he got.

Now Noel seemed to settle into a kind of continuous nightmare. It went on and on until he lost all notion of time. Even when he finally saw the bluish light ahead, he failed to realize that it was daylight. He found he was walking in a sort of daze down a lane surrounded by the ever-cheerful B.E.C. Even now, his humiliation was not complete.

They came to a pub and went straight in - just as they were. Noel was so worn out that he had ceased to care and just sank gratefully into the nearest chair. Still in a daze, he drank the pint that was offered to him.

After a few repeats of this performance, he began to relax. They were not bad types really, he thought. After all, they had got him out of a nasty situation. To his amazement, he found that he had got to his feet and was speaking.

“It's my round, I think – What’ll you have?” he seemed to hear himself say.

Much later, Noel had a dim recollection of being half carried along, and later still, he woke up in what seemed to be a. rapidly revolving caving hut. The motion upset him so much that he became violently sick.

This upset him even more, and he was violently sick again. He heard a sleepy voice say, “That's right, lad! Fetch your boots up!” before he once again collapsed into a deep stupor.

--------------------Very late the next morning, he woke up. The hut was now quite deserted, the B.E.C. having gone away on its own mysterious business. Beside his bunk someone had put a thermos of hot coffee; three aspirins and a note. Before attempting to focus his bleary eyes on the note, Noel let the coffee and aspirins do their work.

At last, he felt fit enough to read the note, and saw that the writer had thoughtfully written it in large letters.

It was brief and to the point. ‘DON 'T WORRY LAD, WE WON'T SAY A WORD. BEST OF LUCK!’ and, in small letters underneath, P.S. It's your round.

--------------------The news that their star pupil had refused all the lucrative offers of jobs as Caving Instructors or Leaders, and was proposing to sell all his worldly goods and become a missionary in Shepton Mallet, shook the university of Charterhouse to what might laughingly be called its foundations. The professor shook his head in bewilderment and opened two letters that he had been carrying absentmindedly about with him for some time. They were both from prospective students for the degree in Caving Instruction. Both had written to say that they had now changed their minds. One was going to become a bus driver and the other a builder’s labourer.

--------------------Meanwhile, in a little known byway in Cuthbert’s, the B.E.C were having a busy day. With levers and screw jacks, they were lifting boulders and positioning them carefully in the roof of a certain small passage.

Under the keystone they had propped a steel bar coated with fibreglass and looking very realistic. From this arrangement, a steel wire ran over pulleys. Pete Pushem was talking.

“You'd better put a bit more grease on them pulleys, Fred. I thought I was never going to get those rocks to fall down yesterday!”

Fred nodded. “They say there's been two more cancellations at the university today!”

Pete Pushem grinned, and patted the prop like he would a useful and friendly dog.

“It's all set for the next customer, Fred!”

“Good.” replied Fred Ferrett. “We made a profit on the last one, by the way. He bought two more rounds than his fair whack when he got tight!”

--------------------The B.E.C. was, as usual, winning.

147

Grampian Dinner

From MIKE PALMER comes this epic tale of dinner going with a seasonal flavour.

Some of the nomadic B.E.C., along with three members of the S.M.C.C., made the trek to Sutherland for the Grampian Dinner on the 18th of November this year.

The dinner was held at the Inchnadamph Hotel.

The journey was started on Friday, and broken in Edinburgh to visit Manchip and to lubricate dry tonsils.

Here, we were met in the evening by Pope and Janet. As might be expected, one or two 'jars' turned into a 'multi-pinta' drinking session which was brought to a sudden end at 10 pm by the ridiculous licensing laws of Scotland. A sub zero Saturday morning saw an assorted mass of B.E.C. and Grampian members trying belatedly to top up radiators with anti-freeze and to get the +"@&?% things started.

Apart from the car in which Manchip, J. was travelling in, all vehicles arrived at Ullapool by mid afternoon. John's conveyance persisted in boiling every thirty miles or so due to loss of water, but despite this obvious hazard, John and friends did eventually arrive.

A final dash was made to the hotel, calling in at the Grampian hut en route to shout abuse at Butch, Milch and Bob Mayhew - whom it appeared had just returned from caving, - but then the Shepton always look like that!

Because there was no A.G.M. (would you believe that?) to keep everybody busy until dinner time, those present retired to the bar. The atmosphere was great and since there were so many faces from Mendip present, it was just like a Hunters evening - only much, much colder.

Towards dinner time, who should appear from behind the bar (the normal route of access on these occasions) but SNAB and his wife.

The food was excellent, hot, and plentiful and the proceedings only lowered themselves to the tone of a caving dinner when Milch (the guest of honour) was called upon to make a speech on behalf of the guests.

The speech was like something out of Tom and Jerry, being punctuated by the odd slurp of beer and unprecedented belches.

Later in the evening the drinking orgy continued and the rather hallowed residence was shattered by Mendip songs which, surprisingly, didn’t raise any objections from the proprietors, despite persistent use of 'they words'!

John Manchip retired early, being incapable. Pope and wife retired early because they weren’t tired enough. Phil Kingston was left passing out on the lounge floor, and Pat and I went to bed because we couldn’t remember any more songs.

The next day, Sunday, was really magnificent and after a very fortifying breakfast (which was a near repeat of the dinner except for the speeches) the BE.C. contingent went sightseeing. All the mountains were covered in snow and looked very impressive - particularly Quinag and Suillvan, as we drove to Lochinvar and then to the beach at Stoer.

Plans were made for future trips in the spring, when it is intended to walk; drink; cave and possibly canoe. Canoeing on the lochs will probably require permission, but it is intended to find out more details early next year.

