Semi-Hyperactive: The Structural Virtues of Expressionist Form by Benjamin Kolder

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE The Structural Virtues of Expressionist Form

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE Precedent “Boundaries define a space of containers and places (the traditional domain of architecture), while the networks establish a space of links and flows. Walls, fences, and skins divide; paths, pipes, and wires connect.” (William Mitchell, Boundaries/Networks, 2003) “You experience the architectural transitions between floors of a building when you climb the stairs, but you go into architectural limbo between the opening and closing of the doors when you use the elevator.” (William Mitchell, Boundaries/Networks, 2003) -Throughout the later portion of his career, Eero Saarinen examines the relationship between tectonic elements of enclosure as a point of interest for examining architectural form-making. In particular, the role of the curve (profile) within axial-space becomes a performative element in Saarinen’s definement of enclosure. Dulles International Airport Terminal, completed in 1962, offers a visual example of form and structure acting as one element. The use of the catanery curve is a direct response to structural reactions; the form is dictated by structure. Yet, Saarinen’s particular translation of structural diagram as a continuous reading of wall (vertical) to roof (horizontal) produces a formal moment of continuity that becomes a building block for informing enclosure through formal expression. David S. Ingalls Hockey RInk builds on Saarinen’s exploration of form and performance by means of a fluid arch acting as a structural spine in which the roof membrane drapes along the edge of the building. A direct correspondance between form and structure occurs within longitudinal section; a continuity of roof frame and the column are evident. Yet, in contrast to Dulles, Ingalls begins to define enclosure in plan via an implied continuity found in cross-section. Ingalls become’s a 2-D product that could be expanded in cells. TWA Terminal (Trans World Airlines Terminal), completed in 1962, is the culmination of Saarinen’s understanding of profile realized within a 3-Dimensional space. The boundaries between roof - beam - column become most blurred by masking formal expression around structural purity.

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Dulles International Airport, Washington, D.C.

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

David S. Ingalls Rin

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

nk, New Haven, CT

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Terminal, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

FORM: INDEPENDENT (seperate structural & formal agenda)

â&#x2030; FORM > STRUCTURE

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

FORM: ACTIVE (direct translation between structural diagram & form)

= STRUCTURE = FORM

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

FORM: INDEPENDENT (seperate structural & formal agenda)

Walt Disney Concert Hall Los Angeles, CA

Heydar Aliyev Center Baku, Azerbaijan

Gehry Partners, LLP

Zaha Hadid Architects

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

David S. Ingalls Rink New Haven, CT

Eero Saarinen and Associates

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Terminal New York, NY

FORM: ACTIVE (direct translation between structural diagram & form)

EERO SAARINEN

Burnham Pavilion Chicago, IL

Dulles International Airport, Washington, D.C.

