EMU Constructing the City Spring Semester 2010 students booklet

Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City The future of Rotterdam’s riverfronts

URBANISM EUROPEAN POSTGRADUATE MASTERS IN

STRATEGIES AND DESIGN FOR CITIES AND TERRITORIES

2010

student work Design Studio

index

0 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1

.76 .80 .84 .88 .92

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5

- INTRODUCTION - ROTTERDAM WATER CITY ATLAS - LEARNING FROM OTHER DELTA CITIES - REGIONAL PLAN: OPEN SYSTEM - TAHEREH KEIMANESH - SARA KING - DIEGO LUNA QUINTANILLA - CARLO PISANO - VERONICA SADDI - VASILIKI TSIOUTSIOU - REGIONAL PLAN: CLOSED SYSTEM - ANDREA CURTONI - GIULIA MAZZORIN - MEGHAL KODIYA - LINH NGOC LE - DIOGO PIRES FERREIRA - AARTI SHARMA - COLOPHON 2010

09/10

2

.4 .12 .20 .32 .38 .42 .46 .50 .54 .58 .62 .68

Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City The future of Rotterdam’s riverfronts

European Postgraduate Masters in Urbanism Strategies and design for cities and territories Student work book Spring semester 2010 EMU, TU Delft Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City

This semester is organised by the chair Urban and regional design Course director: Prof.dr.ir. V.J Meyer Coordinator EMU TUDelft: dr.ir. Meta Berghauser Pont EMU assistant Birgit Hausleitner

student work book 3

1 4

0

Constructing the Sustainable Delta-City The future of Rotterdam’s riverfronts

Introduction This report presents the results of the design-studio Constructing the City of the EMU (European Masters in Urbanism), organized during the spring-semester of 2010 at the TU-Delft.

Constructing the City is a studio which tries to link urban design with construction, conceptual ideas on urban compositions with the technical implementation of building in a complex territory, the ‘why’ of urban design with the ‘how’ of construction.

The studio tries to pay attention especially to the development of an approach in urban design which can contribute to sustainable urban spaces and patterns.

Spatial planning, urban design and landscape design and hydraulic engineering are changed radically in the Netherlands during the last ten years. Environmental experts advocate to take into account more precisely local and natural conditions, and to use these conditions in the new water-management strategies instead of intending to control or fi ght against them. The changes in the Netherlands are a clear example, with the recent advice of the Delta-committee ‘Working together with Water’ as an expression of a new policy.

In the same time, also the context and concepts of spatial planning and urban design are hanging substantially. More emphasis on decentralization, involvement of the ‘market’ and of end-users, is also an expression of an approach which tries to take into account the conditions of local contexts and ‘selforganization’ instead of supposing that it is possible to subject everything and everyone to a central blue-print plan.

This double paradigm-shift in urbanized delta-areas creates the necessity to develop methods of analysis, planning and design which can deal with the double complexity of the delta as a dynamic natural system and the city as a dynamic societal system.

For the next future, the development of complex urbanized and industrialized delta-areas like the Rotterdamregion are on the agenda.

The big question is in what sense a ‘working with nature’ approach is also relevant for this type of region.

Here we have not only to take into account the natural

0

Introduction

Figure 1 - Rotterdam aerial view (looking to the west), 2006. Photo

by Aeroview Rotterdam

5

environment and the flood-defence infrastructure, but also questions concerning urban spatial dynamics and economic development.

‘Sustainability’ plays a role in the politics of a city like Rotterdam concerning spatial planning and urban design in different ways: First, the city has to deal with its position as a deltacity, and has to pay attention to rising sea-level, increasing peak-discharges of the rivers and increasing amounts of storm-water. Especially the floodplain areas of the river, unprotected by dikes, will be extra vulnerable for flooding. In the same time, these areas became a new focus for urban development because of the moving of port-activities. The riverfronts contain a capacity for the construction of many thousands of dwelling-units, economic and cultural facilities, new public space, etcetera. Reconstruction of the riverfronts offer an opportunity to reconsider the spatial structure of the city fundamentally. But what are the real possibilities of the riverfronts, if we have to take into account the increasing danger of flooding ?

Second, large parts of the territory of the city need economic and social improvement. Especially urban districts in the South and the West of the city, adjacent to the riverfronts, are characterized by poverty and unemployment. Improving the conditions for a sustainable society in these areas is an important element in city politics.

Third, the ‘Rotterdam Climate Initiative’ aims a serious reduction of emissions, a decrease of the use of energy in general and especially a decrease of fossil fuels.

A highly relevant aim for a city which is the second largest petrochemical centre of the world. But also relevant for the question how the spatial organization of the city can contribute to a reduction of energy and emissions.

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These three aspects of the sustainable delta-city put forward the question how the city would be reorganized and reconstructed in terms of built form and density, traffic-networks and public transport, port-city relationships, public space and park-systems. The riverfrontarea plays a strategic role in all these questions.

Should this area be considered as the new central zone of the city, with massive densification as a contribution to a more compact city-model, with a reduction

1

of traffic and transport ? Or is it too dangerous to build in these areas because of flood-risks? Is it perhaps a better strategy to condense the deprived districts of the South and the West, in order to revitalize these districts ? And to consider the riverfront-area as an opportunity to compensate the lack of attractive public space in and around the city ?

And what is the perspective of the port-economy ? Is it necessary to consider all the present port-territory as a once-and-forever-situation, or is it reasonable to take into account that fundamental changes in energysupply and transport-logistics will result in a changing character of the port with a different land-use in the port of the future ?

Three layers, two strategies These questions can not be answered without a long term strategy concerning water-management and flooddefense in this delta-city. In this project we consider the construction of the city as a composition of three layers, as introduced by Dirk Sijmons and Maurits de Hoog (2004)1: First the natural landscape with the geomorphology as the bottom-layer; second the layer of infrastructures (for transport, traffic, flood-defense and water-management); and at the top the layer of human settlement: the patterns of urban form and economic use. These three layers can be considered as three systems with each a specific time-line.

The geomorphology of the natural landscape is changing continuously but very slowly, almost invisible from human perception. Structural transformations of this layer often take much more than hundred years.

The layer of infrastructures is a man-made layer, largely based on huge public investments and because of this reason not so easy to change. Structural changes take between 50 and 100 years.

The top-layer of human settlement is the most changeable layer. Urban patterns, the size of cities and the use of urban space are changing continuously with a relatively high speed. When we compare the map of the metropolitan area of Rotterdam of 1960 with the one of Figure 2 - The layer - model (drawing by Nijhuis & Pouderoyen) 1 See: Dirk Sijmons, Hans Venema (eds), = Landscape, Amsterdam, Architectura et Natura, 2004

7

2010, we see a lot of changes in land-use and patterns.

When we look to present-day Asia, the speed of urban growth and transformation surpasses each precedent.

A fundamental starting-point for the studio-project is the consideration of the layer of infrastructures as the essential and strategic link between the bottom-layer of the natural territory and the top-layer of human settlement.

On the one hand the infrastructure-layer defines conditions for the quality of the natural territory, for ecological dynamics and biodiversity. On the other hand the same layer of infrastructures creates conditions for safety, accessibility and spatial cohesion of human settlements.

This awareness of the strategic role of the layer of infrastructures is important in times of climate change, economic decline, energy crisis and debates on the future of the city. The recent report of the Delta-committee (2008) addresses that it will be necessary to develop a substantial change in the flood-defense strategy. The Delta-committee addresses the role of this region as the meeting-point of the problems of increasing peakdischarges of the rivers and a rising sea-level.

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Figure 3a - (left) Closed system: temporary storage of river-water during storm-surges; discharge afterward.

Figure 3b - (right) Open system: direct discharge of river-water Source 3a+b: Deltares and H+N+S

1

The coincidence of a peak-discharge of the rivers with a storm surge on sea would have effects even worse then the fl ood of 1953, when a big part of the Southwest of the Netherlands was fl ooded and almost 2000 people drowned. The policy of the decades after 1953 was focused on shortening the coastline by the deltaworks: the construction of a system of dams in the estuaries.

The Deltacommittee suggests strongly to replace this approach of closing the estuaries by an approach which is based on a repair of the estuaries combined a safer context for the Rotterdam-region.

In a study of H+N+S Landscape architects and the Deltares Water-institute this suggestion is elaborated.

Figure 3a represents the current situation of river-discharges and coastal defense: two main river-channels take care for the discharge of the river-water to the sea: one right across the Rotterdam-region (Nieuwe Maas and Nieuwe Waterweg), and one south of this region (Hollands Diep – Haringvliet). A lock-system in the Haringvliet protects the hinterland against storm-surges, and changed the Haringvliet itself in a fresh water basin.

A storm-surge barrier in the Nieuwe Waterweg can be closed when sea-water levels rise more than 3 meter above average sea-level (NAP ). With this system the Haringvliet functions as a collection-basin of fresh water from the river. During low tides of the sea, the locks can be opened to discharge the surplus of fresh water with free fall. This system is based on the supposition of a gradual sea-level rise of 20 cm per century, and peak river discharges of 12.000 m3/sec.

These figures were the calculations during the 1970’s, when the system was constructed. With the new calculations because of climate change, the system will be confronted with problems. A possible sea-level rise between 50 and 130 cm in 2100, as predicted by the Deltacommittee, will make the free-fall discharge of the water from Haringvliet to the sea impossible. This problem will be worse when the amount of river-water to be discharged will increase to extremes of 18.000 m3/ sec, also predicted by the Deltacommittee. The study of H+N+S and Deltares shows two alternative strategies: Strategy 1 is maintaining the current situation, which is

9

possible until sea-level rise and river-discharges reach a critical limit. Strategy 2, as represented in fi gure 3b, shows the repair of an open river-system with free discharge to the sea, dealing with sea-level-rise and increased river-discharges. According to this strategy the river-discharge should be conducted through one mainchannel, south of Rotterdam, where it is relatively easy to absorb the new water-conditions by constructing higher and stronger dikes. The river-channel crossing Rotterdam will be closed with lock-systems all around, while the Haringvliet and adjacent basins will return to their original estuary-condition. Moreover, the safetystandard of dike-ring 14 can be extended to the whole Rotterdam region, including Rotterdam-south.

Strategy 2 is, as a matter of fact, a continuation of the ‘peaceful coexistence’ of building with nature and urban regeneration. The rivers and the Haringvliet-area are the domain of building with nature; next to it the Rotterdam-region is rescued from any danger of flooding and will get, finally, the same solution as Amsterdam: a completely controlled water-level.

