INTRODUCTION This analysis booklet tries to fulfill the expectations we had to find some criteria about the generic meaning of internationality. An approach for defining these international characteristics was to analyse remarkable cities that already have achieved this categorisation: London, Paris, Brussels, Vienna, Frankfurt, Milan, Stockholm and Valencia. The list represents a range of representative cities in terms of urban strategy and international image in the European context. The objective is to define some value keys for the Den Haag situation, in this case for increasing the international image of the city. Additionally, some cities that play an important role as political centres, have been analyzed to discover how the international organizations - relatively contemporary - have been inserted into the existing urban grid.
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London – Global city. A lack of clear identity makes it more open and less static Paris – Centralist city, city of lifestyle Brussels – Capital of the European Community. Deals with imposed changes in its urban fabric Vienna – UN Headquaters and destination for international institutions and global recognized city of music Frankfurt – German core of business, finance and centre of the European Union Stockholm – Multinational capital with nordic charm Milano – International expression of a nationality Valencia – Developed image by events and tourism
development, special policies? - As cities in a global system, is there a real need for distinction? - Is specialization an attractor? - Does this search for specialization represent the risk of oversimplifying national or local identity? - Are we looking for a generic city?
The structure of each case study focuses on four parts: Internationality - what is the international part of the city ? Structure – morphology and structure (of the city).
Faculty of Architecture TUDELFT May 2008
Strategy – city development and the way of dealing with international organisations. Manifestation of International Organisations: how are the different areas or buildings of international organizations manifested in the urban fabric?
Before starting, different questions brought up: - Are there different meanings for the term Internationality concerning the city? - Are there clear spin-offs for achieving internationality: marketing, investments, cultural
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city data comparison
London
Paris
Brussels
Vienna
7.172.091 11.624.807
2.125.246 10.952.011
964.405 1.750.328(B)
1.550.123 2.121.704
1.579,0
104,96
161,38
415,0
4.542
20.248
5.976
3.735
population citycore political boundaries
LUZ Larger Urban Zone(A)
size citycore km²
density citycore people/km²
Frankfurt
Milan
Stockholm
Valencia
Den Haag
641.076 2.494.485
1.256.211 3.904.882
750.348 1.823.210
746.612 2.227.170
442.356 955.243
248,36
182,0
187,0
134,51
68,00
2.581
6.902
4.013
5.551
6.505
London
Paris
Brussels
Vienna
4,00
1,50
1,50
1,70
32
14
27
19,4
no data available
no data available
1440
96
€ ticket public transportation one-trip - ticket prize in €
foreign people in percent of total population
IO´s
Frankfurt
Milan
Stockholm
Valencia
Den Haag
2,20
1,00
1,60
1,30
1,36
24,8
13,1
16,6
6,8
46,4
no data available
no data available
no data available
7
120
References and Comments for The City Data Comparison Sources: Population of city core and Larger Urban Zone, Size, Density *ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd, in cooperation with NordRegio and Eurofutures (2007): ‘State of European Cities Report’ Adding value to the European Urban Audit, European Commission, Brussels *http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles. aspx One-trip - ticket prize in € *London: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/ d o w n l o a d s /g u i d e - to -fa re s - a n d - t i c kets-08-01-02.pdf *Paris: http://www.ratp.fr/ *Brussels: http://www.mivb.be/1-rit-voyage.html?l=en *Vienna: http://www.vor.at/ *Frankfurt: http://www.rmv.de/coremedia/ generator/RMV/Sprachen/SPRACH__ART__ en.html
*Milan: http://www.atm-mi.it/ATM/eng/ Muoversi/Biglietti/ *Stockholm: http://sl.se/templates/ PriceList.aspx?id=5302 *Valencia: http://www.metrovalencia.com/ metroval/htmleng/viaja_metroval/tarifas_ vigentes.asp *Den Haag: http://www.htm.net/Pages/ DEF/245.html Foreign People *London: http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/ publications/factsandfigures/dmag-briefing-2008-05.pdf *Paris: www.paris.fr *Brussels: http://www.tradepoint.org/index.php?id=892 *Vienna: www.wien.at *Frankfurt: http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2811&_ffmpar[_id_inhalt]=7524 *Milan: http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDMHome *Stockholm: http://www.usk.stockholm.se/ tabellverktyg/tv.aspx?projekt=omradesfakt
a&omrade=1&sprak=eng) *Valencia:http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/laciudad.nsf/0/CE0F53E981C587 18C12573EC003E3ADC/$FILE/Recull2007C. pdf?OpenElement&=lang=3 *Den Haag: http://denhaag.buurtmonitor. nl/ International Organisations *Brussels: http://www.tradepoint.org/index.php?id=892 *Vienna: http://www.wien.gv.at/english/international/publications/handbook.html *Valencia:http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/laciudad.nsf/0/CE0F53E981C587 18C12573EC003E3ADC/$FILE/Recull2007C. pdf?OpenElement&=lang=3 *Den Haag: http://www.denhaag.com/default.asp?id=6997&ep=
Comments: “Larger Urban Zone” Harmonized definition of the metropolitan area: http://www.urbanaudit.org/help.aspx: The larger urban zone (LUZ) allows a comparison between the city and its surroundings. The goal was to have an area from which a significant share of residents commute into the city, a concept known as the “functional urban region”. To ensure a good data availability, the Urban Audit works with administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban region. Population of Brussels Due to the highly diverse nature of political boundaries in the European Union, for some cities the political boundary does not correspond to the general perception of that city. (http://www.urbanaudit.org/help.aspx) . For Brussels the boundaries of the capital region represent the size of the city core population.
16
Connectivity
work, the LGV(Ligne de Grande Vitesse) of the SNCF, Thalys of the SNCF and BelRail networks, Eurostar of the SNF and BritRail, AVE (Alta Velocidad Espanola) of the RENFE and finally The Eurostar Italia of Trenitalia.
Air connections:
Sea connections:
The air connections inside Europe are concentrated in the banana area created by the most important airports: London, Paris, Frankfurt, Milan, Brussels, Amsterdam . On the map opposite, airports are indicated by size of importance according to the airport flows in 1995. The graphics show, for each city studied, airports which are within one hours reach from the city center with public transport. The minimum time is presented.
There are a considerable number of harbours in Europe, these being of extremely varied size and specialization, and catering to a wide range of traffic. Maritime movements have been dynamic over recent years. Rotterdam, Antwerp and Hamburg are the top three European harbours. Though outpaced by Asia, Europe has recorded a sizeable growth in container traffic over the past five years. Over the past ten years, Antwerp, Hamburg and the three Spanish ports, Valencia, Algesiras and Barcelona have recorded the most rapid traffic growth in containerised traffic in Europe.
Train connections: There are six full high speed intercity railways in Europe with an average speed of more than 250 km/hour. These are the ICE (Intercity express) of the DB railway net-
www.europeofthesea.org/pdf/en_35.pdf www.europeofthesea.org/pdf/en_35.pdf www.geog.fu-berlin.de/eurocis/airports
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Value Added Events It’s almost impossible to find criteria for all these “value added events” of the international cities to make them comparable. Although some of them could be quantified as statistics, because of the different sources, it’s also meaningless to compare those items between different cities. However, on the scale of each single city, those events are representative of contributing to the cities’ economy or identity. Therefore, the intension of this diagram is to list all of the most representative “value added events”, with an indication that how or how much each of them is contributing the cities’ internationality.