For those people who think that such an expedition is a little insane at this time of year, I can only say that the experience is your loss because the whole of the area is truly magnificent.

It was reported that Milch never emerged from his ‘bag’, except for a honk, until late on Sunday – disgusting!

The return journey was quite eventful in that we drove through a blizzard; floods and high winds and it was often questioned whether this might be considered the ultimate in dinner going!

148

Equipment for Cave Photography

Having more space than usual this month, we are printing the entire remaining portion of ALAN COASE’S paper on photographic equipment for caving.

Readers of the September B.B. will recall that in that B.B. Alan dealt with Transport and Protection of photographic apparatus for caving, camera supports and flash equipment.

FILM This is very much a matter of personal choice, there being a very wide range of suitable material, especially in the black-and-white range. In the colour field, distinction must of course be drawn between reversal (transparency) and negative (print) films. The latter group is very small and very limited in speed range, viz. the Agfacolour products from 40 A.S.A. (CN 17) to 80 A.S.A. (CN 5) which encompass the range which also includes Kodacolour X (50 A.S.A.) and Prinz Colour (64 A.S.A.). Artificial light variants are not, in fact, mentioned at all as their application in cave photography is limited. Further details of these and other available colour films can be obtained in the colour review published in Amateur Photographer each year.

The range of colour reversal films is much wider and it is not intended to describe them all. Most manufacturers produce a basic stock of 50 or 64 A.S.A. which provides a reasonable general purpose film for cave photography. Except for close ups however, I prefer to use a faster speed. Two particular manufacturers specialise in the production of these, notably Kodak, whose High Speed Ektachrome (160 A.S.A.) is in my experience an excellent film for caving use, and Anscochrome, whose high speed range includes 200 and 500 A.S.A. material. These I have also used very satisfactorily, although in using 500 A.S.A. one is either confined to very large chambers or passages or to very small light sources. Both makes, like Ferrania (50 A.S.A.) can be home processed with a considerable saving in cost. On this point, Amateur Photographer suggests that the normal processed cost per slide of High Speed Ektachrome is 1/5. (This article was originally written in 1969 and I have not considered it worth translating into our present dammfool monetary system because of the general rise in prices since Alan wrote this paper. The figures will, presumably still give a relative guide. Editor.) That for Anscochrome 200 is 1/1d and for the 500 A.S.A. it is 1/9d. Costs with home processing are hard to estimate, but it is worth noting for the budget conscious cave photographer that costs can be reduced to about 8d per slide for the 50 A.S.A. Ferrania material. Ansco also supply their 64 A.S.A. stock in bulky easy loader, which I found lives up to its name. This cuts costs considerably in conjunction with their home processing kit. (For comparison, the normal range of costs per slide varies from 10d (Perutz) to 11½d (Agfa colour CT 18, Kodacrhome II and Kodachrome X) while Boots Gratispool and Prinzcolour cost about 8½d to 9d. per slide processed.

CAMERAS. In selecting a camera for use in a cave, personal opinions, differing objectives and basic economics all play a large part. However, such a camera clearly needs to be portable, have flash synchronisation, a good viewfinder and be reasonably reliable and robust. Simplicity of equipment may also be regarded as a virtue as it generally implies compactness, but on the other hand the serious worker may be more interested in versatility. The accompanying table on the next page, is an attempt, inevitably subjective, to classify cameras initially by film size and secondly by interchangeability of lenses, and to assess their suitability for the requirements of cave photography. The three point scale out-lined is selected purely for the sake of simplicity and clarity; there are many points at which some overlap exists and there are probably several assessments with which other users would strongly disagree. However, in presenting such a table I feel some of the conclusions of choice facing present and future cave photographers may be presented in a fairly simple manner and that it will help in the remarks given below. I should add that at no point in the table is any assessment of quality or value for money implied. No consideration has been given to plate or large format cameras.

Compactness, low cost and simplicity are the chief advantages of the cartridge loading cameras. Many also have a built-in rotating flashcube socket and offer much as a basic caving camera. They are, however, limited in format and in the availability of cartridge films. The latter point does not apply to half frame cameras, for all 35mm cassettes will fit them. They are also very compact and economical with film.

149 However, their format is also limiting and special mounting, projection and enlarging facilities are often necessary. With the introduction of really compact full frame cameras, one advantage has disappeared, leaving only their ability to offer twice as many negatives or slides as a normal camera. In caving circles, this may be regarded as a mixed blessing!

One particular half frame does deserve fuller attention. This is the Pen F/Ft range, a unique single lens reflex. It has a full range of interchangeable lenses and accessories and a rotary shutter which permits full synchronisation. It is of course much smaller than any full frame single lens reflex camera, although costing much the same.

FILM SIZE

CAMERA TYPE

SIZE & PORT 1

VIEWING

Cartridge

Instamatic

2

2

3(1”)

Half Frame Pen F/FT Fixed Lens I/C Lens rangefinder I/C/ lens reflex Nikonos CalypsoNikkor

1 1 ½

½ ½ 2

2 1 1

3 1 3

1 1 1

1 1 1

½

½

½

1

2

2

½

2

1

½

1

2

127 roll film

Twin Lens reflex

1

2

2

120 roll film

Twin Lens Reflex (fixed) Twin Lens Relfex (I/C) S/H/ folding I/C single lens reflex

35mm

SYNCH .