Kresge Auditorium, Cambridge, MA

UNStudio

Eero Saarinen and Associates

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

roof beam

HORIZONTAL

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

column facade VERTICAL

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

ROOF ROOF

WALL

General Motors Technical Center

Noyes Dormitory

ROOF

WALL

WINDOW

Chicago Law School Building

Kresge Auditorium

ROOF ROOF

WALL COLUMN

TWA Flight Center

Miller House ROOF

ROOF

WALL

Embassy of the United States

Concordia Theological Seminary

Saarinen Tectonics

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

WALL

ROOF ARCH

WALL COLUMN

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Ice Rink

MIT Chapel

ROOF

WALL

ARCH

Jefferson National Expasion Memorial

Bell Labs Holmdel Complex

ROOF

WALL

WINDOW WALL COLUMN

Dulles International Airport

Milwarkee War Memorial ROOF ROOF WALL

WALL

Vivian Beaument Theater

CBS Building

Sarrinen Tectonics

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

ROOF

ROOF ROOF

WALL

General Motors Technical Center

Noyes Dormitory ROOF

ROOF

WALL WALL

Chicago Law School Building

Kresge Auditorium

ROOF

COLUMN

WALL

TWA Flight Center

Miller House

ROOF

ROOF WALL

ROOF

Embassy of the United States

Concordia Theological Seminary

Saarinen Tectonics

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

ROOF

ROOF ROOF

WALL

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Ice Rink

MIT Chapel ROOF

WALL

Jefferson National Expasion Memorial

Bell Labs Holmdel Complex

ROOF

WALL

COLUMN

Dulles International Airport

Milwarkee War Memorial

ROOF ROOF WALL WALL

Vivian Beaument Theater

CBS Building

Sarrinen Tectonics

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Form-active Form-active structural systems are systems in which the redirection of forces is effected by a self-found form design and a characteristic form stabilization. They therefore have an equal distribution of axial stresses in a cross section. Since structures based on the form-active structural mechanism achieve their form through a loading, this shape can - by definition - not be a free form shape designed through a design. Although the quantitative deformations are controlled through the materialisation, the qualitative aspects are only controllable up to a limited degree. In pneumatic structures convex areas cannot be adjacent to concave areas, as this requires the opposite pressure. Varying curvatures within a single object caon only be achieved through patterning the inflated shape or the application of external restraints. These measures will therefore be the focus when constructing a free form through a form-active mechanism.

Vector-active Vector-active structure systems are systems of straight linear members, in which the redirection of forces is effected by multi-directional splitting of forces into vectors along compressive and tensile elements. The characterist of straight members implies at best a polygonal approximation of the free form curved shapes that are envisaged to be constructed, where the size of the members determines the deviation between the intended curved shape and its approximating polygon. As no bending, torque or shear is involved, the material stresses resulting from this mechanism are equally distributed in the membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cross sections. This leads to a highly effective usage of the structural material. However, to resist instability and local bending, members should always feature some resistance to section-action.

Section-active Section-active structure systems are systems of rigid elements, in which the redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional (inner) forces. This mechanism is by far the most versatile of all four. Contrary to Engelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s defintion, members do not necessarily have to be solid or linear. The mechanism applies to any rigid material composition. The variety of stresses resulting from this mechanism is characteristic for the multitude of loading types that can be trasferred. The drawback of the versatility is in the inhomogeneous stress distribution within a single member, resulting into unused capacity.

Surface-active Surface-active structure systems are systems of rigid surfaces (= resistant to compression, tension, shear), in which the redirection of forces is effected by surface resistance and particular surface form. Structures acting in surface-action consist of a surface, as form-active structures could be composed of too. The difference between both structural systmes is defined through the nature of the material the surface is made of: form-active structures do not resist to compression, tension and shear, whereas material in surface-active structure do.

Structural System Classifications

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

FORM-ACTIVE

VECTOR-ACTIVE

SECTION-ACTIVE

SURFACE-ACTIVE

Structural System Classficications

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Design Variable: geometry Point Curve

Straight Line or rule Curve In plane or in space, of any curvature

Surface

Planar surfaces (plane) Gaussian curvature = 0 both principal curvature are 0 Single curved surfaces (developable) Gaussian curvature = 0 one principal curvature is 0, the other is non-zero

Cylindrically curved Parallel ruling lines, e.g. cylinder Conically curved Converging ruling lines e.g. cone

Double curved surfaces Guassian curvature = 0 Volume

Synclastic (convex or concave) Gaussian curvature > 0 Anticlastic (saddle shape) Gaussian curvature < 0

Descriptive classification of geometry*

Geometry Classification

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Structure systems

Types

Form-active

cable structures tent structures pneumatic structures arch structures

Vector-active

flat trusses curved trusses transmitted flat trusses space trusses

Section-active

beam structures rigid frame structures beam grid structures slab structures

Surface-active

plate sctructures folded plate structures shell structures

Structure systems and structure types according to Engel (1999).