* All the information is offered by the research group, obtaining
19
from
various
relevance
online
sources.
The International Typology: It is not diďŹƒcult to notice the homogeneity of architectural expression in European cities. The architecture of power is big, cold and imposing and does not seem to respect the quality, character and scale of local and historical architectural expression. The observation of the typology that administrative buildings and international organisations’ headquarters adopt in the cities studied seems to raise the question: Is international architecture everwhere the same? Is this the architectural symbol of internationality? And it this what we want for Den Haag?
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22
london 23
Positioning London : global city map
Positioning London in Europe
24
this has given it strategic importance as a part of the Central Zone of the Spatial Vision for North West Europe. With regard to its connectivity on a international scale , London is without doubt a major international air transport hub, having currently five airports, with London Heathrow Airport considered the busiest airport in the world.
Intro: Positioning London London is the largest urban area and capital city of the United Kingdom. It is one of the world’s leading business, financial, and cultural centres, and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts all contribute to confirming its status as a major global city.
London has a diverse population that includes a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, and over 300 languages are spoken within the city, while English, the official language of the UK, is the second most spoken language in the world.
London has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, and its popularity has increased over the years as a result of economic growth.
As at 2006, it has an oďŹƒcial population of 7,512,400 within the boundaries of Greater London and is the most populous municipality in the European Union. The whole metropolitan area is estimated to have a total population of between 12 and 14 million.
In the European scale, London has a distinguished position being a world gateway and
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ster (Government and Royalty) and London City (Traders). Their power tensions, and mutual need shaped the city. Trade specialized on wool and cloth and London was the main producer and trader in Europe. Wool weaving was often outsourced to Flemish weavers. The 17th century saw many new colonies and opening markets. London was already a global city.
End of 19th century city 6,5mill 1940 8,6mill Public transport, expansion
After WW2 green belt, to contain growth. Policy of decentralization, growth beyond belt
1980’s suburbs rich center not, 6,8mill. Now try to revitalize center attract population
Today, London has a well-established pattern of centres varying in size and function from the central area to local centres, and this polycentricity has created significant differences between sub-regions of the city.
An “ever-shaping” profile
CENTER From XVII century
SUBURBS CENTER 1980
SUBURBS
CENTER Until 1950
SUBURBS CENTER Now and future
London’s distinctive history has given it a unique set of spatial characteristics as well an international significance that the city has maintained from its past. It has grown as a relatively low-density, open city compared to other world cities and to most European capitals.
It is a fully developed metropolis, where the population has migrated from the center towards the periphery together with many economic activities, impoverishing the center. However recent attempts to revitalized the center, with big projects and investments has left the periphery without strong program and financing.
The first settlement was Roman, up to the place where the Thames was navigable and by the 5th century was a trading city. Modern London grew from two cities, Westmin-
27
Hampsteadheath (green belt)
Russel Square (square garden)
Victoria Park (council park)
River Thames
Diverse built environment shapes London’s dynamic skyline
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London: features of its present International profile Natural elements and urban structure London can be described as rather diverse city in terms of its natural elements and its urban structure. This diversity within a everchanging and dynamic process of development reflects its uniqueness and this special sense of its international character. London can be described as truely a “green city” well endowed with open spaces and
green cores. However, its primary natural element is River Thames which has been a physical boundary of two development patterns and realities within the city. At the same time the river was, and still is, the display promenade of all important buildings and power representations. Rich architectural heritage combined with some of the most outstanding contemporary buildings shape its dynamic skyline. Specifically, the city takes advantage of its business and financial centers and office headquarters as power concentration points in order to create strong icons and landmarks, maintaining and reinforcing its unique architectural diversity.
Successful branding: Typical bus and taxi, transformed into city icons
Urban spectacle has two categories: introvert and extrovert
Branding and Urban spectacle London has been very successful in generated a brand of its most known products and buildings, by which everyone immediately recognizes it as from London. The city continuously reinvents itself, its outer appearance and the image they want to project - always changing, improving! Even the so called “Urban Spectacle” is a well promoted activity in London aiming mainly to enchance the vibrancy of the city and it can be classified as both introvert and extrovert.
In recent years, the main strategy for the future urban development of London relies heavily on the intensification of specific areas in the city center, where there are significant potentials. To achieve the necessary density new tall buildings will be supported, helping to provide a coherent location, and new economic clusters will be acceptable in terms of design and impact to the surrounding areas.
29
CANARY WHARF
Olympic park and athletes’village
30
OLYMPIC PARK / London 2012
tutes the basic part of an extensive project for the regeneration of London Docks that began to be composed in 1981.
+
Canary Wharf has had impact at the local level, at the metropolitan level but mainly at the National level by changing the economic geography of the UK.
Canary Wharf is one of the most important staƟons on the proposed Crossrail project, which will enforce the posiƟƟon of the district as the Southeast entrance in the city
Olympic Park in Stratford The Olympic games of 2012 in London indicated new potentials for further development in specific areas of the city, adding huge advantages as an event of global prominence. Lower Lea Valley, surrounded by the boroughs of Newham, has been selected as the main site of the Olympic park, as it has a strong potential to be tranformed to a vibrant area both during and after the event. As the motto of London Olympic Games is “sustainability“, this temporary event uses the urban structure of the existing city and became an anchor project in an underdeveloped area in order to improve its long term infrastructure and urban qualities.
Urban projects
SchemaƟc proposal for the regeneraƟon of Olympic Park and its surrounding area (Lower Lea Valley)
Canary Wharf Situated at the heart of London’s Docklands, Canary Wharf is immediately recognisable as an iconic symbol of the East End of London, in addition to being one of London’s leading financial districts, at the centre of an everchanging landscape on the Isle of Docklands. The initial backbone plan of the area consti-
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32
p a r i s
An extensive system of transport infrastructure, urban networks, monuments and public amenities in a city area the size equivilant to Den Haag
34
Paris is the international city par excellence, everything happens in Paris. But what gives this city its “center of the world” quality? There is no simple answer, but a complex combination of elements contribute to this distinctiveness; strong political urban policies, an efficient infrastructure network, large multicultural population, centrality, and accessibility. All the facilities and standards expected of an international city – basic conditions which supports the cities uniqueness. But Paris’ identity goes further than a mere assemblage; it’s atmosphere appeals to all our senses. It’s identity is the essence of Frenchness and yet is recognizably international – a paradox making it even more French. Paris is made of layers, both spatial and perceptual, that allow a three dimensional experience of the city; the underground historical infrastructure and metro, a fast regional and European transport system, a street level adequate for pedestrians, monuments and axes that discard human scale giving a sense of progression and awe, and high rise buildings that invigorate the skyline. The visitor can borrow the Parisian life it is easy to experience in many different ways. Paris is a mix of practicality and sensation, and much more than the sum of it’s parts.
Paris is a mix of practicality and sensation, and much more than the sum of it’s parts.