1 10

closed with lock-systems all around, while the Haringvliet and adjacent basins will return to their original estuary-condition. Moreover, the safety-standard of dike-ring 14 can be extended to the whole Rotterdam region, including Rotterdam-south.

Strategy 2 is, as a matter of fact, a continuation of the ‘peaceful coexistence’ of building with nature and urban regeneration. The rivers and the Haringvliet-area are the domain of building with nature; next to it the Rotterdam-region is rescued from any danger of flooding and will get, finally, the same solution as Amsterdam: a completely controlled water-level.

Research by design

Research by Design

The studio-project can be regarded as a ‘research by

The studio-project can be regarded as a ‘research by design’ design’ project, supported by ‘design research’. project, supported by ‘design research’.

As defined by De Jong and Van Der Voordt (2002), reAs defined by De Jong and Van Der Voordt (2002), research and design can be linked in four different ways, dependent search and design can be linked in four different ways, from two variable factors: the design-context and the designdependent from two variable factors: the design-context object. In scheme it is represented in figure 4.

OBJECT

CONTEXT

and the design-object. In scheme it is represented in figure 4.

Determined

Variable

Determined

Design Research

Design Study

Variable

Typological Research

Research by design

The studio-project can be considered as a combination of Design-research and research-by-design: The design-research concerns the investigation of the historic development of urban fabrics in relation to the delta-landscape, as well as several present-day relations between urban fabrics and delta-landscapes in several cities abroad. In both cases the context and the object are defined, as a matter of fact the study concerns the specific relationships between context and object, i.c. between delta-landscape and urban form.

The main-part of the studio was dedicated to the investigation of the different consequences of different flood-defence strategies for urban form ànd for the deltalandscape itself: as well the context as the object are variable.

The results are presented in the following pages, elaborated by two groups of students.

Han Meyer, Willem Hermans References T.M. de Jong, D.J.M. van der Voordt (2002), Ways to study and research. Urban, Architectural and Technical design, DUP Science, Delft Delta-committee (2008), Samen werken met water. Bevindingen van de Deltacommissie 2008, The Hague Dirk Sijmons, Hans Venema (eds), (2004) = Landscape, Amsterdam, Architectura et Natura Figure 4 - Four relations between design and research

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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

12

1

need their space (NICHES, in red).

Roterdam’s center was planned as a 65% open space vs. 35% built space lyout. Most of these open scaces are accessible but not truly collective or public. As space in between fragments they remain undefined.

Basing on the theoretical framework of the german sociologist Detlef Ipsen, some of these space have the potential to carry somehow the identity of the place for all citizens (METASPACE, in orange), some could becoma the ground for the future city culture, for the not yet existing subcultures of migration waves that need their space (NICHES, in red).

It is essential to qualify all these undefined spaces to places with or without a potential for plaing an important role in the future collective city (INTEGRATED UNDEFINED SPACES, in yellow).

Space without the potential of being promising “undefined spaces” should turn into building plots (NEW BUILDING PLOTS, in black).

ROTTERDAM CITY CENTRE URBANISM

Undefined spaces and urban analysis

Undefined spaces and urban analysis

EUROPEAN POSTGRADUATE MASTERS IN

FLOOD PLAIN / CURRENT SITUATION URBANISM EUROPEAN POSTGRADUATE MASTERS IN

Rotterdam’s center was planned as a 65% open space vs. 35%

+0.5m NAP

+0.5m NAP

It is essential to qualify all these undefined spaces to places with or without a potential for plaing an important role in the future collective city (INTEGRATED UNDEFINED SPACES, in yellow).

Space without the potential of being promising “undefined spaces” should turn into building plots (NEW BUILDING PLOTS, in black).

HIGHRISE BUILDING

Roterdam’s center was plannedMost as a 65%of openthese space vs.

35% built space lyout.

Most of these open scaces built space lyout. open scaces are accessible but are HIGHRISE BUILDING accessible but notcollective truly collectiveor or public. public. As space in betweeninfragments they remain undefined.they not truly As space between fragments Basing on the theoretical framework of the german sociologist Detlef Ipsen, some of these space have the remain undefined. potential to carry somehow the identity of the place for all citizens (METASPACE, in orange), some could Basing on the theoretical framework of the german sociologist becoma the ground for the future city culture, for the not yet existing subcultures of migration waves that Detlef Ipsen, of these space have the potential to carry Roterdam’s center was some planned need their space (NICHES, in red). as a 65% open space vs. 35% built space lyout. Most of these open scaces are somehow the collective identity of the for allfragments citizens accessible but not truly or public.

As place space in between they(METASPACE, remain undefined. in orange), some couldofbecome the ground for the Basing on the theoretical framework the german sociologist Detlef Ipsen, somefuture of these city space culhave the potential to carry somehow the identity of the place for all citizens (METASPACE, in orange), that some could ture, for the not yet existing subcultures of migration waves becoma the their ground for the future city culture,in forred). the not yet existing subcultures of migration waves that HIGHRISE BUILDING need space (NICHES, need their space (NICHES, in red).

The topography of the Rotterdam’s waterfront shows a very different hight landscape. The lowest point is, Bbetween Rotterdam and Delftshaven, in the Parkhaven. The 3D models show the soil level in relation to the water plane (-0.5, +0.5, +1.5 and +2.5m respect the NAP) and what happen in relation to the rising of the waterlevel.

It is essential to qualify all these undefined spaces to places with or without a potential for plaing an +1.5m NAP +2.5m NAP important role in the future collective city (INTEGRATED UNDEFINED SPACES, in yellow).

Space without the potential of being promising “undefined spaces” should turn into building plots (NEW BUILDING in black). to qualify all these undefined spaces to places with It isPLOTS, essential The topography of the Rotterdam’s waterfront shows a very differ-

without a potential for playing important role in the future It isoressential to qualify all these undefined spaces an to places with or without a potential for plaing an collective city (INTEGRATED UNDEFINED SPACES, important role in the future collective city (INTEGRATED UNDEFINED SPACES, in yellow). in yellow).

Space theof potential of “undefined being promising Space withoutwithout the potential being promising spaces” should“undefined turn into buildingspaces” plots (NEW should turned into building plots (NEW BUILDING PLOTS, in BUILDING PLOTS,be in black). +1.5m NAP +2.5m NAP

ent hight of landscape. lowest between Rotterdam The topography the Rotterdam’sThe waterfront showspoint a very is different hight landscape.

The lowestand point is, Bbetween Rotterdam in andthe Delftshaven, in the Parkhaven. The 3D models show the soil level in relation to the Delfshaven, Parkhaven. water plane (-0.5, +0.5, +1.5 and +2.5m respect the NAP) and what happen in relation to the rising of the waterlevel.

black).

HIGHRISE BUILDING

HIGHRISE BUILDING

The topography of the Rotterdam’s waterfront shows a very different hight landscape. The lowest point is, Bbetween Rotterdam and Delftshaven, in the Parkhaven. The 3D models show the soil level in relation to the water plane (-0.5, +0.5, +1.5 and +2.5m respect the NAP) and what happen in relation to the rising of the waterlevel. +2.5m NAP

The topography of the Rotterdam’s waterfront shows a very different hight landscape. The lowest point is, Bbetween Rotterdam and Delftshaven, in the Parkhaven. The 3D models show the soil level in relation to the water plane (-0.5, +0.5, +1.5 and +2.5m respect the NAP) and what happen in relation to the rising of the waterlevel.

+2.5m NAP

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Rotterdam Water City Atlas 13

1850

1900

1950

2000

14

1

ROTTERDAM SOUTH AND WEST The growth of the port of Rotterdam, mainly along the south bank of the river, has had a major impact on the whole region. It has an impact from the social structures of the South city centre, to the severing of the river from the landscape; to the isolation’, both physically and economically, of small towns in the port region.

SOUTH CITY The particural situation that concernes Rotterdam South today with the socio-economical problems of segregation, criminality and concentration of low income citizens can find an explanation by understanding its history and its spatial structure.

History At the beginning of the 19th century the center of Katendrecht was an important center in the city system , that lost completely the connection with the rest of the South when at the beginning of the 20th century two ports were formed: the Rhijnhaven (1894) and Maashaven (1911).

The next phase will concern the need of expansion for the port for transshipping and cargo activities and the consequent creation of Waalhaven; at this point city and port started to develop separately. At the beginning of the century there was an attempt to connect the image of the city with port activities (for example the creation of a new skyline in Rhijnhaven to anticipate what immigrants would see in Manhattan) but in the ‘60s the interest for the dynamics of this part of the city got lost and the area resulted bypassed by infrastructures (metro, rail, tunnel), making Kop van Zuid a peripheral urban enclave in 60s. In this period it was created a belt of garden cities in the south of Zuiderpark, about which the most remarkable example is Pendrecht, from a plan of Lotte Stam-Beese, which were initially successful but now suffer from a state of abandon and from a lack of green and infrastructural connectivity. This is a general condition in the South, due to its original structure, organized with dikes ring, today still recognizable in the fabric of the city and its organization in clusters and introverted neighborhoods.

1

Rotterdam Water City Atlas 15

PHYSICAL BARRIERS IN THE CITY Indistrial buildings,infrastructure , Dikes

THROUGH THE BARRIERS Can the waterfront as a public space give a new identity to Rotterdam?

EVOLUTION OF THE PORT INDUSTRIES

1967-today

16

1947 - 1964

1940

1920

1940

1893

1900

REGIONAL SCALE BARRIERS AND ISOLATION Both the industrial activities of the port, and the large supporting infrastructure lines, create a strong barrier between the river, the landscape and the urban. These activities also isolate small residential areas within the port and across from it, both physically and economically.

1

Industrial Buildings and infrastructure disconnect the city from the river . by looking to the map of infrastructe ,actually the networks cut the city in pieces instead of connecting them.

How it is possible to give an identity to the city as a whole? Can the water front play any role in giving a common identity to Rotterdam as a whole?

REGIONAL SCALE Transformation of the morphology of the river and the landscape 1850 - 2000 Within less than 200 years the flood plain of the south of Rotterdam has transformed from an agricultural land, constructed of polders and creeks, with a natural river form to a hard impermeable industrial landscape.

Natural and man-made lines in the landscape, which connected the hinterland to the river and across it have been lost. We see only small traces remaining in the residential areas of Pernis and Heijplaat.

With the port activities moving further west there are now opportunities to reconnect the river to the hinterland and to reintroduce a softer, more natural landscape to the floodplain.