VERSAT -ILITY

APPLICATION

COST

REMARKS

A(C”)

#1

3 1 3

A/B C A/B

#2 #3 #4

1

1

A-C

#5

2

1

1

B/C

#6

3

1

1

3

C

#7

1

3

1

1

2

B

#8

2

1

3

1

1

2

A-C

#9

3

2

2

1

3

2

1

C

#10

1 3

3 ½

1 ⅔

3 1

1 3

1 2

2 1

A CC++

#11 #12

Basic/Gen/Adv 1 2 3(1”)

KEY: 1 = Good. 2 = Average. 3 = Poor. A = Low cost (under £25). B = Moderate (£25-£50).

C = High (Over £50).

ABBREVIATIONS: I/C = Interchangeable lenses. S/H = Second Hand. #1 A wide range exists including interchangeable reflexes. Film scratch proof. #2 Economical on film. Compact. #3 Reflex with I/C lenses. #4 Some have semi-wide angle lenses. Limited number covering wide price range, viz. Leica-Zorki. #5 Very wide range. Very versatile. #6 Choose good lens range. #7 Worthy of own column as only designed for rough use. #8 Price A second hand. Film may decrease in availability. #9 Wide price range. #10 One make (Mamiyaflex). Good range of lenses. Versatile. #11 Only second hand. Very compact. #12 Generally bulky and very expensive.

The increasing trend towards compactness in full frame models is seen at its most extreme in the Rollei 35. This is smaller than many half frames, but such miniaturisation does demand a high price (just over £100). A very similar Japanese compact is the Petri-Colour 35 which costs about two thirds of the Rollei's price. Both are magnificent little cameras with slightly wide angled lenses (40mm) though of differing apertures. Fractionally wider lenses do exist on a number of readily available compacts, 38 to 40 mm being

150 apparently an optimum size. Few, if any, possess coupled rangefinders, though this is partially compensated for by very clear bright line viewfinders. One word of warning is necessary. With the increasing trend towards automation evident in cameras as well as in flashguns, some new introductions are fully programmed i.e. totally linked to the exposure system and without a manual override. Some also have a simplified (?) flash system where a guide number is obtained in conjunction with distance and/or aperture.

No doubt, a certain amount of wool could be pulled over the machine's eyes (cogs?) but for caving purposes the photographer's control over his lighting must be absolute and such cameras should be avoided.

One camera in this compact class that does, at least on paper, seem worthy of note is the Kowa SW. This possesses what I regard as the ideal focal length for a 35mm camera at 28mm. This has considerable depth of field, so there is a greater justification for the absence of a range finder. It is not a reflex, though its viewfinder is claimed to have a viewing angle identical to the taking lens. Although roughly 25% larger than the Rollei 35, it is only fractionally bigger than the average half frame. Despite strenuous efforts I have not been able to obtain one from abroad (they are not marketed in the U.K. but were listed in U.S.A. at under 70 dollars and do seem to have many of the attributes of the ideal fixed lens caving camera).

In view of the prices already quoted, the interchangeable 335mm cameras offer much in terms of versatility. They can broadly be divided into two classes; the rangefinder and the reflex.

The first is a comparatively small group, but includes the Leica family, one of the most famous and reliable of all cameras. The Cannon range offer some superb lenses often with very wide apertures (e.g. fO.95) while the Zorki typifies many Russian imports in being heavily subsidised and so offering excellent value, albeit the designs are sometimes equally heavy and rather dated. Another interesting member of this group is the Werra 3 which is now discontinued but which can occasionally be obtained with its attendant interchangeable front element lenses for a very reasonable price.

The reflex group is extremely large, a reflection of current popularity. It is worth noting that some have non-interchangeable lenses, but this is really self defeating in view of the loss of versatility. Indeed, the price range is now so wide that quite excellent reflexes may be obtained now for considerably less than the price of many of the programmed compacts. Before choosing, it is as well to check that a wide variety of lenses etc. are available. Thus I find that the Miranda range are very good as, quite apart from other advantages, their optics are extremely good; they are very reasonably priced compared with other manufacturer’s lenses, and all offer a good maximum aperture. Similarly, the Praktica range is very robust and offers good value as well as taking a very wide variety of screw fitting lenses. Numerous other models exist higher in the price ranges - Pentax, Nikon/Nikkormat, Topcon all being of particularly high quality, some with metal bladed focal plane shutter affording higher electronic flash synchronisation speeds.

At the lowest end of the price range, mention of the Exa 500 is also pertinent. This fully interchangeable camera is currently available with a fully automatic f2.8 lens for less than ÂŁ25, while ÂŁ35 brings a Tessar F.A.D. as standard. This is excellent value for a very compact reflex, for which a large number of accessories are available.

Within the full frame 35mm group, a further camera exists which deserves special mention. This is the Calypso-Nikkor II (and its predecessor, the Nikonos) for apart from its three-figure price tag (which might well be justified if used for diving as well as caving) it could be regarded as the ideal caving camera. It is fully waterproof and built specifically to withstand rough or gritty conditions. Furthermore, the controls are easily read and it has an admirable viewfinder and a 35mm wide angle lens. The latter is interchangeable with a 28mm underwater lens, but unfortunately, the rumoured 85mm short telephoto lens does not seem to have materialised, for it would greatly increase the versatility of this excellent model. One other drawback does seem to exist in that synchronisation and tripod sockets appear to be effectively the same. This however, I have not been able to establish on the new model though the importers have promised the opportunity to assess one in the near future.

In moving this assessment into the roll film sphere, two particular disadvantages emerge. The average roll film camera provides for 12 shots per film, and reloading roll film underground can be a rather more difficult process. The film is also rather more prone to scratching. Admittedly, some cameras can be obtained which provide 16 frames on 120 film, and newer cameras are being designed to accept 24 exposure 220 film. This, however, is difficult to obtain and currently limited to one black and white stock.