System Types

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Case Study No.1 Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 21

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior, 1964, view including Control Tower Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Photographer: Ezra Stoller Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 23

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Interior, 1964 Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Photographer: Ezra Stoller Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 25

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior, 1964 (Photographer: Ezra Stoller) Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Case Study No.1 Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA

The engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was hired by the U.S. government as the prime contractor for a second airport to serve Washington, D.C., which would be the first civilian airport built specially for jets. Ammann and Whitney hired Eero Saarinen and Associates to design its new two-level terminal and control tower. The undeveloped 9,800-acre site was to be reached via a new highway from the capital, twenty-three miles away. At 600 feet long by 150 feet wide, Saarinen’s terminal was the nation’s largest at the time it was built. The building’s upper-level interior space, a single room free of columns housing waiting rooms and ticket counters, is enclosed by a steel-cable, tensioned roof suspended between rows of sixteen outward-curving concrete pylons. These supports are spaced 40 feet apart from each other, counteracting the cables’ pull. Reinforced concrete was placed around the cables to stiffen them. Curving glass curtain walls are set between the pylons. Saarinen pioneered the concept of mobile lounges, which carry passengers from the concourse to their planes. On the landing-field side of the terminal, a wing containing a restaurant and observation deck leads to a fourteen-story control tower--a tapered concrete shaft topped by cantilevered control stations. Charles and Ray Eames created a film, “The Expanding Airport” (1958), to present the mobile lounge concept to the government; they also designed leather-andaluminum Tandem Sling seating for the airport’s interior. In the Saarinen office, the design team included Kent Cooper, David Jacob, Paul Kennon, Norman Pettula, Kevin Roche, and Warren Platner. In addition to its role as prime contractor, Ammann and Whitney acted as the associate architect/engineers of the terminal; Burns and McDonnell served as the mechanical engineers, and Dan Kiley was the landscape architect. The building was expanded in 1996.

Project Overview Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 27

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

DN DN 150’-0”

DN DN

40’-0”

Plan Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

40’-0”

40’-

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

-0”

DN DN UP

150’-0”

DN DN

40’-0”

Plan Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 29

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

90°

90° 7'-0"

7'-0"

6'-0"

90° 7'-0"

7'-0"

6'-0"

90° 7'-0"

7'-0"

6'-0"

90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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40'-0"

40'

40'-0"

40'

40'-0"

40'

70'-0"

110°

145'-0"

70°

6'-0"

40'-0" 6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

Unfolded Terminal Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

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90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

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90°

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40'-0" 7'-0"

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90°

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40' 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

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90° 7'-0"

7'-0"

6'-0"

90° 7'-0"

7'-0"

40'-0"

'-0"

40'-0"

7'-0"

6'-0"

110°

145'-0"

70°

55'-0"

40'-0"

6'-0"

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

'-0"

7'-0"

'-0"

'-0" 7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

40'-0" 7'-0"

6'-0"

90°

7'-0"

90°

Unfolded Terminal Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 31

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

227'-5"

DEPARTURE GATE

BAGGAGE ROAD

BAGGAGE C 136'-10"

Section Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

CLAIM LOBBY

CORRIDOR

Section Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 33

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Elevation A Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Elevation A Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 35

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

40'-0"

Expansion Methodology // 1-D Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

40'-0"

Expansion Methodology // 1-D Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 37

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

40'-0"

A Cast-in-place concrete column, sloped outward to counteract pull of cables. The flair at the base serves no structural purpose. B Cast-in-place concrete edge beam to transfer the load of several cables to the column. C Two 1â&#x20AC;?steel cables with cast-in-place concrete casing to minimize flutter. D Lightweight precast concrete units fixed to cable beams. Panels are precast to minimize formwork, lightweight to minimize dead load. E Plaster ceiling. This hides the complexity of the structure above. F Aluminum-clad steel curtain wall. G Vestibule connecting to mobile lounges. H Cast-in-place concrete wall. I Concrete structure of ground floor. J Foundations and floor slab.

Section Detail SECTION AT FIELD SIDE

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Spring_2015

Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior, 1964, Detail of Roof and Pylon Photographer: Ezra Stoller

ural

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

o the

ed o

exi-

ges.

