Analysis Software

ANALYSIS SOFTWARES Bhoomika U| DA1903

Digital Architecture | 2019-20| Sem 02 | BNCA Tutors : Kaushik Sardesai | Vinita Wagh | Supriya Dhamale

Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture

Abstract The book is about exploring the analysis and optimizing softwares using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper plug-ins such as ELK, Ladybug, Space syntax, Physarelam, Galapagos & Octopus.

The chapters contain environmental analysis exploring the Ladybug plug-in, Urban mapping, terrain analysis - understanding the slope elevation and slope degrees, Street network analysisunderstanding Space syntax theory, analyzing the movement pattern based on swarm theory exploring Agent based modeling, Evolutionary algorithms - Optimization with single objective and multiple objective is explored using Galapagos and Octopus.

All the analysis except the optimization are done for a specific region - Flinders street area in Melbourne city, Australia.

C on tent 0

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1.

2.

3.

URBAN MAPPING (ELK)

0

4.

NETWORK ANALYSIS (SYNTACTIC)

1.1 Mapping of Melbourne city

4.1

Street analysis- Integration

1.2 Topography and contour

4.2

Network analysis- Choiceness

4.3

Network analysis- Centrality

4.4

Space Syntax - Program

TERRAIN ANALYSIS 2.1

Slope Elevation

2.2

Slope Degree

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS (LADYBUG)

0

5 . AGENT BASED MODELING 5.1 Physarelm

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6.

3.1 Sun path analysis

6.1 Single object - Algorithm 1

3.2 Sunlight hour analysis

6.2 Single object - Isovist

3.3 Radiation analysis 3.4 View Rose 3.5 Wind Rose 3.6 Radiation Rose 3.7 Annual 3d chart 3.8 Psychrometric chart 3.9 Shading design

SINGLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

(GALAPAGOS)

0

7.

MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

(OCTOPUS) 7.1 Single object - Algorithm 1

7.2 Single object - Algorithm 2

0

1

ELK

Urban Mapping

ELK is a grasshopper plug-in with a set of tools generates the map and topographical data for a selected region using OSM (Open street Maps) and .HGT(height) data files.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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0

1

ELK

Tool for generating maps and topographical data File path:

OSM file of the selected region

Location: Collects location data of the city.

OSM data:

Contains different features of the region.

These features can be segregated separately which helps in mapping.

1.1 Urban Mapping OSM file is obtained in a open source website (openstreetmap.org).

This website gives mapping data for the selected region and Elk components generates the required maps using this data.

Longitude

Latitude

OSM data of the region

File path:

.hgt file of the

selected region

SRTM topo:

Generates topographical data

Cluster:

Rescales the earth curvature to get the required region’s topographical surface w.r.t the latitude of the region

1.2 Topographical surface & contours .hgt file is obtained in a open source website (generative landscape). This file is a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data file.

This file contains digital elevation models, which are 3D pictures of a surface, usually a planet by NASA and Elk components generates the Topographical surface using this data.

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1.1

ELK 2

Mapping of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Building mapping

Road network

Green area & Water way

OSM file Different maps are generated using OSM data file.

Mapping of buildings, land-use map, road network, water ways, railways can be obtained separately using ELK component.

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1.2

ELK 2

Topography of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Topography surface

Major Contours

Minor Contours

Topographical surface is generated by ELK-SRTM topo component.

This component transfers the data from .hgt file to points, curves and surfaces as per the latitude of the region.

Through this surface, contours can be generated. Further can be classified to major and minor contours.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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0

2

Terrain

Slope Analysis

Slope measures the rate of change of elevation at a surface location.

Slope, either measured in percent or degrees, can be calculated from the vertical distance and the horizontal distance.

In this, we are analyzed the Slope elevation and Slope degree using grasshopper components.

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2.1 Topography surface

Terrain

Slope elevation analysis of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia Elevation gradient Highest elevated region

Lowest elevation region

-3.914m ....................... +55.785m

This definition takes an input surface as mesh and calculates the elevation or Z-value of points. The lower the elevation value, the flatter the terrain; the higher the elevation, the steeper the terrain.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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2.2

Terrain

Slope degree analysis of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Topography surface

Degree gradient Highest slope value - steeper

Lowest slope value - Flatter

0.045° ............................... 6.80°

*Expression

*Expression : deg(0.0 - (asin(abs(z))-0.5*pi)) M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

This definition takes an input surface and the expression calculates the degree of slope at each cell. The lower the slope value, the flatter the terrain; the higher the slope value, the steeper the terrain.