151 The principal advantage of the format is, of course, its large negative size, which may well be essential for advanced workers. This in turn implies that all such cameras are heavy and bulky. This is not really true of the basic twin-lens reflexes. Certainly those using 127 film, i.e. the Yashica and Rollei 44 (second-hand prices about £15-£20 and £35-£40 respectively) are extremely compact and have the additional advantage of producing colour slides (super-slides) that can be projected on 35mm equipment. Even their larger relatives using 120 film and producing Gem x Gem format (with optional 35mm kits available) are at least as compact as many current 35mm single lens reflexes. Their waist level viewing system (and reversed viewing) does have difficulties, notably a greater propensity to steam up, but they are excellent cameras in many ways and worthy of consideration. None of those mentioned have interchangeable lenses but for caving purposes it is worth mentioning the special wide angle Rollei. This unfortunately is no longer produced, but its value and reliability are reflected in the high second-hand prices (about £150) that it commands. Its 55mm lens is especially suited to our purpose, although its max. aperture of f4 may be rather marginal. (There is also - as with all Rolleis - a direct vision viewfinder in the hood.)

When moving into the ranks of the interchangeable lens roll film cameras, one moves up both in bulk and cost. The Mamiyaflex is the only interchangeable twin lens reflex. Although it has a wide range of lenses and accessories and is modest in price compared with the single lens reflex of its format, it is still an expensive item. These latter are an increasingly numerous breed but they are bulky, generally have slow synchronisation speeds and, in some cases, prices are astronomical. Until recently, it was impossible to obtain one much under £200 but although the Japanese and Russians have entered the market with ‘Budget’ models, the Kowa 6 and the Zenith 80, list prices still start at approximately £150.

To come down to earth in this format is to suggest that perhaps the best values are the folding 6 x 6's that are now only available second-hand. These reached their peak immediately before and after the war years and their advantages are fully outlined in ‘British Caving.’ Most models have full synchronisation (including a built-in delayed action device) and many have coupled rangefinders. Finding one with a good viewfinder for cave purposes is a little more difficult although some were fitted with optical and some with folding bright line viewfinders. Condition is an important factor in buying second-hand, but excellent value can be obtained for about £10, while £20 to £25 should suffice for the later models of the super Ikonta class.

LENSES Considerable attention has already been paid to the subject of lenses. With fixed lens cameras, the trend towards the wider angles available in the new 35nm compacts has been pointed out. In the reflex 35mm field, I have stressed my preference for a 28mm objective as the basic one for cave work. This is because, in addition to having m angle of view of about 75O, it also possesses a very broad depth of field, so that a considerably larger band will be in focus than with a standard lens. Wider lenses do exist, but distortion becomes very apparent from 25mm upwards, although with fish-eye lenses, this is often the prime objective.

The 35mm lens is a good normal wide-angle having the advantage of all angle of field (about 650) shared by most flashguns. With a 28mm lens or widerit is usually necessary to fire the flashgun from behind the camera or obliquely across the area being photographed or to use multi-flash techniques to illuminate the whole scene.

To supplement the wide angle, I find a short telephoto lens (say from 85 to 105nm) more useful than the 50-55 mm standard lens. This allows selective framing of scenes slight imposition of different planes and, where necessary photography of inaccessible features. Lenses longer than 105mm tend to be of limited value except for exceptional circumstances.

Translating such lenses to the 6 x 6 format, one would be selecting focal lengths of approximately 55mm (28mm equivalent), or 65mm (35mm equivalent) and 180mm (nearer to 135mm than to 105mm). In half frame terms, the PenF/Ft is the only camera to offer a really wide choice, although some members of the Cannon Demi range offer a slightly wider than average standard lens and interchangeability with a moderate telephoto.

An increasing use of ‘tele-converters’ on interchangeable lens cameras is also apparent. These have particular advantages underground, although it is stressed that some loss of quality is suffered with any supplementary equipment, particularly at short focal lengths. These converters double or treble the focal length of the lens without altering the closest focussing distance. The reduction of the apertures from 2x or 3x (i.e. from a maximum of f1.8 to f3.6 or f5.4 to a minimum of say f16 to f32 or f48) has both advantages

152 and disadvantages. It is particularly useful where using close-up flash to be able to shut down the aperture well below the normal minimum, but it is some-thing of a disadvantage to be reduced to a maximum aperture approaching f4 or smaller. As with prime lenses, it is desirable wherever possible to retain automatic lens facilities, which most current converters offer for very little more than the non-automatic versions.

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT Several of the items mentioned here might equally come in the section on the camera or on protection.

Three in particular are concerned with protection and cleaning of the lens. The simple rule here is DON'T. At least, not underground! Fit a. UV or Skylight filter permanently to your lens and clean THAT. It is best done by first brushing off any grit and then cleaning with a suitable cloth. I find the Calotherm cloths of particular value, for they also minimise condensation and can also be used for cleaning the viewfinder. The small hand towel which I always carry is intended for the hands rather than the camera. Another aid in this respect is to use polythene gloves when handling the camera.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, I would like to repeat my earlier observation that the nature of one's objectives; the state of one's finances, and the nature of the caves one is most interested in clearly play a major part in selecting a camera. If cave photography is merely an occasional aside from normal work then almost any existing camera can be utilised for the purpose. If one is selecting a camera specifically for caving but is financially limited, a wide choice exists, particularly in the second-hand market.