Detail

Pylon oller

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 39

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

A Two 1” steel cables encased in concrete 10’ 0” o.c. with additional conventional reinforcing. B Precast lightweight concrete double Ts with bridging, 5’11” wide *7 1/2” deep. C Plaster ceiling. D 1 1/2” rigid insulation fixed to underside of precast slab. E Joint of double T. F Neoprene roofing. Construction Detail ROOF SECTION

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Spring_2015

Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

General View, Construction, 1958-1962 Photographer: Smith, G.E. Kidder

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Construction Detail

1962 dder

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 41

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior, 1962 Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Continuity // Wall to Roof Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 43

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface

flat trusses curved trusses transmitted flat trusses space trusses

Vector-active

Planar surfaces (plane) Gaussian curvature = 0 both principal curvature are 0

GLASS TREATMENT NO. 1 Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015

Form / Performance Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior, 1964, View through curving glass curtain wall inside to ticket counters Photographer: Ezra Stoller

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Form / Performance Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 45

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface

cable structures tent structures pneumatic structures arch structures

Form-active

Single curved surfaces (developable) Gaussian curvature = 0 one principal curvature is 0, the other is non-zero

Conically curved Converging ruling lines e.g. cone

GLASS TREATMENT NO. 2 Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015

Interior, circa 1962 Photographer: Smith, G.E. Kidder

Form / Performance Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

ero

1962 dder

Form / Performance Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 47

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Physical Model Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Scale: 1/8”=1’-0” Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, VA (1962) 49

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Case Study No.2 David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT

Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 51

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior, 1959 Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Photographer: Ezra Stoller Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 53

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Interior, 1959, View of Parabolic Support Arch Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Photographer: Ezra Stoller Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 55

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Interior, 1959 (Photographer: Ezra Stoller) TITLE Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Case Study No.2 David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT

The program for this building, located in a residential area north of Yaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic campus, called for a 2,800-seat hockey rink that could be expanded to accommodate 5,000 people when used for other functions, such as graduation. The dominant feature of the building is a roof suspended on cables from a 333-foot spinelike reinforced concrete arch, which provides a 288-foot-long and 183-foot-wide column-free area underneath. The arch is braced laterally by three 1 3/4-inch steel cables on each side. These are anchored to the exterior concrete walls, which, in plan, follow the curves of the archâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s profile; this curvature was also adopted for the outdoor parking areas and lawns. The arch features upward-curved cantilevers at each end. New Haven-based architect Douglas W. Orr served as associate architect on the project, and Severud, Elstad, Krueger Associates as the structural engineer.

Project Overview Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 57

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Plan Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Plan Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 59

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Section A Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Section A Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 61

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface

Form-active

cable structures tent structures pneumatic structures arch structures

Planar surfaces (plane) Gaussian curvature = 0 both principal curvature are 0

Continuity / Discontinuity Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

roof

beam facade column

Continuity / Discontinuity Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 63

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Section B Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Section B Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 65

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Expansion Methodology // 2-D Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Expansion Methodology // 2-D Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 67

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface

Vector-active

Planar surfaces (plane) Gaussian curvature = 0 both principal curvature are 0

Form / Performance GLASS TREATMENT Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT

Yale University, David S. Ingalls ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) Spring_2015

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Interior, Lobby Photographer: Smith, G.E. Kidder

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Form / Performance

obby dder

Yale University, David S. Ingalls Rink, New Haven, CT (1959) 69

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Case Study No.3 Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SEMI-HYPERACTIVE

Photographer: Ezra Stoller Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Interior Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Photographer: Ezra Stoller Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Exterior Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Case Study No.3 Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