RIVER MORPHOLOGY

LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY

1

Rotterdam Water City Atlas 17

Beach Hoek Van Holland

Schiedam

Delfshaven

(b

~3km

7 k m / 30

18

Rotterdam

River

ik e )

Vlaardigen

yb

Massluis

n mi

attraction strategie existing attraction point

1

Vlaardingen, Maasluis and Hoek van Holland: These smaller towns that border the north of the river from Schiedam until the sea, face problems of increasing demographic age, unemployment and losing population. The main area of work for Hoek Van Holland is the large Westland area of greenhouses and Maasvlatke - but border issues dont allow that advantage to Maasluis. Spatially, these areas do not have floodplain areas, the main rail line is on the dike. These towns are beautiful Dutch historical characteristics and serve as the gateway to the ocean with the beach - and good connection to the South and the main city, will help for better prosperity.

CONCLUSION:

PORT

:

CITY PORTS

:

CITY

DELFTSHAVEN WAALHAVEN EEMHAVEN

1

BOTLEK

SCHIEDAM

EUROPORT

VLAARDINGEN

ROTTERDAM CENTRE

KOP VAN ZUID

MAASVLAKTE 1 & 2

MASSLUIS

NOORDEREILAND

ROTTERDAM SOUTH

KEY ISSUES

KEY ISSUES

KEY ISSUES

KEY ISSUES

•

INEFFICIENT LAND USE

•

•

LACK OF CENTRALITY

•

•

MONOFUNCTIONALITY

•

POLLUTING WATER, SOIL AND AIR

LACK OF PROGRAMMATIC DIVERSITY

LACK OF IDENTITY & CENTRALITY

•

PROGRAMMATIC AND PHYSICAL BARRIERS TO RIVER

•

•

•

•

LACK OF CONNECTIVITY TO CITY

ISOLATED FROM OTHER CITIES

CENTRE NOT ORIENTATED TO THE RIVER

WEAK CONNECTIVIY PHYSICALLY, TO THE RIVER AND TO THE CENTRE

•

LACK OF GOOD QUALITY PUBLIC SPACES ON RIVER

•

VOIDS IN URBAN TISSUE

CHANGE OF KEY INDUSTRIES

AIR POLLUTION FROM PORT ACTIVITY

•

•

•

PREDOMINANTLY LOWER INCOME NEIGHBOURHOODS

•

LACK OF ECONOMIC DRIVERS

Rotterdam Water City Atlas 19

Rotterdam

W.Level

Population 13,945,000 inhab

London

once in 30y

in 2100

Avg High

Density 4,761 inhab/km2 1,706 metro area km2

Port Data Avg Low

75 km2 52,739 tons 2,027,326 T.E.U

Urban Projects

Room for the river

Play with the limit

Intervention outside the dike

Thames Gateway Bridging

Large scale

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3

LONDON THE THAMES GATEWAY

Lea River Park

For the London Thames Gateway climate change and rising sea level will mean the prospect of flooding, since much of the area lies in the flood plain. A new Green Network will be the framework for the whole regional strategy. It will involve the creation of a new connecting system for the urban areas (thus acting as a buffer for flooding) and the river Thames, the green belt and beyond.

The Lea River Park is part of the this general strategy and aims to regenerate a large area of East London, connecting the Olympic Park to the Thames and shifting the centre of the city toward east. Today the central corridor of the Lower Lea Valley is characterised by large areas of underused industrial land as well as poor quality housing. While some areas are well served by public transport, much of the land is fragmented and divided by waterways, roads, and railway lines. Although a fine network of waterways thread through the Lower Lea Valley, they are virtually inaccessible and little used.

The districts surrounding this area and the ones in the the left bank of Rotterdam, except from the Kop van Zuid, presents a similar situation for social and economic conditions and level of unemployment. In our case study is possible to imagine that the regeneration of the floodplain would have an effect in shifting the centre in terms of economic and social welfare. Another effect could improve the connection and the feeling of unity and identity for an area which, for historical reasons (dikes, infrastructures and developement strategies), results fragmented in closed intorverted districts without a direct relation with the waterfront.

Olympic Legacy

3

Learning from other delta cities 21

Hafencity- KCAP architects

vertical zoning

22

current section of Hafencity

2

HAMBURG HAFENCITY

Transition of interest

In Hamburg, the former port area along the River Elbe is being transformed into a lively urban zone. Practical experience has demonstrated that traditional planning instruments are unsuitable tools for guiding restructuring projects on this scale;master plans are often overtaken by events within a short space of time, Hence the decision to opt for a combination of fixed basic principles and operationally manageable rules. The design process involved testing how various combinations of these guiding principles and rules would react to different urban planning structures, programmes, densities and rowth prognoses. The results provided a wealth of information for development of concrete spatial designs. and the quality can not longer be controlled. We see the new urban area is based on a vertical zoning.

VISUAL CONNECTIONS/RELATIONS Maximum Height Firstly, a maximum height level was set for the majority of the buildings in hafencity, to ensure that the historic city scape of hamburg was visible for arriving ships.

Transparency Secondly, from ground level, strong attention was paid to the openings between buildings, the size of buildings and stagering of their locations to create maximum visual corridors to the old centre and river views.

Accents Taller landmark buildings are allowed to create a dialog with the existing city.

comparing the propotion of Havencity with Rotterdam

2

Learning from other delta cities 23

1650 _soft edge _continuity between water and land

1850 _sharpe and impenetrable boundaries 1960 _industrial waterfront with pierses 2010 _narrow recreational edge with weak connection with the city

01

1650 _Soft edges _Continuity between water and land

1850 _Sharp and impenetrable boudaries

2010 _Narrow recreational edge with weak connections with the city

1960 _Industrial waterfront

2100 18’ Every 30 years caused by cat. 2 storm surge 6’ Caused by incremental rise of water level

FRESH-SALTY water fluxes

2100 LIGHT GREY 18’ Every 30 years caused by category 2 storm surges LIGHT BLUE 6’ Caused by incremental rise of water level

WATER STREETS and FILTERING PARK

FRESH-SALTY water fluxes

WATER STREETS and FILTERING PARK

Final plan

2’0” Rising in water level (2080 sea level) 68% inundation 4’0” Rising in water level (2080 rapid ice melt) 80% inundation 8’0” Rising in water level (100 year flood) 96% inundation

Nowaday situation

Water fluctuation 2080

Cut and fill strategy

Islands formation

Differenziation of land uses

Final plan

02

24

2

NEW YORK LOW MANHATTAN, LIBERTY STATE PARK

02

01

01 MoMa Open house, Architectural Research Office 02 MoMa Open house, LTL Architects

MoMA and P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center joined forces to address one of the most urgent challenges facing the nation’s largest city: sea-level rise resulting from global climate change. Though the national debate on infrastructure is currently focused on “shovelready” projects that will stimulate the economy, we now have an important opportunity to foster new research and fresh thinking about the use of New York City’s harbor and coastline.

2

Learning from other delta cities 25

Secondary river branch to mitigate the flood danger This project is a first prize in a competition for the city of Arnhem. The masterplan incorporates the development of a nature and recreation area including a new urban quarter, on the riverscape. The new city quarter is located on a natural island on the other riverside of Arnhem, in a former harbor area.

With the introduction of new bridges across the river, the interchange between old and new fabric is enhanced.

The urban expansion across the river brings the city in closer relationship and interaction with it. As far as the recreational part is concerned, the huge natural river park is formed with urban beaches that, in case of extreme river discharge, can turn into a secondary river branch that will mitigate the flood danger for the urban fabric.

26

2

ARNHEM SECONDARY RIVER BRANCH TO MITIGATE THE FLOOD DANGER current situation

first prize project

2

Learning from other delta cities 27

There is a new generation cities - followed by old ones - that has as a main potential the water controlled. Without a deep analysis on those, is possible to highlight relation with the water which is constantly and safe.

This relation is already done over years by the dutch way of dealing with the water, shaping canals through the nature. Nowadays new developments as Ijburg - in Amsterdam - has over a grid of water system over the common grids of streets and blocks. This means looking at the future: transportation through water has less resistance and which less energy consumption, therefore sustainable.Then plus the leisure profits, making artificial lakes and beaches to merge and add new life quality on public spaces.

28

2

IJBURG WATER CONTROLLED CITIES

water ways connections as option for transport direct relation of the inhabitants with the water without dike

2

Learning from other delta cities 29

DELFT

Continious landscape

Natural water front

Green Network

HOEK VAN HOLLAND

NAALDWIJK

Vertical zoning&Transition

Infrastructure & Water front

Hafen city&Rotterdam

2

30

A DEVENTER NEW YORK LONDON HAMBURG

SCHIEDAM MAASLUIS

VLAARDINGEN

CONCLUSION

R

NIJMEGEN

ARNHEM

ROTTERDAM

SLUIS

Diversity of water space

Dynamic landscape

Continious landscape

DELFT

SCHIEDAM

VLAARDINGEN

Infrastructure Recalling History

2

Learning from other delta cities 31

DYNAMIC DELTA CITY

32

3

Regional Plan: Open System DYNAMIC DELTA CITY Tahereh Keimanesh / Sara King / Diego Luna Quintanilla / Carlo Pisano / Veronica Saddi / Vasiliki Tsioutsiou

Study area.

SCHIEDAM / Carlo Pisano DELFSHAVEN / Diego Luna Q. KOP VAN ZUID / Vasiliki Tsioutsiou HEIJPLAAT / Sara King WAALHAVEN ZUID / Veronica Saddi WAALHAVEN / Tahereh Keimanesh

Rotterdam current situation.

Vision Statement

The flood plain conceived as river.

The Rottedam flood plaina dynamic waterscape.

3

A shift from the concept of feeling safe inside the dike to a new awareness of the natural processes of the river Maas.

To see the Maas not as a dangerous river to be controlles, but as a mine of possibilities to integrate the whole of Rotterdam.

By intervening on the process and not on the shape of the river, we leave free the dynamics of the fluxes to design the land.

By understanding the process, it will be possible to live in strict contact with the water, setting activities according to the flood probabilities.

Thus, we structure this process by creating a detailed vertical zoning.

Regional Plan: Open System 33

OPEN SYSTEM: ISLANDS FORMATION.

Island configfuration and safe zones.

34

Cut and fill process.

1160

1160 - 1440

1700

1850

2010

2050

2070

2100

2100 High tide.

3

OPEN SYSTEM: REGIONAL STRATEGY.

Green corridors.

Strategic interventions.

Vertical zoning.