If selecting for research or publication purposes, format may be an important factor. I have found personally that 35mm material is readily accepted for press purposes and that the versatility and compactness of a 35mm reflex outfit (currently a Miranda G body; 28mm 208; 105mm 2.8 auto lenses) is an invaluable combination for advanced work, while a 120 roll film super Baldax with a coupled rangefinder provides an excellent 'trip' camera. Possibly I would find the Kowa SW even more satisfactory in the latter role, while a Calypso-Nikkor II with 35mm and 85mm lenses might fulfil most of the requirements for advanced photography and at the same time relieve the problems of internal disintegration and cost of regular cleaning.

This prompts a final word - wherever you go for a camera, don’t choose a fellow caver!

Alan Coase. _______________________________________________________________________________________ A message from our Hon. Librarian.

The National Caving Association has produced a Handbook of Equipment suppliers. We have only one copy at the moment which is in my possession. Until we have a copy in the Library, I shall endeavour to answer any queries by return of post. _______________________________________________________________________________________ The committee would like to thank Garth Dell for his gift of assorted karabiners, links, chain, etc. _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUB-COMMITTEE ON VOTING PROCEDURES This consists of Mike Palmer as Chairman, Alan Thomas, Joan Bennett, Nigel Taylor and Barry Wilton.

Send YOUR views on this subject to any of them.

Paul Esser Memorial Lecture

153 OLIVER LLOYD sends in this notification of a lecture which might be of interest to members of the club.

This is an annual lecture given in the University of Brisol on some subject connected with one of the water sports, caving or mountaineering. It is in memory of Paul Esser, a medical student who lost his life while cave diving in Porth yr Ogof in February 1971 and who was particularly interested in those sports.

The next lecture will be given on Wednesday, 14th February 1973 at 8.15 pm in the Tyndall Lecture Theatre, Department of Physics, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol by Professor W.R Keatinge, who is Professor of Physiology at the London Hospital, on the subject “Hazards of Cold Water.�

Professor Keatinge was studying the cardiac and repitory reflexes to cold water on the skin in America during 1963 and 1964, and so became well qualified to study the effects of the Lakonia disaster of December 1963. This ship caught fire in the Mediterranean and was abandoned by its crew and passengers, a large number of whom died in the water. Professor Keatinge was able to show that the principal cause of death was not drowning so much as cold exposure.

I met him at a symposium on "Exposure and Survival" held at Loughbough in 1967 and immediately appreciated what a good lecturer he was. He continued his study of the effect of cold on survival at Oxford and at the London Hospital and in 1969 drew attention to some of the reasons why people were unable to swim in cold water.

The relevance of all this to swimmers, canoeists and divers is obvious, and climbers and cavers are becoming increasingly aware of them too. Club members should find the lecture both interesting and relevant. _______________________________________________________________________________________

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BOB CROSS sends us his point of view about organised trips to various parts of the country

I would like, through the medium of the B. B., to express some long-felt opinions about the organisation of club meets off Mendip.

We hear; speak and read a lot of facts and figures about Belfry costs; library books, voting procedures etc., etc.; but now let us cast our minds over the nitty-gritty of an Exploration Club - the incidence and variety of club activity and the support it gets - the very thing which, I hope, makes us want to belong to the club.

Over the past few years, organised trips off Mendip, with a fair number of participants, have been conspicuous by their near absence. This is due mainly, I would say, to a degree of apathy and lack of skill on the part of both our Caving and Climbing Secretaries.

By 'organised', I mean well advertised meets drawing positive support from all groups within the club. It is no good to have little elitist groups going off in twos and threes. What is needed is a group spirit, and a set up where everyone has a chance to participate, whether he or she is a tiger - wanting to dance up hard severes or someone simply content to amble over ridges. In short, we ought to be considering all interests; age groups and capabilities within our membership. Good, memorable, club trips have to be well planned they do not spring from chatter in the Hunters the weekend before!

There are four main headings for consideration here.

Equipment and Notification.

Venue and campsite; Transport; Food and

154 When you go away on a club trip, it is best if you all camp or stay at the same place - then everyone knows what everyone else is doing and there are no delays. Camping is a cheap, healthy and enjoyable means of getting into the mountains or moorland. Most farmers will react favourably to a politely written letter, and on several occasions, I have found pleasant campsites far from the squalor of places like Wall End, Langdfale and Skirwith Farm, Ingleton - often with great privacy; fresh milk; water and eggs and costing little simply by adopting this approach. An amusing scene took place at a farmhouse in South Wales when on a club meet earlier this year. I went to the farmer’s wife to purchase some eggs and was amazed when she explained timidly that she did not know what to charge. Needless to say, I got a bargain!

Some folk do not possess a tent. This is natural, for they are expensive and not used often enough to justify forking out for one - especially if you have only just left school and haven’t much money. Why doesn’t the club purchase a large one to cater for such people? I borrowed one recently for a club meet again to South Wales - and there were eight bodies sleeping in it. Grand fun, practical, and space saving.

Naturally enough, people don’t want to camp during the cold winter months, but this should not deter things. I remember a great weekend spent with the B.E.C. in some cottages belonging to a certain hostelry in Eskdale, Cumberland - rather spartan, but quite warm by the time we'd burned half the furniture on the fire!

Where can we go? The Severn Bridge, the M5 and M6, northwards to Scotland and soon to bore into the depths of Devon and Cornwall, brings the magnificent caves of South Wales; the terrific rock climbing of North Wales and the classic fell walking of the Lake District together with the tough severe potholing of the Dales and the gentler charms of the Peak District all within six hours driving from Bristol. There really should be no lack of enthusiasm amongst members!