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kWh/m2 122.87 110.58 98.29

Ladybug

Environmental analysis

86.01 73.72 61.43 49.15

Ladybug is a grasshopper plugin with a set of tools that helps in analyzing the environment for a selected region using EPW (Energy Plus Weather) data files.

36.86 24.57 12.29 0.00

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3.1

Ladybug

Sun path analysis for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia N

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210 Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 21 JUN 12:00, ALT = 28.53, AZM = 5.70

Legend:

Sun position

Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817

S

21 DEC 10:00, ALT = 57.27, AZM = 73.94

Sun Hourly movement

Sun Monthly movement

Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 21 DEC 10:00, ALT = 57.27, AZM = 73.94

S

Sun rays w.r.t the given point

Input hour, day & month to be analyzed

File path:

epw file of the selected region

120

150

150

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Sun path component:

Sun path is generated as per the input of date & time w.r.t the epw data

Import epw file:

Data from epw file is extracted for further analysis.

Ladybug uses EPW file for collecting data for the selected region and analysis the environment as per the input given by use.

Sun path in the particular region can be obtained by mentioning the date and hour details or the analysis period required and the sun path is generated.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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3.1

Ladybug

Sun path analysis for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

N N 330330

C

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29.50in different colSun is denoted ors. These colors represent the 27.08 respective temperature as per the legend at the specific date and time. 24.66

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24.6624.66 22.2422.24

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19.8219.82 17.4017.40

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Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 Data: DryDry Bulb Temperature (C)(C) Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 Hourly Hourly Data: Bulb Temperature Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS

Hourly Data: Dry Bulb Temperature (C)

Annual hour data of temperature, humidity, wind direction, radiation can be extracted from the EPW file and the charts with respective units can be generated.

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3.2

Ladybug

Sunlight hours analysis for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

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0.90 Hours

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SunlightHours Analysis 210 SunlightHours Analysis Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 Sun-Path Diagram -37.817 21 JAN 10:00, ALT- Latitude: = 52.73, AZM = 72.15 21 JAN 10:00, ALT = 52.73, AZM = 72.15

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View

Geometry is the building or 0.30 the 0.20 region to be analyzed 0.10

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SunlightHours Analysis Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 21 JAN 10:00, ALT = 52.73, AZM = 72.15

Context is the surrounding 0.00 building or any element blocking the analyzing geometry

Ladybug uses EPW file for collecting data for the selected region and the extracted data are input to the ladybug sun-path component. The sun-path component‘s sun vector output is used by sunlight hour analysis component to generate the required data.

Sunlight hour component analysis the direct sunlight received by the geometry at the particular period given and gives a hourly color coded chart.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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3.2

Ladybug

Sunlight hours analysis for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

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Hours

Hours

>1.00

>1.00

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SunlightHours Analysis Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 21 MAR 10:00, ALT = 39.10, AZM = 50.62

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SunlightHours Analysis

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Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 21 JUN 12:00, ALT = 28.53, AZM = 5.70

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Hours >1.00 0.90 0.80 30

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SunlightHours Analysis Sun-Path Diagram - Latitude: -37.817 21 DEC 14:00, ALT = 64.08, AZM = 296.46

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120

The Flinders street area is been analyzed for sunlight in various time period, March, June and December. A color code chart and the surface are colored with respective colors are generated.

The color code denotes how much in an hour the respective surface is exposed to sunlight.

This helps in analyzing the direct sunlight in the particular period and in zoning the activities depending on the amount of sunlight required by that activity.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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3.3

Ladybug

Radiation analysis for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia kWh/m2 kWh/m2

53.54

53.54

48.19

48.19

42.83

42.83

37.48

37.48

32.12

32.12

26.77

26.77

21.42

21.42

16.06

16.06

Plan Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 15 MAR 14:00 - 23 APR 15:00

View

10.71 5.35 0.00

Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 15 MAR 14:00 Geometry - 23 APR 15:00is the

building or the region to be analyzed

10.71 5.35

Context is the surrounding building or0.00 any element blocking the analyzing geometry

Ladybug uses EPW file for collecting data of sky matrix using ladybug select sky matrix component. The Radiation analysis component extracts the output of the sky matrix component and analyze the input geometry (Building) w.r.t the context (surrounding) to generate the required data.