3

Regional Plan: Open System 35

The typology distribution (up) and the potentials formed by the possible future mobility network.

36

Pote

3

GENERATING DENSITY For the densification of the flood plain, the basic unit is a district, which is defined as walking distance wide area (1000m). In order for this unit to function, basic amenities notions of the vertical zoning must be incorporated, like public transport, public places and spaces and a proportion of safe zone and dynamic landscape. The density of each new district is a condition for a new transport connection, and thus, the mobility nodes are linked to minumum densities. Different mobility types have vary in catchment area and minimum density required.

The regional typologies are 3: metropolitan, quiet metropolitan and suburban. The initial distribution of the typologies to the study area was based on the superimposition of the existing potentiality mapping (mainly based on transport nodes), along with the vertical zoning (based on the transformed land form).

Potential based on current transport

3

Regional Plan: Open System 37

First phase: The transformation of the industrial area existing industrial buildings Existing industrial buildings

agriculture agriculture fish farming nature and water storage

nature and rain water storage

place of artist place of artists and atelier new public transport

38

3.1

ROTTERDAM SOUTH IN TRANSITION Waalhaven Boulevard, a place of trusted strangers water front as a public space Central station 25 MIN

Center 20 MIN

Historical Delfshaven

Historical Heijplaat

Transition zone : boulevard/park

Future public tranport

a

3.1

Old charlois

NEW POTENTAIL Park carries the infrastructure of the piers (new development)

NEW POTENTAIL New Tram line

Tahereh Keimanesh

ZUID PLEIN

The Analyze of Rotterdam south explores that one of the problem of this area is concentration of segregated, deprived neighbourhoods. Segregation is an Interaction between Social and Spatial Inequality; They are often perceived by the public as places that are not inhabited or frequented by decent people – they are seen as ‘places of exclusion’ .How is it possible for strangers people from different Subcultures – to become “trusted familiar strangers’’?Public space plays a crucial role, it provides opportunities for developing social, cognitive and physical skills. I introduced the water front as a new public space which gives a new identity to Rotterdam south and a common identity for the whole city, by changing the entrance of the Maas tunnel towards Waalhaven Boulevard, it opens up a new economical and social window for this area. The flexibility of the structure of this boulevard makes the dynamic park into a very suitable project for developing a new understanding of social cohesion in public space. This public space has the capacity for further densification during developing of the industrial areas but it can function itself independently.

Transition zone: Boulevard/park The park has a flexible structure with two different atmospheres : 1-Dynamic landscape: by creating natural edge, the river flows to the park and the relation of the city and river becomes stronger.

2-Lively urban courtyards: by extpanding the dike towards the piers, This Boulevard carries the structure of the new development on the piers in future. I also introduced a new public transport in this boulevard so in the case of high flooding, the public transport will be safe and it gives a potential for high densification on its catchment.

New development on the piers: High density islands During the development of the boulevardin the industrial areas will transform slowly to a mix of agriculture lands, place for artists and also rain water storage which gives benefit to the inhabitants of the city;by harvesting rain water in the industrial areas, it gives chance tothis area to be transformed gradually to nature and recreation.

Later on this area has potential to become collection of small islands on safe zone with high density and green natural areas on lower zones.

39

Waalhaven boulevard in a high density scenario

The layers of the design structure:

Buildings

Buildings

safe zone and water storage rain water storaand safe zone ge

Main work

frame

Main Frame work

Zu id

er

pa

n a t u r a l Ground Ground River

New buildings

Main Network

New buildings

River

section of the piers: combined safe zone and low zone adaptive ground floor

Existing buildings

New buildings

Dike

Dynamic landscape

River

freak flooding 5.50 yearly flooding 3.50 max. winter 2.50 daily fluctuation 2 min winter 1.00 min. summer

Existing buildings

New buildings

Dike

extension dike

0.00

section boulevard-Dynamic landscape

River

section boulevard-expanding the dike

40

rk

High density scenario R-2.Safe Zone Typology: Quiet Metropolitan Island scale GSI MAX on the level 3.5 m = 0.9 GSI MIN on the Level 6 m = 0.35 FSI MIN = 2.5 fabric scale MIN FSI = 2

R-2.Low Zone Typology: Metropolitan Island scale FSI MIN= 3 GSI MIN = 0.4 GSI MAX on the plinth level = 0.20

R-4/ R-5- accessibility and view

The design takes an innovative and optimistic concept of the stranger as its starting point.

Goals: Human scale and comfort zone in High dense environment.

The main principle rules on the whole project : R-1. Light R-2. Dynamic density according to network R-3. Streetscape Height /human scale R-4. Accessibility to the public space-water front R-5. View In each zone the density range is set and the rules are applied in hierarchy.

The specific rules in the transition zone- park: The park has the capacity for the further densification during developing on the piers R-2.Maximum density: Max FSI = 3 GSI MAX=0.85 GSI MAX on plinth= 0.4

Process Of Densification 1. platform: empty -playing ground, art performance,...

2.temporary buildings

3.cutting and filling by buildings R-4. public space in maximum walking distace of 250 m 4.cutting and filling by buildings

5.heighten buildings

41

HEIJPLAAT ISLAND WINTER FLOODING: WATER LEVEL +3.5m

FREAK FLOODING: +5.3m N.A.P.

SUMMER LOW: +1m N.A.P.

TRANSITION SPACE: ENTRANCE PAVILION REUSING EXISTING INDUSTRIAL SKELETON

APPROPRIATION OF INDUSTRIAL PLOTS ROAD & PUBLIC SPACE NETWORK & SAFE ZONE CONSTRUCTION

42

TRANSITION STRUCUTRE

3.2

3.2

CITY GARDEN : GARDEN CITY Heijplaat In Transition URBAN AGRICULTURE

NEW BUILDINGS

PATHS, PUBLIC SPACES OF TRANSITION AGRI -PARKS

ROAD NETWORK

INTERWOVEN DIKE

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

GREATER GREEN NETWORK

Sara King

Heijplaat, a garden city in the centre of the city ports faces an imminent change in the near future, with threating water level and a movement of the port activity. The village, an island in the port, becomes an island in the dynamic floodplain. With these conditions of landscape and space within the city Heijplaat can be envisaged as a new space for production and recreation and living for the city - a garden city and a city garden.

To set up the conditons for this urban landscape means protecting the existing and managing the transition, thus a two fold strategy is employed.

TRANSITION STRUCTURE:INTERWOVEN DIKE The interwoven dike creates a safe zone for the island.

The focus of this project is the process of transition.

The new structure must be able to perform in all stages and conditions of the transition period, thus making it sustainable and adaptable.

Second to that, it must also act as a transition structure between the existing protected village and the new dynamic landscape. For this a primary function of a promenade with strategic public spaces along the length of the structure, is fundamental. With densification this develops as a street.

The design of the structure adapts to each place always in reference to the waters edge. By virtues of vertical zoning can act as a ecological corridor for the island, connecting to the larger green network.

TRANSITION PROGRAMME: PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE A productive landscape is introduced on the piers.

Gardens farms are used to appropriate space as the industrial lots are become vacant. It sets up a new environment and conditions for future development while producing food for the city. Within this specific ‘agri-parks’ act as public spaces which people can access safely, by boat or by land, thus making the new landscape of the island accessible for recreation.

URBAN : AGRICULTURE As the area becomes developed the agriculture is integrated into the new district, through private and communal gardens and the agri-parks maintaining both the garden city ideal and the new city garden.

43

A

B

TRANSITION STRUCTURE_(B)

DYNAMIC DENSITY CONDITIONS TRANSPORT POTENTIALS OVERLAID ON FIRST SAFE ZONE

DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE WITH PROMENADE

URBAN

F.S.I. >2

SUBURBAN LIVING WITH LOCAL STREET

1

0.5

A

DENSIFICATION

44

SECTION THROUGH TRANSITION SPACE ON DIKE AND NEW URBAN AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENTS_(A)

CITY GARDEN : GARDEN CITY Heijplaat In Transition SCENARIOS OF DEVELOPMENT

DYNAMIC DENSITY CONDITIONS

The location on the island in relation to the safe zone and proximity to public transport, determine the conditions PARTIAL INCORPORATION, PARTIAL DISPLACEMENT for the density of the development and thus the amount of agriculture required. These conditions change as the BALANCED MIXED TYPOLOGY DEVLEOPMENT safe zone & public transport system expand, therefore F.S.I. 2.00 there are a number of scenarios for future development.

HAPPY MEDIUM

60% Agriculture

THE SUBSIDY RULE Allowing Density & Supporting the Parks Each development must have a balance of agriculture for its built-up area. A minimum must be incorporated in the development according to its density conditions.

For higher densities the surplus can be displaced to the agri-parks on the piers in the flood plain. A financial contribution must made to these parks both at the construction and maintenance phase of the development.

HIGH DENSITY DISPLACEMENT MINIMAL INCORPORATION HIGH DENSE DEVELOPMENT & LARGE CITY PARK

F.S.I. 2.00 30% Agriculture

€€ + SUBURBAN AUTONOMY TOTAL INCORPORATION LOW DENSITY SELF-SUFFICIENT LIVING

F.S.I. 0.75 100% Agriculture

45

0/ STRATEGY.

Due to the infrastructure used by former industrial activities and the contruction of a new water protection, the Delfshaven area is split into a set of isolated clusters.

w ne

1

e

en

th ma

sse

d

n mo

2

ie sch

lf de

n ve a h

3

er rti

4

t

wa k yd llo

isolated clusters.

1 networks.

ID /

e dik

e th

insid

OD

/ ou

e tsid

e. ke. e di

th

. ork . etw ork tw gre ne r e t wa n en

In order to establish physical conections between the several clusters and the river Maas, a set of networks have been established as a first intervention. These networks will hold the new water protection, the mobility infrastructure, a new sequence of public spaces and ecological devices of fresh water.

2 density.

ID /

OD

wd ne

e.

e dik

e th

insid

e.

e dik

e th

tsid

/ ou

s.

itie

s en

The second strategy is focused on the densification of the area, according to the regional plan. A new urban fabric will replace the industrial uses of the flood plein in a rule-based strategy. For the inside dike zone, punctual densification will take place, in order to give new diversity to the existing urban fabric.

3 transition zone.

ID /

OD

e.

on nz

46

itio ns tra

e.

e dik

e th

insid

e.

e dik

e th

tsid

/ ou

The regional “open river� strategy implies a rise of the dikes. In this case, a transition zone between the inside and outside the dike should be developed in order to, guarantee an appropiate spatial relation with them, using the potentials provided by the new relation with the river.