Everyone has a car, so that should be no problem? Rubbish; when I started as a probationary member, I had Shank’s Pony and little money, and I am sure that there are plenty of members in similar positions now.

When people get together and either pool their car space or hire a minibus, costs are sliced. More beer money in other words!

Troops cannot march without plenty of good grub. "Glue" packeted soup; "Bullets" tins of beans and other pre-packaged foods are no good for ravenous 'potters' or 'rock hoppers' returning after a hard day on, or under, the mountain.

Good grub, bought cheaply in bulk at supermarkets is far better than fodder bought at exorbitant prices in villages and again, when people cater collectively, costs are slashed.

By far the best means of cooking in the wilds is the Primus stove. It is ridiculously cheap, ultra efficient, and knocks spots off camping gas. Again, not everyone can afford one but I am sure it is not beyond the means of a club like ours to purchase, say, two double burners for use on official club trips.

Notification speaks for itself - or does it? There are four good channels for notifying members of forthcoming events. Notices in the B.B.; The Hunters; the Belfry and the Seven Stars. The notices must contain details of the venue; the date; the rendezvous; the activities and the transport arrangements and a rough estimate of the cost. The people are left in no doubt as to what to expect.

Some of the suggestions I have made will cause people to disagree and maybe even to put pen to paper to pour scorn on what I have written. Good! Let's have a rousing argument. I feel that it is the sort of thing that should fill our columns - then we can throw all the other verbage out of the Editor's window and "Get deep down to things ".

Editor's Note: Any replies, particularly constructive ones, will be very welcome. The subject of organised meets is one of long standing, and perhaps something we should pay more attention to stimulating. _______________________________________________________________________________________ There being no replies to the advertisement for a BELFRY ENGINEER, the committee elected the only volunteer to come forward at the December Committee Meeting - Rodney Hobbs - who has thus been coopted to the committee as Belfry Engineer. _______________________________________________________________________________________

In Committee

155 No apologies are made for the length of this feature. The subject is one a great importance to members, and the Editor feels that all should know how this decision was taken.

The main feature question of the December committee meeting was the question of club finances. All the officers had been asked to provide facts and figures, and come to the meeting well prepared.

It soon turned out that two of the largest spenders - The Belfry and Caving Publications - confidently expected to pay their own way in 1973 and would need no money from club funds to subsidise them. This left expenditure to be financed on the B.B. (faced with rapidly rising costs and unable to make more than marginal savings without reducing size, frequency or quality) on Tackle (which has been deteriorating of late and now needs a fair amount of money) on Secretarial expenses (necessary postages, paper etc.) on subscriptions to other bodies; on urgent repairs to the Tackle Store roof (a capital, not a running cost, so one which does not come out of Belfry funds), and on small amounts required by the Caving and Climbing Secretaries and the Hon. Librarian.

The arithmetic soon revealed that the club’s income was not going to meet the club’s expenses in 1973, even with some pretty drastic economies all-round. An increase in the sub was the only answer, but by how much should it go up? This had to be decided by the committee there and then, since subs are due in January and some notice has to be given before.

Some members of the committee were in favour of the minimum amount necessary to balance the books, while others were in favour of a sub which could allow the club's facilities to be improved in line with recent years. A long discussion took place. Most of the points which came out are set down as follows:If the 1945 sub is taken as reasonable (it was 10/- then) inflation would make this somewhere between £1.50 and £2 today. Our present sub is less than this and the sum mentioned would only get us the 1945 facilities - and present day members expected rather more than did the members of thirty years ago.

However, the membership is now three times what it was then, and so one would expect a more efficient use of money, and thus a lower relative sub. Against this, it was argued that the club has grown because of improvements, and that these should be kept going. Older members were more liable to object to an increase other than a minimum one, and these people are the ones on whom we have relied heavily in the past. On the other hand, nobody objected when the sub was doubled a few years back - but then this was to pay for the new Belfry and so on.

Eventually, a resolution was formally proposed and seconded by two committee members suggesting a sub of £2.50. An amendment was proposed and seconded making the sub £2.00. A vote on the amended proposal was defeated by one vote, and a vote on the proposal in its original form was then acceptted with one abstention. The annual subscription due on January 31st will thus be £2.50 and all other subs go up in proportion.

Some editorial comment on the above seems to be called for. The increase, which now makes our club one of the most expensive en Mendip is made up of two parts. That which we had to have to pay our way (a £2 sub) and the EXTRA 50p which the committee felt was necessary to be able to keep the B.E C. on a suitably upward path. It is this 50p which is, if anything, a bone of contention.

Younger members, not on the committee but present at the meeting were in favour of the extra 50p.

Older members, with heavier commitments, may not look on it with the same degree of enthusiasm. I would, however, urge such members not to contemplate taking any drastic steps. Inflation will, no doubt, soon cut it down to size and, if anybody feels strongly about a policy of budgeting for a surplus, it is of course possible to constrain future committee action at an A.G.M. and thus avoid future increases over and above those due purely to inflationary trends. Life members on the committee were evenly split on the vote for or against the extra 50p. The views of members on this subject will, of course, be welcome in the B.B.

156

Caves of Malta

PETE MILLER sends in this article which seems appropriate in this wet and windy season to remind us of warmer caving climates

Malta is the largest of a group of islands in the middle of the Mediterranean about 60 miles from Sicily.