Radiation analysis component analysis the sky matrix at the particular period given and gives a Radiation (KWh/m2) chart.

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3.3

Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 15 MAR 10:00 - 15 APR 15:00

Ladybug

Radiation analysis for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia kWh/m2

kWh/m2

kWh/m2

122.87

89.56

169.69

110.58

80.61

152.72

98.29

71.65

135.75

86.01

62.70

118.78

73.72

53.74

101.82

61.43

44.78

84.85

49.15

35.83

67.88

36.86

26.87

50.91

24.57

17.91

33.94

12.29

8.96

16.97

0.00

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Plan kWh/m2

Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009

Plan

15 JUN 10:00 - 15 JUL 15:00

122.87

89.56

110.58

80.61

98.29

71.65

86.01

62.70

73.72

53.74

61.43

kW

169

152

135

118

101

84.

35.83

36.86

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26.87

24.57

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17.91

12.29

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8.96

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Radiation Analysis

Plan

44.78

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View

Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 kWh/m2 15 NOV 10:00 - 15 DEC 15:00

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Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 15 JUNperiod, 10:00 - 15 JUL 15:00 time March-April,

0.0

View

View Radiation Analysis Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 November-December.

A color code chart 15 NOV 10:00 - 15 DEC 15:00

Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 The Flinders street area is been analyzed for radiation in various June-July and and the surface are 15 MAR 10:00 - 15 APR 15:00 colored with respective to the radiations are generated.

The color code denotes how much Radiation (KWh/m2) falls on the respective surface. This helps in designing the facade of the building and to analyze thermal comfort

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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3.4

Ladybug

View rose for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Plane is the point from where the view is visualized, View point

Context is the surrounding building or any element blocking the view

Ladybug View Rose component helps in visualizing the visible area from a given point in a 2D plane of vision. A circular surface with specified radius is generated in this plane of vision.

The vision area are created from the given point in the plane of vision that are interrupted by context.

Here, it is analyzed for a park, varying the view point.

This helps in analyzing the vantage points from the site and also the visible vista for the design.

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3.5

Ladybug

1.37 1.63 1.67 1.66 NW

NNW

1.98 1.62

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Wind rose for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia 1.82 1.8

m/s

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2.77 1.85

4.60

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1.79

N

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35.50 NE

NW

4.14

NE

1.98 1.55 WNW

NNW

33.06

3.68

3.08

3.22

30.62 ENE

WNW

2.76 3.02 1.7W

E 1.72 2.88

2.30

E

W

1.84 2.57

ESE 1.77 2.3

WSW 1.82 SW 1.91 1.88

SE SSW 2.04 2.18

S

1.59 2.24

SSE 1.8 1.69

1.38 0.92

1.67 2.0

Wind-Rose Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 15 JAN 16:00 - 15 AUG 24:00 Hourly Data: Wind Speed (m/s) Calm for 2.18% of the time = 111 hours.

Each closed polyline shows frequency of 0.3%. = 15 hours.

0.46 0.00

Frequency of wind from that direction Average wind velocity coming from that direction

28.18 25.74 23.30 20.86

ESE

WSW

SE

SW SSE

SSW

S

18.42 15.98 13.54 11.10

Wind-Rose Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 15 JAN 16:00 - 15 AUG 24:00 Hourly Data: Dry Bulb Temperature (C) Calm for 2.18% of the time = 111 hours.

Each closed polyline shows frequency of 0.3%. = 15 hours.

Optional. If we need a temperature w.r.t the wind speed and direction.

If true, then shows the frequency and velocity at the cardinal directions in the chart

Ladybug Wind Rose component uses EPW file to extract the wind speed and direction. This generates a Pie chart showing wind speed (m/s) data at particular direction.

The wedges in the pie chart are the percentage of time the wind came from that direction and color denotes the speed (m/s).

This helps in analyzing the wind flow direction and speed at a particular time in the specified region.