3.3

3.3

DELFSHAVEN Restoring water dynamics.

1/ NETWORKS.

To establish a new physical, functional and spatial interaction between the different parts, a landscape-based set of networks has been proposed:

Water network.

The “open river� strategy seeks to restore spatial

relations with the river. By a process of cut and fill, new islands were formed and new waterways has been configured. In order to bring the water dynamics to the existing fabric, the old water conections of Delfshaven were restablished with a system of locks to assure the internal safety.

Green network.

By conecting the existing public spaces with green structures, such as parks, urban agriculture and trees, a green infrastructural network was set to structure the whole area, integrating the public space with the dikes, safe zones, mobility infrastructure and a rain water system. This network is an overall framework for the urban intervention.

Public transport: within the new networks the project includes an integrated multi-modal transport system base on an expantion of the existing tram lines and new bus and boat networks.

M

Tram line Bus line M M

Boat line Multi-modal node

Diego Luna Quintanilla 47

2/ DENSITY.

Based on an analysis of the existing potentials of the site in combination with the framework given by the new networks, a rule-based strategy for densification was proposed.

Rule 1. Urban typologies.

There are four urban typologies and the location of them must follow the zoninig given by existing and proposed potentials: QM (quite metropolitan) / M (metropolitan) / MS (metropolitan services) / MA (met. anchors).

Rule 2. Zoning.

According to the location in relation with the main water protection, there are three main zones: ID inside the dike / D on the dike / OD outside the dike.

Each of these zones is subdivided in: QM / M / MS. / MA.

Rule 3. Building heights.

The height of the buildings in fabric level must be equal to or less than the middle distance between the facade of the fabric and the facades of the fabrics around.

Rule 4. Tare, network density and profile w.

QM: Tf= 0,23 / Nf= 0,016 / b= 15 (average).

M: Tf= 0,34 / Nf= 0,25 / b= 15 (average).

MS: Tf= 0,34 / Nf= 0,25 / b= 15 (average).

MA: Tf= 0,34 / Nf= 0,25 / b= 15 (average).

Rule 5. Coverage (GSI).

QM: 0,65. / M: 0,45. / MS: 0,65. / MA: 0,65.

Rule 6. Minimums.

The coverage in the island level most be at least nine (9) meters high from the street level in adition to the underground level.

Rule 7. Minimum building intensity (FSI).

48

QM: 3,25. / M: 3,90. / MS: 3,90. / MA: 4,5.

3/ TRANSITION ZONE.

In order to give an urban scale caracter to the water defense infrastructure, a new street section is proposed, setting an new urban avenue.

Section A / Westzeedijk. save zone 2100

6.00

freak flooding 2050

5.30

yearly flooding 2050

3.50

max. winter daily fluctuation 2050 max. summer min. winter

2.50

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00

1.50 1.00 N.A.P 0.00

min. summer

-1.00

3 transition zone.

4.00

2.50

4.70

12.60

4.70

2.50

4.00

35.00

Existing section.

Proposed section.

ID /

ke.

e di

e th

insid

OD

ke.

e di

e th

tsid

/ ou

e.

on nz

itio ns tra

save zone 2100

Section B / Hudsonstraat.

6.00

freak flooding 2050

5.30

yearly flooding 2050

3.50

max. winter daily fluctuation 2050 max. summer min. winter

2.50

min. summer

5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00

1.50 1.00 N.A.P 0.00 -1.00

3 transition zone.

4.00

2.50

4.70

12.60

4.70

2.50

4.00

35.00

Existing section.

Proposed section.

ID /

ke.

e di

e th

insid / OD

ide

outs

the

. dike

e.

on nz

itio ns tra

Instead of conceiving the dike as barrier between the city and the river, the goal is to think about the dike as a new space for interaction between, not only the river and the city, but also between the inside dike and the outside dike´s new urban developments. The spatial relation is proposed in combination with the new dynamics between the river and the land.

49

Coherent tissue of Rotterdam west in the beginning of 1900

The process of creation of clusters and uncoherent tissue is due to the insertion of the industrial water basins.

WHAT IF we will take advantage of the situation by transforming them in the new development core for Rotterdam west?

Clusterization process after the insertion of industrial water basins

Horizontal and vertical connections and new developments

Soil movements to create safe land in a dynamic water landscape

50

Strategy for a dynamic water scape

Changing the position of the gate as a mine of possibilities

3.4

3.4

ARCIPELAGO DYNAMIC CITY SCAPE Project structure

1_raised land and dynamic landscape

According to the general plan I decide to define the developable areas by using the strategy of the cut and fill.

This allow me to create safe lands, suitable for all tipe of environments and investments, in a dynamic landscape that cange through time according to the water levels (1).

2_parks and islands subdivision

These areas are supported by parks and open spaces both raised and dynamic. The districts so created are then divided in smaller parcel, feasable for medium investors (2).

3_terraces along the waterfront

From the definition of a wide range of FSI, from 3.6 to 2.2 according to the regional mobility plan, and of GSI, from 0.35 to 0.45, according to the percentage of public open space of each parcel, it will be possible to ensure an etherogeneous environment.

The first 15 meters of the raised land will be maintained as a public open space, a continuous terrace along the water (3).

4_visual and physical connections

5_tridimensional open spaces envelope

6_placement of the buildings according to the envelope

7_2 hours shadow for residential uses

Big cure has been given to the visual and physical connections between the access to the waterfront, the backbone of existing building along Tuinlaan to the new settlements and the open space through the built area.

To ensure these fundamental connections has been established a tridimensional envelope of public spaces that insuring the internal network of public spaces, will force proximity to the street leaving the vertical connections (5). Moreover, due to the tridimensionality of the envelope, it will avoid the monotonous extrusion of volumes (6).

Setting the “2 hours shadows for residential use� rule it will be encouraged the tridimensionality and the vertical relation between buildings of different parcels instead the use of highrises. Moreover in the areas where is not possible to avoid the 2h shadows (yellows arrows), will be created a mixed use environment without precisely defining where it has to take place (7).

Carlo Pisano 51

daily fluctuation 2050

1

+1.00 NAP

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

For the architectural scale was used the porosity to ensure the minimum amount of opening to the outside. The porosity is a parameter defined by the relation between the open spaces inside the buildings and the built up area.

By doing several models and examples was possible to define the necessity, especially in the unsafe land of the floodplain, of a relation between the public open spaces inside the building and the coverage.

Water dynamics

yearly flooding 2050

+2.00 NAP

When the water is +1.00 m respect to the NAP is possible to use almost the entire surface of the waterfront park. With the rising of the level of the water the entire landscape change its appearance, highlighting stripes of safe land surrounded by water.

freak flooding 2050

+4.00 NAP

+5.00 NAP

52

The design of the project is developed according to the general strategy of taking advantage and emphasize the water movements and dynamics.

Moreover, by moving the gate it is possible to bring the water dynamics till the Schiedam city centre. Untill +2.00 as a matter of fact the old city face the water fluctuation, being protected by a new systems of walls and open spaces that take advantage of the new environment so created.

When the water pass +5.00 the project shows itselft as it is: an Arcipelago of dynamic cityscapes, where everything can still work just enjoying the contact and the relation with the water.

9

1_building line that face the park and the dynamic canal 2_public space in the water dynamics and the protection wall 3_new street inside the water dynamics that will connect the Schie dam city centre and the waterfront toward the River Maas 4_new harbours inside the dike, thanks to the movement of the gate 5_connection between inside and outside the dike 6_rised dike (6.00m) will undertake the heavy transportation functions 7_new development on the safe level (5.50m) 8_15 meters wide continuous terrace standing on the top of the water 9_the dynamic landscape that will change its appearance according to the water levels

53

high water summer

high water winter

yearly flooding

freak flooding

S 01 S 02

S 03

plan with transport system

54

3.5

3.5

WAALHAVEN ZUID DYNAMIC SINGELS

Regional Green Grid

Regional green Grid Waalhaven Zuid can be considered the missing piece of an existing green belt in Rotterdam South. The proximity with the line of garden cities South of Zuiderpark is an occasion to support the existing neighborhoods with a new green framework and integrate a new settlement that can take advantage from the proximity to the water and the tidal dynamics, thus acting as a key-area for what concerns the competitiveness of Rotterdam in a regional scale.

Actual situation In spite of the high quantity of parks, the disconnection of settlements, the fragmentation of green system and the predominance of infrastructures do not allow to make these elements work as a system, thus limiting the potential benefits. Two vast ensembles will have to be progressively reorganized: the warehouses in the floodplain and the temporary low density district of Wielewaal inside the dike.

Scheme of actual situation

Scheme of strategy

Strategy The main issues will be to implement the public transport system and link the existing potentialities inside the dike with the floodplein. The introduction of a new access to the city from the A15 on the dike will make the Groene Kruisweg a green, slow traffic boulevard integrated in a broader green network involving the new waterfront and public spaces in the flood plain. In the former port area the disposal of industries will happen gradually and some buildings will stay and will be part of the structure for the new development.

Water Dynamics The existing structure of roads has been emphasized with the “cut and fill� principle and the creation of safe lines aligned to the industries. To them it corresponds the creation of a net of singels which allows a closer relation with the water also for those areas which are far from the waterfront. They will also add a dynamic component due to the tidal variations, thus shaping the public spaces and creating a variety of possible solutions for flood defense in the residential fabrics.

Veronica Saddi 55

SECTION 01

waterfront

secondary safe line

SECTION 02

main safe line

water square

SECTION 03

56

new Groene Kruisweg

waterfront and dike

singel

Density and rules Starting from the defined framework, that is the fix part of the master plan (such as public and green spaces, main infrastructures and safe lines), it was built a set of rules at the district scale for every element of this framework that will act on every fabric, independently of the density assigned. At the fabric scale, another series of general and specific prescriptions are used in order to guide and allow certain typologies and urban effects. For the vast part dedicated for the suburban areas a set of rules would have been too restrictive especially because of the need to make developers follow the market and the request for different typologies, or open space ratio. At the same time the risk of having an undifferentiated expanse of houses in such a vast area was high. From this point of view the presence of the existing industries played an important role. In fact they have the double benefit of offering a mix of uses and leading to a different use of soil. If we consider for every fabric the possibility to build with an FSI of 0,5 (counted for the gross area) their presence will affect (depending on the their own FSI and GSI values) the FSI and GSI in the net fabric areas with a consequent change of typology.