It has an area of 93 square miles and is made up almost entirely of limestone, which rises to a height of 800 feet above sea level. Two main kinds of Limestone are found in Malta and these are known as the Globigeria and Coralline limestones. The basic stratigraphy of the rock shows a layer of 250 feet of Upper Coralline at the top, followed by thin layers of greensand and blue clay. Below that is a layer 200 feet thick of Globigeria and finally at least 500 feet of Lower Coralline. The tendency is for water to percolate through the semi-crystalline Upper Coralline limestone until it reaches the impervious layer of clay. The water then emerges as springs.

There are many caves on the island, though few of them are of any great size. It would seem pointless to list every small rock shelter or sea cave, and only caves of some importance are mentioned.

The most important cave in Malta is Ghar Dalam (Cave of Darkness) in which rich deposits of animal bones including dwarf elephants and hippopotami - were found. These are now housed in a museum near the entrance. This cave also produced important remains of the activity of prehistoric man. The cave consists of a passage 20 feet across and 181 high which runs straight in to the hill. The first 200 feet is artificially illuminated, but it is possible to continue for a further 500 feet, although the main passage divides into smaller and muddier ones which are eventually blocked by unwashed clay.

Close to Ghar Dalan is another cave which I understood to be called Butterfly Cave. However, after visiting the cave I wondered if the name had changed in the translation from the Maltese. At the entrance to the cave were snakes and lizards and about fifty feet inside the cave is a chamber which contained, without exaggeration, at least a thousand bats. It was obvious from the deposits on the floor and roof of the chamber that the bats had been there for a considerable time. Unfortunately, we disturbed the bats as we passed through the chamber, and they accompanied us during our subsequent exploration of a boulder ruckle and a muddy climb into a passage which led back to the bat chamber.

It came as some surprise when I visited Butterfly Cave again a week later to find there was not a single bat in the entire place. This same day I visited another cave three miles away known as Ghar Hassan. The entrance to this cave is high in a cliff overlooking the sea but is easily reached by a path. The cave consists of a high main passage with numerous side passages leading off at right angles. As I reached the end of the main passage in this cave. I suddenly realised where all the bats from Butterfly Cave had gone. They had now taken up residence in a particularly high rift passage in Hassan's Cave.

One side passage in Hassan's Cave leads to a dramatic opening a hundred feet above the sea and a chamber where Hassan - a legendary Saracen - is supposed to have lived with his harem. Apparently, if one of the women did not satisfy him, he threw her from the opening into the sea where she died either from drowning or a broken heart.

A cave entrance in a valley just East of Ghar Hassan leads to a roomy passage which, after about two hundred feet, ends in a large window high in a vertical sea cliff.

One of the largest caves in Malta is found near the Inquisitor’s Palace, which is located near Siggievi. An entrance in a small cliff gives access to a passage which continues for about 800 feet. For much of its length the passage is about four to eight feet high and at many points a bedding plane can be seen on the right. The passage is eventually blocked by boulders although the way on can be seen. About a hundred feet from the entrance, an opening on the left of the main passage leads, via a muddy crawl and a squeeze, to another opening in the cliff.

If one follows the coast road from the Inquisitor’ Palace towards Dirgli, one passes another cave. There are several entrances among boulders at the front of a cliff. Much of the cave is loose boulder ruckle, although two passages lead to climbs (one needing a rope) into chambers which look solid enough.

157 Another cave to be found in the Siggievi area is Ghar-il-Kbir (which means simply ‘the big cave’). This cave was inhabited until 1835 when the British resettled the residents. The only modern inhabitants are goats. The cave was clearly formed by the collapse of the roof of a chamber.

A place well worth a visit is il-Maluba. This means ‘turned upside down’, and is near Qrendi. It is a huge circular depression some three hundred feet across and a hundred and fifty feet deep, with vertical walls formed by the collapse of an enormous cave. I suppose one must also mention the alternative theory that the depression was formed by an angry God scooping a large piece of rock (40,000,000 cu. ft.) out of the ground and throwing it into the sea to form the island of Filfla. My interest in this area was increased when I read in an old Maltese book that, between this depression and a deep gorge leading to the sea, small but very deep hole had been reported. However, when I searched the area, I was unable to find this hole.

The largest sea cave to be found in Malta is at Anchor Bay. As one looks out to sea, the left side of the bay consists of sheer cliffs. By following these cliffs for about a hundred yards (swimming) one comes to a small opening about six feet above sea level and a very large entrance about fifteen feet below sea level.

Both entrances give access to a huge chamber. Daylight filters through the large underwater entrance, but at the far end of the chamber one is in darkness. At this point, about fifteen feet below the surface of the water, another passage leads to a second smaller chamber from which a further submerged passage leads back to the main chamber. It was impossible to tell if anyone had been in this cave before, but I doubt whether anyone had entered the second chamber. The University of Malta Caving Club (now defunct) had certainly not heard of this cave.

There are two other Caves in Malta which are small but well known. One is in the valley of San Martin and is used as a shrine to Our Lady of Lourdes, and the other is Ghar Lapsi, which means 'the cave of the Ascension'. It is a popular beach, but the cave is in fact an insignificant rock shelter. ______________________________________________________________________________________

A Decade Ago!

JOHN RANSOM reminds us of what life at the Belfry was like over the Christmas season ten years ago

I joined everyone at the Hunters fairly late on the Saturday night and had the usual few laughs.

Sunday was a loafing day (ruddy cold out!) and we managed to drift up to the Hunters again in the evening. Our crowd was gradually increased as the days got nearer Christmas.

Monday morning was spent charging wildly about Wells for food and other objects. Garth and Spike disappeared in the direction of Winking Daniel’s for some seats (old bus) of which we by then had about a dozen. The weather kept on getting colder. Cars froze up. Fires were stoked harder.