Additional, we can also generate dry bulb temperature data. A similar pie chart is generated and the color denotes the temperature

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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Radiation rose for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

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Total Radiation(kWh/m2) l Radiation(kWh/m2) Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 bourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 15 JAN 10:00 -10:00 1514:00 MAR AN 10:00 15 - 15 JAN MAR - 15 14:00 MAR 14:00

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Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 JUN15 10:00 15 JUL 14:00 15 JUN15 10:00 - 15 JUN JUL-10:00 14:00 - 15 JUL 14:00

56.57 48.49

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Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 Melbourne_RO_VIC_AUS_2009 NOV 10:00 -10:00 1514:00 DEC 15 NOV1510:00 15 - 15 NOV DEC - 1514:00 DEC 14:00

Ladybug Wind Rose component uses selected sky matrix to for the data. This generates a chart showing radiation (kWh/m2) data at particular direction.

The arrows point the direction of the radiation coming from, the length of the arrow shows how much time it is radiating and color denotes the intensity of radiation.

This analyses could be used to study the glazing and in designing shading elements.

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3.7

Ladybug

3D chart of Annual climatic data for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia Wind Speed (m/s) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Relative Humidity (%) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Sep

Sep

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12 AM 6 PM 12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Dec

Dec

Dec

12 AM 6 PM 12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Feb Jan

12 AM 6 PM 12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Feb Jan

Annual chart of the climatic data can be generated

Ladybug 3D chart component uses EPW file for the data. Required climate data to be input in the 3D chart component, this generates a 3d chart for the specific climatic data on annual.

A conditional statement can be mentioned (e.g. a>25) . this removes the data that does not fit the conditions.

Additional, at a time we can generate number of data by inputing one or more data.

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Mar

3.7

Ladybug

Annual Temperature _ Melbourne city, Australia

12 AM 6 PM 12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Highest temperature of the year >38.30 Celsius

12 AM 6 PM

Lowest temperature of the year 2.10 Celsius

12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Apr May Relative Humidity (%) - Hourly Jun

Jul

May

Dec Jun

Jul

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Sep

Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

urly

Aug

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Nov Oct

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6 PM

May 12 PM

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6 AM

Mar 12 AM Feb Mar 6 PM 12 PM Wind Speed (m/s) - Hourly 6 AM Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 12 AM

Jan

1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

C 38.30 % 34.68 99.00 31.06 90.00 81.00 27.44 72.00 23.82 63.00 20.20 54.00 45.00 16.58 36.00 12.96 27.00 9.34 18.00 9.00 5.72 2.10

Aug

12 AM

12 AM

C 38.30 34.68 31.06 27.44 23.82 20.20 16.58 12.96 9.34 5.72 2.10

Apr Feb

Jan

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

May

This chart is generated using 3d chart component.

JunThis data isJul Aug Sepcity Melbourne.

Oct the annual temperature of the

Nov

Dec

In the chart, X axis is showing months, Y axis Time and Z axis - Temperature (Celsius).

Color denotes the temperature in the range of Celsius as per the legend

m/s 5.10 4.59 % 4.08 3.57 99.00 3.06 90.00 2.55 2.04 81.00 1.53 72.00 1.02 63.00 0.51 0.00 54.00

45.00 36.00 27.0022

Mar

urly

Mar

y

12 AM

3.7

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

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Dry Bulb Temperature (C) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Ladybug

Annual Relative Humidity_ Melbourne city,

12 AM 6 PM

Apr

May

12 PM

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

6 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

C 9.34 38.30 5.72 2.10 34.68 31.06 27.44 Australia 23.82 20.20 % 16.58 99.00 90.00 12.96 81.00 9.34 72.00 5.72 63.00 54.00 2.10

Dec

Mar

Apr

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Jun

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Nov

Dec

Relative Humidity (%) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00 Highest humidity of the year >90%

12 AM 6 PM 12 PM

Dec

6 AM

Lowest humidity 12 AM Jan Feb year Apr May of the Mar Jun Wind Speed (m/s) - Hourly 9% Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Nov Apr

Jul

May

Jun Aug

Jul

Sep

Aug

OctSep Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Nov

Dec

Dec

45.00 36.00 27.00 18.00 9.00

% 99.00 90.00 m/s 81.00 5.10 4.59 72.00 4.08 63.00 3.57 54.00 3.06 2.55 45.00 2.04 36.00 1.53 1.02 27.00 0.51 18.00 0.00 9.00

Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar

12 AM 6 PM 12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Feb Jan

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

m/s 5.10 4.59 4.08 This chart is generated using 3d chart component.