In this way a combination of edge situations, densities and industrial preexistences leads to a diversification of conditions and contextualization of the different neighborhoods.

FSI

57

section to the linear safe zone

DENSITY B DENSITY A

1. FLOOD PROTECTION - SAFETY NETWORKS 2. LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATIOND- INFRA TUNNELING 3. NEW WATERWAY: SHIFT FOR SHIP ROUTES SAFETY

5.30 3.50 2.50 0.00

58

3.6

e zone

3.6

EILAND VAN CENTRUM KOP VAN ZUID- THE NETWORK CITY Bringing the centre back in the riverfront cannot occur with local interventions on the river edges. The Hypothesis is simple: if the centre of Rotterdam will extend to the other side of the river Maas, by densifying Kop van Zuid, then the riverfront can become not only the geometrical but also the functional centre of the city.

Facing The Water Threat The main designing aim is to introduce interventions that will make the area safe for the next 50-100 years.

However, since it is an existing, relatively new fabric, vertical zoning cant be applied but locally. Also kop van Zuid and especially the islands (Katendrecht, Feijenoord, Noordereiland) are not in touch with the dike system, rendering their protection even more challenging.

However since small-scale interventions are enough to keep these areas safe for the yearly floods, focus is given to the extreme events.

That is why the backbone of the interventions is the introduction of a safe network, which lies at +6.00m (safe zone) and consists of heightened streets, public spaces, connections (bridges) and floating platforms. The safe network is calculated on the basis that each person should have at least 5m2 of open space on the safe zone and on that he will be in proximity of at least 125m to a safe point. When the public safe zone is not enough, it is incorporated within the buildings with the form of an accessible, raised patio/plinth.

The safe network should provide access and exit in cars and people in a case of the rare normative case of extreme flood events. For the yearly flood and the regular tide calculated for 2050, the constructed area is protected by local interventions (movable or fixed key walls), while the new extensions take advantage of the dynamic landscape and are constructed according to the vertical zoning scenario.

Densification in Steps The case study area has the infrastructure to support double density comparing to the existing. The sustainable future of the cities lies in vertical densification, in all sectors: vertical agriculture, living, mix of use. The den

Vasiliki Tsioutsiou 59

Noordereiland before and after the safe network

STEP 1

STEP 2

60

STEP 3

safe network connection

safe network connection

SAFETY NETWORK CONNECTION

densification strategies

river transformation schedule

densification strategies

DENSIFICATION STRATEGIES

RIVER TRANSORMATION STEPS river transformation schedule

densification strategies

sity project is based on the hypothesis that the area can hold easily +10.000 new dwellings, an amount which is attributed for the metropolitan region of Rotterdam.

Densification will occur in 2 steps: Step 1: The existing old fabric is being replaced with a new denser one. Target: +5.000 dwellings Step 2: Existing structures, before or after the first phase, are being densified, vertically or horizontally. Target: +5.000 dwellings.

The strong element of this study is that buildings-and thus fabrics, ought to be flexible to future intensification.

Adding a new building on top of an old, not only increases the density but also preserves the old fabric and extends its usability. Big focus is given to the reuse of the industrial buildings around Maashaven, which can contribute

river transformation schedule

old waterway raised public zone (safe network) bridges (safe network) area protected by fixed and self closing barriers dynamic landscape

Raised safe zone that can accomodate buildings under it, is part of the safe network for normative events

new waterway

From Kop van Zuid to Eiland van Centrum!

Finally, focusing on the potential the Room for the River and the open river city scenario can bring to KVZ, the potential of a new river way is being examined. What if KVZ became an island? This big intervention also occurs in steps : A) Afrikaanderbuurt is being protected by floods -introduction of safety network.

B) Dikes are lowering, as described in plan and only floating – flood adaptive buildings can replace the old ones. The new transitional area can transform to a new waterway during an normative event. Infrastructure (tram - road) moves underground. C) In time, the new river way is being opened.

The benefits of introducing a whole new riverfront to the south are multileveled. First of all, the neglected South gains new potential. Secondly, this new waterway could mean big ships can move here, bringing KVZ and the Boompjes closer through an archipelago of floating elements, platforms and pedestrian bridges.

Kop van Zuid can become a bit more Kop van North (head of the North), or, even better, Kop van Centrum! fixed and self closing and barrier protection from the yearly flood

+5.30 norm. event +3.50 yearly flood +2.50 winter h.l.

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EXISTING CONDITION: Riverfront areas losing value due to increasing rate of flooding; river and groundwater pollution; westward moving port; plans for intensification.

BOTLEK: A LOCK + INFRASTRUCTURE: New waterways; a lock serving as a separation structure beween sea and fresh water and also as an osmotic energy plant PHASING AN INTERNATIONAL PORT COLLABORATION between Antwerp and Amsterdam. A Spine Corridor is laid out connecting new port logistics to interiors.

ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS: Phasing connections to the national ecological corridors from the Green heart in the east to west, serving to purify the region.

FOOD, FUEL, FINANCE: Establishing new sustainable economies for Rotterdam’s future - Hydrogen energy, Bio fuels and algae, peri-agriculture and more.

NEW QUALITY OF LIFE: Mobility through the river and canals; fresh water for use and recreation; regional sustainability; connectivity; a new relationship with River Maas.

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4

Regional Plan: Closed System H2ODAM ANDREA CURTONI; GIULIA MAZZORIN; LINH NGOC LE; MEGHAL KODIYA; DIOGO PIRES FERREIRA; AARTI C SHARMA Rotterdam - H2ODam

4

Regional Plan: Closed System

The project is used as a basis to explore the opportunities of closing the River Maas with a lock. The element of the lock has the fundamental advantage of allowing the river edges of the city to soften up and thus allowing a new, closer relationship with water. This could mean spaces of mobility using the river, spaces for recreation, and more.

However, the new strengthened dike outside the river, and the introduction of a separation structure between the 2 types of water at Botlek, might allow for many more opportunities - ones based in the international networks of Rotterdam.

Over time, if Rotterdam become a much larger and stonger port, this means envisaging the creation of a larger port island and a large lido for sea barriers created through natural sedimentation. This large port is based on collaborative networks with Antwerp and Amsterdam and serves as the largest port collaboration for all of Europe.

In addition, the old port land is now opened up for new activity - one based in the existing strengths of Rotterdam as a network node for heat, water, gas and electricity. Industries of energy generation are introduced including a large osmotic plant (based on the separation of the 2 water types), algae and other biofuel production, wind electricity, and the logistics for the same - thus introducing the concept of Rotterdam as a ‘Battery City’.

The west side of the new dike, is slowly changed to an amphibic langoon lifestyle structure, creating opportunity to continue the national ecological corridors, while the east side is a city networked in controlled water levels with additional water mobility through the opening of canals. These areas can start networking their excess gas, heat and energy produces together to strengthen the battery network [the idea of connected Heat, Water, Gas, Electricity: (H.U.U.G.E network)] concept along with improved infrastructure lines to connect the new super port, through a SPINE corridor along the Maas.

The regional project is thus conceived looking at Rotterdam as a new InfrastructureCity, NetworkCity, PortCity, Battery City, EcologiCity - and are based on providing new safety, special infrastructure, mobility, industry and economy, ecology and thus, over time, - a new quality of life...

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NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ENERGY NETWORKS AND CAPACITIES OF ROTTERDAM AS BATTERI-CITY

LOCATING THE NEW BLUE-GREEN CORRIDORS THROUGH THE REGION 64

4

H2ODAM

4

TEAM ANALYSIS: The analysis was done following a layered framework.

What is the overall goal for the region? Fundamental aspects were studied over varying scales and time phases: 1. SAFETY: The lock fundamentally protects the possibly unsafe floodplain areas and increases it’s value for a better future; instilling a sense of security in unpredictable times of climate change. The lock also protects the interior lands from further salination of groudwater.

And perhaps most of all, gives the region a chance to collect what might possibly soon be the biggest asset of all - fresh water for use from a clean, unpolluted river.

The location of the location is placed in the middle of the older port area - at Botlek, thus pushing the port industry westward much faster - and freeing up many potential growth areas.

2. INDUSTRY AND ECONOMY: Old port areas which are suffering setbacks, are now given impetus for newer industries and conditions. These industries are based on energy - a very generic term - could be a wide-scale investment on bio-fuel farming - algae or biomass through peri-agriculture, an industry of filtering and storing the fresh water supply and local agriculture logistics.

A new innovation to these known industries is a new type of energy cluster industry through the region - starting from the lock itself serving as a large osmotic plant integration and the city pioneering a ‘urban hydrogen’ production and storage in the region through the use of evolving technologies. The knowledge industries for NEW MOBILITY AND CONNECTIVITY these evolutions will be attracted to this new region. Of OPTIONS course, the growing lido-port will serve as an anchor industry.

3. NETWORKS AND INFRASTRUCTURE: What are the international and national networks of Rotterdam that can be taken advantage of? On an international level, Rotterdam is a world port. But a collaborative effort with Amsterdam and Antwerp can make this Rotterdam location for a Central largest European port can be envisioned, and a huge “spine connection” investment is made to support the same. On a national level also, Rotterdam serves as a “battery” - will many petrochemical distributions, besides the wind energy, thermal and coal gas plants - the networks of which can be used for making Rotterdam a new sustainable battery for the Regional Plan: Closed System nation - this time through examples of collective regional energy clusters using unique systems..

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66

4

H2ODAM

REGIONAL POTENTIAL ANALYSIS: WATER INFILTRATION POTENTIAL, NEW BLUE-GREEN CORRIDORS, MOBILITY PATTERN, ENERGY CLUSTERS

4

4. MOBILITY: The overall mobility study of the region included the rail network, metro, biking routes, hierarchy of the road system, and surprisingly a low connectivity of water taxis and ferries. The new condition of the lock is going to free up the river for much more north-south connectivity. Older canals can be opened up to allow an additional mobility network through them - thus we see the river not as a mobility barrier, but a mobility connector. Evolving technologies again allow for many ‘ambhibious’ options now which can be more sustainable, even for mass transport - and on a small scale have been tested. The new mobility pattern might suddenly open up new opprtunities for intensification - as connectivity is looked at in a whole new way of ‘blurring the edge’...

5. ECOLOGY: The gap in the national ecological corridors is in this region. The bridging of this gap is done is multiple aspects. Locating the possible strict corridor building - where present agricultural areas would be converted. These would then also be linked to the value of the new fresh water network of the regional condition, and ecological tools can be used to purify and filter the river water, and the new river condition makes it easy to make stepping stones for the corridor to pass. Besides this, regional water pollution - brown water, green water and inductrial pollutants were taken into account for using ecological tools for purification and restoration, even using existing elements like the old locks and elevational differences of the area. This through analysis has been a key guiding principle through all the projects.