Up to the Hunters again in the evening to collect a barrel of beer. Rotten, Alfie, Roger Jarman, Rosemary, Carol and Julie went to the midnight service at Wells cathedral. It was bitterly cold, freezing b---y hard and the roads very tricky.

Christmas Day began with hot coffee and getting the stove to burn cherry red. Alan Thomas came bursting in through the door at about ten o’clock. Time crept on, then chaos. Everyone frantically dashing about in a mild panic trying to get ready. Shouts of ‘I’ll do that @f:?£9;:I1£ who is wearing my tie!’ etc.

Finally, everyone got sorted out and transport shoved off to the Hunters at about half past eleven for a drop of breakfast and a Merry Christmas to Ben and family.

On to the Star at Wells for dinner. Those who were there were, Alan Thomas, Alfie, Spike and Pam, Garth, Rosemary, Roger Jarman, Graham and Julie, Gordon, Nigel, Jim Hill, Rotten, Len and Phil Dawes and son.

Also in the same room were Frank Darbon, Prew and Brenda with family. A very good and hilarious dinner, and I am sure we all enjoyed it. After this, it was time to move once more, dash out into the cold air, climb into freezing cars (someone needed a push) and then back to the Belfry where we found Noel who had the stove under full power and a very welcome coffee waiting.

158 After a couple of hours of indolence, we all started to come alive again. Spike and Pam had arranged a great feast for the evening - a wonderful layout. Bottles of various concoctions were waiting to be drunk (and they were, Ha. Ha.) and the happy throng were joined by Sally, Ron and Pat Bater, Bob Price and John and Jane Lamb. We all had a damn good time eating and drinking as much as we wanted. We even had dancing, with Spike and Rotten doing a special weegee dance! The usual bottle walking session was, I think, won by Garth.

Then came the climax of the evening. The Great Climb. Three brave men tried the practically unclimbable traverse round the inside of the Belfry. Starting near the door, our intrepid three roped up.

The party consisted of Noel, leading; Garth, seconding and Alfie as tail end Charlie. Roped to each other by the neck they started off, clinging by teeth and eyebrows they climbed around large trees (holly) and had great difficulty in passing the door, where near disaster struck the third man. A piton (coat hook) gave way and Alfie made a mid-air grab for the next one which, luckily, took his weight before any part of him touched the floor.

On they went, proceeding with great dispatch across the lake (sink) until they came to the corner when due to a misunderstanding between numbers 2 and 3 while on the verglas (plates of discarded jelly), Alfie came off with the hell of a crash.

Saddened by the loss of their companion, the remaining two pressed on with great determination.

Speeding along the back wall they came to the crevasse (Women’s Room door) which had been left open deliberately. They passed this easily to reach the active volcano (stove). Number 1 un-roped and climbed on, leaving No. 2 in an impossible position but he made a supreme effort and with much scrabbling and cursing finally landed back in the Men’s Room, having completed the traverse.

Amid much hilarity the party finally broke up, without leaving any bodies around. Boxing day was spent clearing up and thanks to a few who had started this after the party, there was not all that much to do.

Unfortunately most of us had to leave on Boxing Day, but about a dozen members stayed on. The following Saturday, we had the Great Blizzard, which trapped us all at the Belfry until the following Thursday.

This story has been taken from notes written at the time and I hope it may have amused some people.

The climb really did take place and, if you can remember the old Belfry, it was quite a difficult one. I might add that anything damaged or broken was repaired or replaced by those responsible.

Anyhow, I hope you enjoyed this little tale, and I wish you all a very happy Christmas from Val and myself. _______________________________________________________________________________________

At the Belfry

Most people know that I am not usually lost for words, but when it comes to describing the scene at the Belfry during the last few months - the slide shows, talks, barrels and other functions; while all the time the place has been full of people covered in mud from caves and digs, or getting ready to go into them; I find it hard to convey this activity suitably.

Bed-nights from the end of the club’s financial year until now have been UP on the figures for the same period last year. We have, it is true, had slightly fewer guests but this has been offset by an increase in the number of club members staying at the Belfry.

I should like to thank those members of the Spelaeo Rahl Caving Group for their help during our collection of logs for the winter, and all those who have helped to make the Belfry such a success of late. I conclude by wishing all club members a personal Happy Christmas and feel sure that we can all work towards making and keeping the Belfry as the best caving hut on Mendip m 1973. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Well, that's yer lot for 1972. Once again, a very Happy Christmas to all and a Happy and Prosperous New Year.

“Alfie”

159 MONTHLY CROSSWORD – Number 29.

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6 7 8

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1. Pebble or Stony in Stoke. (5) 6. Farinaceous Hunters Pot? (4) 7. Different pots. (4) 8. Caving in stream passage? (6) 11. Fed Ray a duff rope? (6) 14. Ropes have many this underground .(4) 15. Every cave does this. (4) 16. M.R.O. Weather? (5) Down:

10 11

12

13 14

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2. Found in ever open passage? (4) 3. Swildons passage. (3,3) 4. Am I Able? (3,1) 5. ….or egg, perhaps. (5) 9. Subtract. (6) 12. Backward Dai has ladders etc. (4) 13. Part of Mendip smirk? (4)

16

9. Awkward moments underground may seem to take this.

Solution To Last Month’s Crossword A E

R

C R

R L

B

A

D

D L

G

E

E

I

E S

B

U

C H

U

A

C

O

L E

N A

R

K O

N

C I

E B

U

T

N

N

O S

A

I

R

Y

T

T D

E D

R