3.57 This data is the annual Relative humidity of the city Melbourne.

3.06(%) In the chart, X axis is showing months, Y axis Time and Z axis - Humidity Color denotes the Humidity percentage as per the 2.55 legend 2.04 1.53 23

Mar

y

Mar

12 AM

3.7

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Relative Humidity (%) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Ladybug

Annual Wind speed_ Melbourne city,

12 AM 6 PM

Apr

May

99.00 18.00 90.00 9.00 81.00 72.00 63.00 Australia 54.00 45.00 m/s 36.00 5.10 4.59 27.00 4.08 18.00 3.57 9.00 3.06

Dec

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Wind Speed (m/s) - Hourly Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

Highest windy month of the year > 4.08 m/s Dec Nov

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Average windy month of the year 2.5 m/s

Sep

Oct Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2.55 2.04 1.53 1.02 0.51 0.00

m/s 5.10 4.59 4.08 3.57 3.06 2.55 2.04 1.53 1.02 0.51 0.00

Aug Jul Jun May Apr

Mar 12 AM 6 PM 12 PM 6 AM 12 AM

Feb Jan

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

This chart is generated using 3d chart component.

This is the annual Wind speed data of the city Melbourne.

In the chart, X axis is showing months, Y axis Time and Z axis - Wind sped (m/s) Color denotes the Wind speed in the range as per the legend

24

3.8

Ladybug

Psychrometric chart for Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia 50%

100 kJ/kg

0.025

90 kJ/kg 30%

80 kJ/kg

0.02 70 kJ/kg

110 kJ/kg

Psychrometric Chart Melbourne RO_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

0.03

40%

Humidity Ratio [ kg water/ kg air

90% 80% 70% 60%

90% 80% 70% 60%

50 kJ/kg

30% 80 kJ/kg 0.02 70 kJ/kg

50 kJ/kg

108.90 0.01

0.005

10 kJ/kg 0 kJ/kg

Operative Temperature [°C]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Activity - Sleeping

40

45

50

<=0.00

24.20

-10 kJ/kg

12.10 -20

-15

12.10 -10

Operative Temperature [°C]

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Activity - Walking 2mph

30

35

40

45

<=0.00

50

Ladybug Psychrometric chart component extracts the temperature and humidity from EPW file and generates the chart showing the comfort for a specific activity.

The polygons represent the comfort as per the activity and also represents the effects of passive building strategies on comfort.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

48.40 36.30

0 kJ/kg

24.20 -5

60.50 0.005

10 kJ/kg

36.30

-10 kJ/kg

72.60

20 kJ/kg

48.40

96.80 84.70

10%

60.50

20 kJ/kg

108.90 0.01

30 kJ/kg

72.60

10%

Hours

121.00<=

40 kJ/kg

96.80 84.70

30 kJ/kg

0.015

20%

Hours 121.00<=

40 kJ/kg

-10

0.025

90 kJ/kg

60 kJ/kg 0.015

20%

-15

0.03

40%

100 kJ/kg

60 kJ/kg

-20

50%

Humidity Ratio [ kg water/ kg air

110 kJ/kg

Psychrometric Cart Melbourne R0_VIC_AUS 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

25

3.9

Vertical Shading

Depth or vector(cardinal direction): 0- North depth 1 -West depth 2 - South depth 3- East depth.

Number of shades to generate for each surface.

Ladybug

Shading designer

Horizontal Shading

If false, generates Vertical shades.

If true, generates horizontal shades

Ladybug Shading designer component generates shading for any glazed surfaces. The surface or facade to have shading elements are input in the surface and the required vertical or horizontal shades can be generated. This allows to set the number of shades and angle required.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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0

4

Syntactic Space syntax

SYNTACTIC tools bring Space Syntax theory into parametric design work flows.

Space Syntax has pioneered a unique, science-based and human-focused modeling approach to the planning and design of buildings and urban places.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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4.0

Syntactic

Space Syntax theory

Space syntax is a science-based, human-focused approach that investigates relationships

Gaming zone

between spatial layout and a range of social, economic and environmental phenomena.

These phenomena include patterns of movement, awareness and interaction; density,

Forgein Language school

land use and land value; urban growth and societal differentiation; safety and crime distribution.