Trans World Airlines president Ralph S. Damon commissioned Eero Saarinen and Associates to design a new terminal building for a prominent site on axis with New York International (Idlewild) Airport’s main entrance road. The terminal structure is composed of four reinforced lightweight concrete shells, each varying in thickness from seven inches at the center to eleven inches at the base. The shells are supported by edge beams, which are in turn supported by massive Y-shaped piers containing steel reinforcements. Canted glass walls fill in the arched space beneath the curving edge of each shell. A horizontal plate binds the shells together and stabilizes the entire structure. The shells on either side are identical, while the one in front, containing the terminal’s main entrance, is narrower than the one in back, commanding views of the landing field. (The terminal was the first to offer waiting passengers a view of the tarmac.) With a central vaulted structure flanked by two wings, check-in facilities and a the baggage claim area, Saarinen designed the space to accommodate the deposit of departing passengers’ baggage at the check-in counter and the retrieval of arriving passengers’ baggage from revolving carousels located near ground transportation. Two 125-foot-long tubular passageways led from the main terminal complex to podlike boarding areas, referred to as “departure stations,” which constituted another innovation in airport design. The boarding areas’ remote locations increased the terminal’s perimeter and allowed fourteen jets to dock simultaneously. Warren Platner was largely responsible for the interior design. The building program called for five dining facilities, but the Saarinen firm was commissioned to design only the Ambassador Club, which it furnished with Pedestal tables and molded seating. Grove, Shepherd, Wilson, and Kruge, contractors, oversaw the building’s construction. The concrete for each shell was poured in a single uninterrupted session; the side shells each required thirty hours. The project team included the structural engineering firm of Ammann and Whitney, with the firm’s engineer Abba Tor playing a key role; Jaros, Baum, and Bolles, mechanical engineers; Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, acoustic consultants; and Stanley McCandless, lighting consultant. From the Saarinen office, Kevin Roche, Norman Pettula, Cesar Pelli, and Edward Saad were key collaborators on the design. The terminal is currently being reconfigured for passengers after many years of disuse and threats of demolition.

Project Overview Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Plan Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Plan Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Section A Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Section A Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Section B Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Section B Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Expansion Methodology // Internalized 3-D Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Expansion Methodology // Internalized 3-D Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Continuity / Discontinuity Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Continuity / Discontinuity Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface

Form-active

cable structures tent structures pneumatic structures arch structures

Surface-active

plate sctructures folded plate structures shell structures

Double curved surfaces Guassian curvature = 0

Continuity / Discontinuity Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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roof/beam roof/beam beam facade column

column

Continuity / Discontinuity Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

SUSPENDED CEMENT PLASTER

9’-0” MAX

ENTRANCE DRIVE

CONCRETE SIDEWALK

FLOOR

SAND FILL

TITLE Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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MARBLE CHIPS ON BUILT-UP ROOF INSULATION

SUSPENDED ACOUSTIC TILE CEILING

RUBBER BASE RESILIENT TILE CEMENT TOPPING

CEMENT COVER COAT

METALLIC

TITLE Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

TITLE Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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MIDGET CERAMIC TILE ALUMINUM RAILING

MARBEL STAIR TREAD 3/4” PUTTY FINISH PLASTER ON METAL LATH

8” CONCRETE WALL

TITLE Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface

flat trusses curved trusses transmitted flat trusses space trusses

Vector-active

Single curved surfaces (developable) Gaussian curvature = 0 one principal curvature is 0, the other is non-zero

Conically curved Converging ruling lines e.g. cone

GLASS TREATMENT

FormTWA / Performance Terminal (Trans World Airlines Terminal), John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, NY ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015

Interior, 1962, Main Lobby and Lounge Pit, view from Gallery Photographer: Ezra Stoller

Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Interior Trans World Flight Center [TWA Terminal 5], Idlewild [now John F. Kennedy] Airport, New York, NY

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

TITLE

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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Application Shell Structures

TITLE

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

concrete

SKIN

TITLE

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

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steel

SKELETON

TITLE

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Beam

Column

Column Shell

Beam

TWA - SHELL STRUCTURE TWA_Concrete Shell

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Shell_O

100

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Beam

Column

Beam

TWA - SHELL STRUCTURE TWA_Concrete Shell

Original

101

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Beam Column

Shell

Beam

Beam Beam Column

Shel Steel Const Beam

Beam

STEEL NEGO Steel Translation 1

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

102

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Beam Beam Beam Column

ll truction

Steel Construction Beam Beam

OTIATION Steel Translation 1

103

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

130'-0"