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20 Arrondisements organising the urban landscape
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The city is organized in 20 arrondissements 20 different characters but all Parisian. Each contributes to the city’s high density cut by the main-historical axis, providing the opportunity for orientation and disorientation, to be controlled or unrestrained. Paris has a history of being international, this quality springs from a rich history predating the roman occupation and the city’s strategic position at the crossroad of different cultures. Authorities have realized this potential and have driven and exploited it since the time of Louis XIV. The sun king started the Symphony of power by setting two major themes in constructing Versailles and Louvre, monument-ism and axis-ism. Haussmann and Napoleon III continued the symphony axis towards the west with the practice of a new kind of public space in Champs Elysees and developing urban lines (main axis + radiant ones) and nodes (squares, statues and monuments like the Arc de Triumph). Through regneration and revolution, Paris became the capital of the 19th century and modernity.
37
From the Parsii, Gauls and Romans, to European invaders, Paris has a long history of being an international hub. These days this manifest in the inhabitants and the many international organisations present in the city.
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La Defence and the many international organisations - clustered and dispersed
city tissue, in a city block in district no. 7. This institution works autonomously, having its security mechanisms handled from the inside. This manifests itself as harsh external security systems which, for a friendly institution like UNESCO is not desirable. However a single island block has limited impact on the unified fabric of Paris. Looking at similar modern development projects inside Paris’ arrondissements, we see that they become small exceptions inserted along the city fabric intermittently and work with, not against, the existing structure.
In terms of institutional internationality, Paris utilizes different approaches. Both the dispersed, and the clustered ‘zone’ approach exist in the urban structure of Paris and work within it’s metropolitan context. The first disperses institutions as individual fortress islands throughout the city. The second is a concentration of international institutes or business centers with an organizational system of their own with high security and infrastructure. To exemplify, we have two cases: the UNESCO building and La Defense. The UNESCO building is located within the
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La Defense is the heart of Paris in economical terms even though it sits outside the historical center. It strongly reinforces the historical axis started at the Louvre and becomes an extension of city’s collective memory. Housed under the public plaza is a multi layered transportation mega structure and retail area, serving a high density CBD area converging above ground in a large public square. This esplanade spatially organizes buildings and users, as well as isolating them above from below, and across the boundaries of La Defence itself. It is completely separated from vehicular street level but accessible to pedestrians, creating a controlled condition for security. It is a public space that uses monumentality and change in level to influence the visitor and regulate behaviour. La defense represents the Parisian model for a globalizing world undertaken in a seven decade long series of developments (from organization to execution). This direct governmental decision making process was especially prominent in the 80’s, while working towards the bicentennial of the French revolution. It is ‘to be continued’ project built as the third movement of the historical axis symphony, marking its moment in time as the monument of the 20th century, La Grande Arche, the second Eiffel tower. A “French-ised” designed, ironically designed by a non-Frenchman.
References: Benjamin, W (2003) The Arcades Project, Trans. Howard Eiland & Kevin McLaughlin, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Hussey, A (2006) Paris, the secret history, London: Penguin in group Guignard, P(2007) Parijs Luchfoto’s Utrecht: Veltman Uitgevers Gay,H (2002) Les Cahiers de l’institut d’amenagement et d’urbanism de la region d’ile-de-France , Paris:Publication Trimestrielle Rouleau,B (1975) Le Trace des Rues de Paris.Formation, Typologie, Fonctions,Paris:Edition du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Hajer,M, Reijndrop,A (2001) In search of new public domain,Analysis and strategy,Rotterdam: NAi publishers Van Susteren,A (2007) Metropolitan world Atlas, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers Time out guides ltd (2007) Time out Paris,London: Random house group Zandbelt,D (2004) With Rogier van den Berg. Paris. L’histoire se repete, Rotterdam: Zandbelt&vandenBerg Websites: www.oma.nl http://www.aviewoncities.com/paris/defense.htm http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/Liste_ONG.asp http://www.ladefense.fr/ http://www.jeannouvel.fr/ www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html http://www.parisdigest.com/business/ladefense.htm www.iccwbo.org/ http://www.rmtbristol.org.uk/ www.oecd.org/home/ www.unesco.org www.iea.org
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42
brussels
?
history of Brussels
history of European capital
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Berlage Institute, -Brussels - a manifesto towards capital of Europe, NAi Publishers and A+ editions, Rotterdam, 2007
reputation - to represent Europe to itself and to the world. Since the Edinburgh and Nice Summits in 1992, Brussels has been able to identify itself as the clearly recognized principal capital of Europe. The Brussels-capital Region will be fully conscious of the exceptional honor and good fortune that being a Europe Capital confers, and of the exciting yet demanding responsibility that challenge entails. For these reasons the city is striving to implement new strategies and operational methods for administering its capital functions. Now the city is moving from the status of a national capital to the status of an international capital (the head of a large, multicultural body with global visibility). Throughout it’s history, Brussels has exhibited an exceptional capacity for receiving and adapting to outside influence. Nevertheless, attainting full Capital status will require an evelation in infrastructure, services, events, and most importantly, in relationships between the international and local mindsets. Every citizen of the European Union should feel at home in Brussels as a whole and Brussels must build an international environment as a European Capital.
world, as was stated at a poster expressing its ambition for internationality. If we locate the city in the context of the extended European capital with the other potential“capital cities” including Strasburg, Luxemburg and Frankfurt, with which the city exists in constant competition it remains central. Or if we locate it in the delta metropolis which includes the two biggest harbors in Europe, Rotterdam and Antwerp, and finally even if we locate it in the mega city context including Antwerp and Ghent.
Internationality The capital of Europe: The city of Brussels has been international for a thousand years. The city was part of the expansion of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance movement, the Metropolis of the dukes of Burgundy and Charles the Fifth of Spain, a national capital and a busy center of creativity around 1900. (V. Shehi, J. Provost, V. Wilmot, 2007: Change- Brussels Capital
The internationality of Brussels is manifested in various aspects such as: the title of capital of Europe, the existence of the Nato-headquarters, several international events and exhibitions that take place in the city, conferences and congress facilities which are the 2nd biggest worldwide, its good connectivity, its bilingual status (Flemish and French) and its multicultural atmosphere expressed in its ethnic composition.
of Europe)*
Nowadays, Brussels is international in many contexts - if we locate it in the center of the
Most European cities agree that the EU capital should be situated in Brussels – in terms of size, services, architectural heritage, and
45
medieval urban tissue
46
european district
Leopolds’ II fabric
different political systems. The rational modernistic urban fabric, in which the Euro-district is accommodated, supports the transnational administrative role of Brussels. This urban transformation implements the installation of a new formal, institutional and governance arrangement that is engaged in the act of governing outside and beyond the state.”
tion of public space. Despite this fact, the district has a specific perception as the city Brussels in Europe. A profound transition is begining, putting back in the hands of the city - where they belong - the tools of democracy and decision-making bodies of the community. (CERAU, Belgium Architects, 2007: The European district, p.223 (published in: Change- Brussels Capital of Europe)
Brussels resists within a post political condition, the de-politicization of space, a space of political realm, which however lacks a distinct public domain.