Food court Nursing school

The methods and tools presented in this theory are applicable in: 1. Arranging spatial layouts based on configuration graphs, e.g. by using bubble diagrams to ensure certain spatial requirements and qualities in complex buildings.

2. Analyzing the potential effects of decisions on the likely spatial performance of

Frotel

Waiting lounge Doctor's consultant Travels

Tour guide Medical supplier

buildings and on mobility patterns in built environments for systematic comparison of

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

designs or plans, e.g. as to their aptitude for pedestrians and cyclists.

Space syntax is able to quantify a built environment’s spatial properties in three ways: metric distance, topological distance and geometric distance.

Metric centrality implies that something is located in the middle of an area, with the shortest metric distance to all other points in that area.

Topological centrality deals with the spatial configuration of the street and road network in terms of the number of direction changes. The more fragmented a street network is, the weaker the spatial conditions become for a vital economic center.

Geometric centrality deals with changes in angular directions when moving from everywhere to everywhere else. This concerns identifying the main route network linking a city’s edges to its center.

NETWORK ANALYSIS Source: http://www.spacesyntax.net/ & http://otp.spacesyntax.net/overview-2/#:~:text=Space%20syntax%20is%20a%20set,how%20they%20talk%20about%20it.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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4.1

Syntactic

Network analysis- Integration of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Integration measures the amount of street-to-street transitions needed from a street segment, to reach all other street segments in the network, using shortest paths.

In general, it calculates how close the origin space is to all other spaces, and can be seen as the measure of relative asymmetry.

Theoretically, the integration measure shows the cognitive complexity of reaching a street, and is often argued to ‘predict’ the pedestrian use of a street: the easier it is to reach a street, the more popular it should be.

Integration analysis shows the ‘to-movement potential’ of a built environment, highlighting urban centers.

It analysis implies calculating how spatially integrated a street axis is in terms of the total number of direction changes in relation to all other streets in a town or city The fewer changes of direction, the higher the integration value.

Higher the Accessibility and more integrated

Lesser the Accessibility and less integrated

Accessibility High Low ..............................

Source: http://www.spacesyntax.net/ & http://otp.spacesyntax.net/overview-2/#:~:text=Space%20syntax%20is%20a%20set,how%20they%20talk%20about%20it.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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4.2

Syntactic

Network analysis-Choiceness of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Choice/ Betweenness measures is easiest to understand as a ‘flow’ in the street network.

This analysis can also be thought to represent the number of intersections that need to be crossed to reach a street. However, since flow values are divided (not subtracted) at each intersection, the output shows an exponential distribution.

Choice analysis shows the ‘through movement potential’, highlighting the main routes through a built environment.

Betweenness centrality quantifies the number of times a node acts as a bridge along the shortest path between two other nodes. Nodes that have a high probability to occur on a randomly chosen shortest path between two randomly chosen nodes have a high betweenness.

The streets with the highest total values of accumulated flow are said to have the highest choice values.

Lesser choice Value

Higher choice value Accessibility High Low ..............................

Source: http://www.spacesyntax.net/ & http://otp.spacesyntax.net/overview-2/#:~:text=Space%20syntax%20is%20a%20set,how%20they%20talk%20about%20it.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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4.3

Syntactic

Network analysis-Centrality of Flinders street _ Melbourne city, Australia

Centrality measures the linear distance from the center point of each street segment to the center points of all the other segments.

Closeness or centrality (or closeness) of a node is the average length of the shortest path between the node and all other nodes in the graph.

Thus the more central a node is, the closer it is to all other nodes.

This process entails the configuration of the street network shaping movement flows patterns, which subsequently have an impact on the distribution of land uses to form the busier and quieter areas of the network and the subsequent influence this has on land use choices, and the development of the area as an attractor in the settlement layout as a whole.

The streets with lowest Depth Distance values are said to be nearest to all the other streets.

Lesser the value nearer the distance

Higher the value farther the distance Closeness High ..............................

Low

Source: http://www.spacesyntax.net/ & http://otp.spacesyntax.net/overview-2/#:~:text=Space%20syntax%20is%20a%20set,how%20they%20talk%20about%20it.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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4.4

Syntactic

Space syntax_ Design program Travels

Using Space Syntax methodology, the system interprets spatial arrangement from the very moment it is drawn as a bubble diagram, and gives qualitative feedback on the implications of this diagram to the designer as spatial performance measures. According to the design context, designers are free to interpret these spatial performance measures into the ‘likely’ social performance of their ideas.