Shell

Compression Point

Load

Shell

130'-0" 150'-0"

Steel Translation 1

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

104

Shell

150'-0"

Shell

130'-0"

Cantilevered Beam 130'-0"

150'-0"

75'-0"

150'-0"

75'-0"

Beam

75'-0"

Glass

75'-0"

150'-0"

75'-0"

150'-0"

Shell

Beam

150'-0"

Column Branch

150'-0"

Column Branch

75'-0"

Shell

75'-0"

Beam

150'-0"

Beam

75'-0"

Column Branch Shell

75'-0"

150'-0"

75'-0"

Column Branch

75'-0"

75'-0" 150'-0"

150'-0"

75'-0"

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Glass

Shell 75'-0"

75'-0"

150'-0" 75'-0"

75'-0"

150'-0"

Beam

Glass

75'-0"

150'-0"

75'-0"

Steel Translation 1

105

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

beam

mezza column

column

roof beam

HORIZONTAL

Steel Translation 1

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

106

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oof

beam

anine column

column

column facade VERTICAL

Steel Translation 1

107

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Bolted Beam to Column Connection

L PROFILE

STEEL BEAM

A’

BOLTS

L PROFILE BOLTS

STEEL COLUMN

Elevation

STEEL COLUMN STEEL BEAM

BOLTS

STEEL BEAM

L PROFILE

L PROFILE STEEL BEAM

Section A-A’

Hole Detail

Steel Connections

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

108

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no tension

no tension, wiht hinge

no tension

low tension, wiht lower base plate installed

with threaded bars cast in beforehand

with base plate installed beforehand, column welded to base plate on site

Base details for pinned-based columns

Base details for fixed-based columns

Column_Base

Steel Connections

109

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

A’

B’

A B A

A’

E A

B A

F E

Synclastic

D D

C E

B A1

F’ A’

E’ B’

C’

D’

Anticlastic

Surface Types

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

B F

110

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Composite Studies

111

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface Studies

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

112

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Surface Studies

113

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface Studies

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

114

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Surface Studies

115

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

10'-2 3/4"

S-5

10'-3"

S-4 10'-3

1/4"

S-3

10'-3

/4"

1/2"

5'-1 3

S-2

5'-1

3 1/

10'-

5'-1

5'-

5'-1 3/4

5'-1

3/4"

6° 9°

14.5°

17°

19.5° O.C. O.C. O.C.

24.5 O.C. O.C.

O.C.

" 1'-0 "

2'-0

O.C.

O.C. O.C.

Roof Section

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

3°

11.5°

22°

26.5°

5'-1 3/4"

O.C.

S-1

/4"

3/4"

" 1 3/4

5'-1 3/4"

116

O.C.

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S-6

5'-1 3/4"

10'-3"

S-7

5'-1 3/4" 3°

5'-1 3/4" 6° 9°

10'-3

S-8

5'-1 3/4" 11.5°

1/4"

5'-1 3/4

" 14.5°

5'-1 3

10'-3

/4" 17°

5'-1

S-9 19.5°

5'-1

O.C.

3/4"

O.C.

22° O.C.

10'-

5'-1

O.C.

3/4"

S-1

3 1/

24.5

5'-1

O.C.

3/4

26.5°

O.C.

1/2"

3/4"

1'-0

O.C.

10'-2 3/4"

O.C.

0 1

Roof Section

117

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Surface Division

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

118

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Panels

PANELIZATION 119

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

Structural Members

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai

120

Footing-3

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Skylight-3

Skylight-1

Skylight-2

Footing-1

Footing-2

Top View

TOP VIEW 121

ARCH&UD-401_Tech Core Spring_2015 Benjamin Kolder, Kaiyun Cheng, Haiyi Lai