What links together nowadays the urban morphology and the current political situation is according to Erik Swyngedouw the new police order governing and organizing a new kind of urban landscape. ( Eric Swyngedouw, 2007: The
The new modern urban fabric is located in between the historical medieval centre and 19th century (King Leopold II). Urban transformation provides a flexible platform where the administrative centre of Europe is plugged in. Even though the Euro-district is a rational urban tissue, it is still supported from the surrounding 19th century and medieval urban fabric as it provides a friendlier, more human and local scale for residential uses, small restaurants, cafés and small hotels.
Post Political City, p. 61 ,published in: BAVO, Urban Politics Now)
Structure & morphology “The new political changes and political condition imply not only the renewal and the transformation of some areas into international districts but also the complete replacement of urban fabrics and infrastructures in a more flexible and rational system. Brussels city is morphologically becoming a mosaic of different urban fabrics that respectively belong in different eras and
Brussels’s European district can be considered according to this understanding of Erik Swyngedouw, as a new, upcoming, urban landscape. The new emerging political topology supports the effort to achieve the challenges for the new post political city in that era of post-modern transnational capitalism forcing cities to become compatible. Brussels European district is lacking in urban quality because there is no attention given to the quality of the renova
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european district
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“Soft and Hard” Strategy: The ‘Soft ’ capital is the idea introduced by Umberto Eco for Brussels as the capital of Europe. In the perspective of multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-ethnic Europe, Brussels should become a center where diversities are not eliminated but rather exalted and harmonized. That is to say, the capital of European union should become a ‘cultural foyer’. The ‘Hard’ capital, defined by Rem Koolhaas, is a form of representation of the identity of the European Union through the physical substance and buildings of European institutions. These institutions have given the citizens of Brussels a traumatic experience in the heart of the city and they are of a scale such that one can only talk about megalomania. ‘Soft ’ and ‘Hard’ capitals can not be seperated and should be coherent in any manifestation. Cultural functions must be strengthened substantially in their own right, while urban planning needs to be more integrate in the city’s social fabric. (European commission and Belgian Presidency, 2001: Brussels, Capital of Europe, Final report, p.10-14) http://maps.live.com/
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http://maps.google.com/
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Manifestation of Internationality: There is a new challenge and a new need for infrastructure in this compatibility process where cities are searching for adaptability in a changing world. The invasion of huge infrastructureinterventions which maximise mobility are at times surpassing even the size of the historical center, fragmenting the urban fabric and dividing the city. For example the railway line near the north station of Brussels divides the city to the northern district, an area with new high-rise developments, large-scale offices and administrative character from an area of old urban fabric, smallscale buildings, immigrants bazaars and prostitution. The contrast between these two parts underlines the effect of this fragmentation, which can be experienced while walking through these areas and equally understood when observing an aerial photo. Not only is the urban tissue fragmented, but the city itself is wounded. These traumas accumulate and aggravate each other, creating a centrifugal movement and a depression in the center. The resulting urban structure of
their huge scale contrasting with the existing areas of the city. The strong limits can be spatial but also virtual deriving from the strong security and surveillance of these areas.
Brussels reads like a collection of Fremdkorper or “foreign bodies”. Freud used this term to denote a traumatic experience that was never incorporated into conscious memory because its contents were dangerous to the self-perception of the ego around which this memory exists. A Fremdkorper is by definition denied by its owner but nevertheless remains present as a strange, illegible form in the repository of memory. It presents itself in its absence: the painful recognition of its existence shatters the synthesis that the ego had constructed about itself. Arguably, the foreign bodies of Brussels are the un-adapted, atypical and sizeable elements that could never conform to the proper urban structure. Fremdkorpers have a legible boundary, differing scale, clear internal organization (form, paths or space), recognizable form (iconic) and finally strict separation from the surrounding fabric. (Alexander D’ Hooghe,
References 1.Vehap Shehi, Jenny Provost, Veronique Wilmot, ChangeBrussels Capital of Europe, Dereume Printing Company 5A, Brussels, 2007 2.Alexander D’ Hooghe, Neeraj Bhatia, Brussels’ Ideal Figures, Fremdkorper as Symbolic Forms of the project of Liberalism, published in Perspecta 39, The Yale Architectural journal, Reurbanism, Transforming Capitals, 2008 3.European commission and Belgian Presidency, Brussels, Capital of Europe, Final report, www.pedz.uni-mannheim.de, October 2001 4. Berlage Institute, -Brussels- a manifesto towards capital of Europe, NAi Publishers and A+ editions, Rotterdam, 2007 5. Eric Swyngedouw, The Post Political City, p. 61 published in:
Neeraj Bhatia, 2008: Brussels’ Ideal Figures, p. 73, published in: Perspecta 39)The new developments of the city, and especially the European quarter and the European Parliament can be understood as such, due to their concentration in one area, situation, and their separation from the rest,
BAVO, Urban Politics Now, Nai Publishers, Rotterdam, 2007
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vienna
54
the east and the “Donauinsel”, a high water protection project, which doubles as one of the biggest leisure areas in the city. Vienna evolved from a medieval centre into a radial concentric system. The most important period of growth was the “Gründerzeit” (~1840 to 1873). Before World War I the population grew to 2 million which is still the historical peak of population. During the period of “Red Vienna” super blocks like the Karl Marx Hof were the answer to societal and housing problems and have been exemplars for social housing worldwide. World War II and the resulting isolated location made the city shrink. City development focused first on reconstruction and then on conversion of the existing urban structures as well as building large amounts of social housing. Economic prosperity led to large single family house development at the periphery from the 1960’s onward. After the fall of the “Iron Curtain” Vienna began growing again and new large scale projects, like the Donau City, were developed to strengthen Vienna’s position among international cities.
Morphology, Structure and City Development: Vienna is situated in the “Vienna Basin” along the river Danube. Morphologically it is formed by the Vienna Woods in the west and the brooks (at the present mostly covered) coming out of it, which transformed the ice age gravel terraces into a hilly landscape. Dominating Green structures are The Vienna Woods, the “Prater” and the Lobau (part of a National Park) in
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TOURISM
10.000.000 OVERNIGHTSTAYS PER YEAR
+
INHABITANTS
317.991 FOREIGN PEOPLE (19,1%) 2006
56
+
KNOWLEDGE
9 UNIVERSITIES
+
IO`S
96 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
VIENNA NEW YORK
GENEVE
NAIROBI
=
THE INTERNATIONAL CITY Nine universities, several academies and other scientific institutions, integrate the city in the international science society. As the seat of Austrian government and the membership of the Austria in the European Union, Schengen-zone and EURO-zone as well as one of four UN Headquarters world wide, Vienna plays a major role in the international network of politics and diplomacy. As the overlay above shows, the internationality is most dense in the city center but conversly, that large parts of the city contribute to Vienna’s internationality.
UN-HEADQUARTERS
Layers of Internationality: Vienna is a multilayered international city. The historic city centre and other mostly historical sites bring more than 10 million tourists every year to Vienna. Nearly 20% of the inhabitants are of foreign origin, and most of this internationality is concentrated in the 2nd and 20th districts as well as in the western and southern districts beyond the “Gürtel”.