Waiting lounge

Food court

Frotel

Doctor's consultant Medical supplier

Tour guide

Doctor's consultant Medical supplier

Waiting lounge Nursing school

Nursing school

Gaming zone

Frotel Tour guide

Travels

Forgein Language school

Forgein Language school

Waiting lounge

Iteration-1

Iteration-2

Gaming zone

Medical supplier Travels

Food court

Frotel Doctor's consultant

Forgein Language school

Tour guide

Given nodes & spatial links

Food court

Nursing school Gaming zone

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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0

5

Agent Based Modeling

An open-source tool named Physarealm is developed for simulation in Rhino’s graphical algorithm editor, Grasshopper. The tool adopts a previous stigmatic multi-agent algorithm for simulation and expands its boundary into three dimensions.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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5.0

Agent based Modeling

Swarm theory and basic concept of agent based modeling

Introduction: Swarm behavior was simulated on a computer in 1987 by Craig Reynolds with his simulation program, Boids. This program simulates simple agents (boids) that are allowed to move according to a set of basic rules.

Swarm intelligence systems are typically made up of a population of simple agents such as boids interacting locally with one another and with their environment.

The agents follow very simple rules, and although there is no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of intelligent global behavior, unknown to the individual agents.

This system is used widely in various fields. In Architecture field, it is used in Urban analysis - crowd movement pattern, optimized design strategies, form finding, generating facade skin and many more.

Based on this many simulation plug-ins are developed. Boids, Physarelam, Quela, Culebra, Zebra etc;

Main components observed in flocking: • Agent - A single entity or character.

• Neighborhood - A certain area around the agent, used to look for other agents.

Neighborhood

Neighbors Neighborhood

X - Agent’s direction of

X

Agent

D

A

flight D - distance (measured from the center of the agent) A - angle, measured from the agent’s direction of flight

Three behaviors can be observed:

Separation:

Move in the same direction as neighbors

Cohesion:

Avoid collisions with neighbors

Alignment:

Remain close to neighbors

Source: Yuxing Chen ; Swarm Intelligence in Architectural Design & Daniel Sinkovits; Flocking Behavior; May 5, 2006

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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5.1 Physarealm

Agent Based Modeling

An open-source tool named Physarealm is developed for simulation in Rhino’s graphical algorithm editor, Grasshopper. The tool adopts a previous stigmatic multi-agent algorithm for simulation and expands its boundary into three dimensions.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

35

5.1

Agents are attracted towards a single food source from multiple start points

Physarealm

Analysis of shortest pedestrian movement in an Urban scenario

Agents are attracted towards two food source from multiplestart points

Physarealm allows to analysis the movement pattern using the slime mold behavior. As seen in the illustration, pedestrian movement pattern is observed from the various road junctions (Emitters) to a green space within a neighborhood (Food). this simulation also allows to generate the trail and tracks the shortest path to reach the destination.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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0

6

Galapagos Optimizing

Galapagos is an evolutionary solver component inside of grasshopper that can optimize a shape so that it best achieves a user defined goal. For this to work, Galapagos needs a series of options or genes to try out, and a defined goal or fitness value.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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6.0

Galapagos

Single objective optimization Galapagos solver

Galapagos is used to solve simple scenarios with only a few variables is unlikely to produce a optimized result. A multi-variable problems or variables can be easily visualized or solved quickly.

Each combination, or genome, produces a unique object. The goal or fitness is defined as the lowest or highest value of the value to be achieved from the object.

Multi-Variable Values

Single Fitness

Galapagos component Tab manages the display of iterations on Rhino screen

Start or stop the solver Minimize or Maximize the fitness value

Graph shows the iteration and fitness value

Duration to run the solver can be set.

No. of iterations per generation to be performed can be decided.

Chart displays the genome. Tab to manage the percentage of genomes to be displayed

Achieved Fitness value of all the iterations

No. of iterations that are carried to next generation.