6. NEW QUALITY OF LIFE: We collectively envision grand futures for the region. The lock as en element offers many potentials. These include new ecology, energy and connectivity. New industries, economies and sustainability. The river is a carrier of a new quality of life - on many scales - and these are further explored in the various projects which set out to be examples of a new relationship with the river. While previsioning regional strategies for a future which possibly sees more freak flooding, increased salinity and drought, lack of food supply, dwindling energy and concrete jungles - we look at the region as an example of an urbanism that will slowly make the people aware and prepared for such a future.

Regional Plan: Closed System 67

EN ER

E

GY

Y OG L CO

WATER

water and land mix before and after

68

4.1

4.1

ROTTERDAM disassembly THE LOCK SYSTEM FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE REGIONAL POSSIBLITIES

The lock as en element offers many potentials. These include new ecology, energy SPACE FOR WATER the lock system allows to collect in many ways and for many purpouses fresh water The existing water system could be menaged as a big collective pool, a new exclusive space for Rotterdam with a new closer relationship with water. How can we find more space for water?

SPACE FOR ENERGY In which sense space for water means space for energy? by the the implementation of new technology and new synergies between territories the new waterscape become a potential energy field For example by the separation of the two water types the traditional dike can be transformed in a energy infrastructure for a large osmotic plant.

The regional concept of Rotterdam as a ‘Battery City’ is materialized in the port area now transformed into a polyculture pond system using the waste streams for the Biological production of Hydrogen SPACE FOR ECOLOGY Water ecology and energy are link in a new symbiotic coexistence. Different qualities of water (biotopos) are related to different biotypes and the quality in itselft it`s possibile by the presence of biodiversity. A sustainable future (growth ?) for the cities could be based on their capacity to establish synergies with territories by reducing their ecological footprint and governate their growth on a sustainable use of resources and energy consumption.

Andrea Curtoni Giulia Mazzorin 69

SHAPING A LANDSCAPE OF OPPORTUNITIES The basic idea is to provide spaces for water and thus space for energy production and for ecology. The shifting of the port, outside the lock, give the chance to rethinking old port areas as a landscape of opportunitties.

THE PORT DISASSEMBLY Port areas are not a tabula rasa they reveal a inner structure. Different industries differ in network intensity (roads and rails), soil conditions (quality and morphology), energy infrastructure (pipes line) and volume capacity (buildings). These existing structures can be read as potentials of the place. The regional framework combined with the inner structure reveal a mosaic of potentials.

M O B I L I T Y

G R O U N D

V O L U M E

70

P I P E L I N E

range

71

72

CAN WE IMAGE AN URBANISM THAT IS MORE CONNECTED WITH THIS LANDSCAPE?..... A LIGHTER AND DIFFUSE URBANISM

ROTTERDAM HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO DISSOLVE INTO THE LANDSCAPE IN WHICH AN AGRO URBAN SOCIETY CAN BE DEVELOPED A DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURE FOR WHICH THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CAN SOMEHOW INJECT “ENERGY” TO DYNAMICALLY INFLUENCE THE GROWTH

73

max

min

range of possibilities

RULE1 - land use limit - the land use is defined by a mi - new constructions cannot mod

RULE1 - land use limit RULE2 - the land use is defined by a minimum - footprint balance density - new constructions cannot modify the maximum cap

- the ecological footprint is a me

ecosystems. It compares huma RULE2 ecological capacity to regenera - footprint balance density each person needofx human sqm ofdem eq - the ecological -footprint is a measure ecosystems. It compares human demand with plane ecological capacity to regenerate.

RULE3 - each person need x sqm of equivalent water surfac - waste is food...for density

- FSI or GSI bonus for energy ba RULE3 - energy - waste is food...for densitysymbiosis promoter - FSI or GSI bonus for energy balance - energy symbiosis promoter RULE1 RULE1 RULE1 - land use limit - land use limit

- GREEN as OSR controller RULE1 RULE1 - OSR=(1–GSIx)/FSIx OSR controller - GREEN as- GREEN OSR as controller is a measure of the amount of n - OSR=(1–GSIx)/FSIx

- the land use is defined by a minimum square metre of gross floor is a measure of the amount of non-built space at are gro - new constructions cannot modify the maximum capacity of the placesquare metre of gross floor area - indicator of the human pressur

- indicator of the human pressure on non-built space

RULE2 - footprint

RULE2 - footprint balance density RULE2 RULE2 - the ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's - archeological GSI limit - archeological GSI limit RULE2 ecosystems. It compares human demand with planet Earth's - GSIofisthe the footprint of the build - GSI is the footprint building archeological GSI limit - new constructions cannot increment the existing GS ecological capacity to regenerate. balance density - new constructions cannot incre - each person need x sqm of equivalent water surface

RULE3 - FSI or GSI

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RULE3 - waste is food...for density - FSI or GSI bonus for energy balance - energyfor symbiosis promoter bonus energy balance

RULE1 - GREEN as OSR controller - OSR=(1–GSIx)/FSIx is a measure of the amount of non-built space at ground level per square metre of gross floor area - indicator of the human pressure on non-built space.

RULE2 - archeological GSI limit - GSI is the footprint of the building

RULE3 RULE3 - ‘living industrial buildings’

RULE3 - ‘living industrial - existing structures for new activitiesbuildings’ and housing - reuse and conservation - existing structures for new activ - ‘living industrial buildings’ - reuse and conservation

INDUSTRIAL PARK

THE WATER POND SYSTEM WITH HOUSING

THE ENERGY DIKE

75

As the system is closed and river water has controlled their are many new possibilies with the Fresh water system. Like production and storage of new energy carriers of osmotic energy, hydroenergy which can generate electricity to the region and make self sustainable. Adding ecological corridor with the circulation and purification of fresh give regional benefits to nature and life style of the people to attract toward energy oriented environment.

The map show potential of the area with the circle gradient and color about density of ecology corridor, water circulation, infiltration and water storage. also the potential of the site after intervening the energy from fresh water, osmotic etc....

As now hydrogen energy is produce and strore, there are lot potential in different area, with h.u.u.g.e infrastructure under water which will serve the region a new development like urban farming, peri-agriculture, knowledge corridor, water mobility and connection due to lack of connection between north and south of Rotterdam. so by providing new network and new Internal road system with low height bridges and fly over.

Site is located in Waalhaven, which is Connecting Heijplaats and charlois. the map show the density of transport system of the site after the intervention of new connection for easy mobility. polar point in the map shows the interchange node for bus, tram, ferry and other transport.

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4.3

4.3

LIVE NEAR YOUR WORK. ECONOMIC LIFE + QUALITY OF LIFE Concept is to convert existing infrastructure into good quality of housing, residential, commercial, recreational and mixed use, to give sustainable approach by reusing the structure and adapting new technology to attract people. With the help of ecological corridor and water system as a element in form of buffer, interaction, separation..etc So the next best thing is to work as close to home as possible, and live as close to work as possible, thus eliminating the need for much traveling

COMMERCIAL + RESIDENTIAL + RECREATIONAL

LOGISTIC G + R E WAREHOUSE + E N CONTAINER

The first three section show the phasing of the river edge, initialy the existing edge is soften and more close to river and their after proposing canals for storage and filteration To provide quality of life with sustainable typolology of housing -more recreational and public space on riverfront -bicycle route connecting river edge -ecological network integrated with people living - reusing the existing structure -some warehouse converted into storage of local product -accessibility by boat to the work place - houses with solar panel and water harvesting system -water circulation and infilteration -glass house between back to back settlement for vegetation and heat storage -floating houses conneting the edge -direct excess to house from the river -The river provides ample opportunities for water sports such as windsurfing, canoeing and yachting

Meghal Kodiya 77

Layout showing infiltration, water circulation and the storage system as per the regional proposal

Phasing of the ecological corr. to adapt nature in the area and more user friendly which merge with the water system

All major streets has a concept of facing towards the river toget a vision and accessibility to recreational space RULE BASE DESIGN The following are the differnt type of rule for a district to guide towards the design process with fix and flexible rule. with this method different typology and variable outcome can be tested and derive Rules for streets -All major streets should have view towards river 15 -Major streets shall be 30mt wide with 15mt green corridor on 30 both sides which will have padestrain lane and bicycle track 15 -street perpendicular to major streets should be 15 mt -50 X 50 square on each major street

78

Rule for landmark Site has huge tower and which act as a landmark or icon, so create recreational Place surrounding and it will perform as open market -50mts from the land mark should be open -tower should be visible form the whole district Buidling height surrounding the landmark should not be more than 10mts

TESTING OF RULES

Rule for fabric -front yard towards river should be open 6mts -building facing river should be mix-use a. Ground floor to commercial and shops b. First floor as hotel and restaurant c. Rest all to be residence -FSI = 3, GSI = 0.30 and height should not exceed 30mts -1st floor the building should have terrace facing river -minimum 50% of the front facade should open or transparent

In the test of fabric FSI is fix with flexible GIS lot of option with differnt height of the building form 3 storied to 10 .

Rule for neighborhood -FSI = 1.20, GSI = 0.6 -maximum height of the block should not exceed 10mt -front and backyard should be 20% open -block should have balcony on both side or opening -The roof block should be tapering towards south with solar panel -If their is back to back housing typology than backyard should be covered with glass for vegetation -every block will have underground storage tank.

But in the case of neighborhood level most of the rules are fix to achieve sustainability in form of glass roof, projected balcony, front and backyard open space and use of solar panel

10mt

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A.1

Ecological flow

Water flow

A.2

Infrastructure flow

A.4

Human flow

A.3

Site conditioned by interdependent of flows

B.1

A+B. 1. AN IMMEDIATE SUSTAINABLE LIVING

Self-sufficiency: A self-sufficient set includes 8 elements: water, flora, fauna (domestic), wildlife, air (for nature), man, social activities, air (for man).

B.3

Flora, fauna and water can be delivered equally on the ground

Learn from other local

B.2 Man and social activities can stack on other elements and share water source

B.4

Man and their activities can stack on the ground equally

Re-use the existing material

B.7 To be sustaina

ronment should which are sieve dlife is observe ment for both.

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4.4

A WILDLIFE PASSAGE

A PASSAGE OF TIME

STADHAVEN, ROTTERDAM A. RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Existing textures of the site

NOTE: A SCALING-UP SUSTAINABILITY Rule-based design technology was used. It is suggested to reading the design following the rule set in the ordinal numbers.