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Adventist Development and Relief Agency International(ADRA) AIESEC Amnesty International(ai) Associated Country Women of the World(ACWW) Austrian Red Cross(ARC) CARE International Caritas Austria Central Europe Center for Research and Documentation(CEC) CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation The Club of Rome – European Support Centre(CoR-ESC) Coalition Against Trafficking in Women(CATW) Conference of NGOs in Consultative Status with the United Nations (CONGO) Consumers International(CI) Doctors without Borders (MSF) European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research(EUROCENTRE) European Federation of Older Students at Universities(EFOS) European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia(EUMC) European Patent Office(EPO) Four Paws Greenpeace Hadassah International Medical Relief Association(HIMRA) Inclusion Europe International Abolitionist Federation(IAF) International Association for Counselling(IAC) International Association of Democratic Lawyers(IADL) International Association of Judges(IAJ) International Association of Waterworks in the Danube Catchment Area (IAWD) International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) International Centre for Migration Policy Development(ICMPD) International Chamber of Commerce(ICC) International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River(ICPDR) International Commission of Catholic Prison Pastoral Care(ICCPPC) International Commission on Illumination (CIE) International Conference of Labour and Social History(ITH) International Council of Jewish Women(ICJW) International Council of Women(ICW) International Council on Management of Population Programmes(ICOMP) International Council on National Youth Policy(ICNYP) International Federation of Business and Professional Women(IFBPW) International Federation of Resistance Movements(FIR) International Federation of Settlements and Neighbourhood Centres(IFS) International Fellowship of Reconciliation(IFOR) International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights(IHF) International Inner Wheel(IIW) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA) International Institute for Peace(IIP) International Organisation of Employers(IOE) International Organization for Migration(IOM) International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions(INTOSAI) International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War(IPPNW) International Police Association(IPA) International Press Institute(IPI) International Progress Organization(IPO) International Society of Doctors for the Enviroment(ISDE) International Society of Social Defense International Union of Forest Research Organizations(IUFRO) International Union of Soil Sciences(IUSS) Lions Clubs International(LCI) OneWorld Austria(OWA) OPEC Fund for International Development(OFID) Organization of Security and Co-operation in Europe(OSCE) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) Pax Christi, International Catholic Peace Movement(PCI) Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization(CTBTO) Reporters without Borders(RWB) Rotary International(RI) SERVAS International Simon Wiesenthal Centre(SWC) Society for International Development(SID) Society for Threatened Peoples(SFTP) Soroptimist International(SI) SOS Children’s Villages International Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women(TW-MAEW) Trans Fair United Nations Association of Austria(UNA) United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) -Austrian Commission for UNESCO United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR) United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) United Nations Information Service Vienna(UNIS) United Nations International Sustainable Energy Organization for Renewable 96 International Organisations Energy and Energy Efficiency(UNISEO) United Nations Office at Vienna(UNOV) United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs(UN-OOSA) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR) – Secretariat Universal Esperanto Association(UEA) Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies(WA) Women’s Federation for World Peace(WFWP) Working Association for Development Cooperation World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts(WAGGGS) World Conference on Religion and Peace(WCRP) World Peace Council(WCP) World Vision World Wide Fund For Nature(WWF)
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Congresses and International Organizations: Vienna has a long and rich tradition of hosting international congresses which influenced European and world history (eg Congresses of Vienna in 1515 and 1885). This tradition of high diplomacy and the city´s bridge function between the two European blocks during the second half of the last century were major reasons for international organizations (IO) to come to Vienna. The most famos IOs are the United Nations, OPEC (Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe) and the OSCE (Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe). To facilitate the IOs with congress, meeting and conference places, convention and congress centres in different scales had to be provided. As a spin off, Vienna became more and more important as a modern congress city. At the moment Vienna is second (after Paris) on the list of the world’s most popular and most successful conference locations and hosts 316 conference a year. (Union of International Associations (UIA).
© Schauer
© Reed Exhibitions Messe Wien
© Hofburg Vienna
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GLOBAL New Internationalities as an engine
WORLD FAMOUS New Internationalities as spin os
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GLOBAL
WORLD FAMOUS
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS as anchors for the city
CITY as an existing internationality
GLOBAL/WORLD FAMOUS
The city and its International Organsations: INFRASTRUCTURE as backbone for future development
INFRASTRUCTURE as a network
CITY DEVELOPMENT as spin offs of new centralities
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS as spin offs of the existing centrality
Two types of internationality can be recognized in Vienna. One is “World famous”, which could be described as an existing internationality based on traditional and famous identities within a network, including the Vienna State Opera, Mozart, and the historical city center. Also included are new international organizations and related facilities, OPEC for instance, located as spin offs of the international centrality. The other is “Global”, which means to play a significant role in global politics and economy by the insertion of important international organizations, Vienna International Center for example. The City could have opportunities as spin offs from those new international centralities and the following extension of infrastructure.
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place here the imagesubtitels font is calibri 7 it is not necesarry to put all the text here you can refer to the images also in the text on the left.------------image bla bla showing blalba soucre blabal image on the top left: blabla if the image is on the hole page just arrange the text infront of it. Text always buttom up ;-)
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frankfurt
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What is the international part of the city?
largest exchange by market capitalization.
Banks:
There are many fairs hosted in Frankfurt every year. International Automobil-Ausstellung (the world’s largest motor show), the Frankfurter Buchmesse (the world’s largest book fair), the Ambiente (the world’s largest consumer goods fair), the Achema (the world’s largest plant engineering fair) and many more including Paperworld, Christmasworld, Beautyworld, Tendence Lifestyle of Light and Building and many more. Frankfurt has the third-largest exhibition site in the world with a long history of ‘carry on’ fairs.
Frankfurt is called “city of the banks” and hosts most of the important banks of Europe and the world. The European Central Bank which is one of the most important world’s central banks established it’s headquarter in Frankfurt from it’s foundation in 1998. But Frankfurt had been the city of the banks long before this. Six of the ten major German banks have their headquarters in Frankfurt (including the top four) in addition to the German Federal Bank. In all more than 300 national and international banks are represented in Frankfurt.
Stock exchange: Frankfurt has the second largest stock exchange in Europe after London. Today, with a total turnover of €5.2 trillion per year the Frankfurt Stock Exchange strengthened its position as the world’s third largest trading place for stocks and the world’s sixth
International companies: Although it is best known for its banks, Frankfurt is also a centre for media companies. There are around 570 companies of the advertising industry and 270 public relations companies. In addition, the “Big Four”, the four largest international accountancy and professional service firms are all represented in Frankfurt. They are Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers. PricewaterhouseCoopers also has its German headquarters within the city. In October 2007, KPMG’s member firms in the UK, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein merged to form KPMG Europe LLP, which is now the largest accountancy and professional services firm in Europe. The European headquarters will be situated in Frankfurt. Some of the largest international management consulting firms are represented in Frankfurt, including McKinsey & Company, Boston Consulting Group, Oliver Wyman, Bain & Company and Roland Berger Strategy Consultants.