Galapagos solver editor window M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

Galapagos solver window 38

6.1

Galapagos

Single objective optimizing - minimizing the volume of bounding box for an object

Initial placement of object & bounding box

Optimized placement of object to minimize the bounding box volume

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

In this algorithm, Galapagos gives a minimized volume of the bounding box by varying the rotation angle of the object. Thus deciding the object’s placement.

39

6.2

Galapagos

Single objective optimizing - Isovist

Building

Visible view Blocked view

The position of the building in the site and rotation of the building are altered to achieve a maximum visible vista.

Ladybug view rose component is used to calculate the visible area and Galapagos is used to achieve the maximum visible vista.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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6.2

Galapagos

Single objective optimizing - Isovist

Rotation of the building Position of the building in the site area

Lady bug View rose to calculate the view able area

Variables

Fitness criteria

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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0

7

Octopus Optimizing

Octopus is a plug-in for Grasshopper that extends the functionality of Galapagos by introducing multiple fitness values (multi-objective) to the optimization process.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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7.0

Octopus

Multiple objective optimization

Octopus was originally made for Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization.

It allows the search for many goals at once, producing a range of optimized trade-off solutions between the extremes of each goal. It is used and works similar to David Rutten’s Galapagos, but introduces the Pareto-Principle for Multiple Goals.

Specific generations fitness values can be extracted.

Optimized fitness values

Graph shows the fitness values and iterations

Start or stop the solver.

Number of generations and individuals can be altered

Extracted fitness values achieved by specific generation’s individuals

Represents the axis in the chart.

These are the fitness criteria given.

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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7.1 4.0 35668.621906

Octopus

Multiple objective optimizing - Algorithm 1

8.0 44738.402648

12.0 55582.370654

16.0 51690.039896

20.0

20.0 48567.894395

16.0

19.0

12.0

3.0 51454.043214

7.0 43762.575162

11.0 41544.015741

15.0 48983.01888

19.0 62571.575405

15.0

8.0

11.0

3.0 6.0 51229.321433

10.0 54799.95451

14.0 46232.705978

14.0

17.0

4.0 7.0

2.0 57954.981537

18.0

10.0

13.0

6.0

18.0 50005.193594

9.0

2.0 5.0 1.0 65765.345589

5.0 55687.397737

9.0 55364.190253

13.0 60386.529393

17.0 48165.828947

CONSTANTS Plot and the division of internal rooms w.r.t the central courtyard

Variables

Iteration number Volume of the rooms 1.0 VARIABLES Area of Internal courtyard & room’s height

FITNESS CRITERIA Room’s Volume, Area of internal & central courtyard

Fitness criteria

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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7.1

Octopus

Multiple objective optimizing - Algorithm 1

Graph showing the fitness values and iterations

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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7.2

Octopus

Multiple objective optimizing - Algorithm 2

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

2980.566346 9939.947096

2916.714073 9988.583434

2943.263444 9196.073325

2980.278745 9889.818913

5.0

10.0

4.0

15.0 4.0

9.0

14.0

19.0

2988.752305 9764.811001

2985.485953 9857.511698

2980.928061 9883.527851

2984.122232 9863.797989

3.0

8.0

13.0

18.0

2979.437667 9915.813884

3051.78456 10329.584546

3156.717145 10478.100011

3001.250027 10408.00344

7.0

1.0

7.0

12.0

17.0

2984.667149 9910.305676

2914.379564 9837.241491

2977.868615 10083.271363

2980.971965 9879.537516

13.0

20.0

19.0

18.0

12.0

6.0

2.0

14.0

8.0

2.0

3.0

9.0

17.0

11.0

Variables 16.0

1.0

6.0

11.0

16.0

2982.199914 9747.009667

2961.391653 9961.148684

3089.374978 10835.963346

3123.688958 10685.747296

A Trapezoid box CONSTANTS

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

Iteration number Area of the trapezoid Volume of the trapezoid

Fitness criteria FITNESS CRITERIA Volume & surface area of the trapezoid

3 Spherical geometry is Boolean from the trapezoid VARIABLES (varied radius of spheres)

46

7.2

Octopus

Multiple objective optimizing - Algorithm 2

Graph showing the fitness values and iterations

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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Bhoomika U| DA1903 A N A LY S I S

S O F T WA R E

2019-21| Sem 02 Digital Architecture

Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Architecture

M.Arch-2019-20 | 2nd Sem | Analysis Software

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