B.5

water can be on the ground

The ground after releasing half of wildlife population to ecological corridor allow man intervention

B.6

The ground with man and activities downward on the ground as inspiration of living with nature o be sustainable in a higher scale, man new envionment should include space for fauna and wildelife which are sieved at lower scale. Nextdoor to man, willife is observed and helped with a healthier environment for both.

ctivities can nd equally

4.4

Linh Ngoc Le

Higher sea level means higher heavy salt underneath fresh water river penetrating into hinterland and damaging agriculture and water supply. Closed system would give opportunity to prevent this process and to retain a large amount of fresh water. This project is as a specification of “Working Together with Water”, room both for discharged river flow and for river fresh water, by location advantage of Stadhaven.

The key-shape landform of today harbour would allow its regeneration as fresh water retention area when closing. On the other hand, high quality of water and environment for new programs and developments requires water treatment both naturally and mechanically.

Consequently, new programs such as agriculture and natural leisure with natural infiltration are proposed.

Another advantage of this vacant site is to allow a passage for wildlife shifting from South to North in the climate change scenario. In a densely populated of Rotterdam, this vacancy is potential. Thus, finding new urban form that will not disturb and suffer the wildlife is needed. A proposal for vertical farming corridor along two sides of wildlife corridor is as a buffer zone to prevent direct intervention of man from the neighbour conventional and highly dense activities and built fabric. As a result of vertical farming corridor, chance for “Living with nature” opens. A high leisure living is just at the doorstep with a smooth gradient of diversity of fauna and flora from domesticity to wild. In risk of flood, vertical farming is a large food storage and substitution of ground farming.

Autonomous energy program by green and hydraulic could be introduced in the vertical farming buildings.

B. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Planning for a sustainable development is considered.

Finding a temporary living model that can be used immediately, concurrently toward an immediate landscape, re-shaping and preparing a future ground for future urban fabric are needed. The development rule is to assure scanning sustainability in all spatial and temporal scales. A macro scale sustainability is rooted from a micro self-sufficient. On this range, intermediate scales, a lower scale will set condition for the next higher scale.

The final sustainability will be a manifold sustainability.

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A+B. 2. AN IMMEDIATE LANDSCAPE TOWARD A HIGHER QUALITY OF GROUND FOR FURTURE

Nutural water harvest, supply and treatment

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A+B.3. FUTURE ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN FABRIC

Dispersal oriented by flows to gain higher scale of sustainability Section through the future urban fabric

In 20th year

In 10th year

In 5th year In the 1st year

Reference: The development of the “Fibre Optic Marsh in Field’s Point, Rhode Island, USA. Abigail Feldman Fe

Section through [immediate] future vertical farming and wildlife corridor

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CONNECTING CANALS

BRIDGING THE RIVER

polder

boezem

sea level

polder

new boezem circuit

sea level

NEW MOBILITY CONNECTIONS

BLURRING THE RIVER EDGE THROUGH NEW BLUE WAYS With the lock system there is a possibility to control the water level; which property dutch already did well since the whole country is below sea level. Here there is the possibility of controling the water level inside the system.

Actually, it is just a kind of stretching the existing water system.In spite of the fact that the water is controlled, doesn’t mean that all the locks inside the city could be open. It should look after different kinds of intervention.

Charlois, which has the deep depth in the analysed area. The section propose to create a stronger edge which could dissapear in the landscape. That ‘stronger edge’ should be merged in the landscape , where its shape doesn’t create a boudary - dike - effect avoiding the water view or the direct relation with the water. This strategy could be made as well to storage water. in areas that has a big amount of space

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4.5

4.5

TussenHaven Intensification through connectivity The concept Tussen Haven is created since the project assumes that the river edge is going to be safe and with lucrative properties that makes it a real attraction point of Rotterdam. In this case it is a consequence of potentials between Waalhaven and Delfshaven along the river.

Quay profile Break water

There are different kinds of quays along the river, and among those we have the ‘break water’. It does a smooth shape to the river bed. In a contradition way, currently this smooth is shaped by rocks - to break the water force, but now with the water controlled appears new ways to act.

normal quay

quay intervention

break water

new interactions with the river

Diogo Pires Ferreira 85

Acts on Waalhaven: getting the skyline of rotterdam always on top, creating a structure and rules which protect the vision of those elements and make the urban tissue well connected throught the river edge with its new potentials.The density plays between the infraestructure, energy potentials on the river edge, and the ecological corridors.

36째 plan 14:00

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15째 _23

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10:20

13째

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The main goal is distribute the density acoording with mobility guidelines protecting the ecological corridors.

Then talking about density, although there are lots of possibilitites to work with it high, the situation of The Netherlands makes it limited. If you would like to get high quality of sunlight around the public spaces it makes necessary to take a look(on the left side) on sunlight rules. “Flood prof” buildings should not fit well in this rule, since it is vertical typology, making it as an advantage of the water controled system. According with it we can start to map a new design possibilities inside the building envelop

density plays

water potentials

finger 1 27%

finger 3 9%

13%

12% 44%

10%

42%

35%

8%

finger 2

finger 4 24%

27% 39%

47%

20% 14%

‘High rise’ - high densisty Low rise - high density Single building - low density Cave building Green Space

28%

Shadow casting rules - General: 1. The project should respect the angular orientation of the building envelop: North west 15, North east 32 and sun Light Angle 10 2. Open terrace are allowed since is used transparent/ permeable materials as glass / mesh Local - Cave Building: 1.Maximum surface usage/footprint: 75sqm a. bonus access if it uses clean energy: 35sqm as a mezzanine b. the mezzanine should be always attached to the footprint 2.Unconstructed areas should has free access nonnarrow than 1m 3.It is allowed to merge plots, but the building shouldn’t have an edge bigger than 50m a. underground connections are allowed Local - Single Building: 1.Maximum footprint: 250sqm 2. It is allowed the second level if the footprint has more than 200sqm Local - Low rise high density: 1.Footprint should be bigger than 60% of the plot size 2. In case of using the sub level, the built up area should respect a minimum offset of 10m 3.Its allowed to cast shadows in secondary streets 4.Built up area outside the building envelop should be less than 60% in the north facade line Local - High rise high density: 1.Maximum footprint: 100sqm 2.Maximum building projection 25% of the plot size 3.Building should has between 10 / 13 levels. Clean energy bonus: 3 more levels.

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BLUE-DIAMOND

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4.6

4.6

THE BLUE DIAMOND INTENSIFICATION THROUGH ENERGY CREATION The locked condition can offer an opportunity for Rotterdam to extend it’s urban fabric over the river to create a more accessible, dense and integrated central riverfront location. But this opportunity could be used to make a pioneering move - a completely self-sustainable development, by using evolving fuel cell technologies for hydrogen production, which can be safely stored in the river.

1. FRAMEWORK PRINCIPLES: Establishing a generic new “H.UU.G.E Framework”.

It is possible to generate a new typology of generic guidelines, just be looking at urban functions as producers and consumers of Heat Water, Gas and Electricity to create awareness that these need to be conserved and optimized constantly for a sustainable future. This framework could lead to synergetic relationships on a regional and fabric level.

2. PROGRAM, SCALES AND LOCATIONS: Generating program through market reactions.

When introducing new “innovative urbanism”, the program should be designed understanding market drivers, policies and critical locations. Although unpredictable, knowledge gained from systems theory must be taken into account. In this case, the ‘Diffusion of Innovation Curve” was used to phase and grow program.

3. SPATIAL QUALITY and RULES: Flexibility, Permanence, Modularity and the correlation to architectural expressions, spatial quality and adaptability to change and character of location must henceforth be in accordance to global resource management.

In futures where availability of energy, food, water and sustenance are questionable, the food-fuel-finance balance must lead to more intelligent built habitat within the known environmental limits.

The lock with an osmotic energy plant and the H.UU.G.E framework work with the hygrogen energy work to prepare the Blue Diamond for a new direction INNOVATIVE URBANISM: Design alternatives for unknown futures

Aarti C Sharma 89

PHASE 3:

Awareness among the city center area about the sustainable growth and integration along with growth

90

PHASE 1: New Public and Knowledge program is introduced at first amphibious corridor.

PHASE 4:

Intensification stage with housing, amenities, retail and knowledge all following H.UU.G.E value

The new growth is phased around new ‘amphibious mobility’ connections, thus blurring the edge of land and water. Although intended to be a self-organising growth, spatial control will be exercised through the “Dynamic Policy” after the ‘Innovation’ phase is occupied and H.UU.G.E will be in force from second phase. This sustainable “Place-Making over Time” exercise is regulated through B.I.M, and the program is created to ensure a mix of uses through the river.

PHASE 2: More Public and Agriculture and photosynthetic program on the axis from Rotterdam Centraal

PHASE 5:

Regional synergy and place-making - North, South, Rotterdam and ‘Tussenhaven’ are integrated and connected

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CONSTRUCTING THE SUSTAINABLE CITY student work Design Studio Number of copies: 50 Edited by Birgit Hausleitner-EMU assistant b.hausleitner@tudelft.nl Participating teachers: Chair of Urban Compositions: Prof. dr. ir. V.J. Han Meyer (V.J.Meyer@tudelft.nl) dr.ir. Meta Berghauser-Pont (M.Y.BerghauserPont@tudelft.nl) Chair of Urban Design: Ir. W.J.A. Willem Hermans (W.J.A.Hermans@tudelft.nl) Contributions and support: Kevin Battarbee (INBO Architects) Arjan Berkhuysen (World Wildlife Fund) Wolbert van Dijk (Academy of Architecture Rotterdam) Annemieke Fontein (City Planning Department Rotterdam) Fransje Hooimeijer (TU-Delft Urbanism) Laura Kleerekoper (TU-Delft Urbanism) Joep van Leeuwen (Public Works Department Rotterdam) Ties Rijcken (TU-Delft Civil Engineering) Roelof Stuurman (Deltares) Peter van Veelen (City Planning Department Rotterdam) John Westrik (TU-Delft Urbanism) EMU coordinator TUDelft: dr.ir. Meta Berghauser-Pont M.Y.BerghauserPont@tudelft.nl Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 134 BGWEST800 The Netherlands Tel. +31 15 27 89020 websites : www.emurbanism.eu www.bk.tudelft.nl

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student work Design Studio spring 2010

more info www.bk.tudelft.nl / www.emurbanism.eu/

2010

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