Trade fair:
Airport: Frankfurt International Airport, located 12 km from the city center is ranked among the world’s top ten airports and the biggest air cargo port in Europe. It serves 265 non-stop destinations and it ranks among the top three busiest in Europe. Passenger traffic at Frankfurt airport in 2007 was 54.2 million passengers.
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Structure & Morphology: To simplify the city so we may reach an abstract structure, we must first divide the components in to two kinds of elements. Elements which are local and elements which are belong to whole of the city. Local elements include parts of the city which are small cities in themselves. These elements have their own centers, services, green areas and public spaces. The other type of element is one which could not be known as a part of a neighborhood with a local function. These elements have a great role in city identity, life and urbanity. These components are: city center, cultural zone, green belt, high raised administration zone, city plaza (shopping), new center for EU Central Bank and the western administrational zone. These elements of the city are mostly located near the Main River and we can see concentrations in all of the city structure. Most of these elements are located close to each other and are like divided islands clearly separated from each other.
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Concentration: Concentration is a tool to provide appropriate access for international institutes. In this case international institutes could be close enough to other to collectively utilise related functions in the international zones that they a part of. There are examples of these groups of related functions clustered together in international zones in the city center and the west part of the city.
Connectivity:
Strategies of city development and how the city works with international institutions
Frankfurt Am Main is well connected to other parts of the world by airport and to the other parts of the Europe by train. There is also good connectivity and co-operation between Frankfurt and other cities of Hessen province and metropolitan area.
Clustering: One of the main keys of Frankfurt development is clustering international institutes together. For example now a days it is not reasonable for a important bank to work in Europe widely without having a headquarter in Frankfurt. Providing suitable situations for clustering involves continued new constructions such as a new center for European banks.
Events: Hosting large important international events is another key to keep Frankfurt on the mental map of the people of the world. Additionally it provides the city with an international environment and gives it a international role.
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Manifestation of internationality (urban fabric) and “ how are the different areas or buildings of international organizations apparent in the urban fabric? International buildings occupy places in specified zones in a very specific way. In other words they constructed without thinking about the existing context and urban fabric. International buildings were often built in the ‘international style’ with no sign of site history or regard for previous architecture. Ironically, by clustering together in concentrated areas they obey the rules of the new urban fabric of international zones and there is a similarity between them inside these zones. At the borders of the zones there is a huge difference between international institutes and existing urban fabric although these new buildings have often become successful at providing icons for city.
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milan
World Cities Status [According to the Saskia Sassen World City ranking]
Global Connection.
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Global Scale:
Regional Scale:
Milan Vs. Rome [Who rules?]:
Milan is now a world famous city in the sense of cultural and economical events. It is in the group of cultural historical cities in Europe (the European banana). Despite, or because of, the linear shape of Italy in which Milan is situated at one end, it is one of the critical points in Europe. The combination of different means of connectivity; three airports (Malpensa - the fourth largest in Europe - Linate and Bergamo), high speed train and being close to the sea, make Milan as a critical hub in Europe and the world.
The local network of Italy is connected to the rest of Europe via Milan. Milan is also linked to the sea by good access to the harbours of Genova and Venice. So, in terms of regional logistics, it is the meeting point of the different networks. Milan has the largest population of Metropolitan areas in Italy. After the Unification of Italy in 1861, Milan lost its political importance, but it has developed a leading role during last century and now it has a kind of centrality not in Italy but in the world.
According to World Cities Ranking (Saskia Sassen) Milan is a more important city in the world than Rome. It is ranked as an Alpha city which has more direct and tangible impact on global affairs through socio-economic, cultural, or political means, however Rome is ranked as a Gamma city. However Rome, as the official capital of the Italy has more opportunities to have strong political and economic connections to the other cities. This challenge becomes more complicated when the president of Italy is Milanese!
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Milan as a 6-storey apple pie!. Domus Academy
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Each period of historical crisis, advance, and consolidation has been reflected in the organic structure of Milan. For a thousand years the core of the city was located just southwest of the present cathedral, the Duomo, and was made up of the rectangular, four-gated city of Mediolanum, with roads thrusting out from each gate to the surrounding countryside, together with an irregular outer defense consolidated in Carolingian times. The core has influenced the city plan through to modern times. The period of dynastic struggle and the imposition of transalpine
motivating forces in Milanese life, and dominate the modern city centre.
authority brought further changes. After the city was razed in 1162, an enlarged oval was constructed, the course of its outer walls still traceable in contemporary streets. Spanish domination brought the erection of still another outer ring resulting from 16th-century reconstructions. Within the city centre, the main focus of activity centred on the Castello Sforzesco, reinforced by the Spanish in the following century; the Piazza Mercanti, the centre of medieval economic activity; and the great Piazza del Duomo, laid out before the cathedral in 1489. Castle, cathedral, and a newer commercial area centered on the Piazza Cordusio, each representative of the
Several times since the late 19th century city planners have laid down the basis of a more organic plan, bypassing the traditional radial street plan, so that new districts might have wide streets and avenues intersecting at right angles. The centers of the newer suburban areas are linked to the core of the ancient city by major arteries. But the city today is still is identified as a mono-centric city. [Text from 2008 ,Milan, EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica ]
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Three proposals for future masterplan of Milan- PGT Milano, Andrea Boschetti, 2008; 1. “Epicentri e rete”, 2. “Citta lenta- Citta veloce”, 3. “Pieni e Vuoti”.
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New strategies to make Milan a “Multicentric” city:
Fast City/ Slow City:
Urban Woods + Green Rays:
The current idea is to make a compressive multi centric city designed with ten epicenters - new places of centrality for the city (some existing, others under construction, others in the conceptual phase). These are characterized by having a great number of services and intensive accessibility and connectivity. New epicenters are overlapped in local identity cores designed according to new opportunities for re-qualification of the city; this also corresponds to opportunities for new residents in the city and maintaining a dynamic real estate market.
An idea of urban mobility (orbital or transverse roads through the city) is proposed for 2015, as a response to the never ending demand of connectivity within city networks leaving free a wide zone for slow mobility. Specifically a structure of movement in the built fabric of the city is imagined, which takes in to consideration the speed of the use of the city in differing zones. The objective is to bring more vivacity to the local identity cores while at the same time motivating development and re-qualification of the others.
A geographic idea of “urban nature” consisting of six green areas around the city (the green belt) connected to each other through a pedestrian and cycling ring road of 80 kilometers. This is also connected to the historic center of Milan with a system of “green rays” or “Raggi Verdi”. The large scale parks are designed as unique natural systems and will contribute to the quality of the collective life of the center while taking advantage of the large environmental and territorial systems. [2008, Andrea Boschetti]
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La Citta Che Sale
Creative hubs instead of Productive hubs
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The ways of Internationality: “At that time, the atmosphere in Milan was pervaded with a feeling of excitement, of being projected towards the future… New buildings were being erected, others were being renovated. It was the thrill that comes with renovation and risk. You could feel that the city wanted to become a metropolis…” This was the description of Carlo Linati of the atmosphere in Milan after the Beruto plan was launched in 1884-1888. Milan has always had a process of renovation and finding new ways of presenting Milan among the top ranked world cities.
An alternative is that the industries and factories which have become known as characteristic of the city in the last two decades, be replaced by small business and trade fairs. This would be a smart strategy to renew the city’s economic engines. creative hubs are now growing replacing the previous productive hubs.
Beyond these strategic visions, what can already be experienced in the Milanese atmosphere, is the lively urban presence of the people. Milan as a Global city is not so much about buildings or infrstructure but its internationality comes from its inhabitants it is the way they live and the way they are.
The Internationality of Milanese is in their nationality
Milan Expo 2015 could be an opportunity to Design the city of 21st century. New projects are presented as proposals according to the new masterplan. Iconic highrises will be erected in coming years, but some worry that these new projects might ruin Milan’s homogenous urban-scape. [2008, Milano Towards 2015]
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City Analysis for Stockholm Personal motivation for the case: There are several European capitals and metropolitan areas along the coast. They maintain internationality with a special set of qualities and conditions, similar to Den Haag’s scenario for proposing itself as the “Global City by the Sea” for year 2020. Stockholm is one such city. Having a multi-lingual environment is also crucial for a city to be consideredinternational. As in most of Scandinavia, English is popular as a second language, which aids communication for foreign arrivals, and plays a positive part in generating an international cultural condition. Moreover, as the home of the Swedish royal seat and most multinationals in Scandinavia, Stockholm is an elegant and multicultural city, which reveals the similar quality to the current Den Haag. Meanwhile,
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with all the centralities of politics, economics, finance and culture, Stockholm present itself as a reference that fits Den Haag’s ambitions for the near future.
The City’s approach to urbanism: Branding: “Stockholm – The Capital of Scandinavia” This is an advertisement for city development from the city authorities, which were visible in various urban hubs of mobility concentration. However, it also represents the ambition and strategic goal of Stockholm to be the capital of Scandinavia. The approach of dissemination is attractive to the internationals especially the foreign tourists. By providing the service to ‘outsiders’, the city is trying to exert the power and energy from outside to develop a service and knowledge based metropolis as the centralization of the entire region. It brings the development into an optimum cycle that could provide the sustainable generation of improvements.
View of the center of Stockholm at dusk - “the Capital of Scandinavia“
stockholm
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map of interntaionality of stockholm
READING THE CITY Internationality: In Scandinavian countries, where areas are not as densely populated as those in the southern parts of Europe, the internationality of the cities are generally not represented by the intensity of internationality, but more by its level of diversity. As the most internationalized and centralized city in the Scandinavia, Stockholm oers various unique qualities: Swedish Royal seat: The history of Stockholm as the home of the Swedish Royal Family can be dated back to the 13th century. Throughout the development of more than 700 years, the royal family has been ambitious and powerful in fighting to build a national fortune, leaving the city with great wealth and precious collections. This attracts significant numbers of international visitors as well as contributing to the basic international platform.
bitions and interactions within professions. IKEA is one of the most successful and internationally recognised cases among them.
Home of the Nobel Prize: The unique Nobel Banquet to bestowe Nobel Prizes, celebrates each year the most talented people from around the world, and embues the city with the distinctive image of a “knowledge land�. Not only the event itself, but also the identity that it brings to the city is truly international.
Events city: As the Scandinavian Capital, Stockholm is also famous for staging large events - a drawcard for attracting the attention and investment of the rest of the world. Specializing in water events, concerts, and cultural events Stokholm regularly organizes activities with thousands of participants from diverse backgrounds.
Capital of international discourse and cooperation: As with many international cities in Europe, Stockholm posses a large number of museums, universities, worldwide business headquarters and research centers. These provide the city with abundant foundations for international discourse and cooperation throughout various professions, in addition to providing employment for thousands of locals.
Structure/Development: Throughout the historical urban development of past centuries, the city has been kept a strong monocentric structure in its expansion. However, in recent decades, in the age of globalization and modernization, the city began to define various functional centralities outside the historic center as the diagram of city development timeline in the following pages shows.
Capital of famous Swedish design: Stockholm is attractive to many creative individuals and organisations. In hosting these within the city, some special design conditions are generated, with many events, exhi-
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break-up of the Kalmar Union
trade and service center Trading
development plan for Stockholm 1866
<13C
15 C
17 C
192/2 C
source: Wikipedia Stockholm has been the political and economic centre Stockholm archipelago, has been historically important.
of Sweden
since the 13th century. Today Stockholm Municipality is the
The strategic and economic importance of the city made
a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680, the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the The 17th Century saw Sweden rise into
Stockholm an important factor in relations between the
Kalmar Union and the national independence movement in the 15th century. The Danish Danish Kings
of the
King Christian II was able to enter the city in 1520. On November 8, 1520, massive executions of opposition figures, called the Stockholm Bloodbath, took place. This massacre set off further uprisings, which eventually led to the
largest of the municipalities of Sweden, with a population of 795,163 (December 2007), and Stockholm urban area with a population of
Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over
foreign merchants
break-up of
territories.
the Kalmar Union. With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the establishment of a royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching ten thousand by 1600.
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trade between
and other Swedish and Scandinavian
By the second half of the 19th Century, Stockholm had regained
leading economic role. New industries emerged, trade and service center, as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew radically during its
and Stockholm transformed into an important
this time, mainly through immigration. At the end of the century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born. Settlement began to expand outside of the city limits. In the 19th century, a number of scientific institutes opened in Stockholm, including the Karolinska Institute, and the General Art and Industrial Exposition was held in 1897
service & knowledge based, ethnically diverse modern city developments in early 20C
technologically-advanced modern city
201/2 C
more high-technology and service-industry areas
202/2 C
1,252,020 (2005) is Sweden's largest continuously built-up area. The metropolitan area of Stockholm has a population of 1,949,516 (December 2007).[1] Its strategic location on several islands on the
Diverse and fierce developments
in the first half of
20th Century 1910s Swedish planning ideals
National Romanticism
and new town
Nordic Classicism, Swedish Grace 1930s Functionalismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s breakthrough 1940-1950s Realizing of Swedish Welfare State visions 1920s
? east coast of Sweden
at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the
During the latter half of the 20th Century, Stockholm became a
modern, technologically-advanced, and ethnically diverse city. Many historical buildings were torn down, including the entire historical district of Klara, and replaced with modern architecture. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from work-intensive activities into
high-technology and service-industry areas. continued to expand and new districts were created, such as Rinkeby, and Tensta, some with high proportions of immigrants.
more
The city
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timeline of city historic development
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strategy for new centrality
Strategy for internationality: The most recent strategy for city development has pushed the process to expand and transform the city from a monocentric city into a polycentric metropolitan area. To emphasize the new identity of modern Stockholm as being the “World-class Capital of Scandinavia”, the municipality has continued to propose larger, technology based, service and knowledge industry oriented developments for the city. These clusters of development have therefore taken place in less centralized areas and as a result have generated new centralities outside the historic city center. As the map on the right shows, many projective anchors interact with each other to make transformations upon the network. Interestingly, or maybe by design, most of these projects will take place where “new centralities” are proposed.
Current strategy from Stockholm Municipality for the year 2030(http://www.stockholm.se)
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Manifestations in the urban fabric: There are several remarkable manifestations acting as transformative components of the city of Stokholm: Gamla Stan
Stockholm center District
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Kista Science City
Old city: The town (Gamla stan) dates back to the 13th century, and consists of medieval alleyways, cobbled streets, and archaic architecture. Nowadays, with a certain scale of heritage, commercial and service infrastructure, the old town is mainly occupied as a tourism area, emerging as one of the most international areas in the city. City center: With the largest railway station in Sweden, Stockholm C, and the main commercial area â&#x20AC;&#x153;Kungsholmen Boroughâ&#x20AC;?, the city center is one of the most capitalized centralities in Sweden, with a modern infrastructure system connecting it to the world, world-class shopping, and many leisure facilities. It is deemed the most important gateway in the city.
Science city: Integrated with a huge scale of research institutions and universities, the Kista science city is one of the largest international cooperation and research clusters. The power of worldwide enterprises and universities serves to emphasise the high-tech and knowledge oriented identity and international quality of Stockholm.
Conclusion for Stockholm: According to this research, there is an indication that the city has been carefully designed to avoid emerging clusters. Although new centralities are proposed with various functional usages, the whole city is trying to emphasize a single identity, to minimize the negative eďŹ&#x20AC;ects sometimes created by clustering. As proof, the infrastructure and facilities are almost equally distributed around every new central area.
Urban facility distribution in Stockholm City
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valencia
Historical centre periods - www.cit.gva.es Maps - (right) .relief / main cities - www.droit.univ-metz.fr .railway - www.interes.org .infra - www.saad.mtas.es
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Introduction: Valencia is the third largest city in Spain. With a population of 800,000 and a metropolitan area that exceeds 1.5 million inhabitants (density - 5900 inhab/km2), it has a strategic position between Madrid and Barcelona. In the main cluster of cities in Spain (Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia and Zaragoza) Valencia has became the main container
transportation harbour in the Mediterranean Sea, while Zaragoza is being develop as the main point for ground transportation. Nowadays, Valencia is located on a secondary line in terms of High Speed Train, but is crossed by one of the most crowded highway axis of Europe, connecting to North Africa. The two hard nodes of Barcelona and Madrid, generate huge influence and create identity conflicts in the core of the society. This ‘in-between’ situation has resulted in a social fracturing of the Catalan and Spanish factions. Founded in the 2nd century BC by Ro-
mans, the city received the name of ‘Valentia’ (meaning strength) and was a strategic gate of the Roman Empire. Its historical centre is located four kilometres from the seaboard, on the last meander of the river Turia - a similar location to Den Haag. The Roman axes of ‘cardus’ and ‘decumanus’ still remain in the urban grid of the city centre, and the arab period was a prosperous one for technology and culture. The advances in irrigation are still used today in the surrounding agricultural areas of the city in the cultivation fields (mainly lemon and oranges).
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Front page Time Magazine June, 1977 - www.time.com (above) Turia River Park - maps.google.es Great flood over Valencia, 1957 - es.passado.com (right) Regeneration Project of Valencia (RIVA) - www.cit.gva.es
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Main strategies of the city: After the arrival of democracy and the first elections in 1978, the social movement watched to see how their demands where actioned. The most remarkable achievement was the park of the river Turia after the ‘great flood’ in 1953. Large tracts of neighbourhood where affected. The first measure, undertaken during Franco’s dictatorship was the construction of the south divertion of the river. In the first project for the old divertion, an east-west highway connecting the beach with the airport received a great opposition from citizens. The project
was kept on hold until the arrival of democratic parties into the municipality of the city. This axis has received the biggest economic efforts from the administration, and represents the connection of the main projects in the city: ‘Headboard park - Zoo’, Music Palace, City of Arts & Sciences, America’s Cup - Port and in summer 2008 the F1 Street Circuit. Other projects have had less international impact, but have made a big difference to the local population. In 1992 the Historical Centre of Valencia was in a state of dilapidation and decay, and was undoubtably heading towards social and architectural ruin. As a consequence of this situation the Regional Autonomous Government and the City Local Authority jointly signed an agreement of collaboration under the name “Regeneration Project of Valencia” (RIVA). The achievements of the Project have borne fruit. 3,500 homes rehabilitated, 45 buildings re-used for social or cultural purposes, the development of more than 21,000 square metres of land and interventions in buildings of National Heritage.
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Metropolitan Area Map - www.challengercommission.com Irrigated fields map - www.gva.es (above) Manifestations - www.elpais.com (below text) Valencia Masterplan - www.valencia.es (right)
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Structure and morphology: Since the 1950’s, Valencia has experienced rapid population growth in its metropolitan areas, while the historical centre has had suffered the opposite process. The masterplan of 1988, far from accepting this metropolitazion process, has turned a blind eye to the current situation, defining the structure in the core city and ignoring the
suburban sprawl around its municipal limits. This has imposed great pressure on irrigated areas that surround Valencia. The natural value of these areas are primordial as well as providing a lung for the city. Opposition from many sectors of the society against this lack of planning and insensitivity of city expansion, has evolved into a strong movement of associations under the common name ‘save the ...’ (salvem l’horta).
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View over the City of Arts and Sciences - www. flickr.com (above left) Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cup map - www.challengercommission.com (below-above middle) Formula 1 Valencia Street Circuit - www.formula1.foros.ws (below middle) Valencia Litoral Project - www.jeannouvel.com (right)
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Internationality: Throughout this process, Valencia has tried to define some international projects, inviting star architects to collaborate in defining the international image of the city. This approach started with the City of Arts and Sciences, developed by the native engineer-architect Santiago Calatrava. With his
proposal, Valencia began the development of the city between the end of the Turia’s Park and the the old harbour. Years later, after the public success of the complex and economic ruin for the regional government, the major even of the America’s Cup was won by the city, and with it the opportunity to change the role of the harbour at the mouth of the river Turia. New facilities have been introduced all along the seaboard, as an attempt to orientate the city to the sea. The first Cup, in 2006, will be repeated in 2009. Also this summer 2008, the F1 Street Circuit will be competed in Valencia. A event that will connect the City of Arts and Sciences with the harbour. The event represents another added value effect for the city and uses international venue marketing of glamorous sports. Around 2004, the municipality defined an international competition for the urban development of Valencia’s seaboard. The wining team is led by the architect Jean Nouvel, in collaboration
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with the town planner and sociologist José Miguel Iribas. The project, called ‘Valencia Litoral’, was a large scale urban plan, that provided connectivity through the mouth of the river Turia and the port. Currently it the project has been deferred however from the start the project expected to have the participation of a large number of renowned architects such as Alberto Campo Baeza, Peter Cook, Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Salvador Perez Arroyo, Renzo Piano, Frank O. Gehry and Ben Van Berkel. The emphasis put on the development of the old divertion of the river Turia has forgotten other parts of the city, primarily the relationship between Valencia and its metropolitan area. Like Den Haag, Valencia has the potential to achieve its goal of facing sea, but this process must understand and confront the complexity of the aim, including the participation of citizens and the role of the neighbourhoods that define the new conditions of the metropolitan area.